isl exam prep

Migration to Abyssinia – 10m

During the 5th year of Prophethood, the persecution by the Quraish increased and became
unbearable, thus Allah allowed the Muslims to migrate, however He (SAW) did not migrate. Say,
Allah says,

“O My servants who have believed, fear your Lord. Indeed, the patient will be given their reward
without account.”

He(SAW) chose Abyssinia as King Negus was a just ruler, and had common beliefs with the muslims,
and Abyssinia was across the Red sea so it would have been difficult for Quraysh to follow them. The
Abyssinians were Christians and beliefs were closer to Islam. It was also the command of Allah. The
Holy Prophet advised the Muslims to migrate in order to avoid persecutions.

Amongst the first batch of those who migrated to Abyssinia, 12 were men and 4 were women,
including Hazrat Jaffar(RA), Hazrat Ruqqayah (RA) and Hazrat Uthman (RA). They took a boat and
sneaked out at night. The rumour of Quraysh accepting Islam spread and brought some immigrants
back, such as Hazrat Uthman, and Hazrat Ruqayah. They returned home but an hour away from
Makkah they got to know the situation was the same as before. Some of them returned to Abyssinia
and some sneaked back into the city. After the Quraish heard that the Muslims were welcomed into
Abyssinia the persecutions intensified. The first group was sent to ensure that everything was safe
and secure in Abyssinia and so the second group was sent. Amongst them were 83 men and 13
women, including Hazrat Jafar bin Abi Talab .

The Quraish could not tolerate the idea of Muslims having a secure place and dispatched Rabi’ah and
Amr bin al Aas as envoys to King Negus and demanded the return of the Muslims. They took
expensive gifts for the King. They announced to the King that they should be expelled as they
abandoned the religion of their forefathers. King Negus upon hearing their request summoned the
Muslims to his court. Hazrat Jafar bin Abi Talib(RA)represented the Muslims. Hazrat Jafar was the
spokesperson for Muslims and explained the teachings of Islam. Jaafar said to the king that they used
to be idol worshippers, used to oppress the weak, mistreated their neighbors etc. Then Allah sent a
prophet of noble lineage, a good character who taught them to worship one God, speak the truth,
treat their relatives kindly etc. When they started to follow him, their families turned against them
and persecuted them so much so that they were forced to seek refuge in Negus’s country.

Negus was impressed by Hazrat Jafar’s speech and demanded him to recite some verses of the
Quran. Hazrat Ja’afar(RA) recited the verses of Surah Maryam which impressed Negus so much that
he started crying. He said;

“By God, these words and the words of the bible are rays of the same light.”

He also sent the envoys back to Makkah, saying,

“I cannot give you back these refugees. They are free to live and worship in my realm as they
please.”
Boycott of Banu Hashim/Banu Mutallib – 10m

The quraish demanded that Abu Talib hand over the prophet Muhammd (PBUH) but he refused.
They also realized that the prophet and his companions were persistent in spreading islam so the
pagans of Makkah decided to hold a meeting in a place called Wadi Al-Muhazzab.They decided to
boycott both Banu Hashim and Banu Al-Muttalib.

The boycott took place from 7th to 9th year of Prophethood (616 to 618). The decided not to have
any business dealings with them nor inter-marriages. Social relations, visits and even verbal contacts
with Muhammad (P.B.U.H.) and his supporters would discontinue until the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) was
given up to them to be killed. The terms were written by an idolater, Bagheed bin ‘Amir bin Hashim
and then suspended in Al-Ka‘bah. Bagheed’s hand was later paralysed. Abu Talib took everyone and
they were confined within a narrow pass called Shi‘b of Abu Talib. There was a stifling siege. There
was hunger and starvation as well as sickness and death. Cries of children could be heard all the
time. The were forced to eat boiled leather and leaves. They were unable to buy anything as prices
were raised. Quraysh would offer the outside merchants better prices to buy their goods so that the
refugees are unable to buy anything for themselves. However, the sympathetic non-Muslims secretly
smuggled food to the refugees. During ‘the prohibited months’ — when hostilities traditionally
ceased, they would leave their confinement and buy food coming from outside Makkah. Even then,
the food was unjustly overpriced so that their financial situation would fall short of finding access to
it. Disputes started to arise among the Quraysh regarding the condition of the refugees. Some nobles
from Quraysh decided to mount pressure on Abu Jahal to lift the boycott as they have had enough.
After three years the pact was broken. Abu Talib was sitting in a corner of the Mosque, came to
communicate to them that a Revelation had been sent to his nephew, the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) to the
effect that ants had eaten away the treaty except those parts that bore the Name of Allah. He said
that he would be ready to give Muhammad (P.B.U.H.) up to them if his words proved untrue,
otherwise, they would have to recant and repeal their boycott. The Makkans agreed to the
soundness of his proposition. Al-Mut‘im went to see the parchment and there he did discover that it
was eaten away by ants and nothing was left save the part bearing the name of Allah. The boycott
was lifted, and Muhammad (P.B.U.H.) and the other people were permitted to leave Ash-Sh‘ib and
return home. The muslims had been strong during this time. The Quran says,

“O you who believe! Seek help with patient perseverance and prayer: for Allah is with those who
patiently persevere.”

This year Abu Talib and Hazrat Khadija died, and it was known as Aam-ul-huzn(They year of grief).
People became weak due to the hardships they faced. Only a few people accepted Islam in these
three years. Businesses were also affected.

The Quraysh leaders were now desperate to find a solution to this growing problem as they called
Islam. In their effort to reach a compromise with the Prophet(PBUH), they suggested that they
should practice both religions.Before the Prophet(PBUH) could formulate a response, he received the
Surah Kafirun as a divine answer.

“O disbelievers, I shall not worship that which you worship, Nor will you worship that I worship. To
you, be your way and to be mine”
Battle of Ahzaab – 10m

The battle of ahzaab took place in the 5th year of hijra. Soon the Jews of medina started conspiring
against the muslims once again as they were eager to avenge their lost pride. Hence 20 chiefs of the
Jews with some leaders of Banu nadeer went to Makkah to negotiate an unholy alliance with the
Quraysh. Then they went to banu ghaftan and reached out to do the same and they joined them too.
Quriash, Kinanah and other allies rallied and recruited an army under the leadership of Abu Sufyan.
Besides the Jews and Quraish, Banu ghaftan, banu murah, banu sulaim, banu saad, nau asad and
other small tribes took part in the battle. They all headed for Medina and gathered in its vicinity at a
time already agreed upon. It was a great army 10,000 well equipped solders and outnumbered the
muslims in medina.

The Prophet got information about the enemy’s preparation for an attack. As usual he consulted his
companions. Salman Farsi and Iranian suggested to dig a trench around medina to prevent them
from entering the city. They decided to dig trench as defensive lines. The northern part of medina
was the most vulnerable while the other sides were surrounded by volcanoes, mountains, palm
orchids. The holy prophet, as a skillful military expert, understood that the confederates would
march from that direction, so the trench was ordered to be dug on the northern side. The muslims
went on digging the trench for several days. There was severe hunger and starvation but that did not
dissuade them from achieving their objective. The muslims would workday and night but the
hypocrites would work reluctantly or leave. While they were digging the trench there was a rock
causing great difficulty. The prophet was informed about this and he went down to the trench and
stuck the stone with the pickaxe breaking 1/3 of the rock. He said,

“Glory be to God the keys of Syria have been given to me.”

