Current Drishti Current Affairs Issue-5 May 2024

Cover Story
Rigorous / Indepth
analysis of High Intensity National / Iran-Israel
International Topics Conflict
Iran-Israel Conflict
Article Index
l Recent Context l History of Iranian-Israeli Co-operation and Conflict l Iran and Israel’s open warfare after decades
of shadow war l Global Impact of the Iran-Israel Conflict l Iran-Israel Conflict : Impact of India l Iran’s Importance of
India l Possible Solutions to De-escalate the Iran-Israel Conflict
Recently, Iran’s President Ebrahim Raisi died 
Iran was one of the first Muslim countries to
following a helicopter crash in a mountainous region recognise the new state of Israel. However,
of the country on May 19, 2024. The unexpected ties between the two countries collapsed
death of two powerful Iranian leaders has triggered after Iran’s Islamic revolution in 1979.
a high-stakes power struggle in the Middle Eastern  Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was
country. It has also prompted speculations of foul- ousted, and the new supreme leader of
play. the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah
Recent Context Ruhollah Khomeini, pursued a policy of
 Earlier on April 14, 2024 Iran launched
standing up to “arrogant” world powers.
 A Shadow War after 1979: After 1979, the
hundreds of drones and missiles towards Israel,
ties between the countries worsened. While
in retaliation for an Israeli attack on its consulate
Israel and Iran have never engaged in direct
that occurred in Damascus, Syria. Several
military confrontation, both have attempted to
senior Iranian generals were killed and Iran
inflict damage on the other through proxies and
vowed to respond.
limited strategic attacks. Israel has attacked
 Most of the drones and missiles were neutralised
Iranian nuclear facilities from time to time.
by Israel and its allies. However, a few ballistic
missiles penetrated Israel’s formidable Iron Iran and Israel’s open warfare after
Dome and struck the Nevatim and Ramon decades of shadow war
airbase in the southern Negev desert and a  2010: The US and Israel are believed to have
radar station in the north. developed Stuxnet, a malicious computer virus.
 Used to attack a uranium enrichment facility
Backgrounder at Iran’s Natanz nuclear site, it was the “first
History of Iranian-Israeli Co-operation publicly known cyber-attack on industrial
and conflict machinery”, according to Reuters.
 Pre-1979 Iran-Israel ties: In 1948, the opposition  Iran, meanwhile, is seen as responsible
of Arab states to Israel led to the first Arab-Israeli for funding and supporting several militant
war. Israel won, and it established ties with the groups in the region that are anti-Israel and
Jewish state. In this phase of relations, as an anti-US, such as Hezbollah in Lebanon
analysis from the Brookings Institute, Israel tried and Hamas in the Gaza Strip.
to counter the hostility of Arab states at the time  2012: Iranian nuclear scientist Mostafa Ahmadi-
with the “periphery doctrine” under its first Roshan was killed by a bomb placed on his car
Prime Minister David Ben Gurion. by a motorcyclist in Tehran. A city official blamed
 The 1979 Revolution: While Iran was ruled Israel for the attack.
by the Pahlavi dynasty for more than a half-  2018: Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu
century, Iranian-Israeli bilateral relations hails U.S. President Donald Trump’s withdrawal
remained cordial. from Iran’s nuclear deal with world powers after
May, 2024 (3) CURRENT DRISHTI

years of lobbying against the agreement, calling a major disruption around the Strait of
Trump’s decision “a historic move”. Hormuz could take a massive toll on global
 2020: Israel welcomes the assassination of and regional oil flows.
General Qassem Soleimani, commander of the  Impact on Global South: The Global South
overseas arm of Iran’s Revolutionary Guards, in and global governance has also been impacted
an American drone strike in Baghdad. by continuing instability in the Middle East.
 Iran strikes back with missile attacks on  It is crucial that the international community
Iraqi bases housing American troops. urges all parties to avoid further violence and
About 100 U.S. military personnel were
instead engage in diplomatic negotiations
injured.
to resolve the current escalation and
 2021: Iran blames Israel for the assassination of
prevent wider ramifications. The two-state
Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, who was seen by Western
intelligence services as the mastermind of a solution may be the way ahead for long-
covert Iranian programme to develop nuclear term security, peace and stability.
weapons capability. Tehran has long-denied any Iran-Israel conflict : Impact on India
such ambition. India established diplomatic relations with Israel
 2022: U.S. President Joe Biden and Israeli in 1992. Since then, trade between the two countries
Prime Minister Yair Lapid sign a joint pledge to has been rising significantly.
deny Iran nuclear arms in a show of unity by  According to the Ministry of External Affairs
allies long divided over diplomacy with Tehran. (MEA) brief on foreign relations, India is Israel’s
 November 2023: The Iran-backed Houthi second-largest trading partner in Asia and
group, based in Yemen, landed their helicopter
the seventh-largest globally.
on the Galaxy Leader cargo vessel as it was
 India has a very deep strategic relationship with
passing via the Red Sea. This marked the start
Israel, especially in the context of defence and
of the ‘Red Sea Crisis,’ which eventually led to
supply chain issues. security partnership. In the last decade or so, it
 2024: A suspected Israeli air strike on the Iranian has grown and has been made public — unlike
embassy compound in Damascus kills seven in the past.
officers of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard,  Israel has also emerged as a major defence
including two senior commanders. Israel neither supplier, along with the US, France and Russia,
confirmed nor denied responsibility. and India remembers that it has stepped up to
help during times of crisis, including the Kargil
Indepth war in 1999.
Global impact of the Iran-Israel conflict
The situation in the Middle East remains tense as Iran’s relations with other Middle-Eastern
Israel and Iran engage in direct strikes, escalating Nations
the conflict and causing wider ramifications.  Iran’s relations with Middle Eastern countries are
 Regional Instability: The conflict does not complex and characterized by a blend of ideological,
augur well for regional peace, stability, economic sectarian, and geopolitical factors.
growth, and development. Israel, as a major  These relationships range from deeply
economic and technological power, stands to antagonistic to cautiously cooperative,
lose much in a prolonged war. influencing regional security, politics, and
 Many Arab countries, which sought a economic interactions.
brighter future in closer cooperation with  Saudi Arabia: Iran and Saudi Arabia have been
Israel, also wish to see the end of the regional rivals for decades, with their competition often
conflict. described as a proxy war between the predominantly
 Economic Impact: Conflict in the region also Shia Iran and Sunni-majority Saudi Arabia.
affects others across the world, not merely  Iraq: Iran has a significant influence in Iraq, especially
in terms of increased oil prices but also the following the U.S. invasion in 2003. Iran supports
weakening of supply chains. Any major supply several Shia militias and political parties in Iraq,
disruption in the wider region as a result of the leveraging historical, religious, and cultural ties.
escalating conflict between Iran and Israel could  Syria: Iran is a staunch ally of Bashar al-Assad’s
impact supplies as well as prices. regime in Syria. It has provided substantial military
 With the Suez Canal-Red Sea shipping support, including advisers, ground troops, and
route already impacted by attacks from economic aid, to help Assad maintain power during
Iran-backed Houthi rebels in Yemen, the Syrian civil war.
CURRENT DRISHTI (4) May, 2024

 Lebanon: In Lebanon, Iran’s main proxy is Hezbollah,
a Shia Islamist political party and militant group. Iran’s
support for Hezbollah includes financial, political, and
military backing.
 Yemen: Iran is alleged to support the Houthi rebels in
Yemen, though the extent of this support is a subject
of international debate. The conflict is often seen as
another arena of the Saudi-Iran proxy conflict.
 Turkey: Relations with Turkey are complex, given that
both countries have significant regional ambitions.
However, their economic ties are strong, with
significant trade, especially in natural gas and oil.
 United Arab Emirates: Relations with the UAE have
been historically strained due to territorial disputes and
Iran’s broader regional policies. However, economic
ties have remained robust, with Dubai serving as an
important hub for Iranian business.
 Qatar: Iran has relatively good relations with Qatar,
especially following the blockade by Saudi Arabia,
UAE, Bahrain, and Egypt in 2017. Qatar shares a
massive natural gas field with Iran and has coordinated
with Tehran on exploitation strategies.
 In May 2016, India, Iran, and Afghanistan signed
Iran’s Importance for India a trilateral agreement to establish the International
 Iran has been one of the major suppliers of Transport and Transit Corridor, also known as the
crude oil to India. This has recently suffered due Chabahar Agreement.
to US sanctions.
 Both countries have shared concerns on Way Forward
terrorism emanating from Pakistan and Possible Solutions to De-escalate the Iran
Afghanistan. - Israel Conflict
 Both Iran and India share similar concerns on  Israel should accept a sustainable ceasefire in
Taliban’s treatment of minorities and the lack of Gaza as soon as possible, open the borders
an inclusive and representative government in for international humanitarian aid to Gaza, and
Kabul. respect the UN resolutions to end the 70-year-
 The Chabahar port of Iran developed by India old crisis by realizing a two-state solution.
is a strategic economic project, which acts as a  The two-state solution is the only feasible way
gateway to Afghanistan and Central Asia. ahead for long-term security, peace and stability
in the region.
Chabahar port  Iran and Israel could engage in direct talks
 India had entered an agreement to develop the facilitated by a neutral third party, such as the
strategically important Chabahar port, close to Iran’s European Union or the United Nations.
border with Pakistan, in 2016. In May, 2024 India  Iran could adhere to the terms of the Joint
signed a long-term deal with Iran to develop it further. Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and
 They have signed a 10-year contract for operating the allow international inspections of its nuclear
Chabahar port in Iran. facilities.
 Promoting cooperation between Iran and Israel
 This long-term agreement was signed between
within the framework of regional organizations,
Indian Ports Global Ltd. (IPGL) and Port and Maritime
such as the Arab League or the Gulf Cooperation
Organisation (PMO) of Iran, enabling operation of the
Council, could help address shared security
Shahid-Beheshti terminal.
concerns and foster stability in the Middle East.
 Chabahar is Iran’s only oceanic port. It is situated
 Iran and Israel could take steps towards
in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, on the Makran normalizing diplomatic relations, such
coast. It lies in the Gulf of Oman. as exchanging ambassadors, reopening
 There are two main ports in Chabahar, the Shahid embassies, and facilitating people-to-people
Kalantari port and the ShahidBeheshti port exchanges, etc.

Internet Freedom in India
Article Index
l Report Highlights l Websites blocked l Provisions Related to Internet Shutdown l Challenges to digital
freedom
State-imposed shutdowns in the last decade have  Instances shot from six in 2014 to 96 in 2023, an
cited national security and threats to public order increase of 1500%.
when shuttering the Internet space. In this light, for  The highest number of internet shutdowns
five straight years, India has topped the global list were implemented in 2018 and 2020.
of countries on imposing Internet bans.  Shutdowns flared up during the passage of
 Data released by: Tech Company Top10VPN the Citizenship Amendment Act in 2019,
 Data collected by: the Software Freedom
the abrogation of Article 370 in 2019, and the
Law Centre (SFLC)
introduction of Farm Bills in 2021.
Key Highlights  Internet disruptions in India accounted for more
 According to report with about 60% of all than 70% of the total loss to the global economy
blackouts recorded in the world between 2016 in 2020.
and 2022 having been in India.  Data shows India shut down the internet for over
 More than $5.45 billion in economic value was
7,000 hours in 2023, affecting almost 5.9 crore
lost due to the bans between 2019 and 2023
people.
alone.
 The disruptions also violated press freedom
 The Indian Government imposed a total of
and people’s right to hold peaceful protests.
780 shutdowns between January 1, 2014
 Indian States and Union Territories can impose
and December 31, 2023, according to data
collected by the Software Freedom Law Centre an internet shutdown only in case of a “public
(SFLC). emergency” or in the interest of “public safety,”
according to the Indian Telegraph Act.
According to data from : Internet Freedom (SLFC) Access Now
 The Supreme Court of India, in the
150
136
landmark Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of
132
India case, 2020 reiterated that internet
Number of shutdowns
109
100
100
96 shutdowns violate fundamental rights to freedom
79 77 of expression, and that shutdowns which last
50
indefinitely are unconstitutional.
31
 More than 780 internet shutdowns, almost
14 60,000 URLs blocked, a dip in global indices
5 6 8
3
0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024* —research shows that freedom on the net was
Source: Internet Shutdowns - Software Freedom Law Center; weakened in favour of ‘national security’ and
Access Now ‘public order’

Longest Internet 200 days
Shutdowns in India Manipur
April 27, 2023-Oct. 18, 2023
An internet shutdown was imposed in the entire State of

552 days Manipur on May 3rd, 2023. The Statewide Shutdown was
enforced after violence broke out following communal
Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir
clashes in the state of Manipur. The government in its
Aug. 4, 2019-Feb. 6, 2021
attempt to justify mass internet shutdown, expressed that
An internet shutdown was imposed in the the shutdowns are put in place "to thwart the design and
evening of 4th August 2019, when Article activities of anti- national and anti-social elements and to
370 of the Constitution was abrogated maintain peace and communal harmony
by the Parliament of India. The erstwhile
state of J&K regained 4G connection on
February 6th 2021 after 552 days of no 145 days
to low internet. Kargil, Ladakh
Aug. 4, 2010-Dec. 27, 2019
Kargil district of Ladakh faced a shutdown of 145 days, which was imposed since August
2019 on the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir. The shutdown was imposed alongside
the suspension of all landlines, mobiles and SMS communication as a preventive measure in
the wake of the abrogation of article 370. It was lifted on December 2019 in the district, but it
continues in other parts of the erstwhile State.
Websites blocked  Cases have risen by almost 434% between

 Between 2015 and 2022, more than 55,000 2016 and 2022, according to the National
websites were blocked, according to SFLC data. Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).
The biggest share of content censored was done  Most were related to fraud, others with the
under section 69A of the IT Act, by the Ministry motive of sexual exploitation.
of Electronics and Information Technology
 The majority of complaints related to
(responsible for 47% of the requests) and the
financial fraud came from Telangana,
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and
 On social media, almost 30,000 social media
URLs (including accounts and posts) were Maharashtra in 2022.
blocked between 2018 and 2022, with the  Conviction rates remained below 30% for
majority of requests sent to X, formerly called identity theft, publishing sexually explicit
Twitter. material and cyber stalking, data also
 Websites were also blocked additionally for two showed.
reasons.
Number of Cyber Crime in India, 2016-2022
 Court-ordered take downs happened for 65,893
Number of Cyber Crime
copyright infringement — these account for 60,000

46.8% of the total websites blocked. 52,974
50,035
 The remaining 1.91% of websites were 44,735
40,000
blocked for promoting ‘obscene’ content,
27,248
Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) and
21,796
pornography. 20,000
12,317
 A commonly cited reason for blocking websites
is the escalating threat of cyber crime. 0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
 As compared to 5,693 cases in 2013, India
recorded more than 65,000 cases last year. Source : National Crime Records Bureau

Backgrounder IT (Intermediary Guidelines & Digital
Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021
Provisions Related to Internet Shutdown  These were preceded by the amendments to the
 Section 5(2) of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, ‘Allocation of Business Rules’ under the IT Act,
read with Temporary Suspension of Telecom 2000 to bring films, audio-visual programmes,
news, current affairs content, and digital and online
Services (Public Emergency and Public Safety)
media including OTT (Over The Top) platforms
Rules, 2017: like Amazon, Netflix, and Hotstar under the
 These rules allow the Union or State home purview of Ministry of Information & Broadcasting
secretary to order the suspension of any (I&B), Government of India.
telegraph service (including internet) in case of
public emergency or public safety. Indepth
 Such an order must be assessed by a Review Challenges to digital freedom
to be headed by the Cabinet Secretary or Chief  Citizens’ personal and professional lives are
Secretary (in the State) committee within five largely dependent on the availability of internet
days. In an urgent situation, an officer of joint technologies.
 Losing internet even for a day severely
secretary level or above, authorized by the union
disrupts essential services in addition to
or state home secretary, can issue the order.
affecting businesses of all sizes.
 Section 144 of the Code of Criminal  Another aspect of freedom on the internet is
Procedure: This section empowers a district data privacy.
magistrate, a sub-divisional magistrate or any  Additionally, the Personal Data Protection
other executive magistrate specially empowered Bill could make it legal for government
by the state government to issue orders to entities to obtain personal data of citizens
prevent or stop any nuisance or disturbance of without prior consent and justification.
public tranquility.  Unsurprisingly, India was one of the
leading requestors of content removal on
Violation of Rights by Shutdown major internet platforms including Google,
Facebook, and Twitter.
 The fact that India does not consider access
to the internet a fundamental right makes
Right to Commerce Violates Right to countering the legality of actions that restrict
(as digital marketing Information online activity challenging.
hampered)  While the right laws and policies to mitigate
cybercrime and increase cyber security
Violative of Violate Right to are essential, the lines of digital rights
Fundamental rights Internet under and freedom of speech online are still
under Article Article 21 (freedom somewhat blurred.
19(1)(a) & 19(1)(g) of internet)
Ways to Improve
 The Government authorities should follow the
Social Media Platforms and the New IT directions of the Supreme Court in the Anuradha
Rules, 2021 Bhasin case (2020).
 Given the significant rate of growth of social media,  According to the court’s directions –
its censorship has been a growing point of concern  Suspension can be utilized for a temporary
in India as till recent times, it was not under the duration only.
direct supervision of any government authority or  Any order suspending the internet issued
direct and specific regulation thus far.
under the Suspension Rules must adhere
to the principle of proportionality and must
 At present, the Information and Technology Act,
not extend beyond the necessary duration.
2000 regulates social media usage, and Sections
 Any order suspending the internet under
67A, 67B, 67C and 69A, in particular, include the the Suspension Rules is subject to judicial
specific regulatory clauses. review.
 Strengthening the legal and regulatory issuing warnings or advisories, engaging with
framework (like IT Act, 2000) that governs civil society and media, or deploying more
internet shutdowns. security forces.
 The government should amend the Telegraph There is need to safeguard freedom of speech
Act and its rules, which are outdated and vague. and expression through strong legal and regulatory
 The government should consider other less safeguards for digital communications and access
intrusive measures to deal with law-and-order to information. It is important that an appropriate
disturbances, communal violence, terrorist regulation of AI is there in order to ensure that it is
attacks, examinations, and political instability, used to bolster internet freedom and not suppress
such as blocking specific websites or content, it.
Supreme Court Judgment on EVM-VVPAT Verification

Article Index
l About VVPAT-EVM Case l Key Highlights of the Judgment l Directions by the Court l What is EVM?
l Evolution of EVMs l Challenges with EVMs l Electoral Reform decision by Supreme Court
A fair voting process ensures that everyone’s  The Court, drawing from a range of legal
voice is heard. John Rawls, an American political precedents, emphasised that there is insufficient
philosopher, studied these principles, and he evidence to question the current polling system,
believed that “justice is fairness.” Several petitions particularly after the implementation of VVPATs.
have been filed in the Supreme Court to challenge  SC observed that the microcontrollers
the sanctity of the Electronic Voting Machines
programmed separately by EVM
(EVMs) using VVPATs. Later, the Supreme Court on
manufacturers are neutral, as they do not
April 26, 2024 dismissed the arguments criticising
favour any political party or candidate but
sanctity of voting through EVMs.
only record the buttons pressed by voters.
About VVPAT-EVM Case  SC also pointed out that any unauthorised
 In 2023, the ADR had filed a petition before
attempt to access the EVM’s microcontroller
the apex court saying that to ensure free and
or memory triggers the Unauthorized Access
fair elections, the tally from Electronic Voting
Machines (EVMs)/ data on votes cast, should Detection Mechanism (UADM), rendering the
be cross-verified with the VVPATs. EVM permanently disabled.
 The petition (along with other petitions) seeks  The bench stated that candidates requesting
100% verification of votes cast on EVMs using verification would be responsible for
the VVPAT. covering the expenses, and if the EVM is
 To make sure that this process is carried out discovered to be tampered with, the incurred
as fast as possible, ADR suggested the use of costs will be reimbursed.
barcodes on VVPAT slips.  The court said that the Representation of
Key Highlights of the Judgment the People Act, 1951, is the most effective
 In the Association of Democratic Reforms instrument to uphold democratic and republican
v. Election Commission of India Case, 2024, ideals, which are the hallmarks of our preambular
the court upheld the electronic voting machine promise.
(EVM) system, rejecting a return to paper ballots.
ON INTEGRITY What the top court said
 Also, the Court rejected the request for OF THE
ON CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
ELECTORAL
100% cross-verification of EVM votes PROCESS
"Repeated and persistent doubts and despair,
even without supporting evidence, can have
with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail "The credibility of
the contrarian impact of creating
the ECI (Election
distrust. This can reduce citizen
(VVPAT) slips, maintaining the current Commission of
participation and confidence in
India) and integrity
random verification in five polling booths of the electoral
elections, essential or a
healthy and robust
per Assembly Constituency. process earned
democracy."
over years cannot
 The court said the electoral process in India is a be chaffed and over-
ON MANIPULATION CLAIMS
ridden by baroque
“humongous task” and attempts should not be contemplation s
"The suspicion that the EVMs can be configured or manipulated for
repeated or wrong recording of vote(s) to favour a particular candidate
and speculations.
made to “bring down the system”. should be rejected."

Directions by the Court 
The voting data recorded in EVMs can be
 The apex court gave two directions saying, retained for years and can be extracted if
“One direction is after the completion of symbol necessary.
loading process, the Symbol Loading Unit EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) uses
(SLU) should be sealed in containers. The electronic means for casting and counting votes.
SLU should be stored at least for a period of 45
days.” HOW DO EVMs WORK?
 In its second directive, the top court specified It has two units: The control unit
that a team of engineers would examine the the control unit of the EVM is
trol kept with the
burnt memory in the microcontroller EVM upon and the balloting Con it
request by candidates, which must be made unit, joined Un presiding officer
or the polling
within seven days after the declaration of results. together by a
officer.
cable.
About Association for Democratic
Reforms (ADR) The balloting
Ballot unit is kept
 A Civil Society group: ADR is a civil Unit within the voting Step 1 : Polling
society group that focuses on electoral compartment. officer verifies
reforms was established in 1999 by a group of Electors use it to voter's identity
cast their votes.
professors from the Indian Institute of Management, with the help of
Ahmedabad. the Control Unit
 Various Interventions: Since its inception, the group
Step 2 : (S)he will press the
has been part of several interventions in the Court Step 3 : Voter Ballot Button enabling the
that have led to key changes in the electoral laws. can see a list of voter to cast their vote.
 Led Voters to know the background of candidates names
Step 4 : The voter can press the
Candidates: One of its first cases filed and symbols with
button next to the candidate's
in 1999 was a plea seeking disclosure of a a blue button next
name they wish to vote for
to it.
candidate’s criminal background, educational
qualification and assets before the election.
 The Electronic Voting Machine is a reliable
 Inclusion of NOTA (None of the Above)
system to conduct elections where one person
option in the EVM: ADR was also one of
the petitioners in the SC’s 2013 landmark
has to be elected out of many candidates.
judgement that led to the inclusion of NOTA  The EVM is designed for a single post
option in the EVM. and a single vote.
 Challenge to Electoral Bonds Scheme: In  Through an EVM, a voter can cast their vote
its last major intervention, ADR was one of for the candidate of their choice or choose the
the lead petitioners to challenge the electoral NOTA option.
bonds scheme that was struck down by the  Each EVM has a None of the Above
Supreme Court in February 2024. (NOTA) button for electors to use if
they don’t want to vote for any of the
Background contestants.
What is EVM? An EVM consists of three components: the ballot
 An electronic voting machine (EVM) is a portable
unit, control unit, and the VVPAT (Voter Verifiable
instrument for the purpose of conducting
Paper Audit Trail).
elections to the parliament, legislature and local
 Each of these units contains microcontrollers with
bodies like panchayats and municipalities.
pre-programmed burnt memory provided by the
 EVM is a microcontroller-based instrument
manufacturer.
designed to modernise the election procedure
and there is no scope for invalid votes and total  Presently, the Election Commission conducts
secrecy of voting data is maintained and it also random matching of VVPAT slips with EVMs at five
facilitates quick and accurate counting. polling booths per assembly constituency.

Evolution of EVMs  The paper trails generated by VVPAT machines,
especially when there are discrepancies
HOW DO VVPATs WORK? between electronic and paper records.
 The current practice of matching EVM counts
VVPAT (Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail) is attached
with VVPAT slips in five booths per assembly
to an EVM and allows voters to verify that their votes
constituency/segment has been criticised for
are cast as intended
not being scientifically grounded, potentially
Step 1 : When a vote is cast, a overlooking defective EVMs.
slip is printed on the VVPAT printer Ballot  There is concern that VVPAT machines is the
containing the serial number, Unit possibility of technical malfunctions, leading to
name and symbol of the
candidate voted.
inaccurate printing or no printing at all.
Indepth
Step 2 : It is visible to the Electoral Reform decisions by Supreme
voter through a transparent Court
window for 7 seconds.  In the 1977 landmark case of Mohinder Singh
Gill v. The Chief Election Commissioner, the
Supreme Court of India unequivocally affirmed
Step 3 : This printed slip that the right to vote is a fundamental right
automatically gets
and held that any arbitrary deprivation of this
cut and falls
into a sealed drop box.
right is unconstitutional.
 The Association for Democratic Reforms
Step 4 : If need be, v. Union of India case of 2002, marked a
these printouts can later be VVPAT significant milestone in India’s electoral journey.
counted. The Supreme Court upheld the High court ruling
on disclosure of information related to education,
 In 1989, the Election Commission (EC) criminal antecedents, financial assets, and
developed India’s indigenous Electronic Voting liabilities of candidates contesting elections.
Machines (EVMs) in alliance with two Central  In Lily Thomas v. the Union of India, the
Government Undertakings - the Electronics Supreme Court declared Section 8 (4) of the
Corporation of India (ECIL) and Bharat Representation of the People Act, 1951, (RPA)
Electronics Limited (BEL). which allowed legislators a three-month window
to appeal against their conviction — effectively
 The EVM machine was introduced on a trial
delaying their disqualification until such appeals
basis in 1982 in the Assembly constituency of
were exhausted — as unconstitutional.
Paravur in Kerala.
 Supreme Court (SC), in the case of Subramanian
 EVMs were used for the first time in the Goa Swamy vs Election Commission of India
State Assembly elections of 1999. (ECI), 2013 has held that VVPAT (Vote Verifiable
 They were deployed in all booths during Paper Audit Trial) is “indispensable for free and
the Assembly elections of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, fair elections”.
Puducherry and West Bengal in 2001.  In accordance to that, the Supreme Court
 In the 2004 general elections to the Lok Sabha, has directed the ECI to equip Electronic
EVMs were used in all 543 constituencies. Voting Machines (EVMs) with VVPAT
 The 2019 elections had EVMs backed with systems to “ensure accuracy of the
100% VVPAT in all constituencies. VVPAT system”. The Court directed the
government to provide the key financial
Challenges with EVMs assistance to the ECI to cause VVPAT
 Concerns about the security of EVMs have systems to be deployed along with EVMs.
been raised by political parties and civil society  On a petition filed by an advocate S
activists, alleging susceptibility to hacking due Subramaniam Balaji, challenging the state’s
to their electronic nature. Safeguarding against decision to distribute freebies, the Supreme
potential cyber threats is imperative to protect Court in S. Subramaniam Balaji Vs the
the integrity of elections. Government of Tamil Nadu & Ors. 2013 case

said that freebies promised by political parties emphasizing the importance of timely justice and
in their election manifestos shake the roots of upholding the rule of law in electoral matters.
free and fair polls, the, and directed the Election Democratic elections are a cornerstone of
Commission to frame guidelines for regulating democratic governance, enabling citizens to actively
contents of manifestos. participate in shaping the direction of their nation and
 The 2013 case of Lok Prahari vs. Union of fostering a sense of legitimacy and accountability
India saw the Supreme Court advocating for in the political process. India being a democratic
swift resolution of election-related disputes, country has importance of elections.
Indian Universities in new QS rankings

Article Index
l Top Intitutions in the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2024 l Key takeaways from the QS World
University Rankings l About Quacquareli Symonds World University Rankings l National Institutional
Ranking Framework (NIRF) l Key Highlights of India Rankings 2023
In the recently released QS World University 3. University of Oxford

Rankings by Subject 2024 on April 10, 2024, Indian 4. University of Cambridge
higher education institutions have improved their 5. Stanford University
rankings in the STEM subjects, Biological Sciences, Social Sciences and Management
and Business Studies.
1. Harvard University
In fact, at least one Indian university is featured in
2. University of Oxford
44 out of the 55 narrow subjects (vs 38 in 2023), as
3. Stanford University
well as in all five broad subject areas, demonstrating
4. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
its strong — and improving — global reputation. 5. University of Cambridge
Top institutions in the QS World University
Rankings by Subject 2024 Key takeaways from the QS World
University Rankings
Top institutions in the QS World University Rankings by  69 Indian universities secured 454 entries,
Subject 2024 marking an impressive 19.4% increase from last
Arts and Humanities year’s 355 entries.
1. Harvard University  The Institutes of Eminence (IoEs) lead the
2. University of Cambridge way with 47 of the 69 top-100 Indian positions.
3. University of Oxford These results indicate that the IoE programme
4. Stanford University continues to drive improvement, which is
5. University of California, Berkeley (UCB) reflected in university rankings.
Engineering and Technology  In fact, 82% of the IoE entries have either
1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) remained stable or climbed up in the
2. Stanford University rankings, underscoring the success of the
3. University of Oxford initiative.
4. University of Cambridge  In Asia, India has the second highest number
5. University of California, Berkeley (UCB) of ranked universities, second only to China.
Life Sciences and Medicine  India’s research output is the fourth highest
in the world, just behind China, the United
1. Harvard University
States, and the United Kingdom – and this is
2. University of Oxford
with just 18% the number of researchers China
3. Johns Hopkins University
has and 5% that of the US.
4. Stanford University
 India overtook China in the overall institutions
5. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
ranked in the 2024 edition of ‘QS University
Natural Sciences Rankings: Asia’.
1. Harvard University  IIT Bombay ranked 95th in the world for
2. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Chemistry. India has never had a university in

the top 100 for this subject, even though India  Five broad categories of parameters
has produced fine chemistry scientists and
researchers. Teaching, Learning & Research and Professional
Resources (0.30) Practice (0.30)
 IIT Madras ranks 44th in the world when it comes
to aeronautical, mechanical, and manufacturing
engineering. 5 Broad
 Across all the QS World University Rankings Parameter
by Subject 2024, 18 Indian universities rank Perception
(0.10) Graduation
in the top 100. IIT Bombay ranks in multiple
Outreach and Outcome (0.20)
subjects in that list, ranking 25th in Engineering
Inclusivity (0.10)
– Mineral & Mining, but also claims the sixth
position globally for employer reputation in this  Each of these five parameters have 2 to 5 sub-
discipline. parameters. A total number of 16 – 18 sub-
 India’s highest rank is 20th – secured by parameters are used for ranking of HEIs in
Jawaharlal Nehru University for Development different categories and subject domains.
Studies.  Institutions are ranked based on total sum
 The next highest ranked university is the Indian of marks assigned for each of these five
Institute of Management (IIM) – Ahmedabad, broad groups of parameters.
debuting in 22nd position for Business &
Management Studies.
Key Highlights of India Rankings 2023
 Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Background retains its 1st position in Overall Category for
About Quacquarelli Symonds World fifth consecutive year, i.e. 2019 to 2023 and in
University Rankings Engineering for eighth consecutive year, , i.e.
 The QS World University Rankings is a portfolio from 2016 to 2023..
of comparative college and university rankings  Top 100 in Overall category consists of 44
compiled by Quacquarelli Symonds, a higher CFTIs/ CFUs INI, 24 state universities, 13
education analytics firm. deemed universities, 18 private universities, 4
 Its first and earliest edition was published in agriculture and allied sector institutions, and 3
collaboration with Times Higher Education management institutions.
(THE) magazine as Times Higher Education–  Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru tops
QS World University Rankings, inaugurated the Universities Category for eighth consecutive
in 2004 to provide an independent source of years, i.e. from 2016 to 2023. It stood first in
comparative data about university performance. Research Institutions Category for the third
consecutive year, i.e. from 2021 to 2023.
Quacquarelli Symonds  IIM Ahmedabad tops in Management subject
Founded by : Nunzio Quacquarelli retaining its first position for fourth consecutive
Founded in : 1990 year, i.e. from 2020 to 2023. It was ranked
Partnered with : Times in 2004 for University amongst top two in Management subject of the
Rankings India Rankings from 2016 to 2019.
 All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS),
Indepth New Delhi occupies the top slot in Medical for
National Institutional Ranking Framework the sixth consecutive year, i.e. from 2018 to
(NIRF) 2023. Moreover, AIIMS is ranked at 6th position
 The National Institutional Ranking Framework in Overall category thereby improving from its
(NIRF), launched in November 2015 by the 9th position in 2022.
Ministry of Education, was used for this edition  National Institute of Pharmaceutical
as well as for the previous seven editions of Education and Research, Hyderabad tops the
India Rankings released for the years 2016 to ranking in Pharmacy for first time pushing Jamia
2023. Hamdard to the second slot. Jamia Hamdard

was ranked at 1st position for four consecutive  Colleges in Delhi maintained their dominance
years, i.e., from 2019 to 2022. in ranking of Colleges with five colleges out of
 Miranda House retains the 1st position first 10 colleges from Delhi.
amongst Colleges for the seventh consecutive  The Saveetha Institute of Medical and
year, i.e. from 2017 to 2023. Technical Sciences takes the top slot for the
 IIT Roorkee stands at 1st position in Architecture second consecutive year.
subject for third consecutive year, i.e. from 2021  Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New
to 2023. Delhi takes the top slot in Agriculture and Allied
 National Law School of India University, Sectors.
Bengaluru retains its first position in Law for the  Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur tops in
sixth consecutive year, i.e. from 2018 to 2023. Innovation category.
Right to Protection from Climate Change Impacts

Article Index
l Background and Timeline of the Court Judgment l Interpretation by the Court l Environment in the Eyes
of Constitution l Important judgement by the Court related to Environment l What is Climate Change? l
India’s response to Climate Change
The Supreme Court of India on April 5, 2024,  It ruled that all low-voltage power lines were
for the first time, recognised the right against directed to be laid underground in the “priority”
the adverse impacts of climate change, saying and “potential” habitats of GIB in the future; and
it is intertwined with the right to life (Article 14) for existing power lines, bird diverters were to
and equality (Article 21) that are embedded in the be installed.
Indian constitution. The arguments were a part of a  The Ministry of Power, with others applied
verdict by a three-judge bench (headed by the Chief to modify the 2021 order on grounds that it
Justice of India DY Chandrachud with judges JB had adverse implications for India’s power
Pardiwala and Manoj Misra) hearing a case on the sector, and undergrounding power lines
conservation of the great India bustard and the lesser were not possible.
florican.  In April 2024, the Court placed its reliance on
Background and timeline of the Court several reports by the Wildlife Institute of India,
Judgement identifying 13,663 square km as the “priority
 Desert National Park in Rajasthan shelters area”.
the critically endangered Great Indian Bustard  It formed an expert committee comprising
(GIB) (Ardeotis nigriceps) and Lesser independent experts, members of the
Florican. Overhead cables, particularly in solar National Board of Wildlife, representatives
parks, pose a significant threat to the survival of of power companies, etc.
these birds.  The Committee is formed to suggest ways to
 The Power Line Mitigation, 2018 report balance two objectives – the conservation of the
highlighted that around 1 lakh birds die bird and India’s sustainable development goals.
annually due to collisions with power lines,  The committee’s first report is expected by
necessitating urgent action to prevent the July 31, 2024.
extinction of the Great Indian Bustard. Interpretation by the Court
 In response a writ petition was filed in MK The court stated that -
Ranjitsinh and Ors. v. Union of India, 2019  The right to health (which is a part of the
sought conservation directives amid the right to life under Article 21) is impacted due
declining population of Great Indian Bustards. to factors such as air pollution, shifts in vector-
 In April 2021, the Court placed restrictions borne diseases, rising temperatures, droughts,
on the setting up of overhead transmission shortages in food supplies due to crop failure,
lines. storms, and flooding.

