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process and meeting the needs of employees. The basic objective of layout is to
ensure a smooth flow of work, material, and information through a system. The
basic meaning of facility is the space in which a business's activities take place.
The layout and design of that space impact greatly how the work is done—the
flow of work, materials, and information through the system. The key to good
facility layout and design is the integration of the needs of people (personnel
and customers), materials (raw, finishes, and in process), and machinery in such
Business state that "ideally, the plan will show the raw materials
entering your plant at one end and the finished product emerging
at the other. The flow need not be a straight line. Parallel flows,
becomes complicated."
3. Materials handling—Small business owners should make certain
everything from making sure that traffic lanes are wide enough to
operations. "While space does tend to fill itself up, receiving and
windows, space. Other ways are less obvious and not directly
though, there are costs to be traded off. That is, does the increase
business owner may want to make sure that the facility layout is
facility include not only the design of the production area itself,
but the impact that it has on, for instance, ease of fulfilling
maintenance/cleaning tasks.
6. Safety—The facility layout should enable the business to
PLANT LAYOUT
If all the machines are arranged in a line sequence according to the sequence of
operations of the products then it is known as Product or Line Layout.
In this arrangement each following machine or section is arranged to perform the
next operation that is performed by its preceding machine or section,
i.e. raw material starts from one end of production lines and moves from one
machine to next with a storage and material handling and minimum work in
process in a sequential path.
This type of layout is suitable for mass production and for the products having
steady demand.
This arrangement is also good for the continuous production system where the
products have small parts that are highly standardised and interchangeable.
ADVANTAGES
• No flexibility
• Breakdown of any machine in the line may shut down the whole
production line
• Difficulty in increase the production beyond the capacities of the
production lines
• If the output rate of one machine is slower than the other machine,over all
production rate decreases
PROCESS OR FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT
In Process or Functional Layout all the similar machines are positioned together
so that all the similar operations are performed at the same place.
Machines are arranged according to the nature or type of the operations or their
functions.
For all the different types of functions separate machines are available i.e. For
carrying out tapping work, all the tapping machines are grouped together
and for carrying out drilling work all the drilling machines are arranged
together.
This type of layout is useful where low volume of production is needed.
It is normally preferred for the industries involved in batch production,
manufacturing and maintenance activities of non- repetitive type.
ADVANTAGES
• In this type of layout there is no need for layout change for different
types of products
• Breakdown of any machine can be easily handled by transferring work to
another machine
• Wide flexibility exists regarding allotment of work to workers and
equipment
• There is a better utilisation of all the machines
• There is an improved product quality because of separate supervisors and
workers for all types of machines
• Breakdown of any machine does not affect the production of other
machines
• Load distribution is easily controlled
DISADVANTAGES
• Complicated fixtures
• Required highly skilled manpower
• Movement of machines is time consuming
• Machines are not fully Utilised
• It is limited to large items only
COMBINATION LAYOUT
Every business is facing the issue of selecting the suitable location for their
factory plant. Units concerning both manufacturing as well as the assembling of
the products are on a very large scale affected by the decisions involving the
location of the plant.
Many factors are considered while selecting a plant site. According to their
importance these are classified as primary factors and secondary factors.
Primary factors:
Secondary factors:
• Natural factors: Factors like land, water, climate etc. are very
important for industries.
• Rural environment is healthy. Slum and dirty areas are less present in
rural area.
• Less modernisation.
2. Urban areas:
Urban areas are the opposite to rural areas. In most countries, large production
plants are not allowed in cities, only offices are allowed.
Advantages of urban areas:
• All municipal facilities like water supply, drainage, fire fighting are
readily available.
3. Sub-urban area:
Both city and rural areas have certain limitations. So the trend is towards sub-
urban areas, which take advantage of both the areas and eliminate limitations.
Advantages of sub-urban areas:
Introduction
Ergonomic design means design focused on people and how they might interact
with something. The practice of ergonomics can be summed up simply as
“fitting a workplace to an employee’s needs,” or “making people more
comfortable at work.” The process of ergonomic design involves designing
products, workspaces, and environments to fit the physical and mental
capabilities of people. Read on to explore what ergonomic design is and why it
is important in all industries.