There was a miracle where the prophet had a vision while digging the trench that they would defeat
Persia Yemen and Syria. There was a woman passing with a date in her hand and she gave it to the
prophet. The prophet took it in his hand, and it kept on producing more and more dates. This was
another miracle of Allah.

When the allied forces rushed towards medina they were overwhelmed by their number and were
determined to crush the muslims and the power of islam forever. When they reached, they were
supported to see a wide trench standing as a great obstruction. Since they had enough supplies and
weapons, they decided to lay siege and thought the prophet and his companions would be starved
out soon and victory would be theirs. Thus, they settled down in the vicinity of the medina. The
Muslims stood in such a way that the trench was a barrier between them and the non-believers. The
idolaters began to maneuver around the trench to find any vulnerable spot. To halt their enemies
from coming closer the muslims hurled arrows and engaged in skirmishes with them. Some tried to
cross the trench but failed. Amar Ibn Abdwud crossed the trench and mocked the muslims, but Hz Ali
killed him with his sword Zulfiqar. In one of the days, they made great struggle, and the prophet and
companions couldn’t offer prayer that day.

The Jews of banu quraizah who had signed a peace treaty with the prophet keep aloof so far. Hai Ibn
akhab the leader of the exiled banu Nadeer went to the chief of banu quraizah and asked him to join
the allies. At first, he hesitated to do so but later on he agreed. Hazrat Safiya the prophet’s aunt saw
a spy of banu quraizah in Muslim area and bravely killed him and threw his head the banu Qurayza
fortress. On knowing that the tribe changed sides the prophet sends 2 men to remind them of the
treaty but the Jews replied,

“We do not know who Muhammad is and what is the treaty”?

The Holy Prophet was briefed on the situation and the muslims understood their critical position.
They now faced a huge army at the front and their back was open to an attack of banu quraizah. The
siege got prolonged and lasted about a month. At that moment Allah creates a situation that creates
conflict between the enemies of islam. Nuaim bin Masood from the tribe of ghaftan came to the
prophet and declared he secretly accepted islam. He offered his help to do anything that would help
the muslims. Therefore, Nuaim created dissention between the groups of the enemy. He met the
chiefs of banu quraizah and said not to trust the leaders unless they promised to give some of their
men as captives. He then went to the Quraysh and advised them that the Jews maintained regular
correspondence with the muslims and advised them not to send hostages to the Jews. He did the
same with people of ghaftan who did not know he embraced islam. His scheme was successful, and
suspicion and distrust rose among the allies. It was a critical time and the muslims were supplicating
to Allah to protect them. The holy prophet asked Allah to put His wrath on the confederates,

“O Allah! You are quick in account; You are the sender of the book; we beg you to defeat the
confederates.”

Allah responded to them and a severe storm of wind, rain and cold struck them so hard that the
enemies’ tents were blown away, their cooking vessels and ither equipment were overthrown and
their animals ran away in terror. The Prophet at nighttime, then dispatched Huzaifa bin Al Yaman to
hunt around for news about the enemy. As a miracle he felt no cold. He found out that the allied
forces were preparing to leave as they were frustrated over their inability to achieve their target. This
battle proved to be a battle of nerves rather than the loss of human lives. No bitter fighting was
recorded yet it was one of the most decisive battles in the early history of islam and proved that no
force however huge could exterminate the power of islam. The prophet decided that next time
onwards they would not wait for the land of islam to be invaded.

Significance

 It broke the Quraysh pride once and for all.

 Helped expose the Jews.
 Madinah saved from internal enemies.
 Hypocrites again humiliated.
 Muslims faith in Allah strengthened.

Lessons

 Never trust people blindly

 Be willing to try new things and take risks.
 Do not lose courage and hope and take action.
 Only Allah’s help is needed.
 Despite negative comments from hypocrite’s prophet continued to encourage his followers
to fight

Trench – Mental resilience OR physical power?

 Muslims had to rely on strategy rather than force.

  Fear of life as families were still in the city.
 It lasted a month.
 They faced hunger, cold, fatigue, but their belief was more important.
 Fear of deception from within as Jews were demotivating others.

End of Banu Qurayza

The Jewish tribe of banu quraizah had helped the enemy against the muslims. They had agreed to
provide them way to the Muslim camps and their supplies. Therefore, after the battle the holy
prophet laid siege to their fortress for more than 25 days. Finally, they surrendered, and the prophet
agreed to accept their request that they be judged by their former ally Saad ibn Muaz, leader of the
Aus tribe. He gave the decision according to the Torah that Banu Qurayza’s men were to be killed
their women and children to be taken as slaves and their belongings taken as booty. As this was not
the prophet’s decision and a commandment from their own book, they did not go against it.
(23/04/2024)

Treaty of Hudaibiya – 10m

In the sixth year of Hijrah when the Holy Prophet had a dream, that he had entered the Ka’abah with
his followers and was performing umrah. As soon as he informed his companions and the other
Muslims living around Madinah, 1400 Muslims got ready to accompany him on his journey. This
included his wife Umm-e-Salamah. Abdullah Ibn-e-Makhtum (a blind companion) was appointed to
deal with the affairs of Madinah in the absence of the Prophet.

The Prophet marched towards Makkah and since they were not an army with the purpose to fight,
they did not carry any weapons except their swords for cutting the animals. They approached a place
called Zul Huzaifa to put on Ihram and the Prophet taught the companions how to do so. The
Prophet received news that the Quraysh were planning to stop them. The Prophet sent 20 horsemen
in front and dispatched a spy to Makkah who gave the news that the road to Makkah was completely
blocked and that the Quraysh were preparing for war. The Holy Prophet asked his companions what
to do next and they were of the opinion to continue forward. The Quraysh sent a force of 200 men
led by Khalid bin Waleed. The Prophet did not want to cross paths and so a man named Islam took
them from a back route. They reached Hudaibiya and the Prophet’s she camel, Al Kaswa, sat down
and so the Prophet knew he was not supposed to move forward. An envoy was sent to the Quraysh
to talk about the Muslims’ peaceful intentions, but the envoy was attacked. The Prophet then sent
Uthman, RA who had family and connections in Makkah, to speak with the Quraysh. He told the
Quraysh that the Muslims had no intention to fight and after performing Umrah, they would leave
peacefully too. The Quraysh did not give permission to the other Muslims to enter Makkah but
allowed Uthman (RA) to perform it only. However, Uthman (RA) did not accept as he did not want to
do it before or without the Holy Prophet and stayed back for a few days. The Muslims waiting at
Hudaibiya for Uthman heard a rumor that Uthman had been killed by the Quraysh. The Muslims
were greatly worried and took a pledge, Bayah, at the hand of the Prophet that they would not run
from battle and would sacrifice their lives to avenge Uthman’s death. This pledge was named Bait-ur-
Rizwan and was sworn under a tree.The Quran says about this pledge,

“Indeed, Allah was pleased with the believers when they gave their Bait to you under the tree.”