 The inability of underserved communities to country. It was added by the 42nd Amendment,
adapt to climate change or cope with its effects 1976 and places an obligation on the State to
violates the right to life as well as the right to protect the environment and wildlife.
equality.  Article 51-A (g): It states that it shall be the duty
 If climate change and environmental degradation of every citizen of India to protect and improve
lead to acute food and water shortages in a the natural environment including forests, lakes,
particular area, poorer communities will suffer rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for
more than richer ones. living creatures.
 Violations of the right to a healthy environment Important judgements by the court related
can reverberate across numerous rights to Environment
domains, including the right to life, personal  Supreme Court in M.C. Mehta vs. Union of
integrity, health, water, and housing, as well India case treated the right to live in a pollution
as procedural rights such as information, free environment as a part of fundamental right
expression, association, and participation. to life under Article 21 of the Constitution.
 The court highlighted that Article 48A which  The Supreme Court in Subhash Kumar v. State
mandates environmental protection and Article of Bihar (1991) case held that the right to life
51A(g) which promotes wildlife conservation, includes the right to a healthy environment,
implicitly guarantee a right to be safeguarded and it is the duty of the government to protect
from climate change. and improve the environment. The court
Background observed that the right to life and personal
liberty cannot be enjoyed in the absence of a
Environment in the Eyes of Constitution
clean environment.
Article 21 Article 14  The Supreme Court in Vellore Citizens Welfare
Forum vs Union of India (28 August, 1996)
held that though industries are vital for the
Environment
country’s development, having regards to the
Right to in the Eyes of
pollution caused by them, the principle of
Health Constitution
‘sustainable development’ has to be adopted
as the balancing concept.
Article 48A
Article 51-A(g)  In Consumer Education and Research Centre
v. Union of India (1995), the Supreme Court
 Right to Health: Article 21 and Article 14
held that the right to health is a fundamental
are important sources of the right to a clean
right under Article 21, and the government has a
environment and the right against the adverse
duty to provide adequate medical facilities to its
effects of climate change. Without a clean
citizens.
environment, which is stable and non-impacted  In Bombay Dyeing & Mfg. Co. Ltd. v. Bombay
by the impacts of climate change, the right to life Environmental Action Group, 2006 case the
is not fully realized. Supreme Court recognized that climate change
 Article 21 recognises the right to life and
posed a “major threat” to the environment.
personal liberty and the right to health is its
important part. Indepth
 Article 14 indicates that all persons shall have What is Climate change?
equality before law and the equal protection of  Climate change is the long-term shift in the
laws. Earth’s average temperatures and weather
 Article 48A: It states that the State shall conditions. Over the last decade, the world was
endeavor to protect and improve the environment on average around 1.20C warmer than during
and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the the late 19th Century.

 It has now been confirmed that global warming  National Clean Energy Fund: The Government
0
exceeded 1.5 C across the 12 month period of India created the National Clean Energy Fund
between February 2023 and January 2024. That (NCEF) in 2010 for financing and promoting
followed 2023 being declared the warmest year clean energy initiatives and funding research in
on record. the area of clean energy in the country.
Why is climate change a challenge for  The corpus of the fund is built by levying
India? a cess of INR 50 (subsequently increased
to INR 100 in 2014) per tonne of coal
Impact of Climate Change in India produced domestically or imported.
 Paris Agreement: Under the Paris Agreement,
India has made three commitments. India’s
Severe Heat Intense Increased Problematic greenhouse gas emission intensity of its GDP
Waves Rainfall & Drought Trans- will be reduced by 33-35% below 2005 levels by
Monsoons boundary water
management
2030.
 Alongside, 40% of India’s power capacity
Species extinction Poverty & Displacement
would be based on non-fossil fuel sources.
Global warming is a big concern for India. It’s At the same time, India will create an
impacting India’s natural environment, population, additional ‘carbon sink’ of 2.5 to 3 billion
and economy. Increasingly frequent and intense tonnes of Co2 equivalent through additional
floods, heat waves, monsoons, and depleting forest and tree cover by 2030.
groundwater reserves are just a few of the climate  International Solar Alliance: ISA was
induced challenges that India now faces. launched at the United Nations Climate Change
India’s response to Climate Change Conference in Paris on 30 November 2015 by
India and France, in the presence of Mr. Ban Ki
India’s Response to Climate Change Moon, former Secretary-General of the United
Nations.
India’s 5-point pledge or Panchamrit

National Action National Clean
Plan on Climate Energy Fund Achieving a non-fossil energy capacity of 500
Change (NAPCC) (2010) GW by 2030.

Sourcing 50% of its total energy needs from
International International Solar renewable energy sources by 2030.
Solar Alliance Alliance (ISA) in Reducing the country’s total projected carbon
(ISA) in 2015 2015 emissions by one billion tonnes between the
present day and 2030.
 National Action Plan on Climate Change
Decreasing the carbon intensity of India’s
(NAPCC): It outlines existing and future policies
economy by 45% by 2030, based on 2005
and programs addressing climate mitigation and
levels.
adaptation.
Achieving the goal of net zero carbon emissions
 The Action Plan identifies eight core
by 2070.
“national missions” running through to
2017: Solar Energy; Enhanced Energy While India has several environmental laws, it
Efficiency; Sustainable Habitat; Water; lacks a singular, comprehensive climate change
Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem; legislation. The judgment may prompt a reevaluation
Green India; Sustainable Agriculture; and of this approach, encouraging the adoption of
Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change. framework legislation that can provide a strategic
Most of these missions have strong direction and legally binding targets for climate
adaptation imperatives. action, similar to laws in other countries.

Global Hepatitis Report 2024
Article Index
l Key Findings of the Report l About Hepatitis l What causes Hepatitis? l How is viral hepatitis spread?
l Government Initiatives to Control Hepatitis
According to the World Health Organisation’s  The WHO flagged that the number of lives
(WHO’s) Global Hepatitis Report 2024, India has lost due to viral hepatitis is increasing with the
among the highest burdens of viral hepatitis — disease being the second leading infectious
tied with tuberculosis (TB) as the second largest cause of death globally (with 1.3 million deaths
infectious killer globally — in the world. per year) the same as tuberculosis.
Key Findings of the Report  The WHO report said new data from 187
 Globally, an estimated 1.3 million people countries show that the estimated number of
died of viral hepatitis in 2022 (as compared deaths from viral hepatitis increased from 1.1
to 1.1 million in 2019), even as its incidence — million in 2019 to 1.3 million in 2022. Of these,
number of new cases in a year — went down to 83% were caused by hepatitis B, and 17% by
2.2 million in 2022 (as compared to 2.5 million in hepatitis C.
2019).  The report outlined a series of actions to advance
 India accounted for the second-highest number a public health approach to viral hepatitis,
of cases of hepatitis B and C in 2022 after China, designed to accelerate progress towards ending
with 3.5 crore infections, according to a report the epidemic by 2030.
by the World Health Organisation (WHO).
 Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can
cause a range of health problems and can be
fatal.
 According to the WHO’s 2024 Global Hepatitis
Report released, 254 million people lived with
hepatitis B and 50 million with hepatitis C in
2022 globally.
 India, which was second only to China in the
viral hepatitis burden, registered 2.98 crore
hepatitis B cases in 2022 while the number of
hepatitis C infections stood at 55 lakh.
 China registered 8.3 crore cases of hepatitis B
and C, representing 27.5% of the total disease
burden.
 The report said that with a total of 3.5 crore
cases, India accounted for 11.6% of the total Backgrounder
disease burden globally that year.
About Hepatitis
 There are five main strains of the hepatitis
 Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver.
virus, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E.
Inflammation is swelling that happens when
While they all cause liver disease, they differ in
important ways including modes of transmission, tissues of the body are injured or infected. It can
severity of the illness, geographical distribution damage your liver. This swelling and damage
and prevention methods. can affect how well your liver functions.
 In particular, types B and C lead to chronic  Hepatitis can be an acute (short-term) infection
disease in hundreds of millions of people and or a chronic (long-term) infection. Some types
together are the most common cause of liver of hepatitis cause only acute infections. Other
cirrhosis, liver cancer and viral hepatitis-related types can cause both acute and chronic
deaths. infections.

What causes hepatitis?  WHO’s global hepatitis strategy aims to reduce
 There are different types of hepatitis, with new hepatitis infections by 90% and deaths
different causes: by 65% between 2016 and 2030.
 Viral hepatitis is the most common type. It is Indepth
caused by one of several viruses -- hepatitis
Government Initiatives to Control Hepatitis
viruses A, B, C, D, and E. In the United States,
 National Viral Hepatitis Control Program
A, B, and C are the most common. (2018) : Aims to end Hepatitis C as a public
 Toxic hepatitis can be caused by certain poisons, health threat by 2030.
chemicals, medicines, or supplements  India’s Universal Immunization Programme
 Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic type in (UIP): India’s Universal Immunization
which your body’s immune system attacks your Programme (UIP) offers free vaccination against
liver. The cause is not known, but genetics and 12 vaccine-preventable diseases, including
Hepatitis B, Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis,
your environment may play a role.
Tetanus, Polio, Pneumonia, Meningitis due to
 According to the report, every day, there are
Haemophilus Influenzae type b (Hib), Measles,
3,500 people dying globally due to hepatitis B Rubella, Japanese Encephalitis (JE), and
and C infections. Rotavirus diarrhoea.
How is viral hepatitis spread?  To accelerate the efforts to achieve universal
sanitation coverage and to put focus on
Hepatitis Type How it Spread sanitation, the Prime Minister of India had
launched the Swachh Bharat Mission on 2nd
Hepatitis A & E Through contact with Food & October 2014. The mission was implemented
Water as nation-wide campaign/Janandolan which
Through contact with Blood aimed at eliminating open defecation in rural
Hepatitis B, C & D
areas during the period 2014 to 2019 through
Also with Body fluids
mass scale behavior change, construction of
 An estimated 354 million people worldwide household-owned and community-owned toilets
live with hepatitis B or C, and for most, testing and establishing mechanisms for monitoring
and treatment remain beyond reach. toilet construction and usage.
UNESCO’s Tentative World Heritage Sites List

Article Index
l Sites Recently Added to Tentative UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites l Tentative UNESCO list of
World Heritage Sites? l About World Heritage Sites l Heritage Sites in India
Indian architecture is rooted in the history, culture, city’s surrounding can be easily viewed and
and religion of India. Among several architectural surveiled.
styles and traditions, the best-known include the  With a 10-meter-high wall surrounding the
many varieties of Hindu temple architecture and
premises, the fort encompasses adorable and
Indo-Islamic architecture, Rajput architecture etc. To
recognize this, recently in March 2024, 6 new sites exquisite sculptures and remarkable feats of
from Madhya Pradesh have recently been included architecture in its construction.
in the Tentative UNESCO list of World Heritage  According to historians, the first foundation of
Sites (WHS). Gwalior Fort was laid by Rajput warrior Suraj
Key Features of Sites Recently Added to Sen in the 6th century AD.
Tentative UNESCO List of World Heritage  Notable among its structures are ancient
Sites temples such as Teli ka Mandir, Chaturbhuj
Gwalior Fort temple, Sas Bahu temples, and the Gurdwara
 Known for its impenetrable walls, the fortress is Data Bandi Chhor, each adding to its cultural
situated on the hilltop, from where the beautiful significance.

Dhamnar caves Gond Monuments Mandla
 The Dhamnar caves are located in Dhamnar  Ramnagar in Mandla district used to be the
village of Mandsaur district. The rock-cut stronghold of the Gond rulers. In 1667, the
temple site has 51 caves, stupas, chaityas, Gond king, Hriday Shah, built Moti Mahal on
passages and dense dwellings and was built the bank of river Narmada.
in the 7th century AD.
 The site contains a colossal statue of Gautam Backgrounder
Buddha in the nirvana pose. There are 14 What is the Tentative UNESCO list of
historically important caves on the northern World Heritage Sites?
bank, of which Bari Kacheri (large courtyard)  The first step a country must take is making
and Bhima Bazar are more popular with tourists. an ‘inventory’ of its important natural and
 The Badi Kacheri is 20 feet square and cultural heritage sites located within its
comprises a Stupa and Chaitya. boundaries.
 Though historically known as Chandananagari-
 This ‘inventory’ is known as the Tentative
mahavihara, the site’s modern name, Dhamnar,
List.
is thought to possibly originate from the Shaivite
 It provides a forecast of the properties that a
term ‘Dharmanatha,’ reflecting its cultural
State Party may decide to submit for inscription
heritage.
in the next five to ten years and which may be
Bhojeshwar Mahadev Temple, Bhojpur updated at any time.
 Located about 28 km from the capital city of  It is an important step since the World Heritage
Bhopal, the Bhojeshwar temple is dedicated to Committee cannot consider a nomination for
Lord Shiva. inscription on the World Heritage List unless the
 Carved from a single stone, the huge Linga in property has already been included on the State
the sanctum sanctorum is 2.35 meter long with Party’s Tentative List.
a circumference of about 6 meters.
 It is set on a 3-tier sandstone platform in 6 Indepth
meters square. Due to magnificent architecture, Heritage Sites in India
it was given the title of ‘Somnath of East’.  In India, there are currently 42 UNESCO World
 Raja Bhoj ordered construction between Heritage Sites.
1010 and 1053 AD on the hilltop in Bhojpur  Out of these, 34 are cultural, 7 are natural,
village, however the temple never seems to
and one, Khangchendzonga National Park,
have been completed.
is of mixed type. India has the sixth-most sites
Rock Art Site of the Chambal Valley worldwide.
 The world’s largest concentration of rock art  Countries with most number of World
sites in the Chambal basin and central India is heritage sites: Italy (59), China (57),
produced from different historical periods and Germany (52), France (52) and Spain
civilizations. (50).
 Spread across MP, Rajasthan and Uttar  The first sites to be listed were the Ajanta
Pradesh, these sites offer insight into ancient Caves, Ellora Caves, Agra Fort, and
human habitation and cultural development. Taj Mahal, all of which were inscribed in
Khooni Bhandara, Burhanpur the 1983 session of the World Heritage
 A unique, one-of-a-kind water supply system
Committee.
‘Khooni’ or ‘Kundi Bhandara’ is located in  The most recent sites listed were Santiniketan
Burhanpur. in West Bengal by Nobel laureate Rabindranath
 It was built about 407 years ago, the system Tagore (41st site) and the Sacred Ensembles of
is still operational today and is used by people the Hoysalas (42nd Site), in 2023.
in the area. It was built by erstwhile ruler  India now has now 57 sites on the tentative
Abdurrahim Khankhana in 1615. list.

Cultural Heritage Sites in India Cultural Heritage Sites in India Year of
Entry
Cultural Heritage Sites in India Year of
Entry Jantar Mantar (Jaipur) 2010
Agra Fort (Uttar Pradesh) 1983 Hill Forts of Rajasthan (Rajasthan) 2013
Ajanta Caves (Maharashtra) 1983 Rani Ki Vav (The Queen’s Stepwell) (Gujarat) 2014
Ellora Caves (Maharashtra) 1983 Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavira at Nalanda 2016
(Bihar)
Taj Mahal (Uttar Pradesh) 1983
The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding 2016
Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (Tamil Nadu) 1984
Contribution to the Modern Movement (Chandigarh)
Sun Temple, Konark (Odisha) 1984
Historic City of Ahmedabad (Gujarat) 2017
Churches and Convents of Goa (Goa) 1986
Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai 2018
Fatehpur Sikri (Uttar Pradesh) 1986
(Maharashtra)
Group of Monuments at Hampi (Karnataka) 1986
Jaipur City (Rajasthan) 2019
Khajuraho Group of Monuments (Madhya Pradesh) 1986
Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple (Telangana) 2021
Elephanta Caves (Maharashtra) 1987
Dholavira, a Harappan City (Gujarat) 2021
Great Living Chola Temples (Tamil Nadu) 1987
Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala (Karnataka) 2023
Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (Karnataka) 1987, 2004
Natural Heritage Site in India
Santiniketan (West Bengal) 2023
Sundarbans National Park (West Bengal) 1987
Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh) 1989
Western Ghats (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Goa, 2012
Mountain Railways of India (West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, 1999, 2005,
Maharashtra, and Gujarat)
Himachal Pradesh) 2008
Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks 1988, 2005
Humayun’s Tomb (Delhi) 1993
(Uttarakhand)
Qutub Minar and Monuments (Delhi) 1993
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (Assam) 1985
Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya (Bihar) 2002
Great Himalayan National Park (Himachal Pradesh) 2014
Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh) 2003
Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) 1985
Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (Gujarat) 2004
Kaziranga National Park (Assam) 1985
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria 2004
Terminus (Maharashtra) Mixed Heritage Site in India
Red Fort Complex (Delhi) 2007 Khangchendzonga National Park (Sikkim) 2016
India’s New Post Office in Antarctica

Article Index
l Introduction l About the Post Office l Operational Process of Letters l Strategic Importance
l Historical Background
It’s an age of emails and phone calls, Whatsapp  This momentous occasion coincided with the
messages and video calls. The post offices only hold 24th Foundation Day of the National Centre
importance for things like identity verification and for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR),
postage stamps required for bureaucratic work etc. Goa.
But the post offices and letters at far like in Antarctica,  A Postcard on Bharati Station was also
are still prominent. In a recent development in April released on the occasion.
 As part of this initiative, letters designated for
2024, the Department of Posts inaugurated a
Antarctica will now bear a unique experimental
second post office branch at the Bharati research
PIN code, MH-1718, tailored for the new branch.
station in Antarctica.
Operational Process of Letters
About the Post Office  Letters meant for the post office in Antarctica
 Shri. K. K. Sharma, Chief Postmaster General are sent to the National Centre for Polar and
of Maharashtra Circle, inaugurated the ‘Bharati Ocean Research (NCPOR) in Goa.
Branch Post Office’ at Bharati Station, Antarctica,  When a scientific expedition to Antarctica
on April 5, 2024, via a web link connecting the departs from NCPOR, a researcher carries the
remote location to the rest of the world. consignment of letters.

 At the research base, the letters are ‘cancelled’,  The permanent research stations facilitate Indian
brought back, and returned via post. Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica, which have
 The term ‘cancellation’ refers to the mark been ongoing annually since 1981. In 2022,
placed on a stamp or postal stationery to India enacted the Antarctic Act, reaffirming its
render it useless for reuse. commitment to the Antarctic Treaty.
 Dakshin Gangotri (1983-1991): This
Backgrounder pioneering research station, established
Historical Background in 1983, marked India’s initial foray into
Antarctica. Notably, it was the first time an
India’s Maitri
Indian team wintered over on the continent,
Research Center
1984 1988-89 estd. a crucial milestone for scientific research.
2012
Dakshin Gangotri Dakshin Gangotri Jan 26, Bharti
While eventually decommissioned due
(India’s 1st Base (Submerged into 1990 (India’s most to being submerged by ice, Dakshin
at Antarctica) ice) recent research Gangotri’s legacy lives on as a symbol of
station)
India’s early Antarctic endeavours.
 In 1984, shortly after India’s first foray to  Maitri (1989): Commissioned in 1989,
Antarctica, its first post office on the icy continent Maitri stands as India’s first permanent
was set up at Dakshi Gangotri. research station in Antarctica. Located near
 It was the nation’s first scientific base in Schirmacher Oasis, this all-weather station
Antarctica. allows researchers to conduct year-round
scientific studies in various disciplines,
 Within the first year, as many as 10,000 letters
including atmospheric sciences, biology,
and mail had been posted and ‘cancelled’ at the
geology, and glaciology.
historic post office.
 Bharati (2012): India’s most recent
 Dakshin Gangotri submerged in ice in 1988-89
research station, Bharati, was inaugurated
and was subsequently decommissioned. On in 2012. Situated in a region with minimal
January 26, 1990, a post office branch was snowfall, this station facilitates research
set up at India’s Maitri research station on on upper atmospheric studies, coastal
Antarctica. processes, and the impact of climate
 Since then, for more than 35 years, letters change.
and postcards in blank envelopes are sent  Sagar Nidhi: In 2008, India commissioned
— mostly by philatelists, collectors and the Sagar Nidhi, the pride of the National
hobbyists — to the Maitri post office for Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), for
‘cancellation’. research. An ice-class vessel, it can cut
 The impression, ‘Maitri North Goa’, from through thin ice of 40 cm depth and is the
the Antarctic research base is a famed first Indian vessel to navigate Antarctic
waters.
“collector’s item”.
India’s Presence in Antarctica Indepth
 India’s Antarctic Programme is a scientific The Indian Antarctic Act, 2022
research and exploration program under  The Indian Antarctic Act, 2022 received the
the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean assent of the Hon’ble President of India on
Research (NCPOR). It started in 1981 when the August 6, 2022 and then notified in the Gazette
first Indian expedition to Antarctica was made. of India on August 8, 2022.
 The Act aims to provide for national measures
 India has been a Consultative Party to the
for protecting the Antarctic environment and
Antarctic Treaty since 1983. It participates in
dependent and associated ecosystems and to
the decision-making process along with other
give effect to the Antarctic Treaty, the Convention
28 Consultative Parties to the Antarctic Treaty to on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
date. Resources, the Protocol on Environmental
 India’s first Antarctic research station, Dakshin Protection to the Antarctic Treaty and for matters
Gangotri, was established in 1983. At present, connected therewith or incidental thereto.
India operates two year-round research stations:  The Bill passed by Lok Sabha on July 22, 2022
Maitri (1989) and Bharati (2012). and by Rajya Sabha on August 1, 2022.

 According to the provisions of the Act, the the Operators or by any other persons engaged
Committee on Antarctic Governance and in programmes and activities in Antarctica;
Environmental Protection (CAG-EP) has 2. to undertake any advisory, supervisory
been constituted and notified by the Central or enforcement activities in relation to
Government which (but not be limited to) has programmes and activities in Antarctica;
the following functions: 3. to obtain and review relevant information
1. to monitor, implement and ensure and reports provided by Parties to the
compliance with the relevant international Treaty, the Convention the Protocol and
laws, emission standards and rules for the other Parties engaged in programmes and
protection of the Antarctic environment by activities in Antarctica.
India Secures the Overseas Port of Sittwe

Article Index
l About the News l Strategic Implications for India l Sittwe Port l Kaladan-Multi-modal Transit Project
For India, the Indian Ocean region is strategically  The overarching goal of this multi-modal network
vital because roughly 80 per cent of its crude oil is to connect Eastern and North-Eastern
and 95 per cent of its trade are transported via seas parts of India via Myanmar.
and oceans. Recently, on April 6, 2024, the Indian  The Sittwe Port, a strategic masterpiece
government has given the go-ahead for India Ports initiated and built by India, sits at the mouth
Global Ltd. (IPGL) proposal to take complete control of the Kaladan River on the Arakan coast of
of the Sittwe Port in Myanmar. This will not only Myanmar’s Rakhine state.
 This strategic integration will act as an
strengthen its maritime influence in the Indo-Pacific
alternative conduit for transporting goods and
but also play a crucial role in shaping the region’s
services to the Northeastern states of India by
geopolitical dynamics.
significantly curtailing the costs and distances
About the News traversed.
 After Chabahar port, India has gained the rights  Furthermore, it will alleviate reliance on the
to operate a second overseas port, Sittwe, in Siliguri Corridor, commonly known as the
Myanmar. “Chicken’s Neck”, and Bangladesh.
 The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) has  In the vast expanse of the Indian Ocean Region
approved a proposal for India Ports Global (IOR), a dynamic dance of influence unfolds
(IPGL) to take over the operations of the entire between India and China, and ports will emerge
port located on the Kaladan River. as critical players in this strategic tussle.
 The Ministry of Shipping has presently assigned  This development holds promising
IPGL the task of equipping and operation of economic benefits for the region, instilling
container/multi-purpose terminals at Chabahar hope for a prosperous future.
 Beyond serving as mere trade conduits,
Port in Iran.
these ports wield significant power, and
 India’s operational control over these 2
the Sittwe Port will play a pivotal role in
overseas ports, Chabahar and Sittwe, will
amplifying India’s reach and sway across
strengthen India’s maritime influence to the IOR.
counter China’s String of Pearls policy with
ports like Hambantota in Sri Lanka, Djibouti Indepth
in Africa, etc. Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Project
 The Kaladan Multi Modal Transit Transport
Backgrounder
Project was jointly identified by India and
Sittwe Port Myanmar to create a multi-modal mode of
 The Sittwe Port is an integral component of transport for the shipment of cargo from the
the more extensive Kaladan Multi-Modal eastern ports of India to Myanmar as well
Transport Network, which India is developing as to the North-Eastern part of India through
alongside Myanmar. Myanmar.

(PDC) appointed by the MEA in 2009 for the
Kalandan Multi Modal Transit Transport
Proejct implementation of the Port & IWT components.
 This transit project connects the eastern
Indian seaport of Kolkata with Sittwe seaport
in Rakhine State, Myanmar by sea. It will
reduce the distance from Kolkata to Sittwe by
approximately 1,328 km.
 In Myanmar, it will then link Sittwe seaport to
Paletwa in Chin State via the Kaladan river boat
route.
 From Paletwa by road to Mizoram state in
Northeast India (Paletwa is less than 20 km
from the Bangladesh border).
 Components of project: The project
involves sea, river, and road transportation:
 Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), Govt. of India  Sea Route: From Kolkata to Sittwe (539
entered into a Framework Agreement with the km).
Govt. of Myanmar in April 2008 to facilitate  River Route: Sittwe to Paletwa via the
implementation of the project. Kaladan River (158 km).
 Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI)  Road Route: Paletwa to Indo-Myanmar
is the Project Development Consultant border (110 km), and further into Mizoram.
India lost 2.33 million hectares of Tree Cover

Article Index
l Introduction l Highlights of the Report l About Global Forest Watch l Status of Forests in India
As per latest ISFR 2021, the total forest cover of From 2001 to 2023, India lost 2.33 Mha of tree cov-
the country is 7,13,789 square kilometre which is er, equivalent to a 6.0% decrease in tree cover since
21.72% of the geographical area of the country. 2000, and 1.20 Gt of CO2e emissions.
The total tree cover has been estimated 95,748 sq. 200
kha
km. On the contrary, the latest data from the Global 150k
Forest Watch (GFW) in April, 2024 monitoring
100k
project has revealed that India has lost 2.33 million
50k
hectares of tree cover since the year 2000.
0
Key Highlights of the Report '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22 '23
Indian Perspective  Assam had the maximum tree cover loss at

324,000 hectares compared to an average
 In 2010, India had 31.3 Mha of natural forest,
of 66,600 hectares. Mizoram lost 312,000
extending over 11% of its land area. In 2023, it
hectares of tree cover, Arunachal Pradesh
lost 134 kha of natural forest, equivalent to
81.9 Mt of CO2 emissions. 262,000 hectares, Nagaland 259,000 hectares,
 India lost 175,000 hectares of tree cover in and Manipur 240,000 hectares.
2016 and 144,000 hectares in 2023, the highest  The tree cover loss data featured on the
in the last six years. Global Forest Watch represents the best
 The maximum tree cover loss of 189,000 available spatial figures on how forests
hectares occurred in 2017. are changing around the world. However,
 The GFW data showed that five states changes have occurred to the data over
accounted for 60 per cent of all tree cover loss time due to algorithm adjustments and
between 2001 and 2023. improved satellite data.


Therefore, the GFW cautions users against  From 2001 to 2023, there was a total of 488
comparing old and new data, especially Mha of tree cover loss globally, equivalent to a
before/after 2015. 12% decrease in tree cover since 2000.
 Globally from 2001 to 2022, 23% of tree cover
LOCATION OF TREE COVER LOSS IN INDIA
In India, the top 5 regions were responsible for 60% loss occurred in areas where the dominant
of all tree cover loss between 2001 and 2023. Assam drivers of loss resulted in deforestation.
had the most tree cover loss at 324 kha compared to  Globally as of 2010, the top 5 countries represent
an average of 66.6 kha. 55% of all tree cover.
1 Assam 324 kha  Russia had the most tree cover at 755 Mha
2 Mizoram 312 kha compared to an average of 16.9 Mha followed
3 Arunachal Pradesh 262 kha by Brazil, Canada, the US, Democratic Republic
4 Nagaland 259 kha
of Congo.
 From 2001 to 2022, there was a total of 126
5 Manipur 240 kha
Mha of tree cover lost from fires globally and
 According to the Food and Agriculture 333 Mha from all other drivers of loss.
Organisation, the rate of deforestation in India
was 668,000 hectares per year between 2015 Global Tree Cover Gain
and 2020, the second highest worldwide. From 2000 to 2020, 131 Mha of tree cover was
 The data showed India lost 35,900 hectares of gained globally.
tree cover due to fires from 2002 to 2022, with 1 Russia 37.2 Mha
2008 recording the maximum tree cover loss 2 Canda 17.0 Mha
due to fires (3,000 hectares). 3 United States 14.0 Mha
 From 2001 to 2022, Odisha had the highest
4 Brazil 8.06 Mha
rate of tree cover loss due to fires with an
average of 238 hectares lost per year. Arunachal 5 China 6.69 Mha
Pradesh lost 198 hectares, Nagaland 195 Compensatory Afforestation Fund (CAMPA
hectares, Assam 116 hectares, and Meghalaya fund) are being utilized by States/UTs for taking
97 hectares. up compensatory afforestation as per approved
Global Scenario Annual Plan of Operations for compensating the
 From 2002 to 2023, there was a total of 76.3 loss of forest & tree cover due to diversion of forest
Mha (million hectares acre) humid primary land for developmental projects as per provisions of
forest lost globally, making up 16% of its total Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016 (CAF
tree cover loss in the same time. Act) and CAF Rules, 2018.
Sustainable Finance for Tiger Landscapes Conference

Article Index
l Key Highlights from the Conference l About Global Environment Facility l Project Tiger in India
The Sustainable Finance for Tiger Landscapes supplying resources to over 100 million people,
Conference concluded on April 23 2024, marking a and ensuring the overall health of the planet.
historic moment for global conservation efforts. The  The conference convened tiger range countries,
conference was opened by The Queen of Bhutan visionary private and public sector donors,
Jetsun Pema Wangchuck. international development agencies, the Tiger
Conservation Coalition, and other conservation
Key Highlights from the Conference organisations.
 The two-day Conference was organized on  High-level representatives from ten tiger range
Earth Day 2024 (April 22, 2024) to mobilise countries delivered statements on the progress
USD 1 billion over the next decade for conserving and ambitions for conserving their tiger
tigers and their habitats across Asia. landscapes.
 The conservation of tiger landscapes is vital to  The conference culminated with the Paro
maintaining biodiversity, sequestering carbon, Statement by the Royal Government of Bhutan.

 Since 2010, the Global Environment Facility in India. It was launched from the Jim Corbett
has provided more than USD 197 million in National Park of Uttarakhand.
financing and mobilized another USD 880  The initiative is funded by the Union Govt. of
million, in co-finance, for tiger conservation. India and administrated under the Ministry of
Backgrounder Environment, Forests and Climate Change.
About Global Environment Facility National Tiger Conservation Authority
 The Global Environment Facility (GEF) was (NTCA) is the immediate supervising agency.
established on the eve of the 1992 Rio Earth  The stated aims of Project Tiger were
Summit to help tackle our planet’s most  To identify factors causing a reduction in
pressing environmental problems. tiger habitats and mitigate them through
 Since then, the GEF has provided more suitable management practices.
than $21.1 billion in grants and mobilized an  To maintain a viable tiger population for
additional $114 billion in cofinancing for more their economic, ecological, cultural, and
than 5,000 projects in 170 countries. aesthetic significance.
 Through its Small Grants Programme, the GEF
 The first Tiger Census of 2006 projected
has provided support to more than 25,000
1,411 tigers were left in the country.
civil society and community initiatives in 133
 Owing to the renewed sincerity to Tiger
countries.
 It provides financial assistance for five major conservation, the number of tigers consistently
international environmental conventions: increased in the next decade. 2014 Tiger
 The Minamata Convention on Mercury. Census-estimated 2,226 Bengal tigers in
 The Stockholm Convention on Persistent India and 2018 Tiger Census-estimated 2,967
Organic Pollutants (POPs). Tigers.
 The United Nations Convention on  Karnataka was the state with the highest tiger
Biological Diversity (UNCBD) population in 2014. The recorded tiger count in
 The United Nations Convention to Combat the state was 408 as per the 2014 tiger census.
Desertification (UNCCD).  But, in 2018 Tiger Census, The crown of the Tiger
 The United Nations Framework Convention State of India is been taken away by Madhya
on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Pradesh with 526 Tigers, whereas Karnataka
 It has 184 member countries, including India.
and Uttrakhand were second and third in
Indepth position with 524 and 442 Tigers respectively.
Project Tiger in India  The total Tiger Population as per the Tiger
 Project Tiger in India was launched on 1st April Census 2022 is 3,682 Tigers, which was 24%
1973 as a major wildlife conservation project more than the 2018 Census.
Impact of Climate Change on Occupational

Safety and Health
Article Index
l Recent Context l Key Highlights of the Report l What is Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)?
l About International Labour Organization (ILO) l Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) and India
l Constitutional Provisions l Legislative Framework l Nodal Agency
Workers are among those most exposed to Recent Context

climate change hazards yet frequently have no  Recently on April 22, 2024, the report released
choice but to continue working, even if conditions are by the International Labour Organization (ILO),
dangerous. Global occupational safety and health ‘Ensuring safety and health at work in a
(OSH) protections have struggled to keep up with changing climate’, says that climate change is
the evolving risks from climate change, resulting in already having a serious impact on the safety
worker mortality and morbidity. and health of workers in all regions of the world.

