Computer Aided Drafting Week 1

TEB 466 COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING (CAD)
2nd Semester 2022/2023.

Lecturer: Dr. Bruce Kandie Week 1
COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING (CAD)
Introduction to CAD/CAM
Throughout the history of our industrial society, many inventions have been patented and whole
new technologies have evolved. Perhaps the single development that has impacted
manufacturing more quickly and significantly than any previous technology is the digital
computer. Computers are being used increasingly for both design and detailing of engineering
components in the drawing office.
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is defined as the application of computers and graphics

software to aid or enhance the product design from conceptualization to documentation.
CAD is most commonly associated with the use of an interactive computer graphics system,
referred to as a CAD system. Computer-aided design systems are powerful tools and in the
mechanical design and geometric modelling of products and components.
There are several good reasons for using a CAD system to support the engineering design
function:
To increase the productivity

To improve the quality of the design
To uniform design standards
To create a manufacturing data base
To eliminate inaccuracies caused by hand-copying of drawings and inconsistency
between drawings
Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is defined as the effective use computer

technology in manufacturing planning and control. CAM is most closely associated with
functions in manufacturing engineering, such as process and production planning, machining,
scheduling, management, quality control, and numerical control (NC) part programming.
Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing are often combined CAD/CAM
systems.
This combination allows the transfer of information from the design into the stage of planning
for the manufacturing of a product, without the need to re-enter the data on part geometry
manually. The database developed during CAD is stored; then it is processed further, by CAM,
into the necessary data and instructions for operating and controlling production machinery,
material handling equipment, and automated testing and inspection for product quality.
Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) is the technology concerned with the use of computer
systems to analyse CAD geometry, allowing the designer to simulate and study how the
product will behave.
Rationale for CAD/CAM
The rationale for CAD/CAM is similar to that used to justify any technology-based improvement
in manufacturing. It grows out of a need to continually improve productivity, quality and
© Dr. Bruce Kandie 2022/2023 Academic year Page 1 of 7

competitiveness. There are also other reasons why a company might make a conversion from
manual processes to CAD/CAM:
Increased productivity
Better quality
Better communication
Common database with manufacturing
Reduced prototype construction casts
Faster response to customers
CAD/CAM Hardware
The hardware part of a CAD/CAM system consists of the following components (1) one or mare
design workstations, (2) digital computer, (3) plotters and other output devices, and (4) storage
devices. The relationship among the component is
In addition, the CAD/CAM system would have a communication interface to permit

transmission of data to and from other computer systems, thus enabling some of the benefits of
computer integration.
The workstation is the interface between computer and user in the CAD system. The design of
the CAD workstation and its available features have an important influence on the convenience,
productivity, and quality of the user´s output. The workstation must include a digital computer
with a high-speed control processing unit (CPU). It contains a logic/arithmetic section for the
system. The most widely used secondary storage medium in CAD/CAM is the hard disk, floppy
diskette, or a combination of both.
The typical I/O devices used in a CAD system are shown on the diagrams below. Input devices
are generally used to transfer information from a human or storage medium to a computer where
¨CAD functions¨ are carried out. There are two basic approaches to input an existing drawing:
model the object on a drawing or digitize the drawing. The standard output device for
CAD/CAM is a CRT display.
There are two major of CRT displays: random-scan-line-drawing displays and raster-scan
displays. In addition to CRT, there are also plasma panel displays and liquid-crystal displays.
CAD/CAM Software
Software allows the human user to turn a hardware configuration into a powerful design and
manufacturing system. CAD/CAM software falls into two broad categories, 2-D and 3-D, based
on the number of dimensions are called 2-D representations of 3-D objects is inherently
confusing. Equally problem has been the inability of manufacturing personnel to properly read
and interpret complicated 2-D representations of objects. 3-D software permits the parts to be
viewed with the 3-D planes-height, width, and depth-visible. The trend in CAD/CAM is toward
3-D representation of graphic images. Such representations approximate the actual shape and
appearance of the object to be produced; therefore, they are easier to read and understand.
Applications of CAD/CAM
The emergence of CAD/CAM has had a major impact on manufacturing, by standardizing

product development and by reducing design effort, try out, and prototype work; it has made
possible significantly reduced costs and improved productivity.
Some typical applications of CAN/CAM are as follows:
Programming for NC, CNC, and industrial robots;

Design of dies and moulds for casting, in which, for example, shrinkage allowances are
pre-programmed;
Design of tools and fixtures and EDM electrodes;
Quality control and inspection----for instance, coordinate-measuring machines
programmed on a CAD/CAM workstation;
Process planning and scheduling.
AutoCAD is a computer-aided drafting and design system implemented on a personal computer.

It supports a large number of devices. Device drivers come with the system and include most of
the digitizers, printer/plotters, video display boards, and plotters available on the market.
AutoCAD supports 2-D drafting and 3-D wire-frame models. The system is designed as a single-
user CAD package. The drawing elements are lines, polylines of any width, arcs, circles, faces,
and solids. There are many ways to define a drawing element. For example, a circle can be
defined by centre and its radius, three points, and two end points of its diameter. The system
always prompts the user for all options.
Of course, the prompt can be turned off by advanced users. Annotation and dimensioning are
also supported. Text and dimension symbols can be placed on anywhere on the drawing, at any
angle, and at any size. A variety of fonts and styles are also available.
Components of CAD Systems

Input Devices
Output Devices

Ink Printing System

Electronic Printing System
3D Printing system
Integrated Input/Output Devices – Virtual Reality


Basic Elements of a CAD System in Summary

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TEB 466 COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING (CAD)

2nd Semester 2022/2023.

COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING (CAD)

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is defined as the application of computers and graphics

To increase the productivity

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is defined as the effective use computer

Rationale for CAD/CAM

© Dr. Bruce Kandie 2022/2023 Academic year Page 1 of 7

In addition, the CAD/CAM system would have a communication interface to permit

The emergence of CAD/CAM has had a major impact on manufacturing, by standardizing

Some typical applications of CAN/CAM are as follows:

Programming for NC, CNC, and industrial robots;

AutoCAD is a computer-aided drafting and design system implemented on a personal computer.

Components of CAD Systems

© Dr. Bruce Kandie 2022/2023 Academic year Page 3 of 7

© Dr. Bruce Kandie 2022/2023 Academic year Page 4 of 7

Ink Printing System

Integrated Input/Output Devices – Virtual Reality

© Dr. Bruce Kandie 2022/2023 Academic year Page 5 of 7

© Dr. Bruce Kandie 2022/2023 Academic year Page 6 of 7

Basic Elements of a CAD System in Summary

© Dr. Bruce Kandie 2022/2023 Academic year Page 7 of 7

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