Later the rumor proved to be false, and Uthman returned safe and sound. The Quraysh saw the firm
determination of the Muslims and decided to send Sohail ibn Amr to reconcile with the Muslims for
a treaty. The terms were spoken and discussed verbally. The terms were that the Muslims would
return to Madinah without performing Umrah but would be allowed to perform it the next year.
They would only be allowed to carry sheathed swords kept in bags. Third was that there would be
complete truce between the Muslims and Quraysh for the next ten years. Fourth was that if a
Quraysh from Makkah should join the Muslims without permission from his guardians, he would be
sent back to Makkah but if a Muslim from Madinah went to Makkah he would not be sent back. Fifth
was that alliances could be formed as tribes outside Makkah could join either the Quraysh or the
Muslims.

The Muslims were disappointed as they felt the treaty was to their disadvantage. Allah revealed,

“Verily, We have given you a manifest victory.”

They also felt discouraged as they were not allowed to perform Umrah. So, when the Prophet told
them to sacrifice the animals, no one did it. So, Umm-e -Salamah gave the advice that the Prophet
should sacrifice the animal first and the rest of the Muslims would follow. Umm-e-Salamah was right.
The treaty proved to be fruitful as Makkans started to visit Madinah for business and to meet their
family members who were amongst the Muhajireen. They would observe the social lives of the
Muslims and would be so impressed and touched that they would convert. Islam spread rapidly and
people like Khalid bin Waleed and Amr bin Al Aas converted too.

Significance

 Solidarity amongst the Muslims when they all agreed to Bait ur Rizwaan
 Love for Kaabah and Makkah as 1400 went
 Strategy of the Prophet when he changed the route to avoid Khalid bin Waleed
 Usman’s faithfulness on not performing umrah alone
 Umm-e-Salamah’s advice
 The Prophet’s promise to Abu Jandal
 The Prophet’s faith in Allah
 The Prophet’s peaceful nature

Lessons

 Learn to be loyal an faithful to their friends

 War is not always the solution and one should be able to settle losses with peace
 Courageous to face all hardships and mishaps
 Intelligent and wise like the prophet to change the route
 Should give value to advice of wife or anyone suggesting something good
 Faith in allah

Battle of Khyber – 10m

The Jews of Khyber had heard about the treaty of Hudaibiya. Just as the Quraysh in Makkah and a
few Muslims like Umar (RA) had interpreted the treaty as the surrender of the Muslims, the Jews saw
it too and felt it an opportunity to regain their lost pride. They also did not like reconciliation
amongst the Quraysh and the Muslims The Jews at Khyber also began to instigate tribes to attack the
Muslims at Madinah. One such tribe was the Ghatafan who sent their raiding parties into the
pastures around Madinah. Once when Abu Dharr’s son was grazing the camels of the Prophet, the
Ghatafan attacked and killed him. They captured Abu Dharr’s wife along with the camels. The
Muslims overtook the attackers and rescued the wife.

20 days after the arrival from Hudaibiya, in the seventh year of Hijrah, The Prophet gained
intelligence of the Jews’ plan and told the Muslims to prepare for war. He saw it as an opportunity to
stop the Jews’ conspiracies against the Muslims once and for all. Siba bin Arafath was chosen to run
the affairs of Madinah during the Prophet’s absence. Khyber was located to the North East of
Madinah and the seat of Jewish power. It was covered with plantations and castles and protected by
8 castles and forts. Some of the forts included Naim, Sulaim, Qamus. The Prophet reached Khyber
with 1600 men and they all camped and slept near Khyber without the Jews realizing. After Fajr,
when the Jews came out to of their fortresses to their farms, they saw the Muslim army in front of
them and ran back to their fortresses warning the people about the Muslim army. They all
immediately ran to fortify themselves. Then Amr bin Al Aqwa was asked to recite Nasheed. Then
Habab bin Manazir approached the Prophet and told him that their current place was not a good
place to settle as they could easily be attacked and suggested a better more strategic place. The
Prophet accepted and commanded attack as he saw the Jews were prepared.

The first battle took place near Naim. Mahmmod bin Muslima was martyred but the fort was
conquered. Whenever the Prophet would breakthrough one castle, the Jews would move to another.
In the process, the Prophet got many of the latest weapons like the catapult as the castles were
loaded with great weaponry. This way the Muslims broke through all forts and reached the largest
and last castle of Qamus. It was very tricky and difficult, and they put the final castle under siege for
14 days. The Prophet would deploy people to do it, but they would all fail, and morale began to drop.
So, one night the Holy Prophet said,

“Tomorrow I will give the standard to a man to a man who loves Allah and his Prophet, And Allah
and His Prophet love him.”

Next morning everyone gathered around the Prophet hoping they would be given the honor. The
Prophet called for Ali (RA) who had an eye sore and applied his saliva to cure it. Then he asked Ali
(RA) to lead the battalion to break through Qamus and to extend an invitation to Islam prior to it.
Seeing the Muslims outside the fort, Marhab came out to duel. Ali (RA) killed him with one single
stroke of a sword. After that, the fort of Qamus was also captured. The Jews surrendered and
requested the Holy Prophet to grant them peace on the condition that they would pay half of the
profits of the produce of their lands to the Holy Prophet. The Holy Prophet accepted.

The Prophet took all the wealth and booty and there was a great amount (large amounts of gold and
silver) which was distributed amongst the Muslims. The finest arsenals of Arabia with the newest
weapons were acquired. Vast herds of horses, camels and cattle and flocks of sheep and goats. The
Jews’ lives, property, women, and children were untouched. 16-18 Muslims were martyred, and 93
Jews were killed. There were a few prisoners of war. One of them was Safiyah who converted, and
the Prophet married her. At the end of the battle Jafar bin Abi Talib returned from Abyssinia.

Significance

 The Muslims emerged as the most poweful force of Arabia

 The Jews lost their power and prestige
 The material gains of war were so much. Umar said, “we never ate our fill until we
conquered Khyber.”
  Marriage to Safiya bin khai, the widow of the jewish chief-impacted the Jews that many of
them converted too.
 Allah cast fear in the hearts of the people who lived close to Khyber and they would beware
of the muslims in the future.

Lessons

 Not to be too overconfident/ don't let your pride get the best of you.- jews were so
overconfident- ended up losing to the muslims.
 Be persistent- the muslims were persistent even when they were caught in a siege for 20
days.
 Have faith in Allah- Allah granted miracles - e.g - saliva
 Always forgive: even though the jews planned to attack madinah and lessen the prestige of
the muslims, the holy prophet still forgave them.
 Face your problems/ don't run away from your responsibilities- jews hid in forts-muslims
attacked.
 You should take advice of others even if you are the leader: the holy prophet took the advice
of Habab bin manzir to move the army- the jews were not able to attack.

The Holy Prophet Performs Umrah

 According to the first clause of the treaty of Hudaibiya, the Muslims were now free to visit
the Ka’abah and perform Umrah.
 Allah had informed the Prophet about this event already.
 In the month of Zil Qa’dah (7 A.H.) the Holy Prophet told the people to make preparations
and proceeded with 2000 men, some women and children and 60 camels for sacrifice.
 The Muslims had taken their weapons fearing the treachery of the Quraysh but left them
with a party of 200 men some miles before Makkah.
 Entered with their swords in their scabbards reciting “Labbaik Allahuma Labbaik”
 The Qurayshites had left the place and retired to their tents on the adjoining hills.
 The Muslims performed the circumbulation and as per the recommendation by the Holy
Prophet did their best to appear strong and steadfast as the polytheists had spread this
rumor that the Muslims were weak because the fever of Yathrib had sapped their strength.