Key Highlights of the Report  It deals with all aspects of health and safety in
 The report finds that climate change is the workplace and has a strong focus on primary
significantly affecting occupational safety and prevention of hazards. Its goal is to prevent
health (OSH) worldwide, with workers facing accidents and harm to people from work-related
increasing hazards but often having to work in activities.
dangerous conditions.
Indepth
 The ILO estimates that more than 2.4 billion
workers (out of a global workforce of 3.4 billion) Legislative Framework
are likely to be exposed to excessive heat at  The Government of India has enacted four main
some point during their work, according to the legislations relating to Occupational Safety and
most recent figures available (2020). Health (OSH) at workplaces:
 When calculated as a share of the global  The Factories Act, 1948, covering
workforce, the proportion has increased from factories wherein the enforcement of safety
65.5 per cent to 70.9 per cent since 2000. at workplace is by the Chief Inspector of
 In addition, the report estimates that 18,970 Factories in the respective states
lives and 2.09 million disability-adjusted life  The Mines Act, 1952 and Mines Rules,
years are lost annually due to the 22.87 million 1955 for mining industry where the
occupational injuries, which are attributable to enforcement is by the Directorate General
excessive heat. of Mines Safety (DGMS) under Ministry of
 This is not to mention the 26.2 million Labour & Employment, Government of India.
people worldwide living with chronic kidney  The Dock Workers (Safety, Health and
disease linked to workplace heat stress Welfare) Act, 1986 followed by notification
(2020 figures). of the Dock Workers (Safety, Health and
 However, the impact of climate change on Welfare) Regulations, 1990 dealing with
workers goes well beyond exposure to excessive the major ports of India
heat, the report says, creating a “cocktail of  The Building & Other Construction
hazards”, which result in a range of dangerous Workers (Regulations of Employment
health conditions. and Conditions of Service) Act,
 The report notes that numerous health conditions 1996, covering construction workers at
in workers have been linked to climate change, construction sites wherein the enforcement
including cancer, cardiovascular disease, is by the Directorate General Labour
respiratory illnesses, kidney dysfunction and Welfare in the central sphere and by
mental health conditions. The impact includes: the Labour Commissioners/Factory
 1.6 billion workers exposed to UV radiation, Inspectorates in the States/UTs.
with more than 18,960 work-related deaths  OSH Code (Occupational Safety, Health and
annually from non-melanoma skin cancer. Working Conditions Code) 2020: National
 1.6 billion likely to be exposed to workplace database to be created for the Inter-State
air pollution, resulting in up to 860,000 Migrant Workers. Instead of 240 days, now
work-related deaths among outdoor if a worker has worked 180 days, he shall be
workers annually. entitled for one-day leave for every 20 days of
 Over 870 million workers in agriculture, work done.
likely to be exposed to pesticides, with  India has ratified 47 International Labour
more than 300,000 deaths attributed to Organization conventions along with 1
pesticide poisoning annually. protocol. Currently, 39 conventions are in force.
 15,000 work-related deaths every year due  The major conventions related to worker’s
to exposure to parasitic and vector-borne health include, the Medical Examination of
diseases. Young Persons (Sea) Convention, 1921,
Equality of Treatment (Accident Compensation)
Backgrounder Convention, 1925, Protection Against Accidents
What is Occupational Safety and Health (Dockers) Convention (Revised), 1932.
(OSH)? Although it is enshrined in the Constitution and
 Occupational safety and health (OSH) or the Legislature of India, the traditional concepts of
occupational health and safety (OHS) is a OSH prevailing in the country is a far cry from the
multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, objectives of the ILO and international standards for
health, and welfare of people at work (i.e., while OSH. Being a signatory participant for Convention
performing duties required by one’s occupation). 187 India has to comply with OSH in near future.

SIPRI: India, the World’s Top Arms Importer
Article Index
lKey Highlights of the Report by SIPRI l The Report in Significance to India l India’s Multi-Pronged
Approach to Reduce Arms Imports l Challenges and Considerations
The latest report of Stockholm International  Arms exports by the USA went up by 17 per cent
Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), a Swedish think between 2014–18 and 2019–23.
tank, placed India as the world’s top arms importer
for the period 2019-23.
Key Highlights of the Report by SIPRI:
 Publisher: Stockholm International Peace
Research Institute (SIPRI)
 The volume of international transfers of major
arms in 2019–23 was 3.3 per cent lower than in
2014–18 and 3.3 per cent higher than in 2009–13.
Backgrounder
Top Exporters:
Figure: Changes in volume of exports of major arms since

2014–18 by the 10 largest exporters in 2019–23
 In 2019–23 the largest share of US arms exports

went to states in the Middle East (38 per cent).
 Four Middle Eastern states were among the top
10 recipients of US arms in 2019–23.
 Saudi Arabia accounted for 15 per cent of US
arms exports, Qatar for 8.2 per cent, Kuwait for
4.5 per cent and Israel for 3.6 per cent.
 Russia’s arms exports fell by 53 per cent
Figure: Global share of exports of major arms by the 10 between 2014–18 and 2019–23 and it accounted
largest exporters, 2019–23 for 11 per cent of total global arms exports.
Source: SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, Mar. 2024  Just under two thirds of Russian arms exports
 The five largest exporters were the United
went to three states in 2019–23: India (34 per
States, France, Russia, China and Germany. cent), China (21 per cent) and Egypt (7.5 per
 They are accounted for 75 per cent of all arms cent).
exports.  France’s exports rose by 47 per cent and it
 The United States leads with a 42% global moved just ahead of Russia to become the
share. world’s second largest arms exporter.

Top Importers:  The imports during this period having gone up
by 4.7% compared to the period 2014-18.
 Russia (historically been India’s primary
weapons supplier), still accounted for 36% of its
arms imports.
 However, this trend is shifting, with India
increasingly diversifying its sources to include
Western countries and domestic manufacturers.
 China plays a pivotal role as the primary arms
supplier to Pakistan, with a substantial 61% of
its exports directed towards Islamabad.
 Additionally, China exports 11% of its arms to
Bangladesh, further solidifying its influence in
Figure: Global share of imports of major arms by the 10
the region.
largest importers, 2019–23 Budgetary Allocation:
 The five largest arms importers in 2019–23  In the Interim Budget 2024-25, the Defense
were India, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Ukraine and Ministry received a total allocation of Rs. 6.2
Pakistan. lakh crore.
 States in Asia and Oceania accounted for 37 per  Within this allocation, Rs. 1.72 lakh crore was
cent of all arms imports in 2019–23. designated for capital expenditure, specifically
 This was followed by states in the Middle East for new procurements.
(30 per cent), Europe (21 per cent), the Americas  This capital allocation reflected a 5.78% increase
(5.7 per cent) and Africa (4.3 per cent). compared to the Budget Estimates from 2023-
 Arms imports by states in Europe were 94 per 24.
cent higher in 2019–23 than in 2014–18. India’s Multi-Pronged Approach to Reduce
 A total of 55 per cent of European arms imports Arms Imports:
came from the USA in 2019–23, compared with
 India remains the world’s largest arms importer,
35 per cent in 2014–18.
but it’s actively working to reduce its dependence
 The largest importer in Europe was Ukraine,
on foreign suppliers.
which received 23 per cent of the region’s total
arms imports in 2019–23. Make in India for Self-Reliance:
Policy Initiatives:
Stockholm International Peace Research
Institute (SIPRI)  The government has launched the “Make in
 It is an independent international institute dedicated India” initiative(launched in 2014) specifically for
to research into conflict, armaments, arms control the defense sector.
and disarmament.  This promotes domestic production of military
 Established in 1966, SIPRI is based in Stockholm, equipment and reduces reliance on imports.
Sweden.
 Its mission is to: Positive Indigenisation Lists:
 undertake research and activities on security,  The Ministry of Defense releases lists identifying
conflict and peace; specific defense components and subsystems
 provide policy analysis and recommendations; that must be manufactured domestically.
 facilitate dialogue and build capacities;
 This incentivizes Indian companies to develop
 promote transparency and accountability
these capabilities.
 The latest list includes 98 items, constantly
In-depth
pushing the boundaries of domestic production.
The Report in Significance to India:
 As per the report, India was the world’s top Investment & Infrastructure:
arms importer for the period 2019-23.  The government is increasing investment in
 Between 2019 and 2023, the country accounted defense research and development (R&D)
for a significant 9.8% of the total global arms institutions and creating a more conducive
imports. environment for private sector participation.

 This fosters innovation and strengthens the Challenges and Considerations:
domestic defense industry.
Building a Robust Industry:
 The FDI limits in the Defence Sector has been
increased in 2020 to 74% through the Automatic  Developing a strong domestic defense industry
Route and up to 100% via the Government takes time and significant resources.
Route.  India needs to invest in skilled workforce
The SRIJAN Portal: development, advanced technology acquisition,
and efficient production infrastructure.
 This is an initiative launched by the Indian
Ministry of Defence to promote self-reliance in Balancing Relationships:
the defence sector, aligning with the goals of
 India needs to carefully manage its relationships
“Make in India”.
with countries like Russia, a long-standing
 SRIJAN acts as a one-stop shop online platform
partner.
that facilitates the indigenization of defence
equipment.  While diversifying suppliers, India must ensure
continued cooperation with Russia for existing
Diversification of Arms Suppliers:
equipment and ongoing projects.
Shifting Alliances:
Low Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in
 Traditionally, Russia has been India’s primary Defense:
arms supplier which is still accounted for 36%
of its arms imports (SIPRI Arms Transfers  India’s defense sector has attracted only a
Database, March, 2024). meagre Rs 5,077 crore in FDI since its opening
 However, India is strategically diversifying its to private companies in 2001.
partnerships to include countries like France,  This is despite the government’s efforts to
the United States, and Israel. liberalize FDI regulations, allowing up to 74%
 France and the United States are emerging as through the automatic route and up to 100%
key suppliers to India, collectively accounting for through the government route in 2020.
46% of its arms imports. India’s efforts to reduce arms imports are a
 This reduces vulnerability to political or economic
long-term project. While challenges exist, the focus
pressures from any single supplier and allows
on domestic production and supplier diversification
India to access advanced technologies from
various sources. signifies a strategic shift towards self-reliance in
defense. This will not only strengthen India’s military
Strategic Partnerships:
capabilities but also position it as a potential exporter
 India is entering into strategic partnerships of defense equipment in the future.
with other countries for joint development and
production of defense equipment. Mains Questions
 This not only reduces import costs but also  What are the key features of the Uttar Pradesh
fosters technology transfer and strengthens Defence Industrial Corridor?
military cooperation. (UP PCS MAINS 2023 GS VI)
First trilateral summit among the United States,

Japan, and Philippines
Article Index
lKey Highlights of the Summit l The South China Sea Dispute l Extent of South China Sea l Natural
Resources l Strategic Importance
On April 11, 2024, American President Joe Biden Key Highlights of the Summit:
hosted the inaugural trilateral summit among the  Took place at: Washington DC on April 11,
United States, Japan, and the Philippines at the 2024,
White House in Washington D.C.  It was the first of its kind trilateral summit between

the United States, Japan and the Philippines  The South China Sea is bordered by China to
took place at Washington DC on April 11, 2024. the north, Vietnam to the west, Malaysia, Brunei,
 The purpose of this summit was to deepening and the Philippines to the south, and Taiwan to
the economic and security cooperation between the northeast.
the three countries.  It also includes various islands and archipelagos
 This meeting was hosted by the US amidst the claimed by these countries, such as the Spratly
growing tensions between the Philippines and
Islands, Paracel Islands, Scarborough Shoal,
China around the Second Thomas Shoal in the
and others.
disputed waters of the South China Sea.
 At its core, the dispute revolves around
 The meeting underscored the commitment of
competing territorial claims over various islands,
the United States to support its allies, Japan
and the Philippines, amid escalating territorial reefs, and waters in the South China Sea.
disputes with China.  China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and
 On April 7, 2024, in the Philippines’ exclusive the Philippines are the primary claimants in this
economic zone, the maritime forces of the dispute.
Philippines, Japan, the US, and Australia held a  Each asserts historical, legal, and economic
joint maritime exercise. rights over different parts of the region.
 It was called Maritime Cooperative Activity  China’s claims are the most expansive, as it
(MCA). asserts sovereignty over almost the entire South
 The exercise was in response to the Philippines’ China Sea.
claims of Chinese harassment, which came
before the summit.
 On the economic side, the three leaders
announced a new infrastructure project.
 The project is called the PGI Luzon Economic
Corridor.
 It will connect Subic Bay, Clark, Manila and
Batangas through the building of ports, rail,
clean energy facilities and semiconductor supply
chains.
 They have agreed to cooperate on establishing
next-generation Open RAN (Radio Access
Network) communication in the Philippines.
 In late March this year, two China Coast Guard
vessels used high-pressure water cannons on a
Philippines resupply vessel en route to Second
Thomas Shoal.
 It severely damaged the ship and injuring two
Filipino sailors.
 India has also called out China for its belligerent Extent of South China Sea
actions in the disputed waters especially after  The South China Sea covers an area of about
the recent incident with the Philippines. 3.5 million square kilometers (1.4 million square
In-depth miles).
The South China Sea dispute:  It is a critical maritime route connecting the
 The South China Sea is a semi-enclosed sea Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean, making it
located in Southeast Asia, bordered by several strategically important for international trade
countries and territories. and shipping.

Natural Resources Strategic Importance
 The sea is rich in natural resources such as  Beyond its economic value, the South China
fish, oil, and natural gas, making it economically Sea is strategically important due to its location
significant. along major shipping lanes.
 However, the overlapping territorial claims have  It is a key maritime route for trade between
led to disputes over resource exploitation and East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the rest of the
fishing rights. world,which adds to its geo-political significance.
Ocean Decade Conference 2024

Article Index
lAbout Ocean Decade Conference 2024 l United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable
Development l India’s Position at the Ocean Decade
Recently, India, amid challenges posed by climate  Ten challenges outlined, including understanding
change, India has made a strong pitch for designing marine pollution, protecting biodiversity, and
region-specific ocean observations centers, during developing a sustainable ocean economy.
the 2024 Ocean Decade Conference in Barcelona.  The 7 Ocean Decade Outcomes describe the
Ocean We Want:
About Ocean Decade Conference 2024:
 Date: from April 10 to 12, 2024 The 7 Ocean Decade Outcomes describe the
 Place: Barcelona, Spain Ocean We Want:
A clean ocean
 Co-organized with: UNESCO’s Inter-
where sources of
governmental Oceanographic Commission A healthy
pollution are identified and
and resilient
(IOC/UNESCO) reduced or removed.
ocean where marine
 Theme: “Delivering the Science we need for the
A productive ecosystems are
ocean we want.” ocean supporting understood, protected,
 Objective: Review progress made in achieving sustainable food supply restored and managed.
the objectives of the United Nations Decade of and a sustainable ocean
economy. A predicted
Ocean Science for Sustainable Development
ocean where
and enhance cooperation among stakeholders. A safe ocean
society understands and
 The conference, organized by the Spanish where life and
can respond to changing
livelihoods are
government and UNESCO’s Intergovernmental ocean conditions.
protected from ocean-
Oceanographic Commission. related hazards. An inspiring and
 It aimed to assess progress toward the goals of engaging ocean
An accessible
the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science where society
ocean with open
for Sustainable Development (2021-2030) and and equitable understands and values
foster collaboration among stakeholders. access to data, information the ocean in relation to
and technology and human wellbeing and
Backgrounder innovation. sustainable development.
United Nations Decade of Ocean Science

for Sustainable Development: In-depth:
 This initiative was launched by the United India’s Position at the Ocean Decade
Nations in January 2021.  The Indian delegation to the Conference was led
 It aims to provide a framework for global by Earth Sciences Secretary M Ravichandran.
stakeholders to engage and collaborate in  The delegation also comprised experts in the
building science-informed policies. area of ocean studies.

 T. Srinivasa Kumar, Director of the Indian
I n d i a n O c e a n R e g i o n a l D e c a d e
National Centre for Ocean Information Services
Conference:
(INCOIS) was also among the delegation.
 The Indian Ocean Regional Decade Conference
 India advocated for people-centered early
2024 (IO-Con2024) was held in February, 2024.
warning systems for multiple hazards.  The conference was held in Hyderabad.
 It also emphasized involving local communities,  The Decade Collaborative Centre (DCC-IOR)
NGOs, and industries to enhance ocean literacy organized the conference as an official prelude to
and related programs. the 2024 Ocean Decade Conference.
 India Stressed the need for designing regional  The conference aimed to provide a platform for
projects, such as ocean forecasting, tailored to discussing the future priorities for the Ocean
user communities’ needs. Decade Challenges.
Katchatheevu Island
Table of Contents
lWhy in the news l The History of Katchatheevu Island l The Supreme Court’s Involvement l What are
Maritime Disputes l The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea l Ways to Address Maritime
Disputes
Why in News?  It serves as a maritime gateway between the
Recently, the Katchatheevu Island dispute two countries which also makes it a strategic
reignited which has long been a source of controversy location.
between Sri Lanka and India, especially with relation Historical Context:
to fishing rights and sovereignty over the uninhabited  During British rule, the maritime boundary
island. between India and Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) was
Backgrounder not demarcated, and Kachatheevu Island was
not explicitly addressed in colonial agreements.
The History of Katchatheevu Island:  In 1921, during talks between the then
Geographical context: Governments of Madras and Ceylon in
 Katchatheevu, an uninhabited off-shore island, connection with the delimitation of Palk Strait and
is a 285-acre island situated in the Palk Strait, the Gulf of Mannar, a Ceylonese representative
separating India and Sri Lanka. claims that Katchatheevu belongs to Ceylon.
 The issue of the island’s sovereignty emerged
 It was formed due to volcanic eruptions in the
more prominently after both countries gained
14th century.
independence; India in 1947 and Sri Lanka in
 It lies northeast of Rameswaram (India) and
1948.
southwest of Jaffna (Sri Lanka).
 It has been traditionally used by both Sri Lankan
 It’s closer to the Indian coast (33 km) than Sri
Tamil and Tamil Nadu fishermen.
Lanka’s (62 km).
Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime agreement of
1974
 In June 28, then Indian Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi formally exchanges an agreement
with her Sri Lankan counterpart Srimavo
Bandaranaike.
 India ceded Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka to
resolve a maritime boundary dispute.
 She believed at the time that India’s connections
to its southern neighbour would strengthen if its
 The Palk Strait is a vital sea passage connecting claim to the island were renounced and that the
the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Bay. island had little strategic relevance.

 This decision has been controversial in India,  The petition remains pending in the Supreme
particularly among Tamil Nadu fishermen who Court.
feel it restricts their fishing grounds. What are Maritime Disputes?
Allowed activities for Prohibited activities for  Maritime disputes are conflicts or disagreements
Indian fisherman in the Indian fisherman in the between countries or entities over territory,
island Island resources, or rights in maritime areas such as
Resting and net drying The fishing vessels and oceans, seas, or coastal regions.
fishermen of India shall not  Maritime disputes often arise due to overlapping
engage in fishing in the
historic waters, the territorial territorial claims, differing interpretations
sea and the Exclusive of international law, historical grievances,
Economic Zone of Sri Lanka economic interests, or strategic considerations.
Visit the annual St.
Anthony’s festival without Territorial Claims Exclusive
the need of Visa Economic
Resource
 The negotiations and the orders essentially Zones (EEZs)
Management
settled the maritime boundary between India Issues involed
in Maritime
and Sri Lanka by giving sovereign rights over
Disputes
a maritime patch called ‘Wadge Bank’ near
Kanyakumari to India.
Island Strategic
Wadge Bank’ Territory Waterways
 The Wadge Bank lies to the south of Kanyakumari.
 It has been identified by the Fishery Survey of India as The United Nations Convention on the Law of
a 4,000-sq-mile area bound by 76°.30’ E to 78°.00 E the Sea (UNCLOS)
longitude and 7°.00 N to 8° 20’ N latitude.  The UNCLOS, also known as the Law of the Sea
 It is one of the world’s richest fishing grounds, and in a Convention or Treaty, is basically a rulebook for the
much more strategic part of the sea than the island of world’s oceans.
Katchatheevu.  Established in 1982, it’s an international agreement
 This area near Kanyakumari has been significant for
outlining how countries can use the seas, their
fishermen from Tamil Nadu and Kerala for more than
resources, and navigate them.
four decades.
 It was entered into force in 1994 and as of today,
 In March 1976,an agreement reached between 168 countries and the European Union are party to
the two countries said “the Wadge Bank lies the agreement.
within the exclusive economic zone of India.  It sets the legal framework for all marine and
 India shall have sovereign rights over the area maritime activities, including navigation, fishing,
and its resources. mineral extraction, scientific research, and
environmental protection.
 It restricted the fishing vessels of Sri Lanka and
 It defines different zones of national jurisdiction at
persons on board engaging in fishing in the
sea. These zones include:
Wadge Bank.
 Territorial Sea: Up to 12 nautical miles from
 However, as a gesture of goodwill, India agreed the coast where a country has full sovereignty.
that Sri Lankan boats licensed by India could  Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): Extends
fish in the Wadge Bank with certain restrictions. 200 nautical miles from the coast. A country
The Supreme Court’s involvement: has exclusive rights to resources like fish, oil,
 In 2008, Jayalalithaa filed a petition in the and gas within this zone.
 Continental Shelf: Can extend beyond the
Supreme Court claiming Katchatheevu belonged
EEZ if a country can demonstrate that its
to India.
continental margin extends further. Countries
 After becoming Chief Minister in 2011,
have rights to resources on the seabed in this
Jayalalithaa moved a resolution in the state zone.
Assembly raising the same demand.  High Seas: International waters beyond
 In August 2014, then Attorney General Mukul national jurisdiction.
Rohatgi told the Supreme Court that the matter  The UNCLOS also mandates countries to protect
was closed, and it would require “war” to get the the marine environment and conserve its living
island back. resources.

 The tribunal awarded Bangladesh a
significant portion of the contested
area.
India and  India’s maritime dispute with Pakistan
Pakistan centers on a strip of water called Sir
Creek, located in the marshlands of
the Rann of Kutch.
 Sir Creek is a roughly 96-kilometer
long waterway that separates
the Indian territory of Kutch from
Pakistan’s Sindh province.
 The disagreement lies in how the
Fig : The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea maritime boundary should be drawn
(UNCLOS) Maritime Zones in the creek.
 India argues for the thalweg principle,
Maritime Disputes of India with other
which states the boundary should
Countries: follow the median line of the deepest
 India has long coastline of nearly 7500 km. and channel.
Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of nearly 23  Pakistan claims the entire creek as
lakh square kilometers. part of its territory based on a pre-
 India shares its maritime boundary with 7 independence agreement (Bombay
countries (Pakistan, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Government Resolution of 1914)
Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia). between the then Sindh province and
the Rao of Kutch.
India and  In October 2019, Bangladesh
Bangladesh pursued arbitration under the United Mains Questions
Nations Convention on the Law of  In respect of India – Sri Lanka relations, discuss
the Sea (UNCLOS) regarding its how domestic factors influence foreign policy.
maritime boundary with India. (CSE 2013)
 This dispute involved the maritime  Examine India’s relations with Sri Lanka. Has there
boundary in the Bay of Bengal. been a shift recently? (U.P.P.C.S. (Main) 1997)
NATO’s 75th Anniversary

Article Index
l North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) l Members l Some other International Organizations with
Similar Objectives of NATO l Challenges and Criticism being faced by NATO l Internal Disagreements
l External Challenges
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in Brussels, Belgium, while NATO’s military
pompously celebrates the anniversary of its headquarters are in Mons, Belgium.
establishment on April 4, 75 years ago.  They signed the Washington Treaty, which
gets its power from Article 51 of the United
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):
Nations Charter, “which reaffirms the inherent
 NATO is a political and military alliance of
right of independent states to individual or
countries from Europe and North America.
collective defence.”
 Its members are committed to protecting each
 Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, on collective
other from any threat. security, was added “to counter the risk that the
 It was founded on April 4, 1949. Soviet Union would seek to extend its control of
 It was established with the primary goal of Eastern Europe to other parts of the continent.”
providing collective defence against potential  The only time the article has been invoked
aggression, particularly from the Soviet Union so far was following the September 11, 2001
during the Cold War era. attacks on the US. NATO forces were sent to
 The NATO’s main headquarters are located Afghanistan and deployed for nearly 20 years.

Members:  Some European allies are criticized for not
 This transatlantic Alliance has grown from 12 meeting spending targets.
founding members to 32 member countries, all  In 2019, the former US President Donald Trump
working together to keep our people safe. has highlighted, disparities in defence spending
 Its 12 founding members are Belgium, Canada, cause rifts within the alliance.
Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg,  Tensions increased as a result of the former
the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United
US president’s insistence that allies fulfill the
Kingdom and the United States.
2% GDP spending objective, raising questions
 Apart from the original 12, members include
Greece and Turkey (1952); West Germany about the alliance’s viability.
(1955; later as Germany); Spain (1982); the Strategic Disunity:
Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland (1999);
 Member states may have differing views on how
Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania,
to respond to external threats, such as Russia
Slovakia, and Slovenia (2004); Albania and Croatia
(2009); Montenegro (2017); North Macedonia or terrorism.
(2020); Finland (2023); and Sweden (2024).  This can make it difficult for NATO to take unified
 Sweden became a full member of the North action.
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on March  The French President also noted that there
7, 2024, becoming the 32nd member country. are strategic differences between the US and
its European allies, which suggests a lack of
Alphabetical list of NATO member countries
strategic coordination within the alliance.
Democratic Values:
 The rise of authoritarian tendencies in some
member states raises concerns about NATO’s
commitment to democracy and human rights.
 Human rights concerns are one issue that
exacerbates these tensions even more, as
demonstrated by Turkey’s opposition to Sweden
and Finland’s admittance into NATO.
External Challenges:
The Rise of China:
 While traditionally focused on Europe, NATO
needs to consider how to address the growing
military and economic power of China.
Cyber Security Threats:
 Cyber attacks pose a major threat to member
states’ critical infrastructure. NATO needs to
Indepth develop robust cyber defenses.
Challenges and Criticism being faced by Proxy Wars and Terrorism:
NATO:
NATO faces a multitude of challenges and  NATO is involved in missions outside its
criticisms in the contemporary geopolitical landscape. traditional area of operation, which can strain
Internal Disagreements: resources and lead to disagreements.
Burden Sharing: Criticisms:

 There’s a perception that the US shoulders  Obsolescence: Some critics argue that NATO
a disproportionate share of military spending is a relic of the Cold War and doesn’t address
within NATO. current security threats effectively.

 Provocative Actions: Russia views NATO’s  India’s security concerns are primarily focused
eastward expansion as a threat and blames it on its own region, particularly its rivalry with
for heightened tensions in Europe. Pakistan and the rise of China.
 Civilian Casualties: Military interventions led  Despite not being a member, India has engaged
by NATO have resulted in civilian casualties, in dialogue with NATO in recent years.
leading to criticism of the alliance’s tactics.  This reflects a growing convergence of interests,
NATO in India’s Perspectives: particularly on issues like counter-terrorism,
 India has traditionally valued its strategic maritime security, and China’s growing influence.
autonomy and pursued a policy of non- Despite these challenges, NATO remains a
alignment. powerful military alliance. The war in Ukraine has
 This means avoiding formal military alliances highlighted its importance in deterring Russian
and maintaining independent decision-making aggression. The alliance is likely to adapt and evolve
in foreign policy. to address new threats in the coming years.
Delhi’s IGI Airport is the 10th busiest Airport in the World

Recently, Delhi’s Indira Gandhi International
(IGI) Airport secured the tenth position in the ranking Top 10 Busiest Airports of the World
released by Airports Council International (ACI) for 1. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta
the busiest airports worldwide in 2023, handling 7.22 International Airport
crore passengers annually. 2. Dubai International Airport
Key Highlights of the Report: 3. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
 Published by: Airports Council International 4. Heathrow Airport (LHR)
(ACI) 5. Tokyo Haneda International Airport (HND)
 The Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL) 6. Denver International Airport (DEN)
in Delhi was among the top 10 busiest airports 7. Istanbul Airport (IST)
in the world. 8. Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)
 It was catering to 72.2 million passengers in the
9. Chicago's O’Hare International Airport
year 2023.
(ORD)
 IGI Airport has steadily climbed the ranks,
10. Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL)
from 17th in 2019 to 10th in 2023, showcasing
consistent growth in passenger traffic over the
years.
 Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson International
Airport (ATL) held onto top position as the
world’s busiest passenger hub in 2023.
 104.65 million passengers were traversing its
terminals last year.
 Dubai International Airport (DXB) rocketed up Uttar Pradesh has the highest number
the rankings, claiming the number two spot with of operational airports in the country:
 Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated 12 new
87 million passengers.
airport terminal buildings in Uttar Pradesh.
 This massive hub in the United Arab Emirates
 It took the number of operational airports in the
also secured the top spot for most international state to 15.
passengers in 2023.  This is the highest in any state in the country.
 While releasing the list, the ACI stressed the  List of the 15 operational airports in Uttar Pradesh:
remarkable recovery made by the civil aviation  Agra airport
industry across the globe with a recovery of  Aligarh airport
93.8% from pre-pandemic levels.  Azamgarh Airport


Ayodhya’s Maharishi Valmiki International  Lucknow’s Chaudhary Charan Singh
Airport International Airport

Bareilly Airport  Prayagraj Airport

Chitrakoot Airport  Shravasti Airport

Ghaziabad’s Hindon Airport  Varanasi’s Lal Bahadur Shastri International

Gorakhpur Airport Airport

Kanpur Airport  Gujarat comes second with 10 airports.

Kushinagar International Airport  Karnataka and Maharashtra stands third with nine
 Moradabad Airport airports each.
Russian peacekeeping troops start withdrawal

from Azerbaijan’s Nagorno-Karabak
Article Index
lAbout Nagorno-Karabakh Region l Geographical and Economic Importance of the Region l How the
conflict started
Recently, Russian peace-keepers have initiated  The mountainous terrain creates a natural
their withdrawal from Nagorno-Karabakh following barrier and can be a defensive advantage.
Azerbaijan’s recapture of the disputed territory  The region is of key strategic importance as well,
from Armenian separatists in September 2023, the surrounded by Turkey, Iran, and Russia, and the
withdrawal was agreed between Baku (Azerbaijan) hydrocarbon deposits of the Caspian Sea.
and Moscow.  The region is a source of freshwater, with rivers
and springs feeding into the Kura River basin
About Nagorno-Karabakh Region:
which supplies water to Azerbaijan and beyond.
 It is a landlocked mountainous area in the South
 Nagorno-Karabakh holds deposits of precious
Caucasus (the transcontinental region between
and semi-precious metals like copper and gold.
the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea).  These resources could be a significant source
 It was claimed by both Azerbaijan and Armenia of income if properly developed.
after the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917 and  The mountainous region has the potential for
has remained a point of tension ever since. hydro-power generation, which could provide
 It is internationally recognised as part of oil-rich electricity for the region and even for export.
Azerbaijan, but its inhabitants are predominantly  Although landlocked, Nagorno-Karabakh sits
ethnic Armenians. near crucial transportation routes.
 They have their own government, which has
enjoyed close links to the government in
neighbouring Armenia.
 It has not been officially recognised by it or other
United Nations member states.
 The area is now governed by separatist
Armenians and called the “Nagorno-Karabakh
Autonomous Oblast.”
 Armenians, who are Christians, claim a long
historical dominance in the area, dating back to
several centuries before Christ.
 Azerbaijan, whose inhabitants are mostly  Pipelines carrying oil and gas from Azerbaijan to
Muslim, links its historical identity to the territory, Europe traverse close to the region, making it a
too. sensitive area for energy security.
Geographical and Economic importance How the conflict started:
of the region:  Following 1917’s Russian Revolution, Azerbaijan
 Located in the Lesser Caucasus mountain and Armenia struggled for control of the area.
range, Nagorno-Karabakh is a landlocked  The Bolsheviks’ conquest of Azerbaijan was
region with a strategic position. accompanied by Armenia’s surrender, which

marked the beginning of the Sovietization of the turned the conflict into the Second Nagorno-
entire Caucasus. Karabakh War.
 Redrawing its borders to accommodate as  With Turkey’s support, Azerbaijan was victorious
many Armenians as possible, Karabakh was in the 44-day conflict, regaining some of
given autonomy but remained a part of the Azeri Karabakh.
Soviet Socialist Republic.  A pact reached by Moscow in November 2020
 The region was called “Nagorno-Karabakh saw the deployment of over 2,000 Russian
Autonomous Oblast”. peacekeeping troops to the breakaway South
 Nagorno-Karabakh was an independent Caucasus territory of Nagorno-Karabakh.
 Russia brokered a peace deal and deployed
province of the republic of Azerbaijan under the
peacekeepers in the region.
Soviet Union.
 The conflict has strained relations between
 The First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994)
Russia and Armenia, as Moscow maintains
broke out between Armenians and their Azeri
warm ties with Baku.
neighbours when the Soviet Union collapsed.  Armenia announced that it has effectively
 Azerbaijan lost a significant portion of its land, suspended its participation in the Moscow-
leaving Armenians in charge of the majority of led Collective Security Treaty Organisation
Karabakh and additional area surrounding the (CSTO), a defense alliance.
region.  Russian peacekeepers have begun withdrawing
 Following decades of skirmishes, Azerbaijan from Nagorno-Karabakh following Azerbaijan’s
launched a military offensive in 2020. recapture of the disputed territory from Armenian
 That quickly breached Armenian positions and separatists last year.
News in Short
Romania and Bulgaria partially join Schengen open-travel zone:
 The Schengen Area is an area comprising 26
Europe’s Schengen travel zone European countries that have officially abolished
Recently, Romania and Bulgaria partially joined border controls at their mutual borders.
Europe’s ID-check-free travel zone, marking a
new step in the two countries’ integration with the
European Union.
About the Initiative:
 Airports in Sofia and Bucharest removed
passport check points for those departing to
or arriving from most European Union member
states.
 This effect came after Bulgaria and Romania
partially joined the Schengen open-travel zone.
 After years of negotiations to join the Schengen
area, there is now free access for travelers
arriving by air or sea from both countries.
 However, land border checks will remain in place
due to opposition primarily from Austria which
has long blocked their bid over illegal migration
concerns.
 Austria vetoed Romania and Bulgaria’s
admission into the Schengen zone at the end of
2022 but allowed Croatia full accession.  This means that travelers can move freely
 Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU in 2007 between these countries without having to go
and Croatia in 2013. through passport control.