Battle of Mut’ah – 10m

In the 8th Year of Hijrah, the Prophet sent Harith bin Umair to carry a letter to the ruler of Basra.
Inviting him to Islam. He was intercepted and killed by Shurahbeel bin Amr al Ghassani who was the
governor of Al Balqa and a close ally of Caesar, the Roman Emperor. The Holy Prophet was shocked
on hearing the news and ordered that an army of 3000 men be mobilized and dispatched to the
North to discipline the transgressors. They were supposed to invite the people to Islam first and if
they did not accept then war would be declared. The Prophet also declared the rules of Jihad and
said,

“Fight the disbelievers in the name of Allah; neither breach a covenant nor entertain treachery and
under no circumstances a child, a woman, an ageing man or a hermit should be killed; moreover,
neither date palm trees should be cut down nor homes demolished.”
Then the Prophet made 3 commanders: Zaid bin Haritha, if he died, then Jafar bin Abi Talib, and if he
died then Abdullah bin Rawaha.

The Muslims departed with 3000 warriors and marched towards Maan, a town bordering Syria.
There they realized that Heraclius had mobilized 100 000 troops with another 100 000 men of the
Arabian tribes allied to the Romans. The Muslims had never thought they would have to face such a
large army. They were confused what to do and spent two nights debating what to do. In the end,
the blessed companions decided to launch a direct attack upon such a large army.

The fighting was initiated. First Zaid bin Haritha held the white banner and fought till he was
martyred. Then the banner was taken by Jafar bin Abi Talib who fought bravely even when his arms
were cut off one by one till, he was martyred. Then Abdullah bin Rawaha held it till he was martyred.
The Muslim army then chose Khalid bin Waleed to lead them. He realized the grave position of the
Muslims and began to follow a different course of encounter and decided to retreat in a strategical
way. He reshuffled the right and left flanks of the Muslim army introduced forward, a division from
the rear, to cast fear into the hearts of the Romans by deluding them that fresh reinforcements had
arrived. The Muslims engaged the enemy in regular skirmishes. The byzantine soldiers stopped
chasing the Muslims and the fight was postponed to the next day. The next day Khalid bin Waleed
spread out his men in a long line as though he was going to envelope the enemy. The Byzantines felt
they were being entrapped and drawn into the heart of the desert and stopped their pursuit and did
not advance to fight. Thus, Khalid bin Waleed tactfully withdrew the army from Mut’ah and brought
it back safely with the slightest of losses. The battle was so intense that Khalid bin Waleed said he
broke nine swords and his last one broader one from Yemen.

14 Muslims were martyred and many more from the enemy side were killed. Many tribes accepted
Islam like the Banu Ghatafan and Banu Sulaim. The Muslims’ position was strengthened as they had
faced such a huge army, which created fear in the heart of their enemies.

Significance

 Battle proves the strength of the muslims on the battlefield.- even though they were so little
in number compared to the enemy.
 Gave evidence of the truth of the holy prophet and that allah helped them.
 Many tribes accepted islam.
 Fear was cast into the hearts of the enemies.
 Showed farsightedness of the prophet- he picked 3 commanders in advance.

Lessons

 You should have faith in Allah: even though the muslims were extremely less in number, they
had faith in Allah and were not humiliated.
 You should be able to sacrifice your life for islam/ Allah.
 Be strategic/ wise: Khalid bin waleed was strategic in switching the flanks of the muslims
when they retreated.
 You should stand up and not give into bullies- Muslims fought to avenge the death of Umair
bin al alzdi.
  You should be peaceful- holy prophet was extremely peaceful and laid the rules of jihad- he
also first told the muslims to invite the romans to islam and only if they did not accept then
war.

Conquest of Makkah – 10m

According to the terms of the treaty of Hudaibiya, the Arab tribes were given the option to join
either the Muslims or the Quraysh. The Banu Bakar joined the Quraysh and the Banu Khuza joined
the Muslims. Though they lived in peace for sometime, the Quraysh eventually incited the Banu
Bakar to attack the Khuza tribe. In the 8th year of Hijrah, without caring about the treaty, the Banu
Bakar attacked the Banu Khuza. The Quraysh gave them men and arms. Pressed by their enemies,
the tribesmen of Khuza took shelter in the Kaabah but were killed there too in the Kaabah where
bloodshed is not allowed. The Banu Khuza spoke to the Quraysh but got no compensation and so
went to the Holy Prophet to rise in their defense. The Prophet gave the Quraysh 3 conditions which
were to pay blood money for the victims of Khuza, terminate their alliance with the Banu Bakar or
consider the treaty of Hudaibiya as nullified. The Quraysh accepted the third condition and their
behaviour was an act of hostility against the allies of the Muslims. The Quraysh realized their mistake
and the consequences and held an emergency meeting in which they decided to send Abu Sufyan to
Madinah to renew their truce. Abu Sufyan approached the Holy Prophet but did not give him any
reassurance. He then approached Umar and Abu Bakar but they too refused to interfere. Lastly he
went to Ali (RA) who regretted his inability to do anything and Abu Sufyan returned to Makkah
without any progress, but the Makkans did not expect any danger.

For over 20 years, the Quraysh had been a souce of trouble for the Muslims and now the Holy
Prophet had a chance to punish the Quraysh for their treachery. He kept his plans secret but told few
men to prepare for war and even the common man of Madinah did not get to know of the plan.
However, one of the companions Hatib bin Abi Balta, who was acnxious about his relations in
Makkah’s safety sent a letter informing them about the Prophet’s intentions. The Prphet was
informed by Allah and immediately sent men to overtake the messenger and brought him back with
the letter. The muslims were annoyed and wanted to gove him a severe punishment, but the Porphet
seeing Hatib’s sincere remorse forgave him. After full preparations, the Prophet moved towards
Makkah on the tenth of Ramadan at the head of 10 000 soldiers. They were divided into 4 battalions
who would approach Makkah from all four sides. The battalions were led by Khalid bin Waleed, Al
Zubayr, Quays bin Saad and the Prophet and Abu Ubaydah The Quraysh were unaware of the
development of these affairs but the Prophet did not want them to be taken by surprise. So, upon
reaching the outskirts of Makkah, he ordered every soldier to light a separate fire for himself to
impress th Quraysh with their might. In the meanwhile, Abu Sufyan met Abbas (RA), the Porphet’s
uncle, who informed Abu Sufyan about the situation and told him to convert to Islam and warn the
Quraysh against any aggressive behaviour towards the Muslims.

From 4 corners Makkah was surrounded very peacefully, and only Khalid bin Waleed faced a few
skirmishes. The Prophet then in the company of the Muhajireen and Ansar humbly entered the
Kaabah which was infested with 360 idols. Tears flowed down the companions’ faces. One by one
The Prophet knocked them down with his bow, reciting the verse,

“And say, Truth has come and Batil has vanished. Surely! Batil is ever bound to vanish.”

Then he returned to the doorway of the Kaabah and asked the Quraysh,
 “O you people of the Quraysh! What do you think of the treatment that I am about to accord to
you.”

They replied that they expected nothing but goodness from the Prophet. Upon this the Prophet
announced a general amnesty and only a few people were punished who went against the Prophet.
Allah revealed the following verse then about the conquest,

“When there comes the Help of Allah and the conquest. And you see that people enter Allah’s
religion in crowds.”

Then when the time of prayer approached the Prophet ordered Bilal (RA) to recite the azaan from
the roof of the Kaabah and the Prophet led the prayer.

The Prophet spent 19 days in Makkah guiding people to the path of success. Many tribes came and
accepted Islam. The Ansar were worried but the Prophet assured them that he will return with them
to Madinah. The Conquest of Makkah was a decisive event that destroyed paganism completely and
as a result, the Arabs were able to differentiate between the truth and falsehood and hastened to
embrace Islam.

Significance

 Truth was distinguished from the false

 Showed the prophets forgiving nature
 Made an impression of the muslims strength on surrounding tribes.
 Many tribes and people accepted islam- including abu sufyan.
 Showed the unity and obedience of companions to the prophet- they kept the preparations a
secret just as he ordered.
 Idols were cleaned from kaabah.
 Makkah finally became an islamic empire.

Lessons

 To be forgiving: prophet forgave hatib.

 To be strategic: the prophet ordered muslims to light fires- avoided bloodshed.
 You should obey your leader- companions obeyed prophet- kept preparations a secret.
 Supremacy of allah: he destroyed falsehood and truth.
 Keeping your word: the prophet assured the ansar that he would return with them to
madinah.

Battle of Hunain – 10m

The Conquest of Makkah astonished both Arabs and other tribes. The ruling tribe of Taif, the Banu
Saqif and the warrior of Banu Hawazin who were both against Islam and were distressed by threat to
their position after Makkah fell into the hands of the Muslims. Malik bin Awf who was the general
leader decided to fight against the Muslims.

In the eighth year of Hijrah with a force of 20000 men he set out to the valley of Awtaas. He told the
men to collect their women, children and property and move towards the valley. This was to prevent
them from retreating and fighting with the utmost strength. That night they camped at Awtaas. Then
the next day, leaving behind everything, the men of the allied forces marched towards Hunain and
posted the archers covering the pass in the valley which the Holy Prophet and his forces would have
to cross to reach the other side.

Only 19 days after the Conquest of Makkah, the Prophet found out about the allied forces march and
told the Muslims to prepare for jihad. The Muslim army was 12000 in number including 2000 new
converts of Makkah. Seeing how great the Muslims were in number, some of them said that they
would not be defeated. Allah did not like this statement and it is said in the Holy Quran,

“Truly, Allah has given you victory on many battlefields, and on the Day of Hunain when you
rejoiced at your great number, but it availed you naught…”

The Holy Prophet and the army marched towards Hunain. As the Muslims advanced they were met
with showers of arrows from all sides, while the main portion of Hawazin’s army attacked them from
the front. The Muslims could not stand the intense attack and started to fall back. This caused a lot of
chaos in the army and most people fled from battle except for a small band of followers who firmly
stood their ground. Abbas(RA) who was there called out to the Muslims , reminding them of their
pledges and duties. These words had the desired effect and the Muslims shouted “Labbaik! Labbaik!”
They began to attack the enemy with all their might and both armies fought fiercely. Allah sent down
angels who fought with the Muslims side by side. The Holy Prophet threw a handful of dust towards
the enemy, saying,

“May your faces be shameful.”

As a result their eyes were thick with dust and they began retreat in confusion towards Taif with their
leader Malik bin Awf, leaving behind their women, children, and property. A large booty consisting of
24 000 camels, 40000 sheep and 40000 ounces of silver were attained. 70 men of the Banu Saqif
were killed and 6000 taken as prisoners. The prisoners and booty were sent to Wadi-Al-Jiranah while
the Muslims went after the fleeing army.

The Muslims laid pursuit and laid siege to Taif. The siege went on for a month but the enemy did not
come out. They would only shower arrows and husrl rocks from inside the fort at th4e Muslims. A
number of Muslims were wounded and 12 martyred in the process. So the Prophet left but prayed,

“O Allah! Give guidance to the tribe of Saqif and send them to me.”

The Prophet waited ten days for the Hawazin tribe to repent. When they did not come he distributed
all their spoils and property. While distributing booty among the Muslim soldiers, the Prophet gave a
large amount of booty to the new converts of Makkah to make them more inclined to Islam. This
unsettled the Ansar and grumbled that the Prophet was partial to his own kin and ignored them. The
Prophet called out upon hearing their complaint and reminded them the way Allah had united them
all and given them prosperity. He told them that the Makkans would get the booty and the Ansar
would get him as he would return to Madinah. He continued,

“By Allah, who holds my soul in His hand, if all the people go in one way, and the Ansar take
another, I will tread along the path of the Ansar.”

The Ansar wept so much that their beards became wet and the convincing speech of the Prophet
removed their unfounded misunderstanding about him, with regard to his generous grants to some
Quraysh and Bedouin tribes.

Soon a delegation of Hawazin arrived and met the Prophet. They repented and accepted Islam. Thus,
the Prophet, returned their captives and told the Muslims to return the war spoils which was done.
Soon after that even a delegation of Banu Saqif came and embraced Islam. In this way the Prophet’s
prayer was fulfilled.

The Tabuk Expedition – 10m

With the Conquest of Makkah, Islam started spreading throughout Arabia. The Byzantine power
which was considered the greatest military force of the time was jealous of the growing power and
influence of the Muslims. They felt that a consolidated attack on Arabia would slow down the
growing power of Islam. For this Heraclius began to prepare a huge army.

When the Holy Prophet found out about these preparations, he could not risk waiting for the enemy
to strike and ordered the companions to get ready for Jihad. The weather was extremely hot, and it
was time for the harvesting of crops. The Prophet encouraged the Muslims to pay charity in the way
of Allah to help prepare for battle. Everyone including laborers donated. Uthman presented the best
share and gave 300 camels, 50 horses and 1000 dinars. Umar (RA) gave half of his property. Women
contributed by giving away their jewelry. Abu Aqeel Ansari gave half a kilo of dates which he earned
after working in a Jew’s garden all night. Abu Bakr brought all his property. Abdur Rahman bin Awf
gave 200 ounces of silver. No one abstained from spending except the hypocrites who desired to stay
back in Madinah. Many of them did not even join the Prophet and complained about the intense
heat and tried to stop other Muslims from going too. Allah says in the Quran about this behavior,

“Those who stayed away rejoiced in their staying behind the messenger of Allah, they hated to
strive and fight with their properties and their lives in the cause of Allah.”

The Holy Prophet appointed Muhammad bin Maslamah Al Ansari as governor in Madinah during his
absence and Ali to stay with his family for the purpose of safety. In the month of Rajab, the Prophet
marched towards Tabuk with an army of 30 000. Despite all the charity the army was not well
equipped. They had a shortage of provisions, and eighteen men mounted one camel alternatively.
The journey was very log and took a fortnight. The Muslims suffered from extreme thirst too.

They camped at Tabuk which lay in the middle of Madinah and Damascus. The Romans had their
spies everywhere and had been informed of the Holy Prophet’s preparations for war. The allies were
so terrified that they did not come out to fight either. During their stay at Tabuk, the head of the
Ailah made a peace treaty with the Prophet and agreed to pay Jizya. The Christian tribes such as the
Jarba and the Azruh paid him tribute as will and were each given a letter that guaranteed their safety
and peace.