 The Schengen Area is named after the
UAE’s Masdar Hosted World Future
Schengen Agreement, which was signed in
1985 in Schengen, Luxembourg. Energy Summit 2024
 It has made it much easier for Europeans to Recently, Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company
travel, work, and live in other Schengen countries. PJSC – Masdar, the UAE’s clean energy power
 The Schengen Area has also boosted tourism in house, hosted the World Future Energy Summit
the region. (WFES).
 The Schengen Area is a symbol of European
Key Highlights of the Summit:
cooperation and integration.
 It has helped to create a stronger sense of World Future Energy Summit (WFES) 2024
European identity.  Edition: 16th
 Date: from April 16 to 18, 2024
Nepal-India International Sanskrit  Place: Abu Dhabi, UAE
Conclave  Masdar, a key player in UAE’s clean energy
Recently, the Indian and Nepalese governments, sector, is organizing the World Future Energy
Summit (WFES).
along with scholars from both countries, have
 It took place from April 16 to 18 at the Abu
collaborated to advance Sanskrit research and
Dhabi National Exhibition Centre (ADNEC)
education.
 Masdar also hosted the second annual Green
Highlights of the conclave: Hydrogen Summit on April 16.
 Indian and Nepalese Sanskrit scholars unite to  The Masdar Pavilion at WFES will act as a hub
enhance Sanskrit research and education. for innovation, collaboration and knowledge sharing.
 The three-day Nepal-India International Sanskrit  The 16th edition of the leading event for future
Conclave in Kathmandu. energy and sustainability has a strong focus
 It was organized by Niti Anusandhan on advancing the change agenda laid down at
Pratisthan, Nepal, along with Delhi’s Central COP28 in Dubai last November.
Sanskrit University and India Foundation.  Its theatre features an engaging programme of
 A five-point resolution includes annual confer- panels and presentations.
ences, a study center for unpublished Sanskrit  It includes forums by Masdar’s global strategic
manuscripts, support for gurukuls’ development, initiatives, Y4S (Youth 4 Sustainability) and
joint research, and training programs. WiSER (Women in Sustainability, Environment
 The initiative aims to strengthen cultural ties and and Renewable Energy).
preserve Sanskrit heritage.  The Innovation Zone, hosted by Masdar,
will feature a series of industry panels with
Resolutions taken at the conclave: innovators and experts, focusing on the latest
 Establishment of International Sanskrit climate solutions.
Conference, an annual conference to foster
collaboration and knowledge exchange among Green Hydrogen Summit:
Sanskrit scholars from India and Nepal.  On April 16, Masdar will also host the annual Green
Hydrogen Summit.
 Creation of Sanskrit Study Center to research
 It aims to expedite the development of the global
and publish Sanskrit scriptures, particularly green hydrogen economy.
focusing on Nepal’s vast collection of  This summit gathered policymakers, industry
unpublished manuscripts. leaders, investors, and entrepreneurs.
 Niti Anusandhan Pratisthan Nepal identified  This will explore green hydrogen’s potential in
as the headquarters for the proposed center supporting the transition to a net-zero emissions
to conduct joint research, study Sanskrit economy.
manuscripts, and facilitate publication
endeavors. Saudi Arabia Sends First Contestant
 Collaboration between Maharshi Sandipani Veda to Miss Universe Pageant
Vidya Pratisthan, Ujjain, and Niti Anusandhan Saudi Arabia is set to participate in the Miss
Pratisthan of Nepal to aid in the development of Universe pageant for the first time, marking a historic
traditional educational institutions (gurukuls) in milestone for the country.
Nepal.  Rumi Alqahtani, a 27-year-old model and
 India to conduct specialized training programs influencer from Saudi Arabia, announced that
for Sanskrit students in Nepal to enhance their she will be the first participant from the country
proficiency and understanding of the language. in the Miss Universe competition.

 Alqahtani expressed her honor at being part of  The UN reports that gangs control 80 per cent
the Miss Universe 2024 competition. of Haiti’s capital, with ongoing clashes in the
 Alqahtani has previously won the titles of Miss remaining areas.
Saudi Arabia, Miss Arab World Peace 2021,  In response to the violence and insecurity in
and Miss Woman (Saudi Arabia). Haiti, a control room and emergency hotline
 This will be the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s first were established to facilitate the safe evacuation
appearance in the Miss Universe pageant. of Indian citizens.
 This marks step in Saudi Arabia’s effort to soften
Haiti:
its ultra-conservative image.  Capital: Port-au-Prince
 Saudi Arabia, the world’s biggest crude oil  Official languages: Haitian Creole, French
exporter, has long been associated with the  Population: 11.6 million (2022)
repression of women because of rules such as a  Currency: Haitian Gourde (HTG)
ban on driving and a requirement to wear abaya  Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country
robes. located on the island of Hispaniola in the
 While those restrictions have been lifted, human Caribbean Sea.
rights activists say still discriminates against  It shares the island with the Dominican Republic
to the east.
women when it comes to matters concerning
 Haiti is a mountainous country with a tropical
marriage, divorce and child-rearing. climate.
 The Miss Universe pageant 2024 will be held  The highest point in Haiti is Pic la Selle, which
in Mexico. is over 2,600 meters (8,500 ft) tall.
 Shennis Palacios of Nicaragua is the current  The country is also home to many beautiful
Miss Universe. beaches, forests, and rivers.
 Haitian Creole is the most widely spoken language
‘Operation Indravati’: to rescue in Haiti, and French is the official language.
Indians in Haiti ‘Pokhara’ officially declared Nepal’s
India on March 2, launched ‘Operation Indravati’
tourism capital
to evacuate its citizens from the turmoil-stricken Haiti
to the neighboring Dominican Republic. Recently, Nepal’s government declared Pokhara,
a picturesque city in the Gandaki province as the
About ‘Operation Indravati’: tourism capital of the Himalayan nation.
 Haiti, situated in the Caribbean, has plunged into
chaos with armed gangs seizing control of the Notable aspects:
streets, resulting in the virtual disappearance of  In a significant move to boost its tourism industry,
the government. the government of Nepal has officially declared
 Haiti is currently in a state of emergency due to Pokhara as the tourism capital of Nepal.
escalating violence attributed to gang warfare.  The formal declaration was made during a
 The United States has evacuated non-essential special ceremony held at the Barahi Ghat, situated
embassy staff, and the Haitian government has on the shores of the stunning Phewa Lake.
declared a state of emergency.  Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal
 The chaos has resulted in widespread ‘Prachanda’ presided the programme.
displacement, with tens of thousands forced  Pokhara’s designation as tourism capital will
to flee their homes, exacerbating the existing contribute to the development of the city’s
internal displacement caused by gang violence. “brand” internationally.
 This action is anticipated to strengthen the local
economy and draw more foreign visitors.
 Nepal’s economy heavily depends on the tourism
sector, hence the government’s decision to give
Pokhara priority is viewed as a calculated move
in that direction.
Pokhara: A Destination of Natural Beauty
and Adventure
 Pokhara is a picturesque city nestled in Nepal,
renowned for its stunning natural beauty and
adventure opportunities.
 It’s situated on the shores of the serene Phewa Lake.

 It offers breathtaking vistas of the surrounding  The Francis Scott Key Bridge collapsed in
mountains, particularly the towering Annapurna Baltimore after a container ship collision.
range and the iconic Machhapuchhre, also known  The 300-metre-long vessel Dali was heading
as the “Fishtail”mountain. for Colombo, Sri Lanka, with several containers
 Pokhara is considered the gateway to the of oil and some hazardous material.
Annapurna Circuit, a popular trekking route in the  Dali experienced a complete power failure while
Himalayas. navigating the Patapsco River en route to Sri
 The city itself is a haven for adventure seekers, Lanka.
offering a plethora of activities like paragliding,  This outage caused all lights on the vessel to go
ultra-light aircraft flights, mountain biking, and out.
boating.  The container ship collided with a pylon of
the bridge, causing significant damage to the
Nepal Hosts First International Rainbow structure, leading to its collapse into the water
Tourism Conference: below.
 On April 20, 2024, Nepal hosted its first International  The Francis Scott Key Bridge – the structure in
Rainbow Tourism Conference in Kathmandu. question – was built in the mid-1970s.
 Its objective was to promote the country as a safe  The Francis Scott Key Bridge was a steel arch-
and inclusive destination for LGBT tourists. shaped continuous truss bridge, the second-
 This conference was organized by the NGO longest in the United States and third-longest in
Mayako Pahichan Nepal in collaboration with the the world.
Nepal Tourism Board.  Opened in 1977, the 1.6-mile (2.6 km) bridge
 The legal and societal acceptance of the LGBT ran northeast from Hawkins Point, Baltimore,
community has advanced significantly in Nepal. to Sollers Point in Dundalk in Baltimore County,
 A significant turning point in history was the 2007 Maryland.
Supreme Court decision, which called for the
legalisation of a third gender. General Manoj Pande Inaugurates
 More recently, in June 2023, the Supreme
Court allowed same-sex marriages to be legally
High-Tech IT Lab in Uzbekistan
registered under an interim order. Chief of the Army Staff, General Manoj Pande
inaugurated a high-tech IT Laboratory, at the
The Baltimore bridge disaster in U.S. Academy of Armed Forces in Uzbekistan while on
a visit to the Republic of Uzbekistan.
On March 26, a container vessel ran into the pillar
of a bridge on the Patapsco River in Baltimore, Noteworthy elements of the visit:
bringing a part of the structure crashing down  General Manoj Pande, the Chief of Army Staff
together with some people and cars on the bridge. (COAS), embarked on a visit to the Republic of
Uzbekistan from 15th to 18th April 2024.
About the event:
 The visit marks a significant step in bolstering
the defence cooperation between India and
Republic of Uzbekistan.
 The COAS paid homage to Late Shri Lal
Bahadur Shastri, the second Prime Minister
of India, by laying a wreath at his monument.
 He visited the Victory Park, commemorating
Uzbekistan’s contributions and sacrifices in the
Second World War.
 He inaugurated a high-tech IT Laboratory, at the
Academy of Armed Forces in Uzbekistan.
 The Lab has been established with Indian
assistance.
 The development is in accordance with the
commitment made by India and Uzbekistan
collapsed segments
to build an IT laboratory, during the Defense
Dundalk, MD Hawkins Point
Ministers meeting in September 2018.
(due southeast)
(due northeast)
 The Lab, equipped with state-of-the-art
Site of Impact
technology, is expected to enrich the training
resources available to Uzbek armed forces.

Hurun Global Unicorn Index
Article Index
l Key Facts l Highlights of the Report l Definition of Various Startups l India and Unicorn l Unicorn
Worldwide
On April 9, 2024 Hurun Research Institute
Backgrounder
published Hurun Global Unicorn Index.
Hurun Research has been tracking unicorns Definition of Various Startups
since 2017. This is the 6th year of Global Unicorn Minicorn
Index.  Minicorn startups are companies with valuation
Key Facts : of more than $1 million and they are still on the
 The Hurun Global Unicorn Index is being rise to become a unicorn business.
published since 2000.  The nine Minicorns featured on the :
 It only includes startups that have a valuation  Cashaa : A block chain-powered forex
of at least USD1 billion and are not listed on plateform.
any stock exchange.  Qualitybanx : A forex-product for people
Global Unicorn Index 2024 Top 10 who work with multiple currencies.
Unicorn Country Year Founded  Know you customer : The words only
1. ByteDance (220) China 2012 secure, fully integrated platform that
2. SpaceX (180) USA 2002 provides instant ID verification for both
3. OpenAI (100) USA 2015 individual and business customers.
4. Ant Group (80) China 2014  New Gen : A payment solution provider,
5. Shein (65) China 2012
international money transfer & multi-
channel e-commerce.
6. Stripe (61) USA 2010
 Shield Pay : An instant digital escrow and
7. Databricks (43) USA 2013
payment service provider that enables
8. Canva (39) Australia 2012
secure transactions and payment between
9. Binance (34 Malta 2017
consumer around the world.
10. WeBank (33) China 2014
 Tide : A special bank for customers who
Highlights : are SMEs.
 According to Hurun Research,  Trezeo : Provides financial stability for
 There are 1453 unicorn located in 291 freelance workers in contracting economy
cities in 53 countries globally. by converting unpredictable income into
 United States of America maintained its regular payments.
lead with 703 unicorn and China followed  Zensed : A truly automated fraud prevention
with 340 unicorn. system powered by Artificial Intelligence
 India has 3rd rank with total 67 unicorns. and an advanced machine learning model.


1 Partpet : GPS technology necklace to  India experienced a slowdown attributed mainly
find lost cats and dogs. to a lack of investment, despite robust stock
Soonicorn market performance.
 Contrary to domestic slowdown, Indian founders
 Startups having growth potential and the
possibility of joining a unicorn club are called showcased remarkable entrepreneurial prowess
soonicorn. abroad.
 Soonicorn company is primarily funded and  Hurun Index 2024 highlighted India’s role as
financed by an Angel Investor or venture significant contributor to offshore unicorns,
capitalists. with 109 unicorns co-founding outside the
Unicorn country, surpassing the count (67) within
India.
 The term ‘Unicorn’ was created by Aileen Lee,
the founder of Cowboy Venture and it appeared Unicorn Worldwide
in 2013.  The report noted that top 10 unicorns were in
 Unicorns are public startups that are valued by China and US, with both countries having four
venture capital of one billion dollars or more. each.
 E xample : Meeshow, Flipkart, Byju’s, Dream 11  The list is rounded off with one unicorn from
Decacorn each from Australia and Malta.
 Decacorn is a startup company with a current  The world has minted one unicorn every two
valuation of over $10 billion. days over the last year to take the total of known
 Decacorn is the more evolved version of the unicorns in the world to a new record of just
unicorn company. under 1500.
 These startups have received such investments  Despite the slowdown of the economy, China
and have an after-money valuation of over $10 still managed to keep up with the US in terms of
billion as they have shown the globe a great rate new unicorns.
of growth that others can not.  Each minting more than one unicorn a week for
 Examples : Bytedance, SpaceX, Canva,
every week of the year.
Databricks, Revoult
 The US has half of the world’s known
Hectocorn unicorns, led by S99S, Fintech and AI, China
 A tech, financial or fintech companies worth a quarter, led by AI, semiconductors and new
more than $100 billion is called Hectocorn. energy.
 Hectocorn is alow known as ‘super unicorn’.  The report noted that 5% of the global unicorn
 Example : Apple, Facebook, Oracle, Cisco Index are spinoffs from a larger company, with
are Hectocorn. the core business startup in the 2000s.
Summary Unicorn Capital of the World
 Unicorn : Valuation over $1 billion  The San Francisco Bay area (California) United
 Decacorn ; Valuation over $10 billion States.
 Hectocorn : Valuation over $100 billion
The USA leads the pack with 703 unicorns,
Indepth closely followed by China with 340, reaffirming its
India and Unicorn status as a global innovation powerhouse.
 India once a burgeoning hub for startups, Notably, India secures the third position with 67
witnessed a notable decline in unicorn unicorns, despite experiencing a decline in unicorn
creation for the first time since 2017. creation for the first time since 2017.

India allowed FIIs to Invest in Green Bonds
Article Index
l Key Highlights l What is Sovereign Green Bond l Sovereign Green Bond in India l Advantages of
Sovereign Green Bonds l Benefits of Green Bonds to Investors l Challenges of Sovereign Green Bonds
l Challenge related with Green Washing
Recently, the Reserve Bank of India in the month Sovereign Green Bond in India
of April 2024 allowed investment in the country’s  In the Union Budget 2022-23, the finance
sovereign Green Bonds by Foreign Institutional minister stated that the government plans to
Investors.
issue sovereign green bonds to raise money for
Key Highlights green infrastructure.
 This decision closely follows India’s “Panchamrit
 The fund raised by issuing green bonds to be
Pledge” at the conference of Parties (CoP) 26
used to fund public projects that power the
in Glasgow in November 2021.
economy’s carbon intensity. The declaration
Panchamrit (COP 26) is consistent with India’s goal of having net-zero
carbon emissions by 2070.
Reach 500 GW Non-fossil energy capacity
by 2030. India’s Sovereign Green Bond Framework
50 percent of its energy requirements from  The framework is closely aligned with India’s
renewable energy by 2030. Panchamrit Pledge.
Reduction of total projected carbon  Through this India’s dedication to its Nationally
emission by one billion tonnes from now to Determined Contribution (NDC) targets,
2030. set forth under the Paris Agreement would be
Reduction of the carbon intensity of the further strengthened.
economy by 45 percent by 2030, over  The government stated that green bonds
2005 levels. proceeds would be used for green projects that :
Achieving the target of net-zero emissions  Reduce Carbon Emission,
by 2070.
 Promote climate resilience and adaptation.
 Encourage energy efficiency.
Backgrounder  Improve Ecosystem & Biodiversity
What is Sovereign Green Bond  The proceeds should be allocated to
 Government issue Sovereign Green Bond projects within 24 months of issuing the
to raise money for projects that deal with
bonds.
environment or climate.
 If an eligible green project is postponed,
Green Bond cancelled, it will be replaced by another
Indepth Analysis
Advantages of Sovereign Green Bonds
 Green bonds spur the growth of local market
and provide institutional investors with a boost.
 This bond facilitate expansion of local market
by offering benchmark pricing, liquidity, and a
 According to World Bank a green bond is a
demonstration effect for local issuers :
debt security that is issued to raise money
for initiatives that are relevant to environment  Diversification, one can potentially attract
or the climate. Government offer sovereign a new source of investors.
green bonds to raise money for these kinds of  Enhance reputation in market
initiatives.  Reduced cost of funds

Benefits of Green Bonds to Investors system, allowing investors to move between
 Comparable Financial Return : From an them and promoting increased trade and
investors point of view, one is able to achieve liquidity.
desirable returns while achieving environmental  Based on the twin bond strategy, the government
and social objective. and RBI previously issued market stabilization
 Increase Transparency and Accountability : bonds.
Since green bonds require significant regulatory  Green Bonds continue to be component
reporting on an ongoing basis, there is increased of the budget and the broader borrowing
transparency on the use and management of program.
proceeds, thus becoming an additional tool to Green bonds are frequently employed by the
government off the balance sheet, which causes the
manage risk.
total borrowing and deficits to be underestimated.
 Facilitate direct investment in initiatives to
enhance society and greening brown industries. Who are Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs)
 Investors in green bonds would thereby join  FIIs are those investors who invest in assets
additional tax advantage in addition to belonging to different country other than where these
investment security. organizations are based.

 FIIs are crucial to a country’s financial markets,
Challenges of Sovereign Green Bonds because they enhance liquidity, promote trading
To maintain liquidity and enabling trade in these volumes and affect stock prices.
bonds.  These investors deploy their fund into various financial
 According to RBI, Statutory Liquidity Rate instruments such as stocks, bonds and derivatives.
(SLR) and repo transactions will be open to  Foreign Institutional Investors are governed by
green bonds. These actions will support the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and
preservation of liquidity and facilitate the trading Reserve Bank of India (RBI). They also decide the
of these bonds. investment limits for them.
 To assure liquidity, twin bonds can also be Thus, Sovereign Green Bonds of India not only
issued, as Denmark did. Two comparable and contribute to sustainability goals, but also serve
interchangeable bonds are issued under this as a means to strengthen the Indian currency.
Karnataka and Gujarat : Leading India’s Clean

Energy Transition
Article Index
l Why in News l Key Highlights l Backgrounder l In depth Analysis l Conclusion
Why in News?  Cyclical weather patterns and economic growth
On April 24, 2024 think tanks Institute for Energy is driving increase in electricity demand in India.
Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA) and  States must be prepared to transition to clean
Ember evaluated the progress of India’s clean energy sources to fulfill rising demand.
energy transition at the state level.  As per reports national progress towards
Key Highlights clean energy transition is positive, disparities

 Karnataka and Gujarat are best in renewable exist at the state level.
energy transition, and decarbonizing their power  According to IEEFA and Ember report, some
sectors. state demonstrate readiness for transition but
 States like Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal and lack progress in decarbonisation.
Uttar Pradesh lag behind, necessiating increased  Report recommends to strengthen state level
efforts for renewable energy integration and regulatory ecosystem to promote growth and
decarbonisation. compliance.

 There is need to shift focus from national to state  Schemes like Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja
level studies to understand unique challenges Suraksha evam Uthhaan Mahabhiyaan (PM-
and tailored policy interventions. KUSUM), Solar Rooftop, Phase I and II, 12000
MW (PSU Schemes Phase II etc).
Backgrounder
 Laying of new transmission lines and creating
What is Clean Energy Transition new sub stations capacity under the “Green
 The clean energy transition means shifting Energy Corridor Scheme (GECDS)” for
energy production away from sources that evacuation of renewable power.
release a lot of greenhouse gases, such as  Transmission plan for Integration of 500 GW
fossil fuels, to those that release little to no Renewable Energy capacity by 2030.
greenhouse gases.  Setting up of Project Development Cell for
 Example : Nuclear power, hydropower, attracting and facilitating investments.
wind and solar are sources of clean energy.  Notification of promoting Renewable energy
Transition to Clean Energy through Green Energy Open Access Rules,
 The direction of the global transition to clean 2022.
energy was agreed in the Paris Agreement.  Launch of Green Team Ahead market to
 The Paris Agreement is an international deal facilitate sale of renewable energy power
between over 180 countries that are part of the through exchange.
United Nations Framework Convention on  The outlay of Rs. 19,700 crore for the Green
Climate Change (UNIFCCC). Hydrogen Mission to facilitate transition of
economy to low carbon intensity, reduce
Key Facts
dependence on fossil fuel import, and make
 Globally two-thirds of electricity is still coming
the country assume technology and market
from burning fossil fuels.
leadership in this sunrise sector. The target
 To achieve the climate goals by 2050 will require
is to reach an annual production of 5 MMT by
at least 80% of electricity to be shifted to low
2030. (Union Budget 2023-24).
carbon sources.
 The allocation of Rs. 35,000 crore for priority
[According to International Energy Agency (IEA)]
capital investments towards energy transition
 Clean Energy Transition Programme (CETP)
and net zero objectives and energy security.
is the flagship initiative of International Energy
(Union Budget 2023-24).
Agency (IEA) for accelerating progress toward a
 As of March, 2024 Renewable Energy Sources
global net zero energy system.
including large hydropower, have a combined
In depth Analysis installed capacity of 190.57 GW.
Major Initiatives of Government to  Installed capacity of Renewable Energy in India.
accelerate Clean Direct Transition Wind Power 45.88 GW
 Permitting Foreign Direction investment upto
100% under the automatic route for renewable Solar Power 81.81 GW
energy projects. Biomass/Co-generation 10.35 GW
 Waiver of Inter State Transmission System
Small Hydropower 5 GW
(ISTS) charges for interstate sale of solar and
wind power for projects to be commissioned Waste to Energy .58 GW
by June 30, 2025.
Large Hydro 46.92 GW
 Declaration of trajectory for Renewable
Purchase Obligation (RPO) up to the year 2030. Overall, the need of hour is to foster effective
 Setting up of ultra Mega Renewable Energy transition to achieve India’s Panchamrit pledge,
Parks, to provide lands and transmission to RE UN Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 and
developers on a plug and play basis. Energy Democracy in India.

World Poverty Clock
Article Index
l Why in News? l Key Highlights l About World Poverty Clock l Working Mechanism of the Clock
l NITI Aayog Poverty Estimate l Poverty and Poverty Allevation Programme in India l Initiatives/
Programme for Poverty Alleviation

Why in News? Backgrounder
Recently, the latest data from the World Poverty
About World Poverty Clock
Clock revealed that India has managed to bring
 The World Poverty Clock provides real-time
down ‘extreme poverty’ below 3 percent of its
poverty forecasts until 2030, for almost every
population. country in the world.
This is one of the most significant global  Developed by : World Data Lab
developments towards accomplishing the SDG 1 of  Funded by : International Fund for Agricultural
eradicating poverty, set by the United Nations by Development (IFAD) & The Federal Ministry for
2030. Economic Cooperation and Development of
Germany.
Key Highlights  The clock monitors the progress towards UN’s
 The clock has taken a daily income limit of $2.15 first SDG of ending extreme poverty.
to define extreme poverty.
NITI Aayog Poverty Estimate
Note : The $2.15 a day poverty line, known
 A recent discussion paper released by NITI
as extreme poverty line, reflects the value of Aayog, titled, “Multidimensional Poverty in
national poverty lines in some of the poorest India since 2005-06”, reported that 24.82 crore
countries. Indians escaped multidimensional poverty in
 The latest data on the clock showed that last 9 years.
approximately 3.44 crore of population in India  According to the Discussion paper, India
are living in extreme poverty against 4.69 crore has registered a significant decline in
in 2022. multidimensional poverty in India from 29.17%
in 2013-14 to 11.28% in 2022-23.
 As percentage of total population, the number
of people living in extreme poverty has come Poverty and Poverty Allevation Pro-
down from 3.3 percent in 2022 to 2.4 percent gramme in India
in 2024.
Daily income below Globally 760 million
 These findings are in line with the current report
$1.90 plus under extreme
of NITI Aayog on poverty, which estimated that
(As per world Bank) poverty
less than 5% of total population will be below the
poverty line by 2024.
Extreme
Growth in Poverty Control
Poverty
Total Number of People
Year population (in crore) living in %
(in crore) extreme poverty About 268 million
2016 132.37 7.59 5.7 Indians were extreme
poor in 2011.
2018 135.29 6.26 4.6
 Poverty is defined as lack of means and
2020 138.21 6.73 4.9
necessities necessary to maintain a basic
2022 140.85 4.69 3.3 quality of existence. A person is considered to
be living in poverty when his/her earning are
2024 143.48 3.44 2.4 insufficient to pay for the necessities of life.

The world bank define poverty as a substantial loss of combat poverty offer elderly people who fit the
well being that can take many different forms. Low salaries criteria, but are not currently registered in the
and lack of access to the commodities and service required national old age pension scheme.
for a resonable standard of living are two characteristics Mahatama Gandhi National Rural
that define poverty.
Employment Gurantee Act
 Poverty alleviation refers to a collection of
 Launched in 2005.
social and economic initiatives taken to
 This Act guarantees 100 days of employment
eradicate poverty in a society.
per year for every rural family.
Initiatives/Programmes for Poverty  Only one third of the posts are expected to be
Alleviation filled by women.
Integrated Rural Development Programme  if a participant in the programme in not offered
 It was launched in the year 1978. The primary goal employment within 15 days, they are eligible for
of implementing integrated rural development daily employment benefit.
programme was to solve the issues of poverty, National Food Security Mission
hunger and unemployment in rural India.
 The NFSM was started in 2007.
Pradhanmatri Gramin Awas Yojna  The ultimate goal of the mission was to increase
 This scheme was started in 1985 with an the overall production of wheat, rice, pulses &
objective to provide housing for everyone and coarse grains in the country.
to construct 13 lakh residential areas in rural Pradhan Mantri Shranyogi Mandhan Yojna
areas.
 Launched in 2019.
Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension
 It is an initiative for the complete assurance
Scheme
of unorganised employee's social security
 It was launched in the year 1995. and safety in old age was started by central
 To provide pensions for elderly Indians who are government.
65 years of age or older and living in poverty.
PM Sanvidhi
Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojna
 Started in 2020.
 This scheme was started in1999.  Under this scheme micro-credit opportunity is
 The objective of scheme was to provide a stable given to street vendors who have been affected
income to BPL families through upgrading the
by the COVID-19 outbreak.
amenities offered to rural communities such
Poverty is not the problem of a person but of
as good schools, connecting rural and urban
the whole country. Therefore it should be deal with
highways, and opening hospitals.
on an urgent basis by the implementation of effective
Annapurna Yojna measures. Poverty eradication has become
 Launched in 1999 to 2000. necessary for the sustainable and inclusive growth
 This programme launched with a objective to of people, society country and economy.
SEBI Unveils SCORES 2.0

Article Index
l Why in News? l Key Highlights l Characteristics of SCORE 2.0 l Impact of SEBI SCORES 2.0 on
Investor l SEBI l Functions of SEBI
Why in News? Highlights
On April 1, 2024, market regulator body Securities  SCORES 2.0 includes number of features.
and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) launched Its aims is to streamline investors complaint
SCORES 2.0. resolution in the securities market.

 New version of SCORES 2.0 (Complain Reduces  The Primary goal of SEBI is to Safeguard
System) regularize the following things, which interest of investors and oversee the
includes : promotion and regulation of securities
 Auto-Escalation market.
 Auto-Routing
SEBI
 Monitoring by designated bodies.
 Chairman
 Missed deadlines  2 members – From Finance Ministry
 SCORES 2.0 will strengthen grievance redress  1 member – From RBI
mechanism in securities market.  5 members – Appointed by Union GOI
 SEBI announced to improve the SCORES  Headquarter – Mumbai
system to make it more user friendly.  Regional Offices : Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Chennai,
Delhi
Characteristics of SCORE 2.0  Chairperson : Madhabi Puri Buch (MPB is the first
 SCORES (Securities Complaint Redress women Chairperson of SEBI)
System) incorporates following features. Note : Dr. S.A. Dave was the first Chairperson of SEBI
 Stipulated time frame for complaint resolution. (April 12, 1988 to August 23, 1990)
 To determine 21 calendar days from the date of
receipt of complaint. Indepth Analysis
 Automated routing of complaint to concerned Powers of SEBI
bodies.  The powers of SEBI can be classified into three
 Timely resolution by designated bodies. categories :
 Two tier review system in SCORES 2.0 :  Quasi-Judicial Power
 The first level involves review by a  Quasi-executive Power
designated bodies.  Quasi-legislative Powers
 If the investors remains dissatisfy, then
Quasi-Judicial Power
SEBI takes steps to the second level.
 To ensure adherence of timeline, investors have  SEBI possesses quasi-judicial power, allowing it
the option to automatically escalate complaints to adjudicate on matters related to securities law
if the designated bodies fail to respond promptly. violation.
 SCORE platform, simplify investor registration  SEBI has power to conduct hearing, examine
process. evidences and pass order.
 It ensures fair and impartial resolution in
Impact of SEBI SCORES 2.0 on Investor
securities market.
 Investors can now only lodge complaint through
SCORES 2.0. Quasi-executive Powers
 Existing complaints from previous SCORES can  SEBI is vested with quasi-executive powers, to
be viewed, but new complaint must be lodged enable it to enforce compliance with securities
through the updated system. laws and regulations.
 SEBI’s SCOREs 2.0 is considered as a  SEBI can take actions like imposing penalties,
significant advancement in enhancing investor fines and other measures to ensure market
protection and streamlining complaint resolution participants to prescribed standards.
in securities market of country.  Regulatory body has authority to conduct
Backgrounder investigation into potential violation of securities
law.
SEBI  SEBI has power to collect information, inspect
 Securities and Exchange Board of India was records and take corrective steps to maintain
formed in April 1988 under a resolution of the market integrity.
Government of India as the regulator of capital
market in India. Quasi-legislative Powers
 Initially, SEBI was non-statutory body, but through  Under this powers SEBI has right to frame and
SEBI Act, 1992 it became an autonomous body promulgate rules and regulation for securities
and was given statutory power by Parliament. market.

 The quasi-legislative role position SEBI as SEBI plays crucial role in maintaining market
a dynamic institution capable of responding integrity, investor confidence, and orderly functioning
to emerging challenges and opportunities in of financial markets of Economy.
financial fields.
Clause for Fifth Consecutive Time at WTO

Article Index
lWhy in News? l Key Highlights l WTO : Peace Clause l Aspects of Peace Clause l World Trade
Organisation (WTO) l WTO and Subsidy
Why in News?  India defended itself by stating that stocks under
On April 11 2024, India invoked the peace clause the programme were “acquired and released
at WTO for the fifth time, exceeding rice subsidy limits in order to meet the domestic food security
for the 2022-23 period. needs of India’s poor and vulnerable section of
Despite Breaching the 10% support ceiling, India population.
faces no immediate penalties.  This is not to distort trade or adversely affect the
Highlights food security of other members.
 Value of India’s production of rice was $52.8  The current subsidy ceiling calculation is based
billion in 2022-23, a subsidy worth $6.39 billion on the reference price of 1986-88.
was given to farmers, India notified to WTO.  India is demanding to update it to reflect current
 It indicates the rice subsidy was 12% of value economic realities.
production, this way India is breaching the
10% domestic support ceiling, which is in Backgrounder
accordance with world trade rules. WTO : Peace Clause
 As per Bali Ministerial Conference of WTO  Peace clause is a mechanism established
2013, there is no immediate repercussion for at World Trade Organisation to address the
the breach of domestic support ceilings.
issue of developing countries exceeding their
prescribed subsidy limits for certain agricultural
products such as rice, wheat and others.
 The Peace clause of WTO was primarily
adopted as an interim measures at the WTO’s
Bali Ministerial meeting in December 2013.
 Since 2013, it has been renewed several times,
and it remains in effect until a permanent solution
is found to the food stockpiling issue.
Aspects of Peace Clause
 Subsidy Ceiling : Under this mechanism, a
WTO member country’s food subsidy bill should
not exceed 10% of the value of production
based on the reference price of 1986-88.
 Subsidies over the Ceiling : Countries
providing subsidies over prescribed limits are
viewed as trade distorting on can potentially
affect the interest of other members of WTO.
Note : De minimis level or minimal amount of domestic
support is allowed, even though they distort trade. In the
 Notification Requirement : Developing
case of developed countries, the de minimis limit or the countries invoking the Peace clause are
ceiling is upto 5 per cent of the value of production and 10 subject to certain notification requirements and
per cent in the case of developing nations. condition.

 They must notify the WTO of their decision Amber Box
to invoke the peace clause and provide  Amber box refers to subsidies that can make a
detailed information about their subsidy country’s product’s cheaper than other country’s
programs. products, which can distort global trade. The
 Peace Clause Mechanism : This clause Amber Box is also known as Agreement
provides temporary relief to developing nation Measure of Support (AMS).
from legal consequences of exceeding their  Examples of Amber Box – Electricity, Seeds,
subsidy limits. Fertilisers, Irrigation, MSP
Indepth Analysis Note : Members who do not make these
WTO and Subsidy commitments must keep their amber box support
 In WTO terminology, subsidies are identified within5-10 percent or their value of production.
by “Boxes” which are given the colors of traffic
lights. Blue Box :
 Blue box subsidy refers to a type of domestic
Green Box support under the WTO’s agriculture agreement.
 Green Box subsidies are government funded
 Subsidies in the Blue Box are linked to
and must not involve price support.
programmes that limit production by imposing
 It includes fixed payments to producers for
production quotes on encouraging farmers to
environmental programs, such as – Income
set aside land for other uses.
support to farmers, Food Aid, Research and
Development Subsidy for Agriculture Venture,  Only few nation use subsidies in this box as
Etc. Norway, Slovenia, Iceland etc.
 The Green Box applies to both developed and  There is no cap on these subsidies.
developing country members. WTO was created by Uruguay Round
 Green Box are the measures must have no, or Negotiation. WTO goals is to establish some clear
at most minimal, trade distorting effects. rules and to help producers of goods and services,
 Defined in Article 6 of the Agriculture Agreement exporters and importers conduct their business.
CDP – SURAKSHA
Article Index
l Key Highlights l About CDP-Suraksha l Operational Mechanism l India and its Horticulture Sector
l Cluster Development Programme (CDP) l Major Challenges in Horticulture Sector of India l Government
Initiative for Horticulture Sector

Recently, in the month of April, 2024 the  The platform will permit an instant disbursal of
Government of India launched a new platform called subsidies to farmers in their bank account by
CDP-SURAKSHA to facilitate the disbursement of utilising the e-RUPI voucher from the National
subsidies to horticulture farmers. Payment Corporation of India (NPCI).
 It has feature such a database integration with
Key Facts
PM-KISAN, cloud based server space from
 Horticulture contribute around 33% in agriculture
NIC, UIDAI validation, e-RUPI integration local
Gross Value Addition (GVA). government directory, content management
 Subsidies to be transferred to horticulture system, Geo-tagging and Geo-fencing.
farmers under the Cluster Development
Programme (CDP).
Operational Mechanism
 This platform allow access to farmers, vendors,
About CDP-Suraksha implementing agencies and cluster development
 The CDP-SURAKSHA is a digital plateform. agencies.
 SURAKSHA stands for “System for Unified  Farmers can place orders for planting materials
Resource Allocation, knowledge and secure through the platform and contribute their share
Horticulture Assistance”. of cost.

 On the confirmation of order, the government  Nearby 15-20% of the vegetables and fruits
subsidy amount is automatically reflected, and in India are wasted along the supply chain or
an e-RUPI voucher is generated. at consumer level, and it is contributing in the
greenhouse gas emission (GHGs).
In the form
of SMS or One time Cluster Development Programme (CDP)
A Digital
QR code payment  CDP, is an integral part of the central
voucher a
mechanism sector scheme of the National Horticulture
person receive
Board.
on phone E-Rupi
 Launched on : May 31, 2024
 Its aim is to foster the holistic development of
Developed Enable to Redeem horticulture cluster across India.
by NPCI voucher withotu  Through the identification and promotion of
card, appor internet
specialized clusters, CDP facilitate market-led
access
growth, infrastructure development and private
investment mobilisation in the horticulture
Backgrounder sector.
India and its Horticulture Sector
 India is the 2nd biggest producer of fruits and Status of Clusters
vegetables. So far 55 clusters identified
 Horticulture sector contributes around one-third 12 clusters chosen on pilot basis
(33%) to the agriculture Gross Value Addition 4 clusters on pipeline
(agri GVA). l Floriculture cluster in West Bengal
 Making a very significant contribution in country’s l Coconut cluster in Kerala
economy. l Coconut cluster in Tamil Nadu
 Currently, India is producing around 320.48 l White onion cluster in Gujarat.
million tonnes of horticulture produce which

has surpassed the food grain production.  Each cluster will have an implementing agency
 The area under horticulture sector is 25.66 and duster development agency.
million hectare against 127.6 million hectare  According to central government, about 9 lakh
under foodgrains production. hectares of area will be covered through all 55
 The productivity of horticulture crops is much clusters, covering 10 lakh farmers.
higher than the productivity of food grains  As per government data, it is estimated that
(12.49 tonnes/hectare against 2023 tonnes/ the initiative will attract private investment of Rs.
hectare). 8,250 crore :
 In the context of exports, India is ranked 14th in

In addition to government assistance,
vegetables and 23rd in fruits.
which is fixed according to the size of
 India has 1% share in global horticulture
cluster-up to Rs. 25 crore for mini cluster
market.
(size upto 5000 hectare) upto Rs. 50 crore
Socio Proximity
Climatic economic to roads & for medium cluster (5000 to 15000 ha) and
Zones settlements Fruit
data
Land use
upto Rs. 100 crore for mega cluster (more
Soil Action
than 15000 ha).
Suitable Vegetables Plans for
Slope
Weighted
overlay areas horticulture
Spices
 CDP aims to improve exports of targeted
Ground water crops by about 20% and create cluster specific
prospect
Drainage
Criteria
Plantation
brands to enhance the competitiveness of
table
cluster crops.

Indepth Analysis Mission for Integrated Development of
Horticulture
Major Challenges in Horticulture Sector
of India  It is centrally sponsored scheme.
 It aims all round growth of horticulture sector
Production Challenges
covering fruits, vegetables, mushroom, spices,
Institutional Issues  Small land holdings,
 Limited reach of farm insurance  Irrigation, flowers, coconut, cashew, bamboo and aromatic
 Problem of farm mechanisation  Poor soil management plants.
 Lack of credit facility  Pest related issues
SUB SCHEMES
 National Horticulture Mission
Challenges in  Implemented by State Horticulture
Horticulture Mission in 384 districts from 23 states and
Challenges related Sector in India UTs.
with Infrastructure
 Poor quality of  Farmers can avail benefit by Horticulture
logistics Climate Change Issues
 Changing weather
officer of concerned district.
 Warehouse
 Cold Storage pattern/cycle.  Horticulture Mission for North East &
 Lack of farmer  Drought Himalayan States
training centres &  Floods
 Soil degradation
 All states in NE and Himachal Pradesh,
proper guidance to
plant the crop Uttarakhand & Jammu-Kashmir.
 Coconut Development Board
Government Initiative for Horticulture  Statutory body
Sector  Established on : January 12, 1981; Kochi
(Kerala)
National Horticulture Board
 Central Institute of Horticulture
 Established : 1984  Established : 2006
 Autonomous body under Ministry of Agriculture  Headquarter : Nagaland
and Farmers Welfare.  Holistic Development of Horticulture Sector
 Objective : To improve the integrated in NE Region
development of horticulture industry.
In India, there is diverse scope for enhancing
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana productivity of horticulture sector due to varied
 Solving Problem of Irrigation climate and geographical condition.
 Developing Irrigation Infrastructure This is also imperative to the India’s estimated
 Enhancing Water Efficiency demand of 650 million MT of fruits and vegetables
 Expanding Cultivable Area by 2050.
Global Trade Overview 2023 and 2024 Outlook

Article Index
l Highlights of the Report l UNCTAD (United Nation Conference on Trade and Development l Objective
of UNCTAD l Principal Achievement of UNCATAD
In March 2024, the United Nations Conference  Trade in goods experienced a 5% decline
on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) released its compared to 2022, while service sector
Global Trade Update Report. witnessed 8% year on year growth.
The report is outlining the state of global trade
 Some big economies like China and India,
in 2023 and projections for 2024.
presented a return to growth in the last quarter
Highlights of the Report
 Global trade contracted by 3%, amounting to a
of 2023.
$1 trillion decrease from the record high of $32  Despite quarterly improvements, the overall
trillion in the year 2023. trade statistics for 2023 remained negative.

Trade Performance of India in 2023 closely associated with the New International
 In India, merchandise report grew by 5% in the Economic Order (NIEO).
last quarter of 2023 compared to same period in  It is a set of proposals that sought to reduce
year 2022. economic dependency and inequality between
 Economy witnessed 6% contraction in annual developing and developed countries.
export growth.  The developed countries formulate the GSP
 Services export remained stagnant in the last Scheme under which the manufacturer’s
quarter of 2023 but witnessed at notable 14% exports and import of some agricultural goods
growth on an annual basis. from the developing countries enter duty-free
or at reduced rate’s in the developed countries.
Backgrounder  Since imports of such items from other
UNCTAD (United Nation Conference on developed countries are subject to the normal
rates of duties, imports or the same items from
Trade and Development)
developing countries would enjoy a competitive
 UNCTAD is an intergovernmental organization
advantage.
within the United Nations Secretariat that
promotes the interest of developing countries in Important Reports of UNCTAD
world trade. 1. The Trade and Development Report
 It was established in 1964 by the United Nations 2. The Trade and Investment Report
General Assembly (UNGA) and reports to that 3. The World Investment Report
body and the United Nations Economic and 4. The Least Developed Countries Report
Social Council (ECOSOC). 5. Digital Economy Report
 UNCTAD is composed by 195 member 6. The technology and Innovation Report
states and works with the non-governmental  UNCTAD conduct technical programme such
organizations worldwide.
as the Automated System for Custom Data
 The permanent secretariat of UNCTAD is in
(ASYCUDA) (administer a country’s custom)
Geneva, Switzerland.
DMFAS Debt management and financial Analysis
Indepth Analysis System (technical Assistance) EMPRETEC
Principal Achievement of UNCATAD (Creation of Sustainable, Innovative and
 The principal achievement of UNCTAD was internationally competitive small and medium
conceiving and implementing the Generalised sized enterprises (SMEs) and WAIPA (World
System of Preference (GSP). Association of Investment Promotion Agencies).
 GSP promotes the export of manufactured UNCTAD is a body of United Nations that aims
goods from developing countries. to develop opportunities, investment and trade in
 During 1970s and 1980s, UNCTAD was developing countries.
First Commercial Crude Oil Strategic Storage

Article Index
l Key Highlights l Recent Project l Importance of Commercial Crude Oil Strategic Storage Policy
On April 3, 2024, Government announced to build  India is the world’s third largest consumer and
first commercial crude oil strategic storage in Padur, importer.
Karnataka.  85% of oil need in India is fulfilled through
Key Highligths imports.

 Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserve Recent Project
Limited (ISPRL) is a special purpose vehicle  The government aims to construct this first
created by government for building and commercial crude oil strategic storage to
operating strategic petroleum reserve in the increase reserve as precaution against potential
country. supply chain disruptions.

 Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserve has Reserve capacity to mitigate global supply
invited bids for constructing 2.5 million tones of disruptions.
underground storage at Padur.  Strategic storage also contribute an economy
 Crude Oil storage on India’s East and West during price fluctuations in oil market.
coasts are constructed in underground rock  This storage facility also aligns with India’s
aspiration to become a member of the
caverns, known as safest means of storing
International Energy Agency (IEA).
hydrocarbons.
 To become member of International Energy
Strategic Petroleum Reserves : Current Agency necessitate that to maintain a minimum
Status in India of 90 days of oil consumption.
International Energy Agency

 International Energy Agency is a Paris-based
autonomous intergovernmental organization.
 Established – November 18, 1974
 Headquarter – Paris, France
 Membership – 31 countries
 Official Language – English
Important Publications of IEA

 World Energy Outlook : Annually Published
Importance of Commercial Crude Oil  Energy Technology Perspective : It is bi-
Strategic Storage annual guidebook on clean energy Technology.
 As the world’s 3rd largest consumer and importer,  Global EV Outlook : Published annually
India seeks to enhance its Strategic Petroleum  Oil market Report : Publish monthly
EU and India Recycling of E-Vehicles Batteries

Article Index
l Key Facts l Highlights of E.U. India Collaboration l Benefits of this collaboration to India l EV-Battery
l India and EV market Outlook l Government Initiative for Electric Vehicles in India
On April 12, 2024, the European Union and India  The intended exchange of knowledge and
launched an Expression of Interest (EoI) for startups expertise will be instrumental in advancing the
working in Battery Recycling Technology for Electric circularity of rare materials and transitioning
Vehicles for match making event. towards carbon neutrality in both India and
Key Facts European Union.
 What is Expression of Interest : Expression  This initiative takes place under the India-EU
of interest is a formal process used in various Trade and Technology Council (TTC).
industries, including real estate, to guage the  TTC was announced in April 2022 by India and
interest of potential buyers or investors in European Commission.
particular property or project. Benefits of this collaboration to India
Highlights of E.U. India collaboration  The Expression of Interest and match making
 To identify support, and promote startups/SMEs event provides a platform for India to promote
dedicated to advancing the field of battery startups and SMEs in the field of EV Battery
recycling technologies for electric vehicles. Recycling Technology.
 To facilitate cooperation,  This event is promoting sustainable agenda,
 To explore potential trade avenues. foster innovation and forge stronger economic
 This initiative seeks to deeper customer relations relations between European Union and India.
and explore investment avenues for shortlisted  Trade and Technology Council working
startups/SMEs. group offers Indian startups/Small &

Medium Enterprises an exclusive platform to market between 2022 to 2030, with an estimated
demonstrate their expertise in battery recycling 10 million annual sales by 2030.
technologies.  Projection indicates that EV Industry is set to
 Providing chance to Indian investors to establish generate approximately 50 million direct and
strategic alliances with their counter parts in the indirect employment opportunities within the
European Union. next seven years.
 It will accelerate the development of advanced  Industry estimates also forecast the domestic
battery recycling techniques focused on waste EV market to achieve 10 million annual sales by
minimisation and resource sustainability. 2030.
The deadline for submitting Expression of Interest
in April 30, 2024. This is providing an opportunities
Indepth Analysis
to startups to participate in this collaborative initiative. Government Initiative for Electric Vehicles
Through the TTC (Trade and Technology Council), in India
EU-India bilateral trade aims to reach new heights, FAME India
leveraging innovation in clean energy technologies.
 Started on April 1, 2015.
European Organisation  To reduce the use of gasoline and diesel
vehicles.
Awarded Created by 27 Govern

FAME India plan has focus key areas
Nobel Maastricht European Common
Peace Prize Treaty (came Countries Economic,
in 2012 for into force on Social & Demand for Pilot Technological Charging
promoting November 1, Security Technology Project Development Infrastructure
Peace & 1993 Policy
Democracy
PLI Scheme and Related Initiative for
Electric Vehicles
Backgrounder
 Production linked Incentives are financial
EV-Battery
initiative for electric vehicles to enhance
 An electric vehicle battery also known as
productivity to make it easy to sell EV at lesser
traction battery.
 Electric vehicle battery is a rechargeable battery
price to customers.
used to power the electric motors of a Battery  This schemes provides several benefits to EV
Electric Vehicle (BEV) on Hybrid Electric Vehicle markets, including a direct subsidy to EV buyers.
(HEV).  This strategy also includes the cell battery and
vehicle component industries.
India and EV market Outlook
 Total payout of the scheme is Rs. 18,100 crore.
 According to latest report of Bain & Co. Electric
two wheelers could make up about 40 to 50% of Battery Swapping Policy
all EV sold in India.  This initiative for electric vehicle would unify the
 And electric passenger vehicle could make up battery specifications used in EVs across India.
about 15 to 20%.
Special E-Mobility Zone
 As per NITI Aayog Report, the Indian
government is aiming for EV adoption to reach  The government intends to create electric car
40% for buses, 30% for private cars, 70% mobility zones.
for commercial vehicles and 80% for two-  Only electric cars or equivalent vehicles will
wheelers by that timeline (2030). be authorized to operate in the administration
 Economic Survey of India 2023 had forecast designed zones.
a robust 49% Compound Annual Growth Rate  Such zones are standard in European
(CAGR) in India’s domestic electric vehicle countries and in China.

e-AMRIT  Note : e-AMRIT is the joint Initiative of NITI
 Accelerate e-mobility (Revolution for India’s Aayog and Government of United Kingdom (UK).
Transport). It is a portal for creating awareness This way, GOI has paved the way for initiatives for
about electric mobility in India. electric vehicles to promote sustainable transportation
 e-AMRIT aims to serve as a ‘One Stop Site’ to system through several measures. These initiative
provide all information related to the adoption of will allow India to continue its path to greener and
electric vehicles in India. cleaner future.
MoU on Automotive and EV Sector

Article Index
l Key Highlights l Facts Related to Ministry of Heavy Industries l India and Electric Vehicles Market
l Benefits of Electric Vehicles l Conclusion
Recently in March 2024, Ministry of Heavy governance and support for initiatives in the
Industries and IIT Roorkee signed an Memorandum e-mobility sector.
of Understanding (MoU) to collaborate in boosting  Academic Industry Collaboration : This
innovation and advancing the automotive and EV collaboration is important in driving technological
sector. advancements and addressing critical
This parternship marks a crucial movement challenges.
in leveraging academic expertise and industrial  Role of Academy : IIT Roorkee serves as
experience to shape the future of transportation. a catalyst for technological advancement,
Highlights nurturing an environment conducive to
 Partnership for Innovation : Memorandum of innovation and aligning with national goals of
Understanding signifies a collaboration aimed self-reliance and global leadership.
at fostering innovation in the automotive and Facts Related to Ministry of Heavy Industries
electric vehicle sector.  The Ministry of Heavy Industries was formerly called
 Establishment of Excellence Centres : Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprise.
Under this partnership a centre of excellence  On July 2021, it has been renamed as Ministry
of Heavy Industries as the department of Public
and Industry Accelerator at IIT Roorkee,
Enterprises (DPE) was shifted to Ministry of Finance.
demonstrating a joint commitment to advancing  Currently this Ministry (MHI) comes under the Ministry
technology in transportation. of Finance.
 Financial Allotment : Ministry of Heavy
industries has allocated a grant of Rs. India and Electric Vehicles Market
19.8745 crore for research, development and  Projections indicate that the Indian EV market,
implementation, further supplemented by valued at US$ 2 billion in 2023 could surge to
Rs. 4.78 crore from industry partner, this is US$ 7.09 billion by 2025.
highlighting a significant financial investment in  Industry estimates also forecast the domestic
transformative projects. EV market to achieve 10 million annual sales by
 Promoting Self Reliance : MoU accelerate 2030.
the adoption of new advanced technologies,  India’s EV 30 @ 30 campaign specifically
contributing to India’s self reliance in targeting the goal of ensuring that electric
manufacturing and enhancing global vehicles account for at least 30% of new vehicle
competitiveness in the automotive and EV sales by 2030.
sector. These schemes and incentives contributing in
 Government support : Approval of projects establishing an efficient, competitive and resilient
under the Capital Goods Scheme (CG Scheme) EV manufacturing ecosystem in country and thereby
particularly in Uttarakhand, reflects proactive promoting the vision of "Atma Nirbhar Bharat".

Grid India Achieves Miniratna Status
Article Index
l Why in News? l Facts Related to Grid Controller of India Limited (GRID-India) l Function of GRID-India
Why in News? with a focus on reliability, economy and
On March 20, 2024, the Grid Controller of sustainability.
India Limited was awarded the status of Miniratna  GRID-India facilitate affordable and efficient
Category-1 Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE). wholesale electricity markets while managing
This recognition was conferred by the Ministry of settlement system.
Power Government of India.  To oversee the flawless and uninterrupted
Facts Related to Grid Controller of India operation of the Indian electricity system.
Limited (GRID-India)  GRID India is responsible for managing the All
 Established in 2009. India Synchronous Grid, one of the largest and
 Grid India was formally known as ‘Power System the most complex power system in the world.
Operation Corporation Limited’ (POSOCO).  All India Synchronous Grid includes five
 Grid India is a wholly owned company of the
Regional Load Dispatch Centres (RLDCs) and
Government of India under the Ministry of
One National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC).
Power.
 On November 9, 2022 POSOCO became Grid Classification of Central Public Sector
India. Enterprise (CPSE)
 It is responsible for monitoring and ensuring
round the clock integrated operation of the
Indian Power System.
Maharatna Navratna Miniratna
 GRID-India comprises five Regional Load
At present, these 14 Navratna 75
Dispatch Centres (RLDCs) and One National
are 13 Maharatna companies
Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC).
companies
Function of GRID-India
Miniratna Miniratna
 Ensuring efficient transfer of electric power
Category I Category II
within and across region.
63 companies 12 companies
 Facilitating transaction power exchange
Classification of CPSEs
Category Launch Criteria Examples
Maharatna Maharatna Scheme was l Having Navratna status. Bharat Heavy
introduced for CPSEs in l Listed on Indian stock exchange with minimum Electricals Limited,
May, 2010, in order to prescribed public shareholding under Bharat Petroleum
empower mega CPSEs to Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Corporation Limited,
expand their operations regulations. Coal India Limited,
and emerge as global l An average annual turnover of more than Rs. GAIL (India) Limited,
giants. 25,000 crore during the last 3 years. etc.
l An average annual net worth of more than Rs. [As of April 2024
15,000 crore during the last 3 years.. (Total 13)]
l An average annual net profit after tax of more
than Rs. 5,000 crore during the last 3 years.
l Should have significant global presence/
international operations.

Navratna Navratna Scheme was l The Miniratna Category - I and Schedule ‘A’ Bharat Electronics
introduced in 1997 in CPSEs, which have obtained ‘excellent’ or Limited, Hindustan
order to identify CPSEs ‘very good’ rating under the Memorandum of Aeronautics Limited,
that enjoy comparative Understanding system in three of the last five etc.
advantages in their years, and have composite score of 60 or above [14 Navratna
respective sectors and to in the six selected performance parameters, (April 2024)]
support them in their drive namely,
to become global players.  Net profit to net worth.
 anpower cost to total cost of production/
M
services.
 rofit before depreciation, interest and
P
taxes to capital employed.
 rofit before interest and taxes to turnover.
P
 Earning per share.
 Inter-sectoral performance.
Miniratna Miniratna scheme was l Miniratna Category-I: The CPSEs which have l Category-I: Airports
introduced in 1997 in made profit in the last three years continuously, Authority of India,
pursuance of the policy pre-tax profit is Rs.30 crores or more in at least Antrix Corporation
objective to make the public one of the three years and have a positive net Limited, etc. (63)
sector more efficient and worth are eligible to be considered for grant of l Category-II:
competitive and to grant Miniratna-I status. Artificial Limbs
enhanced autonomy and l Miniratna Category-II: The CPSEs which have Manufacturing
delegation of powers to the made profit for the last three years continuously Corporation of
profit-making public sector and have a positive net worth are eligible to be India, Bharat Pumps
enterprises. considered for grant of Miniratna-II status. & Compressors
l Miniratna CPSEs should have not defaulted Limited, etc. (12)
in the repayment of loans/interest payment on (Total - 15)
any loans due to the Government.
l Miniratna CPSEs shall not depend upon
budgetary support or Government guarantees.
RBI Monetary Policy Committee

Article Index
l Key Highlights of MPC l Policy Measures l Non-Policy Measures l Facts Related with MPC
l Instruments of Monetary Policy
Recently, the Reserve Bank of India Governor  Consumer Price Index (CPI) for financial year
Shaktikant Das on April 5, 2024 announced the first 2025 is estimated at 4.5%.
monetary policy of the financial year 2024-25.  Policy stance of ‘withdrawal of accommodation’
Key Highlights of MPC maintained.
 The quarterly GDP growth rate projections are
Policy Measures
7.1% Q1, 6.9 Q2, 7% Q3, 7% Q4.
 The RBI decided to keep policy repo rate
Non-Policy Measures
unchanged at 6.5% for the seventh consecutive
time.  Introduction of mobile app to access RBI’s Retail
 The apex bank projected India’s real GDP Direct Scheme for participation in Government
growth rate for FY 25 at 7%. Securities market.

 Scheme for trading of sovereign green bond at 
It the CRR is higher, there will be lower
International Financial Service Centre (IFSC) to liquidity in the economy and vice-versa.
be announced. 
The CRR was reduced from 15% in 1990 to
 Dealing in rupee interest rate derivate products 5% in 2002.
for all small finance banks.

Currently, as of April 5, 2024 CRR is 4.5%.
 Enabling UPI for cash deposit facility.
 Statutory Liquidity Ratio : All financial
 UPI access for Prepaid Payment Instrument
(PPIs) through third party application. institution have to maintain a certain quality
of liquid assets with themselves at any
 The RBI Act, 1934 was amended by Finance Act,
point in time of their total time and demand
2016, to constitute MPC.
 MPC play key role in bringing transparency and liabilities. This is known as Statutory Liquidity
accountability in fixing India’s Monetary Policy. Ratio.
 Distribution of Central Bank Digital Currencies  Bank Rate : Bank rate is a rate which the Central
through Non-bank payment system operators. Bank (RBI) provides the loan to commercial
Backgrounder banks without keeping any security.

 Open Market Operation : OMO is the buying
Facts Related with MPC
and selling of government securities in the open
 Committee comprises six members.
 Three official from RBI. market.
 Three external members nominated by 
It is done by central bank (RBI) in
government of India. country.
 The Governor of RBI is the Ex-officio chairperson 
When central bank wants to infuse liquidity
of MPC. into the market, it buys government
 Urzit Patel proposed a committee to decide on securities in the open market.
monetary policy.
 Repo Rate : Repo rate is the rate at which the
 MPC is responsible for fixing the benchmark
central bank of country (RBI) lends money to
interest rate in India.
commercial banks in case of any shortfall of
 The meeting of MPC are hold at least four
times in a year (at least one in each quarter). funds.
 MPC publish its report after every meeting. 
Repo rate is used by monetary authorities
 Decisions are taken on majority basis. to control inflation.
 Governor of RBI has power of casting vote in 
Repo Means-Repurchase Option/Repur-
case of tie. chase Agreement
 As per the current mandate of the committee,  Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)
it has to maintain 4% annual inflation rate untill

It is a system of the Reserve Bank of India
March 31, 2026 with an upper tolerance of 6%
that allows scheduled Commercial banks
and a lower tolerance of 2%.
Thus Monetary Policy Committee play crucial role to avail funds overnight.
in managing policy rates to sustain a level economy 
The interest rate charged by RBI on
and keep unemployment low, protect the value of such borrowing is called the MSF rate on
currency and maintain economic growth in country. marginal standing facility rate.
Indepth 
MSF is sanctioned against government
securities and the MSF rate is around 100
Instruments of Monetary Policy
 Cash Reserve Ratio : CRR is a specified basis points or one percent higher than
amount of bank deposits which banks are repo rate.
required to keep with RBI in the form of reserves 
These loans faces under RBI’s Liquid
or balances. Adjustment Facility (LAF).

Boosting Exports from MSMEs : NITI Aayog
Article Index
l Why in News? l Key Highlights l Backgrounder l Indepth Analysis l Conclusion
Why in News?  To promote e-commerce exports, the report
Recently, the NITI Aayog (apex public policy think suggests distinguishing between Exporter on
tank of India) released a report named ‘Boosting Record and seller on record and allowing a
Exports from MSMEs. reduction in invoice value without a percentage
The report recommends that government must ceiling for the all e-commerce exports.
make it simple for smaller enterprises to export their Current Status of MSME Sector in India
goods through e-commerce platforms.  India witnessed a significant increase in the
Key Highlights of the Report establishment of zero MSME units between
 NITI Aayog’s report recommends about the the financial year 2019 and 2021.
creation of single information portal for  During this time period around 40 lakh new
exporter. MSMEs were established, this growth is
 Leveraging AI based interface to provide particularly notable in micro enterprises.
comprehensive and up-to-date information
on market tariffs, paperwork requirements, MSME is in Economy
finance sources, service providers,
incentives and potential customers.
 NITI Aayog recommended to set up a
Contribute around More than 11
comprehensive National Trade Portal
29% in country's GDP crore job opportunities
(NTN) to streamline the export process for
MSMEs, facilitating seamless operations
 Presently, around 38% of the total 54 lakh
and competitive advantage.
MSME units are engage in manufacturing
 The report suggests about to initiative an annual
with small and medium enterprises largely
financial reconciliation process fore- commerce
contributing to manufacturing activity suitable
exporters and exemptions on import duties for for exports.
return.  In India, top five states with the highest
 The report also recommend to create a concentration of manufacturing MSMEs are :
green channel clearance for e-commerce  Uttar Pradesh
exports.  Maharashtra
 Promotion of Export Credit Guarantee has  Tamil Nadu
also been recommended in the report.  Karnataka
 As per report, access to finance is  Gujarat
highlighted as the significant bottleneck for
MSMEs. Backgrounder
 The report suggests that the government What is MSME?
create an incentive package to increase  Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)
uptake from the current 10% to 50% or are entities that are involved in the production
more. manufacturing and processing of goods and
 NITI Aayog report suggest about to include commodities.
the relaxation of compliances required for  The concept of MSME was first introduced by
MSMEs for a limited period and implementing a the Government of India through the Micro,
time-bound disbursement process for incentives Small and Medium Enterprises Development
to prevent the blocking of working capital. (MSMED) Act, 2006.

 MSMEs account for 38.4% of the total No. of MEMEs 6.3 Crore 3.3 Lakh 5
manufacturing output and contribute 45.03% of (Based on thousand
the total export of country. NSS data)
Classification of MSMEs No. of MSMEs 1.5 Crore 4.6 Lakh 41
 MSMEs are classified as per their turnover and (Based on thousand
investment. Udyam data as
Parameters Micro Small Medium on March 31,
2023)
Investment < 1 Crore < 10 Crore < 50 Crore
in Plant and INR INR INR MSMEs can play a vital role in growth of the
Machinery economy as India enters the Amrit Kaal phase. They
Annual < 5 Crore < 50 Crore < 250 can help in inclusive and balanced development and
Turnover INR INR Crore INR make India a global manufacturing hub.
Use of Biochar in Steel Industry

Article Index
l Why in News? l Facts about Biochar l Key Highlights l What is Biochar l Steel Sector in India l
Government Initiative for Iron and Steel Sector l Overview of Biochar

Why in News?
Backgrounder
On December 5, 2023 the government had set
What is Biochar
up a taskforce to explore the use of biochar in steel
production. Soil conditions in Agri Soil Amendment
Facts about Biochar
 Biochar is an important component in reducing
carbon emissions in steel industry. Uses of Biochar
 According to latest official data in domestic steel
sector accounts for 12% of India’s greenhouse
gas emissions with an emission intensity of Steel Industry Water Retention
2.55 tonnes CO2 per tonne of crude steel
Carbon Sink
compared to global average of 1.9 tonnes
CO2.  Biochar is a black carbon produced from
biomass sources like agricultural waste,
Highlights
products, among others.
 In March, 2023, Union Steel Minister Jyotiraditya  Biochar has been identified as an important
Scindia approved the formation of 13 task force. lever for reduction of carbon emission in steel
 Responsibility of task forces was to identify industry.
action points for each aspects of Green Steel  Biochar manufacturing use stainless steel
chambers.
production and the adoption of sustainable
 It offers non-corrosive and non-toxic sturdy
manufacturing process.
materials.
 Task force focus on various aspects of green
Indepth Analysis
steel production, including raw materials,
technology and policy framework. Steel Sector in India
 India is the 2nd largest producer of crude steel.
 14 Task force has been established to aid the
 India produced 125.32 million tonnes of crude
Carbon reduction practices in Domestic steel and 121.29 MT of finished steel during
Steel Indsutry. financial year 2023.

 The per capital consumption of steel in India of 4th Industrial Revolution is the fusion of
stood at 86.7 kg in year 2023. technology ranging from Physical, digital to
 Indian Steel Industry is growing due to availability biological sphere.
of raw materials like iron ore, land, labour and  PLI Scheme for Specialty Steel : Recently,
capital. Government approved Production Linked
 According to National Steel Policy, 2017, India Incentive (PLI) Scheme for manufacturing
projects crude steel capacity of 300 million specialty steel with a budgetary allocation of
tonnes, production of 255 million tonnes and a Rs. 6,322 crore over a period of five years from
robust finished steel per capita consumption of 2023-24.
158 kgs by 2030-2031.  PLI scheme is central sector scheme
 The steel Industry in India has experienced Note : Specialty steel is a value-added steel,
substantial growth in past decade, with 75% made by processing normal finished steel.
increase in production since 2008. Biochar Steel sector is contributing significantly
Government Initiative for Iron and Steel to greenhouse gas emission this initiative aims to
Sector reduce carbon intensity and promote sustainability in
 Steel Scrap Recycling Policy steel manufacturing process. It will also contribute in
 Issued by Ministry of Steel. achieving Paris Agreement Target and SDGs goal
 Encourage circular economy in this sector. 12 of Responsible Consumption and Production
 Industrial Revolution 4.0 : The key elements in economy.
IIM Mumbai, Starburst Collaborate to Boost

Aerospace
Article Index
l Key Highlights l Aerospace l Government Initiatives to Prmote Aerospace & Defece Industry
On March 26, 2024, IIM Mumbai partners with  The partnership catalyse the growth of ASD
starburst to fortify India’s Aerospace, New Space startups by providing them with access
and defence ecosystem. to mentorship, funding opportunities and
international network.
This collaboration aims to booster the Aerospace,
 This collaboration offer a conducive environment
New Space and Defence Startup ecosystem in
for innovation and entrepreneurship.
country.  The aim of partnership is to strengthen
Starburst is a prominent European Aerospace, New India’s position as a hub for ASD
Space and Defence (ASD) accelerator. It is subsidiary of Innovation on the global stage.
Mars (United Kingdom).
Backgrounder
Key Highlights
Aerospace
 This strategic collaboration between IIM Mumbai  Aerospace is a term used collectively to refer
and starburst signifies a crucial step towards to the atmosphere and outer space. Aerospace
nurturing and empowering the burgeoning ASD activity is very diverse with a multitude of
startup ecosystem in India. commercial, industrial and military applications.
 By leveraging the expertise and resources of  Aerospace Engineering consists of aeronautics
both institutions, would provide unparalleled and astronautics. Aerospace organizations

research design, manufacture, operate or
support to ASD startups, enable them to thrive
maintain both aircraft and spacecraft.
and contribute significantly to India’s ASD
 The Indian aerospace & defence market is
Industry. projected to reach US$ 70 billion by 2030,
 It is expected that it would foster innovation and driven by the burgeoning demand for advanced
entrepreneurship within the ASD sector. infrastructure and government thrust.

defence and aerospace innovation and
Indepth Analysis
technology initiative.
Government Initiatives to Promote  Make in India Initiative : Defence and
Aerospace & Defence Industry aerospace continues to be a strong pillar for
 Aero India 2021 : To position India among the India and key government system such make in
top 5 countries globally in defence aerospace India to succeed.
industry with active participation from the public  The Defence Ministry has set a target to
and private sectors. 70% self-reliance in weaponry by 2027,
 Foreign Direct Investment : Government has creating huge prospects for players in the
allowed 74% FDI in defence sector via automatic industry.
route. India has the competitive advantage over
 Research and Development Promoting other countries due to low-cost of production of
Startups under ‘Atmanirbhar Mission’ : components. With low labour cost, presence of
Innovation for Defence Excellence (iDEX) an resources and supporting government regulation.
innovation platform launched in year 2018 The country provides huge growth opportunities in
iDEX aims to build an ecosystem to encourage the aerospace industry.
Vizhinjam Port : India’s First Transshipments

Article Index
l Introduction l Key Highlights l Backgrounder l Indepth Analysis l Conclusion
Recently, Vizhinjam Port (Kerala) of Adani Group
What is TEU? (Container Port Traffic)
has received approval from the Ministry of Shipping  TEU is the standard unit, referring to 20-
to operate as India’s first transshipment port. foot equivalent units or 20-foot long cargo
Currently, a substantial porting of India’s container.
transshipment cargo is handled by port abroad,  The size of cargo containers ranges from 20
such as those in Colombo and Singapore. feet long to more than so long.
Key Highlights  Transshipment traffic is counted as two
 The Ministry of shipping has sanctioned lifts at the intermediate port (once to off-load
Vizhinjam port to function as a transshipment and again as an outbound lift) and includes
hub. empty units.
 This is marking a milestone for India’s maritime
Backgrounder
sector.
 It will allow in the establishment of custom What is a Transshipment Port?
facilities at the port.  Transshipment ports are transit hubs where
 This designation is significant as it allows cargo cargo from one ship is transferred to another on
to be transferred from large vessel to smaller the way to its final destination.
ones.  World’s biggest transshipment ports are :
 This port will contribute to India’s goal to become  Singapore,
manufacturing hub.  Sanghai
 Enhance the facilities of smoother operation.  Schenzhen
 Vizhinjam port boasts advanced automation  Busan
and infrastructure capable of accommodating  Hong Kong
megamax containership, the largest vessel  Adani ports and Special Economic Zone Limited
worldwide. (APSEZ) initiated the Vizhinjam port project in
 Its initial phase is designed to handle one million 2015, with a planned completion by 2019.
TEU, with provisions for expansion upto 6.2  It is expected to commence operation within the
million TEU in subsequent phases. current fiscal year.