After 20 days in Tabuk, the Holy Prophet returned victorious without having to confront anyone.
When the Prophet was on the return a revelation came to destroy Mosque Zarar which had been
constructed by the hypocrites. They had asked the Prophet for its inauguration before he left for
Tabuk and the Prophet had told them he would do the task on his return. However, Allah gave the
command that the mosque had not been made for piety but to defame Islam and would be used to
plot against the Muslims and so it should be destroyed which the Prophet did. On their arrival in
Madinah, the hypocrites who came back offered lame excuses which the Prophet listened to and
invoked Allah’s forgiveness for them entrusting their intentions and faith to Allah. As for the three
companions Ka’ab bin Malik, Murrah bin Arrabi and Hilal bin Umiyyah who had stayed back due to
laziness and procrastination, the Prophet ordered the Muslims not to talk to them after they told the
truth and admitted their fault. They were shunned and excluded from the life of the community.
Everyone boycotted them and it was hard for those believers. They wept and repented and tied
themselves up with ropes because they felt as if the whole land had become constrained to them.
After fifty days, Allah accepted their repentance and revealed the following verse.

“And others who have acknowledged their sins, they have mixed a deed that was righteous with
another that was evil. Perhaps Allah will turn unto them in forgiveness.”

The Roman tribes from the surrounding areas of the Empire converted to Islam. The Muslims were
victorious as they did not have to confront anyone. There were no war spoils or casualties.

Farwell Sermon – 10m

In the 10th year of Hijrah, the Prophet announced his intentions to go for Hajj and many people
came to Madinah to accompany him on the pilgrimage. This would be the first and the last Hajj
performed by the Prophet. On the 26th of Zil Qadah, the Prophet proceeded to Makkah with 10000
followers and they reached Makkah after 8 days. As soon as he entered Masjid-ul-Haram, he
performed Umrah by circumambulating the Ka’abah and doing Sa’ee between the hillocks of Safa and
Marwah. On the 8th of Zilhajj, he left for Mina and performed Fajr, Zuhr, Asr, Maghrib and Isha
prayers. The next morning, the ninth of Zil Hajj, after Fajr he reached Arafat and at Nimrah a tent was
erected for him. He then went to Jabal-e-Rahmah, the mount of mercy and delivered the one of the
most important and historical speech and it is called the ‘Khutba Hujjat-ul-Wida.’

100 000 people gathered around him and he said,

“O people! Listen to my words. I don’t know whether, after this year, I shall be amongst you again,”

implying he might not be there the following year. He began with talking about how important it was
to take care of a muslim’s belongings and property and return the goods that are put in your care in
good condition and with responsibility. He went on to say that Muslims should not hurt anyone and
they would not be hurt back. He then reminded the Muslims that usury was prohibited by Allah and
the Muslims should not divulge in it and to beware of Shaitan and not follow him even in small
things. Additionally, the Prophet also told the people to treat their women well, be kind to them as
they are their partners and committed helpers. He also reminded them to abide by the pillars of
Islam including worshipping Allah, praying the 5 daily prayers, fasting in the month of Ramadan,
paying zakat and performing Hajj. He reminded the Muslims that they should remain united and
since they are all descendants of Adam and Hawwa and no one is superior to the other. He informed
that the people that they should treat their slaves harshly and provide them with the same kind of
food and clothes. The Holy Prophet also reminded them that on the day of judgement they would
have to appear before Allah and answer for their deeds. He also conveyed the message that he is the
last Prophet and that the Muslims should not trust anyone who denies this fact after his death. He
assured the people that if they followed the Quran and Sunnah they would never go astray. He
requested them to convey his message to those who were not present at the time of his sermon. He
also asked them if he had conveyed the message properly which they affirmed.

After the Prophet’s sermon an ayah was revealed,

“This day I perfected my religion for you, completed my favour upon you, and chosen for you Islam
as your religion.”

After the revelation, the companions knew that the Prophet’s time in Earth was at an end. The
Muslims then returned to Madinah. The Holy Prophet also started showing some signs that indicated
his departure. Instead of performing Aitikaf for 10 days, he secluded himself for 20 days in which he
reviewed the Quran twice with Angel Jibraeel. The revelation of Surah Nasr also indicated that the
Prophet’s mission was nearing its end and so was his life.

Character of Holy Prophet – 10m

The Holy Prophet was sent by Allah to teach humanity the noblest morals. The Quran certifies the
model character of the Prophet in this verse, “You have indeed the messenger of Allah, a beautiful
pattern of conduct.” Even Hind bin Abi Hala has mentioned in a comprehensive account of the
Prophret’s character, the way he was, ”kindhearted and soft spoken, never harsh or cold in his
behaviour.” The Holy Prophet was a living demonstration of the Quran as even Ayesha (RA) has said,
“the Quran was his character.”

Love of Allah:

In the Quran it says, “Indeed you stand on an exalted standard of character.” However, it is reported
that the Prophet was most eager and earnest in paying homage to Allah. Once the Prophet got up at
night and stood praying for so long that his feet became swollen. Even though all his sins had been
forgiven, he stood up in prayer to be a grateful servant to Allah.

Honesty and Fair Dealings:

The Prophet was extremely honest and fair and was a very truthful merchant and was given the titles
of Sadiq and Ameen. People had entrusted him with their valuables and when the Prophet decided
to migrate to Madinah, he left Ali (R.A.) to return all the deposits to their owners.

Hospitality:

The Prophet was known for his hospitality. His house was open to all; rich and poor, friend and foe,
and he treated them all with hospitality. His hospitality was also extended to the polytheists and
Jews and entertained them all with good treatment.

Forgiveness:

The Prophet was also very forgiving and never took revenge for any personal reasons. Once 80 men
came down from Mount Taneem to assassinate the Prophet at Fajr time. The men were captured but
the Prophet forgave them.

Self-Reliance and Bravery:

In the Battle of Hunain, when the enemy showered arrows, the Muslims scattered in confusion, but
the Prophet remained steadfast on the battlefield and pressed ahead spurring his mule ahead
spurring his mule.

Generosity:

He was very generous and never said no to a request. Once a Bedouin saw the Prophet’s herd of
goats and requested for them all. The Prophet gave him the whole herd.

Justice:

The Holy Prophet was so just. In the event of the fixing of the Black stone, the Quraysh were on the
verge of a fight when the Prophet told them to send one representative and a white sheet and this
made everyone happy.
Humility:

He was very humble for a man at his stature. He worked as an ordinary laborer during the
construction of Masjid Nabawi by carrying bricks and stones and even helped to dig the trenches.

BEHAVIOR:

His behavior towards women:

 The Holy Prophet was very kind towards women

 In those times the women were badly treated and he gave them honor and dignity equal to
the men in the community
 Anas (RA) once narrated that once a woman who was mentally weak said that she needed
something to the Prophet. He listened to her while she whispered and said whatever she
wished
 It is reported that when Khabbab had gone for Jihad, the Prophet visited their house and
milked the goat.
 He took special care of them – since usually it was the men who were around the Prophet,
the women requested him to appoint one day for them for this purpose and the request was
granted. Thus, the women could enquire about their problems from him very freely and
without any fear.