Importance of Vizhinjam Transshipment ability to handle megamax containership and
Port provide large scale automation for quick vessel
turnaround.
 Attracting largest container ship : The port is
expected to attract the world’s largest container
ship, which have avoided India until now
because its harbors were not deep enough to
handle such vessels.
 Biggest share in International market : The
20,000 crore investment in the port will allow
India to grab a bigger share of the international
maritime trade currently dominated by China.
This transshipment port is aligned with India’s
 Strategic Location : India will attract large maritime vision 2020, which aims to make India a
container and cargo vessel due to its strategic top destination for manufacturing.
location. It would increase India’s shipping connectivity
 Handle Megamax Containership : The port and also boost India share in global value
will be one of the world’s largest, with the chains.
World’s largest Renewable Energy Park in Khavda

Article Index
l Why in News l Key Highlights l Reasons for Establishing the Hybrid Renewable Energy Park in Khavda,
Kutch l Challenges in Building the Hybrid R.E. Park l Back Grounder/PT Corner l Green Energy l In
depth Analysis l Conclusion
Why in News?  The capacity of park will be enhanced by 5 GW
Recently, Adani Green Energy is developing the every year.
world’s largest renewable energy park in Khavda,
Reason behind establishing this Park is
Gujarat.
The Renewable Energy Park covers 538 square Khavda (Kutch)
kilometers, which is around five times the total area  There are many reasons for setting up this plant
of Paris (France). here :
Key Highlights  More than one lakh hectare of land is lying
 Khavda Park is situated barely one kilometer barren near Khavda, located on India
from Pakistan’s international border. Pakistan border in Kutch.
 This park will create 81 billion units of electricity, 
The weather condition is favourable for
enough to meet the whole demand of countries both solar and wind.
such as Belgium, Chile and Switzerland.
 Gujarat Industries Power Company Limited Challenges
is appointed as the nodal agency for the hybrid  Due to being barren land & lack of basic
renewable energy park. amenities, workers are leaving the job.
 Adani Green Energy Plans to invest Rs. 1.5 lakh  This area is very close to the Pakistan border
crore in this park. due to which it is very sensitive from a security
 The Khavda facility will have a total capacity of
point of view i.e. ‘no go zone’.
30 GW.
 Due to close border, there remains a danger
 This park now produce 2 GW of renewable
energy, with an additional 4 GW capacity that some Pakistani terrorist might join the
expected by 2025. workers.

India’s Pharmaceutical Export Surge Record to
$28 billion
Article Index
l Why in News l Key Highlights l Backgrounder l Pharmaceutical Industry l In depth Analysis
Why in News?  India is also the largest vaccine supplier in
On April, 2024 India’s Pharmaceutical exports the world by volume, accounting for more than
witnessed robust growth in fiscal year 2023-24, 60% of all vaccines manufactured in the world.
reaching 28 billion marking 10% increase compared  According to Economic Survey 2023, the
to last fiscal year. turnover in the domestic pharmaceutical market
Despite a 3% dip in total exports, the was estimated to be $41 billion.
Pharmaceutical sector demonstrated resilience and  As per data released by Pharmexcil, India’s
significant growth. Pharmaceutical exports revenue was $25.3
billion in fiscal year 2022-23.
Key Highlights of India’s Pharma Export  India ranked third globally in terms of dollar
 Pharmaceutical export in march soared by value of drugs and medicine exports.
12.73% to USD 2.8 billion, representing a strong
upward trajectory in the sector’s performance.
In depth Analysis
 India’s drug and Pharmaceutical exports Major Pharmaceutical Clusters in India
escalated by 9.67% totalling USD 27.9 billion in  Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa and Andhra
fiscal year 2023-24, indicating steady progress. Pradesh are the major Pharmaceutical
 The United States of America, United Kingdom, manufacturing clusters in country.
Netherlands, South Africa and Brazil emerges  The bulk drug clusters are mainly located
as the top five export destinations. in Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Mumbai, Pune,
 In total Pharma export, US accounted for over Hyderabad, Chennai, Mysore, Bangalore and
Vishakhapatnam.
31%.
 The Pharmaceutical hubs offer investment
 India’s Pharmaceutical exports capturing and
opportunities in the production of API or bulk
penetrating new markets as Montenegro, South
drug, biosimilars, vaccines, neutracenticals,
Sudan, Chad, Comoros, Brunei, Latvia, Ireland,
as well as food and drug testing and contract
Sweden, Haiti and Ethiopia, expressing the
research.
sector’s growing global footprint.
 The country has a low cost of production, low
 Pharma Export predicts that this sector could
Research and Development costs.
surpass USD 130 billion by 2030, driven  India has innovative scientific man power
by expanding market opportunities and rising and large number of national laboratories that
demand overseas. have the potential to steer the industry a head
 Indian Pharmaceutical Industry has 3rd rank to the higher level.
globally by volume and 13th by value, boosting  As per industry analysts, the cost of
a portfolio of more than 60,000 generic drugs manufacturing in India is approximately 33%
across 60 therapeutic categories. lower than that of the United States.
Backgrounder Key Facts
Pharmaceutical Industry in India Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)
 The Pharmaceutical Industry in India was valued  Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients are chemical based
at an estimated US $ 42 billion in 2021 and is compound.
 APIs are mainly produced in USA, China, Europe and
estimated to reach $ 130 billion by 2030.
India.
 India is the largest provider of Generic drugs  API have Pharmacological activity mainly used with
by volume, with 20% share of total global combination of other ingredients to diagnose, cure,
pharmaceutical export. mitigate and treat the disease.

The Government of India has rolled out two
Generic Drug
production Linked Incentive Schemes to promote
 A generic drug is a pharmaceutical drug that contains
the same chemical substance as a drug that was domestic manufacturing of key pharmaceutical
originally protected by Chemical patents. ingredients and generic medicine.
 Generic drugs are allowed for sale after the patents
on the original drugs expired. These initiatives are fulfilling the vision of
 A generic drug has the same active pharmaceutical ‘Viksit Bharat’ and ‘Atma Nirbhar Bharat’ last
ingredient as the original, but it may differ in some
characteristics such as the manufacturing process,
but not least making India as “Pharmacy of the
formulation, excipients, colour and packaging. World”.
Razorpay Launches ‘UP Switch’

Article Index
l Why in News l Key Highlights l What is Fintech Company l Key Drivers of Fintech in India
Why in News?  Fintech has been driven partly by the robust and
On April 24, 2024, Fintech Company Razorpay effective government reforms that are pushing
launched its own UPI Infrastructure with ‘UPI Switch’. the country towards a digital economy.
UPI Switch is a cloud based innovation in
Indian Fintech Industry
partnership with Airtel Payment Bank.
 The size of Indian fintech industry was $50 Bn in 2021,
Key Highlights and it is expected to be at $150 Bn by 2025.
 UPI switch is a cutting-edge cloud based  The payment landscape in India is expected to reach
infrastructure designed to revolutionise the $100 Tn in transaction volume and $50 Bn in terms of
landscape of digital payments. revenue by 2030.
 According to a report by Erust & Young (EY). India
 This innovative product promises to enhance
is one of the largest and fastest-growing Fintech
success rates by 4-5% and handle an
ecosystem in the world. Bharat stands second after
impressive 10,000 transactions per second China in terms of the Fintech adoption Index with an
(TPS). adoption rate of 87%.
 This system is offering business with
unprecedented efficiency and scalability. In depth Analysis
 UPI Switch is catering to the growing demand Key Drivers of Fintech in India
for seamless and efficient payment solutions in
digital economy. Increased Funding
 With latency below 100 miliseconds and tailored  A substantial increase in investment from
features to suit diverse business needs, the venture capital, private equity and institutional
UPI Switch promises to set new standards in investment has encouraged the rise of Fintech
payment infrastructure. startups.
Backgrounder India Stack
What is Fintech Company  India stack is a set of APIs that allows government,
 Fintech or financial technology, refers to the businesses, startups and developers to utilize a
technological innovation in design and unique and common digital infrastructure, these
delivery of financial services and products. open API plateforms include adhar, Unified
 These companies operate in insurance, asset Payment Infrastructure, Bharat Bill payments
management and payment and numerous other etc.
industries.
 Fintech has emerged as a relatively new industry
Innovation in Technology
in India in the past few years.  New business models are being developed
 The Indian market has witnessed massive using technologies like Machine learning and
investment in various sectors adopting Fintech. Artificial Intelligence.

Increase in Smart Phone and Internet  Fintech is providing technology based financial
Users services and has transformed the way we
nd interact with the financial world.
 India has the 2 highest number of smart-
 This technological innovation offer several
phone users globally and 2nd largest internet
significant advantage.
user market in world.
Government Initiatives Dependence
 Government initiative like Jan Dhan Yojna, on Financial Data
startup India, Digital India plateform etc. have Technology Security
played a very vital role in encouraging the
growth of startups.
Lack of Disadvantages
Advantages of Fintech of Fintech
Consistent
Ease of Regulation Technological
Access and Efficiency Unequal Dependence
Affordability Access
and Speed
Disadvantages of Fintech
Advantages Overall, Fintech has brought about many

Innovation changes and advancement in the financial world.
in Product Fintech is changing the way of businesses and
Transparency
and Services economy (cash economy to Digital economy).
Financial &
The need of hour is to develop adequate
Inclusion Security regulation to safeguard the consumer interests for
Advantages of Fintech the continued success of fintech in future.
News in Short
 This shift has resulted in substantial growth
Toy Industry Shift from China to India
in India’s toy exports and decline in imports,
Nowadays, the global toy industry is witnessing a positioning India as a net exporter of toys.
significant shift from China to India. It is attributed to  The value of toy industry was $1.7 billion in
various reasons including regulatory requirements, 2023 and is projected to reach $4.4 billion by
protectionism and strategic business policy decisions 2032.
by key players. Recently, India’s toy exports grew by  As per market research from IMARC this
239%. industry is growing @ 10.6%.
Key Highlights  This growth trajectory indicates the
transformative shift and promising prospects for
India’s toy manufacturing sector.
Key Drivers of Shifting from China to India
Higher Custom Duty
 The Government of India has increased custom
duty on toys from 20% to 70%.
 Government also incentivise domestic
manufacturers to reduce reliance on imports.
 This policy aims to make Indian toy industry
competitive in global market.
Protection
 India adopted protectionism measure in economy
by growing its custom duty on toy imports.

 This step encourage global manufactures to  Market Size: Domestic market size is
explore alternative sourcing destination. estimated at $ 1.5 Bn.
Trade Policies  MSME Driving Growth of Sector: Nearly
4,000 toy industry units, classified under
 “China-Plus-One” strategy adopted by
the MSME (Micro, Small, and Medium
companies seeking diversification from China
Enterprises) category, propel the sector’s
again promoted India’s emergence as a
evolution.
preferred manufacturing hub.
Toy manufacturing industry is a sunrise sector. It
What should be Done?
has immense potential to boost sluggish economy.
 Toy Association of India advocates for
Addressing of quality, skilling and supply chain
simplification of BIS rules and regulation. challenges will pave the way for anticipated growth
 This relaxation support to micro, small and of Indian Toy Industry.
medium enterprises in toy sectors.
RBI Expands Gold Hedging Options
Import
High GST Recently, in response to surging gold prices and
Dependency for geo-political tensions, the Reserve Bank of India
Rates
Raw Material Absence allowed Indian residents to hedge gold exposure in
of Large overseas markets.
Lack of units Key Highlights
Challenges  Gold price is expected to surpass to $2700 per
Technology
ounce this year amidst escalating geopolitical
tension in middle east.
Increased High Fragmented &  This move of RBI allows resident entities to
Transport Import Unorganised diversify their hedging strategies against gold
cost Duty on Sector price volatility in overseas market.
 Residents can now utilize Over The Counter
Tools &
(OTC) derivatives in addition to derivatives
Machine
traded on exchanges in the International
 Government should provide more conducive Financial Service Centre (IFSC) for managing
environment to small players in this sector. gold prices.
 This policy amendment expands the avenues
 India is emerging as toy manufacturing
for hedging gold exposure, offering residents
hub, especially Gujarat as a prominent toy
enhanced flexibility in risk management.
manufacturing states, reflecting the geographical
diversification of India’s manufacturing Hedging
landscape.  Hedging is a risk management strategy used
 Government of India is promoting startups in toy by investors to reduce potential losses from
industry signifies the growing entrepreneurial adverse price movements.
 It involves taking an offsetting position in a
ecosystem and potential for regional
related security/financial instrument, with the
specialisation.
goal of minimizing potential losses from market
Indian Toy Industry: Current Status volatility.
 The toys industry in India can be traced back
INVESTING
to Indus civilization. India aims to be a global
RISK REWARDS
‘TOY HUB’ by 2025-30.
 Sector Growth: According to Invest India,
the Indian toy industry is projected to reach
$3 billion by 2028, growing at a CAGR of 12
percent between 2022-28.
 Net Toy Exporter: The country became a net TACTICAL
exporter of toys during 2020-21 and 2021- STRATEGIC THINKING
22, ending decades of import dominance. APPROACH

Need of Hedging ‘Flash Pay’ for Contact-less Payment
Need of Hedging Why in News?
Protection against Market Volatility Recently on March 26, 2024, Federal Bank in
Managing Downside Risk collaboration with National Payment Corporation of
Diversification India (NPCI) launched ‘Flash Pay’ a Rupay smart
key chain enabling contact-less National Commodity
Protection against Market Volatility
Mobility Card Payments.
 Hedging can be used to protect against market
Facts
volatility, especially in unpredictable/uncertain
 Customers can do transactions up to Rs. 5000
market conditions.
without a PIN.
Diversification  This innovative solution facilitate users to tap
 Hedging can be a way to diversify and investment and pay at metro and Point of Sales (PoS)
portfolio by offsetting risks associated with terminals, ensuring swift transactions with
specific asset or sectors. enhanced security.
 This can help to reduce the overall risk of the
Key Highlights
portfolio and increase its stability.
 Enhance security in transactions : For
Managing Downside Risk any transaction exceeding Rs. 5000, PIN
 By hedging, investor can manage downside authentication is compulsory mandatory.
risk, means they can limit their losses in the  This way ‘flash pay’ ensure heightened security
event that the market moves against their for higher value purchases.
position. Daily Transaction Limit
Advantages of Hedging  Under this payment system, there is a provision
of daily cap of Rs. 1 lakh at any Point of Sale
Advantages of Hedging
(PoS) terminal.
Reduce Risk
Contact-less Transactions
Increased Stability
 Customers saw effortlessly make payments up
Improved Cost Control
to Rs. 5000 without requiring a pin.
Potential for Higher Return
Flexibility  It is streamlining the payment process at various
location.
Background of Gold Hedging in India Global Life Expectancy Trends :
 Previously, resident entities were permitted
Lancet Study Insights
to hedge their exposure to gold price risks
Recently, on April 5, 2024, Lancet Study revealed
on exchanges in the IFSC recognized by
a significant rise in Global Life Expectancy, with an
International Financial Services Centres
increase of 6.2 years between 1990 and 2021.
Authority (IFSCA) since December 12, Notably, India has seen eight years increase in
2022. life expectancy during this time.
In conclusion, hedging is a risk management Highlights
strategy used by investors to protect their portfolios Lancet Study and South Asia
from potential losses. By using hedging techniques,
 In the south Asian regions, Bhutan, Bangladesh,
investors can potentially reduce their portfolio’s risk Nepal, India and Pakistan have shown varied
exposure and achieve more stable returns over improvements in life expectancy, with Bhutan
the long term. leading with a gain of 13.6 years.

 Countries worked very actively in Covid 19  Transparency and Accountability
pandemic management, which helped in  DIGITA initiative ensure verification
preserving these gains. process.
 It promotes transparency and accountability
Major Findings and Challenges
in digital lending sector.
 The Lancet study represents that there is  This will also mitigate fraudulent practices.
significant net gain in life expectancy in South RBI is designing this initiative due to increasing
East Asia and East Asia Oceania. incidents of financial fraud in digital lending sector.
 Increase in life expectancy is largely due to There have been several reports where loans were
reduction in deaths from chronic disease, stroke, given to individual at high interest rates, companies
respiratory infections and cancer. are also engage in predatory recovery practices that
 However, the emergency of Covid-19 disrupted is negatively impacting consumers in economy.
these advancements, making it the second What is Digital Lending
major cause of global death.  Digital lending as a service has emerged as
Effect of Global Burden Disease Study one of the biggest catalyst in financial services
(GBD) 2021 for providing micro and small loans and credit
 GBD report 2021 highlights the substantial to business and individual.
drops in death from enteric disease, contributing  This has successfully filled the gap left by the
to a 1.1 – year increase in global life expectancy traditional banking system in terms of providing
easy loans to consumers who were not able to
between 1990 and 2021.
avail loans due to problem of collateral system
According to United Nation Population Division, and daunting banking system.
 Global Life expectancy at birth for both sexes has
improved from 46.5 years in 1950 to 71.7 years in Young Global Leaders Class of 2024
2022, and it is expected to rise to 77.3 years by 2050. On April 4, 2024, the World Economic forum
 The current life expectancy for India in 2024 is 70.62 announced its 20th edition of Young Global Leaders
years, a 0.29% increase from 2023. Community : The class of 2024, in Geneva,
 The life expectancy for India in 2023 was 70.42 years, Switzerland.
90.33% increase from 2022.
Facts :
 The World Economic Forum (WEF) releases the
RBI’s DIGITA Initiative WEF of Young Global Leaders list annually.
Why in News?  The list includes these person who represent
the future of leadership, whose perspective and
Reserves Bank of India is contemplating the
innovative ideas will contribute in addressing
establishment of the Digital India Trust Agency
the world’s most critical challenges.
(DIGITA) to combat the expansion of illegal lending
 Young leaders are selected in 7 categories :
applications.
1. Academic and think tank.
DIGITA aims to bolster cyber security measures
2. Social Entrepreneurs
and clamp down on fraudulent activities in digital
3. Media
lending sector.
4. Public Figure
Key Highlights 5. Civil Society
 DIGITA will verify digital lending apps. 6. Arts, Culture and Sports
 DIGITA will take support of law enforcement in 7. Business
marking unverified apps as unauthorised. Highlights :
 This initiative enhance transparency and  WEF’s young Global leader list includes nearly
accountability in digital lending ecosystem. 90 young people under 40 years of age.
 Legal Enforcement  Young leaders are chosen from diverse fields.
 DIGITA creates pivotal checkpoints against  This year, five Indians including film actress
financial crimes in digital domain. Bhumi Pednekar, have been included in this list.

 Bhumi Pednekar is known for her roles in films “Bob Earth” reaffirm its commitment and
like — Toilet : Ek Prem Katha, Bala and Dum responsibility towards protecting & preserving the
Laga Ke Haisha. gift of nature for one future generation.
 The person selected in the list will join a three year Country’s First Electric Dump Truck
leadership development programme, which will
Recently in month of April, 2024 Sany India, a
include executive education courses, learning leading manufacturer of mining and construction
journeys and opportunities to collaborate with equipment launched the SKT105E Electric dump
trusted peers to support them in accelerating truck.
their impact.
Key Facts
Bank of Baroda Launches bob Green  ‘SKT105E’ is the country’s first locally
Deposits manufactured electric off-highway dump truck.
 This dump truck is paving the way for a more
On March 11, 2024, Bank of Baroda, one of environmentally concious and cost-effective
India’s leading public sector banks, announced future.
the launch of the bob Earth Green Term Deposit
Highlights
Scheme.  The e-truck combines local expertise with global
Key Highlights innovation.
 The scheme aims to raise deposits that will  Designed to meet rigorous demand of open-
be used to finance eligible environment- cast mining operation.
 Pay load capacity of truck is 70 tonnes.
friendly projects and sectors, fostering
 Enhancing operational efficiency
India’s transition to a green and sustainable
 Contributing in nation’s vision of Sustainable
economy.
Development.
 Bank is offering up to 7.15% of interest rate per
Advantages of e-Dump truck
annum on deposits ranging from Rs. 5,000 to
 SKT105E Electric Dump truck boasts an
below Rs. 2 crore.
impressive payload capacity of 70 tonnes,
 Existing and new customers can open a Green
making it a formidable asset for mining
Deposit through any Bank of Baroda across enterprises across the country.
India.  Designed in such a way to optimize its energy
 Earth Green Term Deposit Scheme offer usage, ensuring that mining operations can
depositors dual benefits of stable and secure be carried out with unparalleled efficiency and
financial returns and the opportunity to minimal environmental impact.
contribute to a greener planet.  The zero-emission nature of the truck aligns
perfectly with India’s ongoing effort to combat
Bank of Baroda climate change and reduce its carbon footprint,
 Establishment : July 20, 1908
positioning the STK105E as a crucial contributor
 Founder : Sir Maharaja Sayasirao Gaekwad III
to the country’s Sustainable Development
 Ownership : 63.97% stake owned by GoI.
Goals.
 Global Presence : Serve as customer base of ~
 Creating an environment of greener future for
165 million through over 70,000 touch points spread
across 17 countries in five continents.
mining operations, by introducing this technology,
 Digital Banking : Offers various banking products the company is not only addressing the pressing
and services through digital banking plateform. need for environmentally solutions but also
demonstrating its unwavering commitment to
T h u s , b o b E a r t h G r e e n Te r m d e p o s i t
supporting India’s ambitious climate action
scheme in contributing in enhancing its green plans.
financing portfolio to achieve the ESG Mandate  This electric dump truck reduce carbon
(Environmental, Social and Governance). emissions.

Semiconductor Chip Manufacturing in India
Article Index
l New Semiconductor in India l Semi-conductor and semiconductor chips l India semiconductor mission
l Worldwide semiconductor manufacturing and India's status
Only a few regions in the world currently possess  Electrical conductivity can be controlled and
the capability to manufacture semiconductor chips. modified by introducing impurities or applying
Due to disruptions in the supply chain caused by the electrical fields, making semiconductors
pandemic and recent geopolitical tensions, many
essential components in electronic devices such
companies and countries, including India, have come
as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits.
to understand the importance of investing in chip
manufacturing infrastructure. Taking a step in this  Silicon is the most commonly used
direction Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently semiconductor material, but other materials like
laid the foundation stone of three semiconductor gallium arsenide and germanium are also used
plants. It will also include country’s first commercial in specialized applications.
fabrication plant.
Semiconductor Chip
 A semiconductor chip, also known as an
About the Manufacturing Units
Integrated Circuit (IC) or microchip, is a tiny
Foundation Stone laid by: Prime Minister
electronic device made of semiconductor
Narendra Modi (Virtually)
Foundation Stone laid on: March 13, 2024 material, typically silicon.
Number of Units: 3 (at Morigaon)  It consists of many interconnected electronic
Location of units: One in Assam and two in components such as transistors, diodes,
Gujarat (at Dholera and Samand)
resistors, and capacitors fabricated on a single
Special: Includes country’s first commercial
fabrication plant
semiconductor wafer or substrate.
 Semiconductor chips serve as the building
About the Fabrication Unit blocks for various electronic devices, including
 The Tata Electronics Private Limited (TEPL) computers, smart phones, digital cameras, and
collaborated with Taiwan’s PSMC to establish
many other electronic systems.
a 300 mm (millimetre) wafer fabrication plant in
Gujarat, with plans to launch its initial 28 nm Transistors
(nanometer) chip in 2026.  Transistors, pivotal semiconductor components,
 Two assembly and test plants in Gujarat and
serve as switches and signal amplifiers on chips.
Assam have also been recently approved by the
Government of India. Integrated into single semiconductor chips, they
power various functions like WiFi in mobile
What is Semiconductor?
 A semiconductor is a material that has electrical devices. Their invention laid the groundwork for
conductivity between that of a conductor and an semiconductor revolution, earning Nobel Prizes
insulator. in 1956 and 2000.

India Semiconductor Mission (Semicon Where can the mot Chips be Manufactured?
India programme) Distribution of global semiconductor fabricating
 Launched in 2021 with a total financial outlay of capacity in 2022, by location*
Rs76,000 crore under the aegis of the Ministry
of Electronics and IT (MeitY) is part of the
comprehensive program for the development of
sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem
in the country.
 Following four schemes are introduced under the
aforesaid programme:
 Scheme for setting up of Semiconductor
Fabs in India provides fiscal support to eligible
applicants for setting up of Semiconductor
Fabs.
 Scheme for setting up of Display Fabs
in India provides fiscal support to eligible *300mm fabs
applicants for setting up of Display Fabs Source : SEMI 300mm Fab Outlook to 2026
which is aimed at attracting large investments
for setting up TFT LCD / AMOLED based S t a t u s o f I n d i a ’s S e m i c o n d u c t o r
display fabrication facilities in the country. Ecosystem
 Scheme for setting up of Compound
 The Indian semiconductor market was valued
Semiconductors / Silicon Photonics / Sensors at approximately $23.2 Bn and is projected to
Fab and Semiconductor Assembly, Testing, reach $80.3 Bn by 2028.
Marking and Packaging (ATMP) / OSAT  India is witnessing continuous rise in demand
facilities in India. for semiconductors.
 Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme  Apple Inc. is making and exporting billions
offers financial incentives, design
of dollars worth of iPhones from India, while
infrastructure support across various
Alphabet Inc.’s Google is preparing to also
stages of development and deployment of
assemble phones in the country this year.
semiconductor design for Integrated Circuits
 US memory maker Micron Technology Inc. set
(ICs), Chipsets, System on Chips (SoCs),
up a $2.75 billion assembly and testing facility in
Systems & IP Cores and semiconductor
linked design. Gujarat.
 Lam Research Corporation in Fremont has
Semiconductor Manufacturing committed to training up to 60,000 Indian
 Globally Chip market can be divided into three engineers in nano technologies over 10 years,
major sectors: Designing, Manufacturing and supporting India’s semiconductor education and
Assembling. workforce development goals.
 The leadership in Chip designing is with the US. Potential of India’s Semiconductor
The US firms currently make up 46 per cent Ecosystem
of global chip design sales and a remarkable  India is a prominent leader in semiconductor
72 per cent of chip design software and license chips design. It has almost a talent pool of
sales. 300000 design engineers.
 Designs are manufactured in countries like  However, India relies heavily on imports for
Taiwan, South Korea, Japan and China. advanced semiconductor chips but efforts are
 The assembling of these chips is done in underway to bolster domestic manufacturing
countries like China, Taiwan and South Korea. capabilities.
 China is miles ahead in this job with more  Initiatives like the “Make in India” campaign
factories and more assemble units, compared have encouraged investment in semiconductor
with India. fabs and research facilities.

 Collaborations with global semiconductor Conclusion
companies and government incentives are India possesses an unmatched talent pool and
driving progress in this sector. stands at a pivotal juncture where manufacturing can
 Indian semiconductor industry can become experience rapid and efficient growth. Furthermore,
major job creator. For e.g. semiconductor plant
the country has the intellectual prowess, resolve,
in Gujarat is expected to generate over 20,000
and capacity to establish itself as a prominent global
direct and indirect skilled jobs.
hub for research and development. It maintains a
 However, India is still in the early stages
steadfast focus on enhancing the semiconductor
of establishing a robust semiconductor
manufacturing ecosystem compared to countries industry, thereby fostering the expansion of its
like the United States, Taiwan, South Korea, burgeoning electronics manufacturing and innovation
and China. ecosystem.
New Oral Simplified Vaccine for Cholera : Euvichol-S

Article Index
l New oral Cholera Vaccine l Euvichol’s l Need of this Vaccine l Basic concept of Vaccines l Cholera
and its Prevention
The World Health Organisation (WHO) recently Why this vaccine?
prequalified a new oral cholera vaccine, Euvichol-S.  Currently, 23 countries are reporting cholera
It boasts comparable efficacy to current vaccines outbreaks with most severe impacts seen in the
but features a simplified formulation, facilitating Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
faster production expansion. WHO’s anticipates Ethiopia, Mozambique, Somalia, Zambia and
that, this pre-qualification will accelerate production Zimbabwe.
and distribution to communities in dire need during  Vaccines offer the quickest means to prevent,
cholera outbreaks. contain, and manage cholera outbreaks.

However, supplies have reached critically low
About the Vaccine levels in countries where other aspects of cholera
Name: Euvichol-S prevention and management, like access to safe
Oral Vaccine for: Cholera water and sanitation, are severely lacking.
Type : Inactivated vaccine  This new formulation can facilitate faster
Status: Pre-qualified by WHO production expansion.
Pre-qualified on: 12th April 2024 How does the vaccine work?
Other pre-qualified vaccines of same  Vaccines contain weakened or inactive parts of
family: Euvichol and Euvichol-Plus a particular organism (antigen) that triggers an
immune response within the body.
Euvichol-S : Key Points
 Euvichol-S is a simplified formulation of the oral Infection Disease
Immune Cure and
Pathogen
cholera vaccine (OCV) Euvichol-Plus which is response Protection
Toxins
already in pre-qualified list of WHO.
 The vaccine is being manufactured by South Antigens relevant for
protection Immune
Korea-based EuBiologics Co., Ltd. Vaccine Protection
response
Adjuvants : Control of
 Sole purpose of this formulation is to speed up
immune response
the production and reduce cost.

Characteristics of Vaccines
Types of vaccine Functionality Limitation
Inactivated vaccines  Inactivated vaccines use the killed version of the germ that  They don’t provide immunity
causes a disease. that’s as strong as live
 Some diseases against which inactivated vaccine are being vaccines, so over time
used are: Hepatitis A, Flu (shot only), Polio (shot only), booster dose is required.
Rabies
Live-attenuated  Use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ that  Because they contain a small
vaccines causes a disease. amount of the weakened
 They create a strong and long-lasting immune response. live virus, can create
 Used to provide protection against Measles, mumps, complication in people with
rubella (MMR combined vaccine),Rotavirus, Smallpox, weak immunity.
Chickenpox, Yellow fever  They need to be kept cool,
as they don’t travel well.
Messenger RNA  They contain genetic material, or mRNA that tell body to  mRNA is unstable and can
vaccines—also make proteins in order to trigger an immune response. be easily degraded
called mRNA  Benefit includes shorter manufacturing times.  Less effective than using
vaccines  They do not contain a live virus, no risk of causing disease DNA vaccines
in the person getting vaccinated.  Less safe as compared to
 mRNA vaccines are used to protect against: COVID-19 inactivated vaccines
 Strong immunogenicity, may
trigger unnecessary immune
response
Viral Vector Vaccine  These vaccines use a harmless virus to smuggle the  Prior exposure to the
instructions for making antigens from the disease-causing virus vector might trigger
virus into cells, triggering protective immunity against it. an immune response,
potentially diminishing
vaccine effectiveness.
 Scalability is an issue.
Subunit,  They use specific pieces of the germ - like its protein, sugar,  Booster doses are required
Recombinant, or capsid (a casing around the germ). in some cases
Polysaccharide, and  They give a very strong immune response.
Conjugate Vaccines  These vaccines are used to protect against: Hib
(Haemophilus influenzae type b) disease,Hepatitis B,
HPV (Human papillomavirus), Whooping cough (part of
the DTaP combined vaccine), Pneumococcal disease,
Meningococcal disease, Shingles
Toxoid Vaccines  They use a toxin (harmful product) made by the germ that  Booster shots are required
causes a disease. They create immunity to the parts of the to get ongoing protection
germ that cause a disease instead of the germ itself. against diseases
 Provide protection against: Diphtheria, Tetanus
What is Cholera?  How it spreads?

 Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection  A person may get cholera by drinking
caused by eating or drinking food or water water or eating food contaminated with the
that is contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholera bacterium.
cholerae. 
Bacteria are also present in the faeces of
 Researchers have estimated that each year infected for 1-10 days after infection. This
there are 1.3 to 4.0 million cases of cholera, means the bacteria are shed back into the
and 21 000 to 143 000 deaths worldwide due to environment, potentially infecting other
cholera. people.


Cholera transmission is closely linked to How Cholera can be controlled?
inadequate access to clean water and  Cholera is often predictable and preventable.
sanitation facilities. Typical at-risk areas It can ultimately be eliminated where access
include peri-urban slums, as well as camps to clean water and sanitation facilities, as well
for internally displaced persons or refugees. as good hygiene practices, are ensured and
 It is prominently a disease of poverty sustained for the whole population.
and conflict, unplanned urbanization and  Large scale adoption of Oral Cholera Vaccine is
climate change augment the problem anticipated in near future.
 Symptoms:
 Most common symptoms are profuse Cholera prevention in India
watery diarrhoea, vomiting and leg cramps.  As Cholera is directly associated with clean
 It takes between 12 hours and 5 days for a water, sanitation and hygiene , Government
person to show symptoms after consuming of India has been running various program to
contaminated food or water. improve their status.
 Treatment  Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) provisions of
 Most of those infected have no or mild providing potable water to every rural household
symptoms and can be successfully treated through tap water connection. As of January
with oral re-hydration solution. 2024, out of 19.27 Crore rural households in
 Severe cases need rapid treatment with the country, more than 14.21 Crore (73.76%)
intravenous fluids and antibiotics. households are reported to have tap water
What are the Initiatives to Curb Cholera? supply in their homes.
 A global strategy on cholera control, Ending  Swachh Bharat Mission is a country-wide
Cholera: A global roadmap to 2030, with a target campaign initiated by the Government of India
to reduce cholera deaths by 90% was launched on 2 October 2014 to eliminate open defecation
in 2017. and improve solid waste management and to
 Global Task Force for Cholera Control create Open Defecation Free villages.
(GTFCC): WHO revitalized the Global Task  In 2019, all villages of India were declared open
Force for Cholera Control (GTFCC) to strengthen defecation free.
WHO’s work in eradicating cholera.  Apart from these missions like AMRUT, Smart
 The purpose of the GTFCC is to support City, Accessible India etc also provide edge to
increased implementation of evidence-based developing infrastructure which give importance
strategies to control cholera. to hygiene and sanitation.
Submersible Platform for Acoustic Characterisation

and Evaluation (SPACE)
Article Index
l About SPACE Platform l Composition l Uses l Sonar principal l Uses of Sonar
Recently, a state-of-the-art Submersible Platform  Launched at: Underwater Acoustic Research

for Acoustic Characterisation and Evaluation Facility, Kulamavu in Idukki, Kerala
(SPACE) was inaugurated by Secretary, Department  Launched by: Dr Samir V Kamat (Secretary,
of Defence (R&D) and Chairman DRDO in Kerala.
Department of Defence (R&D) and Chairman
It is a premier testing and evaluation hub for
sonar systems destined for Indian Navy onboard DRDO)
various platforms including ships, submarines and  Intended for: Indian Navy
helicopters.  Use: Testing platform for sonar systems
About SPACE Platform  Set up by: Naval Physical & Oceanographic
 Launched on: April 17, 2024 Laboratory of DRDO

Composition of SPACE Platform  It will be used for survey, sampling, and data
 It will consist of two distinct assemblages - a collection of air, surface, mid-water, and
platform which floats on the water surface, and reservoir floor parameters using modern
a submersible platform which can be lowered to scientific instrumentation.
any depth upto 100 m using winch systems.  It will cater to the needs of data processing
 Its submersible platform makes it one of kind and sample analyses in modern, well equipped
facility in world. scientific laboratories which will further help
 Upon completion of operations, the submersible in revolutionizing Anti-Submarine Warfare
platform can be winched up and docked with the research capabilities.
floating platform.  It will prove a milestone in Indian Navy’s
technological prowess.
Uses
 It finds its primary uses in Anti Submarine What is SONAR (Sound Navigation and
Warfare research capabilities. Ranging)?
 The SPACE will mainly be utilised for evaluation  Technique for detecting and determining the
of complete sonar system, allowing for quick distance and direction of underwater objects by
deployment and easy recovery of scientific acoustic means. It is a device that uses the laws
packages such as sensors and transducers. of reflection of waves.
Projector generates Wave gets reflected Receiver picks

Active back by a target refelected wave and
a sound wave that
Systems object analyse it
spreads outward
Only receiving sensors Targets as a ship,

Types Passive
SONAR Systems that pick up the noise submarine, or
produced by the target torpedo
Require a projector
Accoustic
and receiver at both
Communication ends of the acoustic
Systems path
Uses of SONAR obstacles to ensure safe navigation. Commercial

 It’s utilized to estimate the distance and direction fishermen rely on it for locating fish.
of objects like vessels or submarines, and also  It’s employed in seafloor mapping and imaging.
functions as a depth finder.  The principles of SONAR are being adapted for
 It facilitates communication between submerged medical imaging, where high-frequency sound
submarines or between a submarine and a waves are directed at the body, and the resulting
surface vessel. echoes are used to create images known as
 It aids in the detection of mines and underwater sonograms.
GPS Spoofing
Article Index
l What is GPS Spoofing l Working l Satellite Based Navigation Systems
Recently in April, 2024 Israel reportedly used What is GPS Spoofing?
GPS spoofing against Iran’s missile targeting  GPS spoofing is a technique used to deceive
teams by jamming Global Positioning System a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver by
(GPS) navigation signals. Something like this also broadcasting false GPS signals.
happened during Kargil War when USA did the same  This can be done by generating signals that
to India. Therefore, the concept of GPS spoofing mimic authentic GPS signals but provide
should be understood as missilbe defence system. inaccurate location information.

Working purposes or simulating different scenarios
 GPS spoofing takes advantage of the without physically changing the location.
vulnerabilities within the GPS infrastructure,  Financial Fraud: It encompasses the
particularly the low signal strength of GPS manipulation of location-based services to carry
satellites. out fraudulent transactions.
 The operation of the Global Positioning System  National Security Threats: This includes the
relies on satellites transmitting signals to GPS deception of military or government agencies,
receivers on Earth. espionage, and infiltration risks.”
 These receivers determine their position by Satellite Based Navigation Systems
analyzing the timing of these signals.  A satellite-based navigation system is a system
 Yet, the frail signal strength of GPS satellites that utilizes satellites orbiting the Earth to provide
makes them susceptible to interference from positioning, navigation, and timing services to
counterfeit signals, leading to erroneous location users.
data being received by the device.  These systems rely on a constellation of satellites
that broadcast signals containing precise timing
and positioning information to receivers on the
ground, in the air, or at sea.
 The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the
most well-known satellite-based navigation
system, operated by the United States
government. Other notable systems include:
 GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite
System): Developed by Russia, GLONASS
operates similarly to GPS and provides global
coverage.
 Galileo: Developed by the European Union and
Spoofing can have various purposes, the European Space Agency, Galileo is designed
including: to be an independent global navigation satellite
 Security threats: It can be used as part of cyber system.
attacks to mislead navigation systems, leading  BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS):
to potentially dangerous situations for vehicles, Developed by China, BeiDou provides navigation
ships, or aircraft. services primarily to users in the Asia-Pacific
 Privacy Concerns: Spoofing can be used to region, with global coverage planned by 2020.
protect privacy by providing false location data Measures taken by India to Counter this
to location-based services or apps. threat
 Critical Infrastructure Disruption: This  India’s NavIC, formerly known as elaborate
involves disrupting essential services such as a little, developed by ISRO, offers accurate
power grids or transportation systems. positioning, navigation, and timing services
 Testing and Simulation: In controlled within India and up to 1500 kilometers beyond
environments, spoofing can be used for testing its borders.
World Cybercrime Index

Article Index
l About the Index l Methodology l Satellite Based Navigation Systems
A group of researchers from various countries hubs. The study ‘Mapping the global geography
has created the inaugural ‘World Cybercrime of cybercrime with the World Cybercrime Index’
Index,’ which assesses major sources of cybercrime has been published in the journal PLOS ONE. India
globally, ranking them to identify significant crime occupies 10th rank in this index.

About the Index  Ransomware: Malicious software that encrypts
 Name: World Cyber crime Index files on a victim’s computer until a ransom is paid,
 Published on: 10th April 2024 usually in crypto currency.
 Prepared by: University of Oxford, London and  Data Breach: Unauthorized access or exposure of
University of New South Wales, Australia sensitive or confidential information.
 Funded by: CRIMGOV, a European Union-  Cyber Attack: Deliberate exploitation of computer
supported project systems, networks, or technologies, often for
 India’s rank : 10th malicious purposes.
 Identity Theft: Unauthorized use of someone
Methodology else’s personal information for financial gain or
 An expert survey was conducted from March to other fraudulent activities.
October 2021.  Cybersecurity: Measures taken to protect
 Leading experts in cybercrime intelligence/ computer systems, networks, and data from
investigations worldwide were invited to unauthorized access or cyber attacks.
participate. In total 92 experts send the filled  Social Engineering: Manipulating individuals to
response to survey. divulge confidential information or perform actions
 The survey was anonymized and conducted that compromise security.
online.  Cyber Espionage: Covert activities conducted
 Participants were asked to consider five major in cyberspace to gather intelligence or sensitive
categories of cybercrime. information.
 They were tasked with nominating countries  Botnet: A network of compromised computers or
devices controlled by a single entity for malicious
they deemed significant sources of each type of
purposes, such as sending spam or launching
cybercrime.
distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks.
 Participants then rated each nominated country
according to the impact of the offenses Key findings from Study and Index
produced there, and the professionalism and  Cybercrime isn’t evenly distributed globally.
technical skill of the offenders based there. Specific countries serve as hubs for cybercriminal
 The scores for each type of cybercrime was activity, while others have minimal association
generated and then combined into an overall with serious cybercrime.
metric of cybercriminality by country: the World  T-Score calculated tells about the technical
Cybercrime Index (WCI). expertise of cybercriminal in country. Russia has
The five major categories of cybercrime highest score, followed by Ukraine, China and
assessed by the study were: North Korea.
 Technical products/services (e.g. malware  In terms of overall index Russia tops the list,
coding, botnet access, access to compromised followed by Ukraine, China, the USA, Nigeria,
systems, tool production). and Romania.
 Attacks and extortion (e.g. denial-of-service  India ranks 10th on the Index. It has low T-score
attacks, ransomware). of -6.02 and somewhat specializes in scams
 Data/identity theft (e.g. hacking, phishing, rather than high technical expertise cybercrime.
account compromises, credit card comprises).  USA ranks 4th and specialise in both technical
 Scams (e.g. advance fee fraud, business email and non-technical crimes.
compromise, online auction fraud).  It is estimated that cybercrime costs the
 Cashing out/money laundering (e.g. credit world around $9.22 trillion in 2024, and this is
card fraud, money mules, illicit virtual currency expected to grow to $13.82 trillion in 2028.
platforms). CYBERCRIME INDEX
Some Key terms related with Cybercrime (Ranking countries by cybercrime threat level)
Rank Country WCI Rank Country WCI
 Malware: Software designed to disrupt, damage,
Score Score
or gain unauthorized access to computer systems.
 Phishing: Fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive 1 Russia 58.39 11 Iran 4.78
information, such as passwords and credit card 2 Ukraine 36.44 12 Belarus 3.87
numbers, by disguising as a trustworthy entity in 3 China 27.86 13 Ghana 3.58

electronic communication. 4 United States 25.01 14 South Africa 2.58

5 Nigeria 21.28 15 Moldova 2.57 National Electronic Governance Division
6 Romania 14.83 16 Israel 2.51 (NeGD) launched Cyber Surakshit Bharat.
7 Noth Korea 10.61 17 Poland 2.22  This initiative aims to raise awareness about
8. United Kingdom 9.01 18 Germany 2.17 emerging cybercrimes and cybersecurity
9 Brazil 8.93 19 Netherlands 1.92
challenges across India.
10 India 6.13 20 Latvia 1.68
 Cyber Swachhta Kendra
#Countries ranked by their World Cybercrime Index (WCI) score,
 The is an initiative dedicated to identifying
according to the study. Image credit: Pippa Havenhand. and eliminating malicious botnet programs
from computers and devices.
India and its own Cyber security
 Offering free malware analysis tools, it
 As per NCRB, India saw a rise of 24.4 per cent
works to enhance the security posture of
in cybercrimes registered in 2022 compared to
systems and devices.
2021.
 National Critical Information Infrastructure
 Cybercrimes in India in 2023 resulted in a
Protection Center (NCIIPC)
staggering loss of Rs. 66.66 crore, with 4,850
 It is a central government body established
reported cases.
in 2014, safeguards crucial information
 A recent report by the Indian Cybercrime
vital for national security, economic growth,
Coordination Centre (I4C) revealed that digital
and public healthcare.
financial frauds accounted for a staggering Rs.
 It identifies critical sectors as: Power
1.25 lakh crore over the last three years.
& Energy; Banking, Financial Services
 Over the years government has taken various
& Insurance; Telecom; Transport;
steps to tackle the problem of cybercrime in the
Government; Strategic & Public Enterprises
country.
 National Cyber Security Strategy
Government Initiatives For Cybersecurity  It was conceptualized in 2020 by the Data
In India Security Council of India (DSCI) headed by
 Indian Computer Emergency Response Lt General Rajesh Pant.
Team (CERT-In)  The report focused on 21 areas to ensure a
 It plays a crucial role in managing safe, secure, trusted, resilient, and vibrant
cybersecurity incidents and coordinating cyberspace for India.
response efforts.  The National Cyber Security Policy of 2013
 Serving as the central agency for incident  It aims to create a secure cyberspace,
response, vulnerability management, and protect infrastructure, and develop
security oversight in India’s cyberspace. capabilities to counter cyberattacks.
 Cyber Surakshit Bharat  It plans to train 500,000 cybersecurity
 In line with the government’s “Digital India” professionals in 5 years and strengthen
vision, the Ministry of Electronics and laws for effective cybercrime prevention
Information Technology (MeitY) and the and prosecution.
Sustainable Hydrogel to Remove Microplastics

from Water
Article Index
l About the Hydrogel l What is Microplastic? l How does this Hydrogel works? l The hazards of
microplastic pollution l Microplastic Pollution Control and Associated Problems
Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science About the Hydrogel
(IISc) has recently announced that they have  Developed by: Suryasarathi Bose and Soumi
developed a sustainable hydrogel to address Dutta, Department of Materials Engineering,
the issue of microplastic pollution in water. This IISc
effort is in tandem with other countries as they are  Announced : April, 2024
implementing measures to mitigate microplastic  Developed for: treating issue of microplastic
pollution. pollution in water

What is Microplastic?
 Plastic debris that are less than five millimeters
in length are called “microplastics.”
 Microplastics have predominantly two sources
of origin.
 One is due to breakdown of larger plastic debris
into smaller and smaller pieces.
 Other source is microbeads which are
categorized as microplastics, consist of
minuscule pieces of synthetic polyethylene
added to personal care products like cleansers
and toothpastes for exfoliation.
 These minute particles can effortlessly bypass
Figure : Addressing microplastic contamination in water with
water filtration systems, ultimately reaching the engineered 3D pGel@IPN hydrogel (Image:Soumi Dutta)
ocean and Great Lakes, potentially endangering
marine life. The hazards of microplastic pollution
 Environmental Impact: Microplastics can
How does this Hydrogel works? accumulate in the environment, affecting
 Scientists have previously tried using filtering ecosystems on land and in water. They can
membranes to remove microplastics. However, disrupt habitats and harm wildlife through
the membranes can become clogged with these ingestion or entanglement.
tiny particles, rendering them unsustainable.  Health Risks: Microplastics have been found
 Instead, the IISc team led by Suryasarathi in the food chain, potentially exposing humans
Bose, Professor at the Department of Materials to harmful chemicals and toxins. The long-term
Engineering, decided to turn to 3D hydrogels. health effects of ingesting microplastics are still
 The novel hydrogel developed by the team being studied.
consists of three different polymer layers –  Bioaccumulation: Microplastics can be ingested
chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol and polyaniline. by small organisms and then bioaccumulate as
 These three layer which are intertwined together, they move up the food chain, leading to higher
make an Interpenetrating Polymer Network concentrations in larger animals, including those
(IPN) architecture. consumed by humans.
 Chemical Transport: Microplastics can absorb
 Scientists infused this matrix with nanoclusters
and transport pollutants, such as persistent
of a material called copper substitute
organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals,
polyoxometalate (Cu-POM).
potentially introducing these harmful substances
 These nanoclusters are catalysts that can use
into the food chain.
UV light to degrade the microplastics.
 Economic Costs: Microplastic pollution can
 The combination of the polymers and lead to economic losses in industries such as
nanoclusters resulted in a strong hydrogel with fisheries and tourism due to its impact on marine
the ability to adsorb and degrade large amounts ecosystems and coastal areas.
of microplastics.
Microplastic Pollution Control and
 The hydrogel exhibited high efficiency, removing
Associated Problems
about 95% and 93% of two different
 Microplastics, like larger plastic items, persist in
microplastic types at near-neutral pH levels.
the environment for hundreds or thousands of
Hydrogels years, causing significant harm.
 Hydrogel is a substance composed of a network  They’re easily visible on beaches as small,
of polymer chains that can absorb and retain a colorful plastic fragments mixed in with sand,
significant amount of water. and are frequently ingested by marine creatures.
 It’s often used in medical applications, such as  Storms, water runoff, and wind carry plastic
wound dressings and contact lenses, as well as in debris, including microplastics, into the oceans,
agriculture for soil conditioning and water retention. contributing to environmental pollution.

 Single-use plastics, like straws, are a major  In 2017, the United Nations passed a resolution
source of these pollutants. addressing microplastics, emphasizing the
 Microplastics have been found in marine life necessity of regulations to safeguard oceans,
ranging from plankton to whales, as well as in marine life, and human well-being from this
commercial seafood and drinking water. hazard.
 Standard water treatment processes struggle  In 2015 USA signed the Microbead-Free Waters
to remove all microplastic traces, and these Act of 2015, banning plastic microbeads in
particles can bind with other harmful chemicals cosmetics and personal care products.
in the ocean before being consumed by marine  Addressing these hazards requires concerted
organisms. efforts at various levels, from reducing plastic
 The potential harm of ingested microplastics to waste at the source to improving waste
human and animal health remains uncertain, management and developing alternative
prompting ongoing scientific investigation. materials.
C-Dome Air Defense system

Article Index
l What is C-Dome? l Key Points about Iron Dome System l India’s Air Defence Systems
Recently, Israel deployed its multi-layered air  The Iron Dome relies on three primary systems
defence system C-Dome for the first time to defend that collaborate to establish a protective shield
itself from a major attack, as Iran launched over 300 over the designated area of deployment.
armed drones and long-range missiles.  Radar: Equipped with detection and tracking
What is C-Dome? radar, the Iron Dome is capable of identifying
 The C-Dome is a naval adaptation of Israel’s incoming threats.
Iron Dome air defense system, developed to  Weapon Control: The system incorporates a
counter rocket and missile attacks at sea. battle management and weapon control system
 Unveiled in 2014 and declared operational in (BMC) to manage the interception process.
2022, the C-Dome shares technology with the  Missile Fire: Additionally, it features a missile
Iron Dome but is designed to be mounted on firing unit responsible for launching interceptors.
Sa’ar 6-class corvettes, German-made warships.  The BMC serves as the intermediary between
 Similar to the Iron Dome, the C-Dome utilizes the radar and the interceptor missile, facilitating
interceptors to neutralize incoming threats, but it
coordination and response.
is adapted for maritime environments.
 While the Iron Dome has its dedicated radar
system, the C-Dome integrates with the ship’s
Iron Dome
radar infrastructure to identify targets.
shield
 The integration of the C-Dome with the ship’s
radar enables full-circle protection for the vessel,
offering a high probability of intercept against 1. Enemy
a wide range of modern maritime and coastal artillery
threats.
Key Points about Iron Dome System 2. Detection & 3. Battle management
4. Missile
 It is Israel’s air missile defense system, designed tracking radar & control
firing unit
to protect against short-range rockets by
intercepting them within the country’s airspace,  The Iron Dome’s functionality extends to
has the capacity to successfully handle multiple countering various threats including rockets,
rockets concurrently. artillery, mortars, as well as aircraft, helicopters,
 Developed jointly by Rafael Advanced Defense and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs).
Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries, this  Since its activation in 2011, the Iron Dome has
system became operational in 2011. demonstrated an effectiveness of around 90%.

It operates by detecting short-range rockets 
It is developed by the Defence Research
with radars and destroying them using its own and Development Organisation (DRDO)
missiles. and produced by Bharat Dynamics Limited
India’s Air Defense systems (BDL).
 India possesses a range of air defense systems  Integrated Air Command and Control System
aimed at protecting its airspace and national (IACCS)
security interests. Here are some of the key air  The IACCS integrates various air defense
defense systems in India’s arsenal: assets, including radars, sensors, and
 Akash Missile System missile systems, into a centralized
 The Akash is a medium-range surface- command and control framework.
to-air missile (SAM)system designed to  It enables real-time monitoring of airspace,
intercept and destroy aerial threats such threat assessment, and coordination of air
as aircraft, helicopters, drones, and cruise defense operations.
missiles.  It is a milestone for India as it is an auto-
 It is capable of engaging targets at altitudes mated Air Defense Command and Control
up to 18 km and has a range of around 25- center for controlling and monitoring of Air
30 km. Operations by the Indian Air Force.
INTEGRATED AIR COMMAND & CONTROL SYSTEM
SALIENT FEATURES:
1. Multi Sensor Data Fusion
2. Flight Plan
3. Target Identification
4. Real Time RSAP
5. Surveillance
6. Threat Evaluation
7. Weapon Solutions for Interceptors
Gun Batteries & Missiles
 Barak Missile System 

It was jointly developed by India’s Defence
 The Barak is a versatile naval air defense Research & Development Organisation
system deployed on Indian warships to (DRDO) and Israel Aerospace Industries
defend against anti-ship missiles, aircraft, (IAI).
and drones.  Spyder Air Defense System

It is equipped with both surface-to-air and  The Spyder is a quick-reaction, mobile,
surface-to-surface missile capabilities. short-to-medium-range air defense system

designed to protect against aircraft, defense (BMD) system and is designed
helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles to intercept and destroy incoming
(UAVs), and precision-guided munitions. ballistic missiles during their terminal
 It utilizes Python and Derby missiles for phase.
interception.  It works in conjunction with the Prithvi Air
 It is developed by Rafael Advanced Defence (PAD) system to provide a layered
Defense Systems with assistance from
defense against ballistic missile threats.
Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI).
 Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) System
 MRSAM (Medium Range Surface-to-Air
 The PAD system is another key component
Missile) System
 The MRSAM is a joint development project of India’s ballistic missile defense (BMD)
between India’s DRDO (Defence Research architecture.
and Development Organisation) and Israel  It is designed to intercept ballistic missiles
Aerospace Industries (IAI). at higher altitudes during their mid-course
 It is designed to intercept aerial threats at and terminal phases.
medium ranges and is deployed to protect  It is developed by DRDO and is based
vital installations and assets. on the Prithvi missile, PAD is a two-stage
 AAD (Advanced Air Defence) System: missile with a maximum interception
 The AAD is part of India’s ballistic missile altitude of 80 km.
News in Short
of the Indian Space Research Organisation
World’s First “Miss AI” Contest
(ISRO) during the opening ceremony of the
 The world’s first artificial intelligence beauty
annual Space Symposium in Colorado.
pageant has been launched by The Fanvue
 This prestigious award is given annually by USA
World AI Creator Awards (WAICAs) recently.
 The pageant will see AI-generated ladies will based Space Foundation.
compete in front of a panel of judges, including  It is given to recognize extraordinary accom-
two AI influencers. plishments by a company, space agency, or
 The contestants will be judged based on their consortium of organisations in the realm of
looks, the heft they command online and the space exploration and discovery.
technical skill that went into creating them.  The award was established in 2004, in memory
 The AI influencers’ social clout will be assessed of John L. “Jack” Swigert, Jr., who was part of
based on their engagement numbers with fans, NASA’s Apollo 13 mission to the moon.
rate of growth of audience and utilisation of
platforms. Bhasha Net portal
 The beauty pageant has a prize money of  On 21 March 2024, Ministry of Electronics
$20,000. and Information Technology (MeitY) and
ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 Mission National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) have
Awarded the Prestigious John L. announced the launch of the BhashaNet portal
“Jack” Swigert, Jr. Award at the Universal Acceptance Day.
 The theme of the event was “BhashaNet:
 India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission team has been
Impetus Towards Universal Acceptance”.
presented with the prestigious 2024 John L.
‘Jack’ Swigert Jr. Award for Space Exploration  The BhashaNet portal is a joint initiative of the
on 8th April 2024. National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) and
 The award was received by India’s Consul the Ministry of Electronics and Information
General in Houston D.C. Manjunath on behalf Technology (MeitY).

Food Waste Index Report 2024
Article Index
 Introduction  About the Index  Key Highlights of Report  What is Food Waste?  Food Waste
Management  Key Facts related with Food Production and Food Loss  Food Loss in India  About
UNEP  Indepth Analysis of Food Waste  Way Forward
In a world of plenty, it is disheartening that millions  Another trend revealed by the data was that
still go to bed hungry. The statistics are staggering compared to urban areas, rural ones generally
up to 783 million people faced hunger in 2022 wasted less food, due to “greater diversion
worldwide. Recently, the Food Waste Index Report of food scraps to pets, livestock, and home
2024, was released that stressed the importance of composting”.
expanding and strengthening data infrastructure to  Noting that as of 2022, only 21 countries had
enable the tracking and monitoring of food waste. included food loss and/or waste reduction in
Key Points their climate plans or Nationally Determined
 Report Released by - Jointly by the United Contributions (NDCs).
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)  The report urged governments to “raise climate
and WRAP (Waste and Resources Action ambition by integrating food loss and waste” into
Programme), a UK based non-profit organization. their NDCs.
 Report released on - 27 March 2024 Food waste and climate change
Key Highlights  Detailing the link between food waste and
 The report, released ahead of the International climate change, the report found that food loss
Day of Zero Waste (March 30), noted that in and waste generated “8-10% of annual global
2022, there were 1.05 billion tonnes of food greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions”.
waste generated (including inedible parts),  It is almost 5 times that of the aviation sector
amounting to 132 kilograms per capita – and significant biodiversity loss by taking up
and almost one-fifth of all food available to the equivalent of almost a third of the world’s
consumers. agricultural land.
 Out of the total food wasted in 2022, 60%  It estimated the toll of both food loss and waste
happened at the household level, with food on the global economy at $1 trillion.
services responsible for 28%, and retail 12%,the
report observed. Backgrounder
Current Geographical situation What is Food waste?
 Hotter countries appear to generate more food  Food waste is food that is intended for human
waste per capita in households. consumption that is wasted and lost, and refers
 It is potentially due to higher consumption of not only to food that consumers don’t finish at
fresh foods with substantial inedible parts and a restaurants and are thrown out at home, but
lack of robust cold chains,” the report noted. also raw materials and produce that are lost in

the farming stage, harvesting processes, during Food Loss in India as per Food Waste
transportation, and storage. Index Report 2024
 Food waste can occur anywhere throughout the  Indian households waste 78.2 million tonnes
entire supply chain. of food every year despite India housing the
Food waste management world’s largest hunger-population.
 Food waste management refers to the  India housed 233.9 million out of world’s 783
systematic approach and the strategies million hunger—populations as per Global
implemented to handle and redirect food and Hunger Index 2023 report.
agricultural products for better purposes such  India ranked 111 out of 125 countries, indicating
as human consumption, animal feed, industrial a hunger severity level of “serious” for the
application, and other environmental benefits country.
 The waste management hierarchy is an  The report says the study of food wastage took
approach that focuses on prioritizing waste place in different pockets of Andhra Pradesh,
management practices with the goal to achieve Karnataka, Kerala, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand
sustainable waste management. in different periods of time by different
researchers.
1. Prevention  Kerala and Karnataka studies were conducted
2. Minimization by UN-Habitats. The report categorised India’s
3. Reuse food wastage data under ‘Medium Confidence’
4. Recycling which means data was of limited geographic
5. Recovery coverage and inadequate sample size and
6. Disposal difficult to track.
 Only four G20 countries (Australia, Japan, UK,
and USA) and the European Union have food
waste estimates suitable for tracking progress
to 2030.
 It establishes the order of waste management
options, from the most preferred to the least Indepth
preferred one: Reason for food waste in India
Key Facts related to Food Production Some of the major reason are -
and Food Loss  Overproduction, inadequate storage
facilities, poor transportation infrastructure,
As per Final Estimates, the estimated production and market preferences for specific varieties or
of major crops in India during 2022-23 is as under: appearances are some of the top reasons food
 Foodgrains – 3296.87 Lakh tonnes. goes to waste in India.
 Rice – 1357.55 Lakh tonnes.  Reasons for Food Wastage at the Household
 Wheat – 1105.54 Lakh tonnes. Level
 Nutri / Coarse Cereals – 573.19 Lakh  Careless attitude towards food
tonnes.  Considering a heavy plate as a symbol of
 Maize – 380.85 Lakh tonnes. prosperity.
 Pulses – 260.58 Lakh tonnes.  Increased food ordering through apps like
 Tur – 33.12 Lakh tonnes. Zomato and Swiggy.
 Gram – 122.67 Lakh tonnes.  Poor meal planning and impulse buying
 Oilseeds – 413.55 Lakh tonnes leading to overbuying and spoilage.
 Groundnut – 102.97 Lakh tonnes.  Food wastage at social gatherings like wedding
 Soyabean – 149.85 Lakh tonnes. functions has emerged as a big challenge.
 Rapeseed and Mustard – 126.43 Lakh  People prepare different varieties of food to
tonnes. show off, while consumption is very low, and
 Sugarcane – 4905.33 Lakh tonnes. the rest is simply thrown away.
 Cotton – 336.60 Lakh bales (of 170 kg each)  Social pressure to serve abundant food and
 Jute & Mesta – 93.92 Lakh bales (of 180 kg the fear of running short contribute to over-
each) preparation.

2. Creating a “Food Rescue” system :
Web-based system that matched locally
1. Measuring and tracking all food available food to local food needs and
storage : Businesses were encouraged volunteers
to use pre-existing food waste tracking
technology.
6. Changing Food Crops : The

Solution for 3. Promoting statewide consumer
food waste and producer waste education :
International Panel of Climate Change
Doing so will help people see the true
(IPCC) recommends producers and
value of the food they are purchasing.
farmers to consider a change in crops.
5. Educate producers : The primary 4. Building of food handling

goal for this solution is to educate infrastructure : This solution focuses
stakeholders on food donation incentives, on “upcycling” food that is already in the
legal protection etc. system.
Government initiative for Food Waste Banking Network, Food storage warehouse,
Management Mega Food Parks etc. which collects surplus
 Government of India has implemented food from hotels, restaurants, and other food
SAMPADA (Scheme for Agro-Marine establishments and distributes it to the needy.
Processing and Development of Agro-  The National Food Security Act, 2013 places
Processing Clusters) - the national policy an obligation on the government to deliver
for developing an integrated cold supply chain quality food at affordable prices to the poor. This
for agricultural products - in collaboration with places an indirect obligation on the government
public and private stakeholders. to reduce food wastage in order to achieve the
 Government has established the Indian Food mission’s objectives.
18 New Geo Parks to the Global Geoparks Network

UNESCO’s Executive Board recently approved
Backgrounder
the inclusion of 18 New sites into the UNESCO
Global Geo Park Network. Difference between Geoparks and World
Heritage Sites
Key point
 The main difference between a Geopark and
 New sites approved by : UNESCO
a world Heritage site is they have a strong
 New site approved on : March 27, 2024
commitment to directly benefit the local economy
Key Highlights and community.
 The New Geo Parks are situated in Brazil,  Geoparks play an active role in working with
China, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, stakeholders, communities and businesses on
Greece, Hungary, Poland, Portugal and Spain. sustainability, conservation and geology.
 There is an additional New Trans-boundary
National Geoparks
Geopark Spanning Belgium and the Kingdom
of Netherlands.  National Geoparks are regions with clearly
defined borders.
Geopark  Provide tangible examples to make the
A Geopark is a protected area with internationally development history of the planet earth
significant geology within which sustainable understandable.
development is sought and which includes  Some of the network from which UNESCO
tourism, conservation, education and research national Geoparks might be chosen are world
concerning not just geology but other relevant Heritage sites, man and Biosphere Programme
sciences. etc.

About Global Geopark Network  Current director General of UNESCO is Audrey
 It is non-profit International Association officially Azoulay.
established in 2014.  There is 213 UNESCO Global Geoparks in 48
 Global Geopark Network was founded as an countries.
International partnership developed under the  India is one of those countries which do not have
umbrella of UNESCO. a single Geopark registered and acknowledged
 Networking and collaboration among Global under UNESCO Global Geopark list.
Geopark is an important component of the GGN.  China have the most Global Geoparks.
Indepth Geopark and India

 The Indian Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
About UNESCO (INTACH) is in discussions to receive
 The United Nations Educational Scientific and
acknowledgment for a geopark in Visakhapatnam
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was born on which houses the Erra Matti Dibbalu (red sand
November 16, 1945. dunes), Borra caves etc.
 UNESCO has 194 members and 12 Associate
members and is Governed by the General About INTACH
conference and the Executive Board.  It was founded in 1984 with a vision to lead
 UNESCO headquarter is located in Paris, the discussion of conservation and Heritage
France. awareness in India.
UN World Water Development Report 2024

Recently, the United Nations World Water  Climate change is projected to increase the
Development Report 2024, published by UNESCO frequency and severity of these phenomena,
on behalf of UN-Water, highlights that tensions with acute risks for social stability.
over water are exacerbating conflicts worldwide. Girls and women are the first victims of
To preserve peace, States must boost international a lack of water
cooperation and trans-boundary agreements.  The first impact is the deterioration of living
Key Points conditions, leading to heightened food insecurity
 Report released by: United Nations Educational, and health risks.
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)  Water scarcity also has consequences on social
 Report released on : March 19, 2024 development, particularly for girls and women.
 Report released at : Paris, France The lack of water security has also been
Key Highlights identified as one of the drivers of migration.
 According to the new report published by  This displacement can, in turn, contribute to
UNESCO, on behalf of UN-Water, As of 2022, water insecurity by placing added strain on water
2.2 billion people still live without access to systems and resources in settlement locations,
safely managed drinking water and 3.5 billion thereby fuelling social tensions.
lack access to safely managed sanitation.  A study conducted in Somalia indicates a 200%
 The UN goal of ensuring this access for all by increase in gender-based violence against a
2030 is therefore far from being attained, and group of displaced people.
there is reason to fear that these inequalities An urgent need for trans-boundary
may continue to rise. agreements
 Between 2002 and 2021 droughts affected more  This water scarcity can increase the risk of
than 1.4 billion people. conflict. In the Sahel region, wetland degradation
 As of 2022, roughly half of the world’s population – often due to ill-advised water development
experienced severe water scarcity for at least projects – has exacerbated local disputes over
part of the year. access to water and productive land, causing
 while one quarter faced ‘extremely high’ tensions.
levels of water stress, using over 80% of  While approximately 40% of the world’s
their annual renewable freshwater supply. population lives in Trans-boundary River and

lake basins, only a fifth of countries have cross
Backgrounder
border agreements to jointly manage these
shared resources equitably. About The United Nations World Water
 Many trans-boundary basins are already located Development Report
in areas marked by current or past interstate  The United Nations World Water Development
tensions. Report is published by UNESCO on behalf of
UN-Water and its production is coordinated
Concrete progress in cooperation in
by the UNESCO World Water Assessment
several regions
Programme.
 In this context, cooperation on transboundary
 The report gives insight into the main trends
water management appears to be a powerful
lever for maintaining peace. concerning the state, use and management of
 By creating conditions for regular dialogue freshwater and sanitation, based on work by
between all parties and instituting the necessary Members and Partners of UN-Water.
legal frameworks, this cooperation has the  Launched in conjunction with World Water
potential to resolve most disputes relating to Day, the report provides decision-makers with
water, and therefore prevent the emergence or knowledge and tools to formulate and implement
exacerbation of wider-ranging conflicts. sustainable water policies.
World Air Quality Report, 2023

Article Index
lGist of article l Key Points l Key Highlights l World most polluted countries l World most polluted cities
lBackgrounder – IQ Air, Air quality index l In-depth analysis – air pollution and its impact on humans and
Various Initiatives undertaken by Government for mitigation of Air Pollution l Way Forward
India had the third worst air quality out of 134 3 India 54.4 53.3 58.1 51.9 58.1
countries in 2023 after Bangladesh and Pakistan 4 Tajikistan 49 46 59.4 30.9 –
according to the World Air Quality Report 2023. 5 Burkina Faso 46.6 63 – – –
Key points World’s most polluted cities

 Report published - March, 2024 Most polluted city ranking based on annual
 Report published by- Swiss organization IQAir average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m³)
Key Highlights
 Bihar’s Begusarai emerged as the world’s most
polluted metropolitan area while Delhi was
identified as the capital city with the poorest air
quality.
 With an average annual PM2.5 concentration
of 54.4 micrograms per cubic metre, India
had the third worst air quality out of 134 Backgrounder
countries in 2023 after Bangladesh (79.9 About IQAir
micrograms per cubic metre) and Pakistan (73.7  IQAir is a Swiss air quality technology company,
micrograms per cubic metre. specializing in protection against airborne
World’s most polluted countries pollutants, developing air quality monitoring and
Most polluted country ranking based on annual air cleaning products.
average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m³)  IQAir also operates AirVisual, a real-time air
quality information platform.
Rank
(in Country 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 About Air Quality Index
2023)  AQI as a yardstick that runs from 0 to 500. The
1 Bangladesh 79.9 65.8 76.9 77.1 83.3 higher the AQI value, the greater the level of air
2 Pakistan 73.7 70.9 66.8 59 65.8 pollution and the greater the health concern.