His Behavior towards Slaves:

 The Prophet said about them, “They are your brothers; give them to eat; give them to wear
what you wear.” (Sahih Bukhari)
 When he received any slaves he would set them free but they could not free themselves
from his kindness and generosity. They would be willing to leave their parents, relatives and
family and regarded it an honor to live in bondage to him.
 Zaid bin Haritha was an example – The Prophet freed him and gave him the option to go with
his father but he refused
 Anas (RA) also served as a slave – Once when the Prophet told him to go for an errand. Out
of love he said he would not go even though he intended to go. On his way he stopped by
some children and suddenly the Holy Prophet held him by the neck smiling – he served the
Prophet for 9 years but was never scolded.

His Behavior towards sick:

 The Holy Prophet went to the sick people to enquire about their health and advised the
Muslims to follow this practice.
 The Prophet had ordered the Muslims to, “Walk after the Janaza, visit the sick and greet the
people with Islam.”
 The Prophet would sit for a short while, not make noise and would enquire after a patient.

His Behavior towards Animals:

 The Prophet forbade his companions from keeping animals hungry, thirsty, overburdened or
disturbed.
 Taught that putting them at ease was a meritorious act that brought people nearer to Allah.
 If you had to kill an animal kill nicely, if you have to slaughter an animal slaughter it gently
 Before slaying an animal the blade should be sharpened and the animal to be treated well.
 The killing of animals for mere sport was prohibited.
His Behavior towards Companions:

 The Prophet loved his companions very much and felt deep affection for them.
 Hence each one of them taught that the Prophet loved him more than anyone else.
 Amr bin Al Aas stated that the Prophet talked to him with such sincerity he came to believe
that he was the best person among my people.

His Behavior towards Non Muslims:

 The Prophet treated the non-Muslims with the best conduct.

 Despite their hateful behavior he never cursed or complained about them and through this
won theirhearts.
 Once a Christian deputation came from Abyssinia, he kept them in his house and serves
them personally throughout their stay.
 Once a polytheist was his guest and the Prophet gave him the milk of one goat, and he drank
it all. He was then given the milk of a second goat and he drank that as well. In this way he
drank the milk of seven goats till he was satisfied.
 In the tenth year of prophethood, during the visit to Taif, the people of Banu Saqeef refused
to listen to him, abused him, and pelted him with stones such that he was wounded badly.
Then Angel Jibril descended with the angel of the mountains who offered to crush the
people of taif between the two mountains. However, the Prophet refused and instead prayed
that they would see the right path. They ended up accepting Islam in the 9th year of Hijrah.
 Quote: “Why should I pray for the destruction of these people? I hope that their posterity
will certainly be among the believers in one Allah.”

Seal of the Prophets:

The seal of the Prophet is a title that is designated to the holy Prophet by the Quran. It means that
Mohammed is the last Messenger of Allah, and no prophet will come after him. If a person does not
believe this, he cannot be part of the circle of Islam. The Holy Quran says,

“Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but he is the Messenger of Allah and the seal of
the prophets.”

The word seal signifies that no one can be added to the chain of prophets after Mohammed's no
word can be added in a sealed document. This is a major belief of Islam and as mentioned in various
verses and hobbies.

The prophet’s Messenger messages a universal message for all mankind. Mohammed was not sent
down for any particular country or nation but for the entire world. Allah has even said in the Quran
that the Prophet has been sent to give the glad tidings and as warner for the entire world. Allah also
says in the Quran,

“we sent you not but as a mercy for the world.”

The lives and teachings of the prophets before Muhammad have been altered, adulterated, or lost by
their followers. Their teachings were incomplete and did not provide the complete code of life
necessary for a successful and prosperous life.
The last revelation of the Holy Quran says,

“this day I have perfected your religion for you completed my favors upon you and have chosen for
you Islam as your religion.”

So as the religion is perfected there is no need of any other Prophet to come. Islam is perfected in all
aspects of human life political, economic, ethical, legal, and social.

The prophet's message has been preserved in the Quran. It is present today in its authentic an
original form as Allah himself has promised to protect it. The Quran contains comprehensive
guidance and infinite knowledge that will never become outdated. It is the last and final revelation
and not a single dot or letter has been changed. It is the primary source of Islamic law and any law
contradicting the Quran cannot be accepted in a Muslim state. The Quran remains shining like a
bright star guiding the seekers to the right path.

Additionally, even the prophets sunnah were safely guarded as his acts and daily activities are the
perfect example for all Muslims on how to lead a practical life.

The holy Prophet was also the universal Messenger of Allah. Unlike previous prophets his
Prophethood was not specified with limits of time and space. The other messengers had messages
only for the people who they were sent to. However, the Prophet was sent as the Messenger for all
mankind and jinn which is why his message is universal.

The details of the life of the Prophet Muhammad and his sayings are also recorded and preserved.
He was the only Messenger whose biography, sayings and doings were recorded comprehensively
and are present today with authenticity. In the presence of this guidance, we do not need any other
Prophet. The Quran states,

“whatever the Prophet gives you take it whatever he forbids you refrain from it.”

Khatam-un-Nabiyyin is translated as the seal of the prophets and is a title designated for the Prophet
meaning that he is the last Messenger and Prophet. The Prophet has said that the prophets are like
bricks of a beautiful building, the people go around that building and praise it but ask about the
place of a single brick left over and he is that brick. The fact that people such as Abu Bakr who
learned Islam from the Prophet Muhmmad fought against those societies who claimed Prophethood
proves that the finality of the Prophet. These people who falsely claimed to be prophets were killed
as this went against the Quran and sunnah. Those who doubt the finality of the Prophet are
considered apostates.

A Prophet is sent to the world if no Prophet was sent before, when the teachings of the previous
Prophet got corrupted and if the teachings of the previous Prophet became outdated. After the holy
Prophet none of these causes were applicable which proves him to be the last in the long line of
prophets

Descendants – 10m

Qasim
 full name was Qasim bin Muhammad.
 Oldest and first son of Hazrat Khadija and the Holy Prophet
 Also, their first offspring
 Born in 598 CE.
  Passed away at the age of three in 601 CE in Makkah.
 Never had the opportunity to see or experience or accept his father’s religion.
 Buried at Jannat-al-Mu’allah in Makkah.

Zainab

 Full name: Zainab binte Khadija

 Eldest daughter of the Holy Prophet and Khadija (RA)
 Also, their second offspring
 Born in 599 CE in Makkah – fifth year of marriage – Prophet was 30
 She was married to Abul Aas, the son of her paternal uncle
 Hazrat Khadija (RA) had given a special necklace to her as a wedding present.
 She accepted Islam when she found out about her father’s prophethood but unfortunately
her husband did not.
 He was bribed by the Quraysh to divorce her and leave her, but he remained loyal as he
loved her.
 Since Abul Aas had not accepted Islam, he had to fight against the Muslims in the Battle of
Badr and after the Quraysh’s defeat, he was taken as a prisoner of war by the companions.
 When Zainab found out she sent the necklace given by her mother as a bail.
 When the Holy Prophet saw the necklace, tears came to his eyes and he released Abul Aas
free of charge with the condition that he would send Zainab to Madinah as at that time a
Muslim was not allowed to be with a non-muslim. She returned to her father. After some
time her husband converted to Islam and came back to Zainab.
 Zainab (RA) had two children: Ali (passed away at a young age) and Umaimah and had not
migrated to Madinah with the rest of the Muslims.
 She died in 629 CE (8 AH) as she was heavily wounded by disbelievers including Habbar bin
Aswad.
 The Prophet performed her funeral showing his love for her. He said about her, “She is the
best amongst my daughters; for my sake she has suffered a lot.”
 She is buried at Jannat-ul-Baqi.

Ruqiyyah

 Full Name: Ruqaiyyah bint Muhammad

 2nd daughter of the Holy Prophet and Khadija (RA)
 Remarkably close to the Prophet and supported him and his cause (evidence: migrated to
Abyssinia and Madinah)
 Father and daughter had a loving relationship. Instead of seeing her divorce as a problem he
took care of her expenses and married her to a better person and agrees that Ruqiyyah and
Uthman were the best two Muslims together.
 Born in Makkah in 601 CE
 First married to Utbah (son of Abu Lahab) and was divorced because Abu Lahab forced Utbah
to divorce her to emotionally persecute the Prophet.
 She then married Uthman bin Affan (RA) who took great of her and migrated with him to
Abyssinia in the fifth year of Prophethood.
  They were a devout and religious couple and settled in Madinah in the tenth year of
Prophethood.
 They had one son named Abdullah who passed away at a noticeably young age.
 Ruqaiyyah died on the victory day of the Battle of Badr because she fell sick in 624 CE.
Uthman had stayed back to take care of her needs.

Umm-e Kulthum

 Full Name: Umm-e-Kulthum bint Muhammad

 Third daughter of the Prophet
 Fourth offspring
 Born in 603 CE, two years after Ruqiyyah.
 Married to another son of Abu Lahab (Utayba) and was also divorced by him after Abu Lahab
convinced him too.
 After the divorce she lived with her parents and was responsible for the Prophet’s household
and took care of her siblings and her mother
 Since she accepted Islam, she no longer held relations with family members like Abu Lahab.
 She did not migrate to Abyssinia or face the pain of being away from her family and
homeland she suffered a lot in the boycott (7th to 9th year of Prophethood) as she faced
starvation, isolation, and the cruelest treatment. She was burdened with the responsibilities
of taking care of the Prophet’s household and her sister Fatima during her mother’s illness.
Her pain increased after her mother’s death.
 She got remarried to Uthman (RA), but they had no children.
 When the Prophet migrated to Madinah Umm-e-Kulthum and Fatima stayed back. Upon the
Prophet’s arrival he sent Zaid bin Haritha to bring his daughters.
 passed away in 630 CE in the holy month of Shaaban around the age of 25-27
 She had a dear relation with the Prophet, and it is said that the Prophet was away when she
passed She away and upon his return, he led the funeral prayer with many tears.
 Buried at Jannat ul Baqi. The Prophet was very tearful, and Ali, Usama ibn Zaid and Abu Talha
laid her coffin into the grave.
 Umm-e-Kulthum one day answered a door to a man who said owed Uthman money.
However, he was Uthman’s cousin from the enemy’s side seeking for protection. Uthman
asked Muhammad for his cousin’s protection, so Muhammad gave him protection for 3
days.
 Early convert and woman of excellent qualities and character
 Hazrat Umm-e-Kulthum daughter of the Holy Prophet passed during the prophethood of
Muhammad (S.A.W) at a fairly young age. Like all the other children, holy Prophet held a
special place for her in his heart and they loved each other greatly. She had been entrusted
to take care of the household during prophet’s absence and look after her sick mother and
young sister. This shows that the prophet trusted Umm-e-Kulthum and believed that she was
mentally and physically strong enough to carry out these difficult responsibilities. Prophet’s
love for her can be identified from the fact that Prophet was crying and sobbing on Umm-e-
kulthum’s funeral. Umm-e-Kulthum loved his father so much that she remained patience and
peacefully bearded the pains from the social boycott of the Quraish.
Fatima

 Full name: Fatima bint Muhammad

 Title: Zahra – the Shining one (because of her moral and physical characteristics), Al Batool –
the pure one
 Born in the first year of the Prophet’s mission.
 Youngest daughter of the Prophet
 Believed to be the first baby born as a Muslim.
 Married to Hazrat Ali at the age of 15.
 She lived a simple and pious life and was well informed with religious affairs.
 Had five children: Hassan, Hussain, Muhsin, Umm-e-Kulthum, Zainab.
 She took part in wars and comforted families of those who lost a Muslim relative and would
visit their graves.
 According to many sources, she was martyred due to injuries she got when her house was
attacked.
 Passed away 75-95 days after the demise of the Prophet (no information about her ghusl and
funeral prayer.)
 Got to spend the most time with her father as she was the only offspring to outlive him.
 Prophet would always stand up for her and offered her a place to sit and Fatima did the same
and received her father in a respectful and hospitable manner.
 She is included among the sacred women of the world. He says, “Among all women of the
world, Mary, Khadija, Asia, and Fatima are sufficient to emulate.”
 She suffered a lot during her father’s persecution (add more details)
 Took care of her father during her father’s illness
 On his last day alive he called for Fatima and whispered something in her ear that made her
cry and then laugh. She had cried because the Prophet had said he would not get better and
laughed because the Prophet told her she would be the first to join him in heaven. He also
gave Fatima (RA) the tidings that she would be the leader of women on the day of
judgement. He called for his grandchildren Hassan and Hussain, kissed them and
recommended that they be taken care of.
 Considered as “Sayyida tun Nissa min Ahlil Jannah” which means leader of the women in
paradise.
 A loving mother and devoted wife
 Voluntarily lived a life of poverty.
 Had a strong faith and spent most of her days and nights praying.

Abdullah

 Full name: Abdullah bin Mohammad

 Sixth offspring of the Prophet and Khadija (RA)
 Second son of the couple
 Born during the period of Prophethood in 611 CE in Makkah.
 Named after the Holy Prophet’s father
 Also called Tayyab and Tahir
 Passed away at the age of two in 613 CE.
 Buried at Jannat-al-Mu’allah in Makkah.
Ibrahim

 Full Name: Ibrahim ibn Muhammad

 Named after Prophet Ibrahim
 Placed under the care of Umm Sayf and Abu Sayf according to Arab custom.
 Son of the Prophet and Maria al Qibtiya (Egyptian slave, converted to Islam and a gift to the
Prophet by Muqawqis
 Born in the last month of eighth year of Hijrah.
 Fell seriously ill after the Battle of Tabuk at which he was 16-18 months old.
 Moved to a date orchard near the residence of his mother where he was under the care of
her and his sister Sirin.
 Passed away in 10 AH and it was heartbreaking for the entire family.
 Ghusl was performed either by Umm Burdah or al Fadl ibn Abbas.
 Ibrahim was carried to the cemetery by the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
 The Prophet then filled the grave with sand, sprinkled some water upon it and laid a
landmark saying, “Tombstones do neither good nor ill, but they help appease the living.
Anything that man does, God wishes him to do well."
 The two did not get to spend a lot of time together due to the early death, Arab custom,
Battle of Tabuk.
 The Prophet was very heartbroken.
 A solar eclipse took place when Ibrahim passed away.
 Prophet Muhammad clearly loved Hazrat Ibrahim and was rather upset after his death and
shed many tears. Immediately after his death there was also a solar eclipse which were a sign
from Allah. The prophet, about the eclipse said that. "Sun and moon are two signs of God
and do not have eclipse for the death or life of anyone.”