 For each pollutant an AQI value of 100 generally  They can be gases, solid particles, or liquid
corresponds to an ambient air concentration droplets.
that equals the level of the short-term national
Effects of Polluted Air on Humans
ambient air quality standard for protection of
 People experience a wide range of health effects
public health.
from being exposed to air pollution. Effects can
 AQI values at or below 100 are generally thought
be broken down into short-term effects and
of as satisfactory. When AQI values are above
long-term effects.
100, air quality is unhealthy: at first for certain
 Short-term effects, which are temporary, include
sensitive groups of people, then for everyone as
illnesses such as pneumonia or bronchitis.
AQI values get higher.
 They also include discomfort such as irritation to
Previous status of India the nose, throat, eyes, or skin.
 In 2023, India is ranked as the third most polluted  Air pollution can also cause headaches,
country with an average PM2.5 concentration of dizziness, and nausea.
54.4 micrograms per cubic metre.  Bad smells made by factories, garbage, or
 In 2022, India was ranked as the eighth
sewer systems are considered air pollution, too.
most polluted country with an average PM2.5
 These odors are less serious but still unpleasant.
concentration of 53.3 micrograms per cubic
 Long-term effects of air pollution can last for
metre.
years or for an entire lifetime.
 Begusarai stood out as the most polluted
 They can even lead to a person’s death.
metropolitan area globally with an average
 Long-term health effects from air pollution
PM2.5 concentration of 118.9 micrograms per
include heart disease, lung cancer, and
cubic metre.
respiratory diseases such as emphysema.
 Begusarai did not even figure in the 2022
rankings. Effects of Air Pollution on the Environment
 New Delhi’s PM2.5 levels worsened from 89.1  Like people, animals, and plants, entire
micrograms per cubic metre in 2022 to 92.7 ecosystems can suffer effects from air pollution.
micrograms per cubic metre in 2023.  Haze, like smog, is a visible type of air pollution
 The national capital was ranked the most that obscures shapes and colors. Hazy air
polluted capital city in the world four times on pollution can even muffle sounds.
the trot starting 2018.  Air pollution can directly contaminate the surface
In-depth Analysis of bodies of water and soil. This can kill crops or
reduce their yield.
Air Pollution and its importance on
 It can kill young trees and other plants.
Humans and Environment  Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide particles in
the air, can create acid rain when they mix with
Air Pollution Effect
water and oxygen in the atmosphere.
Cause Human Illness
 These air pollutants come mostly from coal-fired
Like — Pneumonia, Bronchitis etc.
power plants and motor vehicles.
Reduce crop yield
 When acid rain falls to Earth, it damages plants
Contaminate water and soil
by changing soil composition; degrades water
Acid Rain
quality in rivers, lakes and streams; damages
Raze, Smog
crops; and can cause buildings and monuments
 Air pollution consists of chemicals or particles to decay.
in the air that can harm the health of humans,  Like humans, animals can suffer health effects
animals, and plants. from exposure to air pollution. Birth defects,
 It also damages buildings. Pollutants in the air diseases, and lower reproductive rates have all
take many forms. been attributed to air pollution.

Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2024
Article Index
l Key Points l Key Highlights- plastic waste management rule 2024 & 2016 l Backgrounder- type of
plastic , Microplastic , Biodegradable plastic l In-Depth Analysis – plastic waste and its management and
Various Initiatives undertaken by Government for mitigation of plastic waste
Unlike other materials, plastic does not collect back system of plastic waste by the
biodegrade. It can take up to 1,000 years to producers/brand owners, as per extended
break down, so when it is discarded, it builds up producers responsibility.
in the environment until it reaches a crisis point. 
To introduce collection of plastic waste
To tackle plastic waste The Environment Ministry management fee through pre-registration
has introduced the Plastic Waste Management of the producers, importers of plastic carry
(Amendment) Rules 2024 to amend the Plastic bags/multilayered packaging and vendors
Waste Management Rules 2016. selling the same for establishing the waste
Key points management system.
 Rules introduced on - March 14,2024 
To promote use of plastic waste for road
 Rules introduced by- Ministry of Environment, construction as per Indian Road Congress
Forest and Climate Change guidelines or energy recovery, or waste to
oil etc.
Key Highlights
 Major Points of Plastic Waste Management Backgrounder
(Amendment) Rules 2024 Microplastics

Environment Ministry has introduced rules  Microplastics are defined as any solid plastic
that make it harder for makers of disposable particle insoluble in water, with dimensions
plastic ware to label such products as between 1 µm and 1,000 µm (1 µm is one-
’biodegradable’, introducing a stipulation thousandth of a millimetre).
that they must not leave any microplastics  In recent years, they have been reported as a
behind. major source of pollution affecting rivers and
 The amendment provides that the man- oceans.
ufacture of carry bags and commodities  There are multiple sources of microplastics in
shall be permitted to be made from com- the environment and it can come through water,
postable plastics or biodegradable plastics. soil, composting medium.
 The rules require the manufacturers of  The current standards [in India] only recommend
compostable plastic or biodegradable tests that can be done to determine the levels
plastic carry bags or commodities to of microplastics but don’t prescribe a definitive
obtain a certificate from the CPCB before test.
marketing or selling.
 Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016
In-depth Analysis
 Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, Plastic Waste Generation in India
in suppression of the earlier Plastic Waste  According to the reports for year 2017-18,
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2011. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has
 Objective of the Plastic Waste Management estimated that India generates approximately
Rules 2016 9.4 Million tonnes per annum plastic waste,
 Increase minimum thickness of plastic carry (which amounts to 26,000 tonnes of waste per
bags from 40 to 50 microns and stipulate day).
minimum thickness of 50 micron for plastic  Out of this approximately 5.6 Million tonnes per
sheets also to facilitate collection and annum plastic waste is recycled (i.e. 15,600
recycle of plastic waste, tonnes of waste per day) and 3.8 Million tonnes
 Expand the jurisdiction of applicability from per annum plastic waste is left uncollected or
the municipal area to rural areas, because littered (9,400 tonnes of waste per day)
plastic has reached rural areas also.  Out of the 60% of recycled plastic 70% is
 To bring in the responsibilities of producers recycled at registered facilities , 20% is recycled
and generators, both in plastic waste by Unorganized Sector and 10% of the plastic is
management system and to introduce recycled at home.

these rules, need to establish a system for
Plastic Waste Impact collecting back the plastic waste generated
due to their products.
4. Phasing out of manufacture and use of non-
Economic Implication for recyclable multi-layered plastic
Losses Animals & Human
Land Pollution  Manufacture and use of non-recyclable
multi-layered plastic if any should be
Ground Water phased out in two years’ time.
Air Pollution
Pollution 5. Responsibility of waste generator
 All institutional generators of plastic waste,
Plastic Waste Management shall segregate and store the waste gener-
1. Most favoured option for plastic waste ated by them in accordance with the Solid
management is Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Waste Management Rules, and handover
Recovery. segregated wastes to authorized waste
processing or disposal facilities or deposi-
tion centers, either on its own or through
the authorized waste collection agency.
6. Responsibility of local bodies and Gram
Panchayat
 The local bodies shall be responsible
for setting up, operationalisation and co-
ordination of the waste management system
and for performing associated functions.
7. Reuse of plastic waste
2. Increase in the thickness of carry bags and  The options on reuse of plastic in various
plastic sheets applications namely, road construction,
 Increasing the thickness of plastic carry waste to oil, waste to energy will enhance
bags from 40 to 50 micron and stipulation the recycling of plastic.
of 50 micron thickness for plastic sheets is 8. Land for waste management facility
likely to increase the cost by about 20 %.  The responsibility to provide land for
3. Collect back system establishing waste management facility
 The producers, importers and brand owners has been made to the Department with
who introduce the plastic carry bags, multi- business allocation of land allotment in the
layered plastic sachet, or pouches, or State Government. This would eliminate
packaging in the market within a period of the issue of getting land for the waste
six months from the date of publication of management facility.
India’s First Small-Scale LNG Unit in Madhya Pradesh

Article Index
 Gist of Article  Key points  Key highlights  Backgrounder – about CNG, SSCNG, Difference between
CNG and LNG IN-Depth Analysis
Recently Union Minister for Petroleum and Key Highlights
Natural Gas Hardeep Singh Puri dedicated to the  The Minister Hardeep Singh Puri dedicated to
nation India’s first small-scale liquefied natural gas the nation 201 CNG Stations and India’s first
(SSLNG) unit at GAIL (India) Ltd’s Vijaipur complex
Small Scale LNG Unit of GAIL.
in Madhya Pradesh.
 As per Minimum work plan submitted by
Key Points
City Gas Distribution (CGD) entities of GAIL,
 India’s first small-scale liquefied natural gas
(SSLNG) unit launched at - GAIL (India) Ltd’s the Minister noted that the country will have
Vijaipur complex in Madhya Pradesh. around 17,500 CNG stations and around
 SSLNG unit launched by- Union Minister for 120 million PNG(Domestic) connections by
Petroleum and Natural Gas Hardeep Singh Puri 2030.

its primary energy mix to 15% by 2030 from a
Backgrounder little more than 6% at present.
Difference between CNG and LNG  This is because natural gas is far less polluting
 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is made by than conventional hydrocarbons like coal and
compressing natural gas to 1/100th of its normal oil; it is also cheaper than oil, more than 85%
volume. of India’s requirement for which is met through
 Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a process where costly imports.
natural gas is cooled to a liquid 1/600th the  Natural gas is seen as a key transition fuel in
volume of natural gas. India’s journey towards green energy and future
 Both processes allow natural gas to be more fuels.
easily stored and transported.  However, a major challenge in scaling up gas
consumption lies in the transportation of gas to
What exactly is SSLNG? places that are not connected by the country’s
 There is no standard definition of this still globally natural gas pipeline grid — a problem that also
nascent industry. hinders the use of LNG directly as fuel for long-
 But basically, SSLNG refers to the liquefaction haul trucks and inter-city buses.
of natural gas and its transportation using  The SSLNG chain can start from a large-scale
unconventional means in a significantly smaller- LNG import terminal from where the LNG,
scale operation than the usual large-scale instead of being regasified and supplied through
liquefaction, regasification, and transportation pipelines, can be transported to consumers by
infrastructure and processes. cryogenic road tankers or small vessels.
 The chain can also start at locations with ample
In-Depth Analysis
natural gas supply or production, where small
Why small-scale LNG? liquefaction plants can be set up.
 The government has been pushing for the  The SSLNG unit at Vijaipur, which is GAIL’s
adoption and use of natural gas across sectors, largest gas processing facility, is an example of
and aims to increase the share of natural gas in the latter kind of location.
News in Short
 One synthesis report consolidates findings from
IPCC Reports and Equity in Climate the three Working Group reports. Then there are
Change Mitigation thematic special reports.
In a recent study researchers analysed more  Each report assesses climate-related scientific
than 500 future emissions scenarios the UN literature to capture the state of scientific,
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) technical, and socio-economic knowledge on
assessed in its latest reports. These scenarios relate climate change.
to mitigation actions like reducing carbon dioxide  The IPCC is currently in its Seventh Assessment
emissions from burning fossil fuels and increasing cycle (AR7).
carbon sequestration through forestry.
Key points Backgrounder
 Research study published on - March 4, 2024 About Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
 Research study is based on - UN Change (IPCC)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
(IPCC) reports Change(IPCC), consisting of the world’s leading
 Major findings of report- It found that across
climate scientists.
all 556 scenarios, income, energy-use, and
 Created in 1988 by the World Meteorological
emissions disparities between developed and
developing countries are projected to continue Organization (WMO) and the United Nations
up to 2050. Environment Programme (UNEP).
 The objective of the IPCC is to provide govern-
Key Highlights
ments at all levels with scientific information that
What are IPCC assessment reports? they can use to develop climate policies.
 Typically, IPCC reports comprise three Working  The IPCC currently has 195 members.
Group reports: one on physical science, one on Thousands of people from all over the world
climate adaptation, and one on mitigation action. contribute to the work of the IPCC.

 The IPCC has been instrumental in creating a  The recommended guidelines shall be submitted
broad, evidence-based consensus on the link to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
between human activity and climate change, Climate Change for concurrence.
and its impacts, future risks, and options for Objectives of Battery Waste Management
adaptation and mitigation.  Promoting circular economy by recycling and
How Much Is Earth’s Climate Changing ensuring environmentally sound management
Right Now? of waste batteries.
 Some parts of Earth are warming faster than  Promoting new industries and entrepreneurship
others. in the collection and recycling/refurbishment of
 But on average, global air temperatures near waste batteries.
Earth’s surface have gone up about 2 degrees  Implementing the polluter pays principle through
Fahrenheit in the past 100 years. EPR Reducing the dependency on new raw
 In fact, the past five years have been the materials and saving natural resources.
warmest five years in centuries. About Battery Waste Management Rules,
 Many people, including scientists, are concerned 2022
about this warming.  Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022 has
 As Earth’s climate continues to warm, the replaced the Batteries (Management and
intensity and amount of rainfall during storms Handling) Rules, 2001
such as hurricanes is expected to increase.  The rules cover all types of batteries, viz. Electric
 Droughts and heat waves are also expected to Vehicle batteries, portable batteries, automotive
become more intense as the climate warms. batteries and industrial batteries.
 When the whole Earth’s temperature changes  The rules function based on the concept of
by one or two degrees, that change can have Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) where
big impacts on the health of Earth’s plants and the producers (including importers) of batteries
animals, too. are responsible for collection and recycling/
Battery Waste Management (Amendment) refurbishment of waste batteries and use of
recovered materials from wastes into new batteries.
Rules, 2024
Recently, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Captive Elephant (Transfer or
Climate Change (MoEFCC) issued the Battery Waste Transport) Rules, 2024
Management (Amendment) Rules, 2024 to further Recently The Centre has notified a set of rules
amend the Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022. called the Captive Elephant (Transfer or Transport)
Key Points Rules, 2024 that liberalise the conditions under which
 Rule issued on - March 14, 2024 elephants may be transferred within or between
 Rule issued by- The Ministry of Environment, states.
Forest and Climate Change New Rule
Key Highlights  Until August 2022, the Wildlife Protection Act
 The Central Pollution Control Board shall fix explicitly prohibited the trade in wildlife including
the highest and the lowest price for Extended both wild and captive elephants.
 However amendments to the Act brought in an
Producer Responsibility certificates which shall
exemption that for the first time allowed captive
be equal to 100% and 30%, respectively of the
elephants to be transferred.
Environmental Compensation leviable on the
 A Parliamentary Committee, led by Congress
obligated entities for non-fulfilment of Extended
Rajya Sabha MP, Jairam Ramesh, had
Producer Responsibility obligations as deter-
recommended the deletion of this exemption
mined by the Central Pollution Control Board. clause for elephants – providing only an
 The Central Pollution Control Board shall prepare exemption for elephants owned by temple trusts
and recommend guidelines for imposition and and argued that a “careful balance” between
collection of Environmental Compensation from traditions and conservation was needed.
producers and entities involved in refurbishment  The final version of the amended act, however
and recycling of waste battery, in case of non- retains the clause on allowing the movement of
compliance of these rules. The Central Pollution captive elephants.
Control Board may consult the Committee for  However only animals with an existing certificate
Implementation constituted under rule 15. of ownership may be moved.
Arvind Kejriwal
Persons in News  Arvind Kejriwal became the first
,
sitting Chief Minister to get arrested
NATIONAL  The Enforcement Directorate (ED)
Vinay Kumar arrested Delhi Chief Minister Arvind
 Vinay Kumar, an Indian Foreign Kejriwal in the liquor policy scam under the
Service officer of the 1992 batch, Prevention of Money Laundering Act, of 2002.
has been named as the next  AIADMK chief J Jayalalithaa was the first former
Ambassador of India to Russia. CM to get arrested in 1996.

 Kumar currently holds the position M.V. Rao
of Ambassador of India to Myanmar. The Ministry  Central Bank of India chief executive
of External Affairs (MEA) said in a statement that M V Rao elected as Indian Banks’
he is expected to take up the new assignment Association Chairman.
shortly.  Rao has been elected as IBA
C.P. Radhakrishnan Chairman for the term 2023-24 at a meeting of
 President Droupadi Murmu on the Managing Committee of IBA held in March
March 19 gave Jharkhand 2024..
Governor C.P. Radhakrishnan Bina Agarwal and James Boyce
additional charge of  Bina Agarwal and James Boyce have been
Telangana and Puducherry recognized for their groundbreaking work on
after accepting the resignation of Tamilisai global inequalities, receiving the prestigious
Soundararajan who had stepped down from – and inaugural – Global Inequality Research
these posts. Award (GiRA).
 On March 18, Tamilisai Soundararajan resigned
 Bina Agarwal (University of
from the post
Manchester), an economist,
Prabha Varma is the author of pioneering
 Renowned Kerala poet and work on gender inequalities,
litterateur Prabha Varma has environmental governance,
won the ‘33rd Saraswati Samman feminist environmentalism and environmental
for 2023’ for his work ‘Roudra inequalities.
Sathwikam’,.  James K. Boyce (University of Massachusetts
 The award instituted by the KK Birla Foundation Amherst), an economist, is the author of seminal
in 1991 is recognized as the “most prestigious work on the relationship between
and the highest literary award in the country. social inequality and environmental
 ‘Roudra Sathwikam’, a poetic work in degradation and has made a major
Malayalam, was published in 2022 and it has contribution to structuring the field of
won the ‘Saraswati Samman-2023’. environmental political economy.
Abhay Thakur  He replaced A.S Rajeev, who has been
recently appointed a Vigilance Commissioner
 Abhay Thakur presently Officer
on Special Duty in the Ministry, in the Central Vigilance Commission by the
has been appointed as the next government of India
Ambassador of India to the Republic Kamal Kishore
of the Union of Myanmar.
 The Head of India’s National
 He is a 1992-batch officer of the Indian Foreign
Disaster Management Authorities
Service (IFS).
 He had participated in the G20 Development Kamal Kishore has been appointed
Working Group Meeting in Brasilia, Capital of the United Nations Assistant
Brazil, current chair of the G20. Secretary-General and UN Secretary–General’s
Special Representative for Disaster Risk
Hansa Mishra
Reduction on March 27th, 2024.
 Hansha Mishra, an officer of  He succeeds Mami Mizutori of Japan, who
the Indian Audit and Accounts led the United Nations Office for Disaster
Service (IA&AS) from the 2010
Risk Reduction (UNDRR) between 2018 and
batch, has been appointed
2023 and who successfully engaged all DRR
as Director in the Union Public Service
stakeholders, especially civil society groups
Commission (UPSC), Delhi.
such as women, youth and the media.
 Her appointment comes after she was
recommended for central deputation by the Vineet Jain
Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India.
 Times Group Managing Director
Ritu Raj Awasthi Vineet Jain has been honored with
 Justice Ritu Raj Awasthi sworn in as the Lifetime Achievement Award
a judicial member, Lokpal in March 2023 by the jury of Exchange4
2024. Media News Broadcasting Awards (ENBA).
 The oath was administered  This award is given for his “incomparable
by Justice A.M. Khanwilkar,
contribution to the Indian television news
Chairperson, Lokpal of India.
landscape”.
 Pankaj Kumar and Ajay Tirkey took oath as
member, of Lokpal Shri Pankaj Kumar and Shri Mirabai Chanu
Ajay Tirkey took oath as members, of Lokpal.  Mirabai Chanu has become the sole
Sadanand Vasant Date Indian weightlifter who qualified for
 Sadanand Vasant Date, who the Paris Olympics 2024 on 1st April
bravely fought terrorists during the 2024.
26/11 Mumbai attack, took over  At the IWF World Cup in Phuket, Thailand, the
as of the National Investigation 29-year-old Olympic silver medalist finished
Agency (NIA) on, March 31, 2024. third in Group B of women’s 49kg, earning 11th
 Before joining the NIA, Date was serving as place overall
the chief of Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS) in
Rohan Bopann
Maharashtra.
 On March 30, Rohan Bopanna
Nidhu Saxena
and his Australian partner Matthew
 Bank of Maharashtra appointed Nidhu Saxena
Ebden topped the men’s doubles
as the managing director & chief final of the Miami Open in a historic
executive officer (MD & CEO) win.
of the bank for a period of three  The Indo-Australian pair won the title by
years effective from March 27, defeating Croatia’s Ivan Dodik and America’s
2024. Austin Krajicek 6-7, 6-3, 10-16.

Dr. Karthik Kommuri Harendra Singh
 Dr. Kommuri was awarded the title  After Janneke Schopman quit
of prestigious Overseas Dental as the head coach of Indian
Specialist (Orthodontics and women’s hockey, Harendra Singh
Orofacial Pain) at the National was appointed as coach of Indian
Fame Awards 2024 held at The women’s hockey.
 Harendra Singh winner of the Dronacharya
Club, Mumbai.
award has coached various Indian teams,
 Reputably known for providing outstanding
including the senior men’s hockey team
patient care, Dr. Karthik Kommuri is a great
example of modern orthodontics and dentistry Sachidananda Mohanty
practices.  Sachidananda Mohanty former vice chancellor
Santosh Kumar Jha of Central University of Odisha, has
been appointed as a member of
 Santosh Kumar Jha, an Indian the University Grants Commission
Railway Traffic Services (IRTS) (UGC)
officer of 1992 batch, took charge  He has been appointed for three
as the Chairman and Managing years with immediate effect.
Director (CMD) of Konkan Railway Jagjit Pavadia
Corporation Ltd., (KRCL) on April 1, 2024.
 India has been elected to several key bodies
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi at the United Nations, including a
 Abdel Fattah el-Sisi has been sworn significant victory by its nominee
in as President of Egypt . Jagjit Pavadia who was re-elected
 It is his 3rd term as President. for a third term to the International
 In 2013, El-Sisi came to power after
Narcotics Control Board after
garnering the highest number of
overthrowing Mohammed Morsi,
votes.
the country’s first popularly elected president.
 In 2018, he was re-elected. He had won both Sanjay Shukla
the last elections with 97% votes  Sanjay Shukla has been appointed as the
Rakesh Mohan Managing Director (MD) of
the National Housing Bank (NHB)
 The World Bank Group has in April 2024.
appointed former Reserve Bank  Currently, he is the Managing
of India deputy governor Rakesh Director and CEO of Housing
Mohan member of the Economic Finance at Centrum India.
Advisory Panel.
Nalin Negi
 Currently, Mohan is serving as president
emeritus and distinguished fellow at CSEP  Fintech major BharatPe has
and is also a part-time member of the Prime elevated Nalin Negi as its chief
Minister’s Economic Advisory Council. executive officer, after more than
a year after he took over as interim
Manoj Panda
CEO and CFO on April 16, 2024.
 Manoj Panda, former director at  Negi was given charge of interim
the Institute of Economic Growth CEO in January 2023 after then CEO Suhail
appointed as a full-time member of Sameer stepped down from the post.
the 16th Finance Commission.
Gopi Thotakura
 The Government had constituted
the Commission on December 31, and named  Entrepreneur and pilot Gopi
former Niti Aayog vice chairman and Columbia Thotakura is set to become first
University professor Arvind Panagariya as its Indian to venture into space as a
chairman. tourist.

 He will be part of the NS-25 mission of Blue Ajith Kumar
Origin — a company founded by Jeff Bezos.  The Reserve Bank of India has
 He has been selected as one of the six crew approved the appointment of
members for the mission. Ajith Kumar K.K as the Managing
 Thotakura would be the second Indian to go into Director & CEO of Dhanlaxmi
space. Rakesh Sharma was the first Indian to Bank for three years with effect
go into space in 1984 from the date of taking charge.
Sheikh Ahmed Abdullah Al-Ahmad Al-  Presently, Kumar is the Chief Human Resources
Sabah Officer in Federal Bank in the cadre of the
President.
 Kuwait’s Emir has appointed
Sheikh Ahmad Abdullah al-Ahmad
D. Gukesh
al-Sabah as the new prime minister  Grandmaster Gukesh Dommaraju
of Kuwait. created history by becoming
 This decision follows the resignation the youngest person to win
of former Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammad the prestigious Candidates
Tournament.
Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah on April 7.
 He earned the right to challenge
Dinesh Kumar Tripathi for the world championship crown in 2024.
 Vice Admiral Dinesh Kumar  17-year-old Gukesh emerged as the sole leader
at the end of the thrilling 14-round Candidates
Tripathi was appointed as the next
Tournament in Toronto, Canada.
Chief of the Naval Staff.
 He succeeds Admiral R. Pavuluri Subba Rao
Hari Kumar who retires upon  Ananth Technologies Founder,
superannuation after over 40 years of service. CEO and Chairman Pavuluri
Subba Rao has been conferred
Deepika Soreng
with the ‘Aryabhatta Award’
 Deepika Soreng, an India instituted by the Aeronautical
Women’s Hockey Team Society of India (ASI).
player, won the Asunta Lakra  He was also presented with ASI’s ‘Distinguished
Award. Fellow’ title and received the award in recognition
 She made her debut for India in of Rao’s “tremendous lifetime contribution to the
the Women’s Junior Asia Cup. She helped the promotion of space science in India”.
Indian team to win the Gold medal by scoring 7 Rezwana Choudhury
goals in 6 matches.  Renowned Bangladeshi singer
Mohammed Salem Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya
received the prestigious Padma
 Reuters photographer Mohammed
Shri Award.
Salem won the prestigious 2024
World Press Photo of the Year Ratan Tata
award on April 18 for his image  Mr Ratan N Tata, Chairman of Tata Trusts,
of a Palestinian woman cradling has been conferred with the prestigious KISS
the body of her five-year-old niece in the Gaza Humanitarian Award 2021, in recognition of his
Strip. unwavering commitment to social
 The picture was taken on Oct. 17, 2023, at development and exemplary
Nasser Hospital in Khan Younis in southern leadership.
Gaza, where families were searching for  The award ceremony was held
relatives killed during the Israeli bombing of the on April 22, 2024, at Mr Tata’s
Palestinian enclave. residence in Mumbai.

Srini Pallia Vo Van Thuong
 Srini Pallia has been appointed  Vietnamese President Vo Van
as the next chief executive officer Thuong has resigned one year
(CEO) of Wipro. after his election.
 Mr. Thuong is the second president
 After the resignation of
to resign in two years amid an anti-
Thierry Delaporte, Wipro corruption crackdown.
has appointed Srinivas Pallia as its new
Vaughan Gething
CEO.
 He took over as the CEO and managing director  Vaughan Gething has been
elected the first minister of Wales.
on April 7.
He became the first Black leader
 In July 2020, Thierry Delaporte was
of a government in the U.K.
appointed as Wipro’s CEO and managing  He is elected government leader
director. by members of the Welsh parliament. He
Dr. Gagandeep Kang secured 27 of 51 votes in the Legislature.
 Dr. Gagandeep Kang, Director

Juan Vicente Perez
of Global Health at the Bill and  Venezuelan Juan Vicente Perez
Melinda Gates Foundation, has Mora, certified in 2022 by Guinness
World Records as the oldest man in
been selected for the prestigious
the world, passed away on April 2,
John Dirks Award in global
2024.
health.  Perez was officially confirmed as the oldest man
 It is the most well-recognized global health alive on February 4, 2022, when he was 112
award. years and 253 days old, according to Guinness.
 The John Dirks Award in global health is Luís Montenegro
awarded by the Gairdner Foundation in
 Center-right leader Luís
Canada.
Montenegro was sworn in as
INTERNATIONAL Portugal’s new prime minister in
Lisbon’s Ajuda Palace April 2, 2024.
Judith Suminwa Tuluka  The Democratic Alliance (AD)
 Democratic Republic of Congo’s coalition won the March 10 election by a slim
President Felix Tshisekedi has margin over the incumbent Socialist Party (PS).
appointed Judith Suminwa Peter Higgs
Tuluka as the country’s first-ever  British physicist Peter Higgs
female prime minister on April 1, passed away at the age of 94.
2024.  He gave a theory on the existence
 she takes over as prime minister from Jean- of the Higgs boson particle, also
Michel Sama Lukonde known as the “God’s particle”.
 He served as a professor for nearly
Leo Varadkar
five decades at the University of Edinburgh.
 Ireland’s Indian-origin Prime Simon Harris
Minister Leo Varadkar, resigned
 Ireland’s parliament has elected
from his post.
Simon Harris as the country’s
 Leo Varadkar was born in Ireland
new and youngest-ever prime
to a Mumbai-born father and an minister, to succeed Leo Varadkar
Irish mother. on April 9, 2024.
 He became Ireland’s youngest and first openly  The Irish Parliament voted 88 to
gay Prime Minister at the age of 38. 69 in favor of Mr Harris.

Bjarni Benediktsson  The move aims to promote unity among the
three services ahead of the establishment of a
 Bjarni Benediktsson has been
unified theater command.
appointed as Prime Minister of
Iceland. Lakshadweep
 He was appointed as Prime Minister  Private lender HDFC Bank opened a branch at
After the resignation of Katrín Kavaratti Island in Lakshadweep, making it the
Jakobsdottir only private sector bank to have a branch in the
 Benediktsson previously served as foreign Union Territory.
minister. Katrín Jakobsdottir stood down
following more than six years in office.
Telangana
 Three new archaeological sites have been
Lindy Cameron
discovered in Telangana.
 THE UNITED Kingdom appointed  A team of archaeologists discovered a unique
Lindy Cameron as the first woman Iron Age megalithic site at Ooragutta near
British High Commissioner to India Bandala village in SS Tadvaimandal of Mulugu
on April 11, 2024. district, Telangana.
 She replaced Mr Alex Ellis CMG,  The site was discovered by a team comprising K
who will be transferring to another Diplomatic P Rao and Ch Praveen Raju.
Service appointment.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
 Ellis will be Britain’s next ambassador to
Spain.  Seven members of this particularly vulnerable
tribal group (PVTGs) of the Great Nicobar
Kristalina Georgieva
Islands voted for the single Lok Sabha seat in
 The Executive Board of the the UT.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)  Voting was held on April 19th ,2024
on April 12, 2024 selected Kristalina  In addition to voting, they also posed for selfies
Georgieva to serve as IMF Managing at polling station 411, which is named as
Director for a second five-year term ‘Shompen Hut’.
starting on October 1, 2024.  Based on data from the 2011 Census, the
 The Board’s decision was taken by consensus. estimated population of Shompen is 229.
 Georgieva is the second woman to head the IMF
and the first person from an emerging market INTERNATIONAL
economy Schengen area of Europe
Squadron Leader  Bulgaria and Romania have partially joined
 Squadron Leader DS Majithia Europe’s Schengen area of free movement.
passed away at the age of 103 on  In 2023, both countries reached an agreement
April 15, 2024. to join the Schengen area. It will allow free
 DS Majithia was oldest retired Indian movement by air, and sea.
Air Force (IAF) fighter pilot.  However, land border checks will remain in
 DS Majithia flew aircraft like Gypsy Moth, Wapiti, place due to opposition primarily from Austria.
Hart, Audax, and Atlanta.  The Schengen Area formed in 1985 allows more
than 400 million people in the European Union
Places in News 
to travel freely without internal border controls.
The Schengen zone now comprises 29
members, of which 25 are EU members.
NATIONAL  Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein
Mumbai are also part of the Schengen area of Europe.
 Mumbai is being established by the armed Singapore

forces as the country’s first “tri-service common  On April 2, Singapore reportedly ruled out hosting
defense station” for the Army, Navy, and Indian the 2026 Commonwealth Games, putting the
Air Force (IAF). future of the multi-sport event in doubt.

 The feasibility of hosting the 2026 Common- Sangita Kalanidhi award
wealth Games has been studied by Common-
 Noted Carnatic vocalist and Magsaysay Award
wealth Games Singapore and Sport Singapore
winner T.M. Krishna has been selected for the
and has decided not to place any bid to host the
Sangita Kalanidhi award of the Music Academy
Games.
for 2024.
Nigeria  The Executive Committee of the Music Academy,
 Nigeria has rolled out the world’s first vaccine at its meeting on March 17, 2024, decided to
against meningitis. confer the award on him.
 Nigeria has become the first country to introduce  The Sangita Kalanidhi awardee will preside
a novel vaccine, Men5CV. It is endorsed by the over the academic sessions of the 98th Annual
World Health Organization (WHO). Conference and Concerts of The Music Academy
 This vaccine will protect against five strains (A, to be held between December 15, 2024 and
C, W, Y, and X) of meningococcus bacteria. January 1, 2025, and will receive the award,
together with those selected for the Sangita Kala
Brazil
Acharya, the TTK and the Musicologist awards
 A new species of tiger cat, the clouded tiger cat, at the Sadas on January 1, 2025.
has been found in Brazil. It is facing threats from
deforestation and illegal hunting.
Raksha Mantri Trophy for Best AFMS
 They are among the shyest and smallest wild
Hospitals 2022
cats in the Americas, weighing between 1.5 to 3  Raksha Mantri Trophy for the Best and Second
kilograms (3.3 to 6.6 pounds). Best Command Hospitals of the Armed Forces
 It has been discovered in the lush rainforests of Medical Services (AFMS) for the year 2022 was
Brazil. It is small in stature. presented by Director General Armed Forces
Papua New Guinea Medical Services and Senior Colonel Comdt,
Army Medical Corps Lt Gen Daljit Singh on 19
 Papua New Guinea has appointed 1st defence
Mar 2024 in New Delhi.
adviser to India.
 The Command Hospital (Southern Command),
 Col Edison Napyo has been appointed as 1st
Pune and the Command Hospital (Central
defence advisor to India.
Command), Lucknow were judged as the Best
 PNG’s acting Chief of Defence Force
and Second Best Command Hospital for the
Commodore Philip Polewara gave Col Edison
year 2022 respectively.
Napyo a farewell on April 17.
 The Raksha Mantri Trophy was instituted in
 This is a key step towards improving defence
1989 to recognize excellence in healthcare
cooperation between India and Papua New
services provided by Armed Forces Hospitals
Guinea (PNG).
of the AFMS and to foster a spirit of healthy
Awards
competition among them.
CERAW eek Leadership Award for
Building Global Consensus Towards a
Global Inequality Research Award
Sustainable Energy Future
 Bina Agarwal and James Boyce have been
 Dr. Sultan Al Jaber was recognized with the
awarded the first “Global Inequality Research
Award” for their significant contributions to ‘CERAWeek Leadership Award for Building
understanding global inequalities, specifically Global Consensus towards a Sustainable
in the areas of social and environmental Energy Future’ for his role in bringing Parties
inequalities. together to deliver the UAE Consensus.
 The GiRA Award recognizes the importance  Dr. Al Jaber was presented the award by Daniel
of addressing global inequalitiesfrom diverse Yergin, Vice Chairman of S&P Global and
perspectives and disciplines. CERAWeek conference chair.

Aviation Week Laureates Award ENBA Lifetime Achievement Award 2023
 The Indian Space Research  Vineet Jain, the managing director of
Organisation (ISRO) has been honored with the Times Group, received the prestigious
the prestigious Aviation Week Laureates Exchange4Media News Broadcasting Awards
Award for its remarkable achievements in (ENBA) Lifetime Achievement Award 2023 for
the Chandrayaan-3 mission. his significant contributions to Indian television
 Sripriya Ranganathan, Deputy Ambassador at news.
the Indian Embassy in the US, accepted the SKOCH ESG Award 2024
award on behalf of ISRO.
 REC Limited, a Maharatna Central Public
Abel Prize 2024 Sector Enterprise under the
 The Norwegian Academy
Ministry of Power and a leading
NBFC, has been bestowed with
of Science and Letters
the SKOCH ESG Award 2024 in
has awarded the Abel
the ‘Renewable Energy Financing’
Prize for 2024 to Michel Talagrand of the French
category.
National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS),
Paris, France. 15th CIDC Vishwakarma Awards 2024
 Michel Talagrand receives the prize for his work  SJVN Limited has won two prestigious awards
in probability theory and stochastic processes. at the 15th CIDC Vishwakarma Awards
From the outset, the development of probability 2024, instituted by the Construction Industry
theory was motivated by problems that arose in Development Council.
the context of gambling or assessing risks.  SJVN has been conferred with the ‘Achievement
 The common theme in Michel Talagrand’s Award for Creating Social Development &
groundbreaking discoveries is working with and Impact’ and ‘CIDC Partners in Progress Trophy’.
understanding the random processes we see all  GAIL (India) Limited has been honored with the
around us. prestigious 15th CIDC Vishwakarma Award in
the ‘Achievement Award for Best Construction
National Fame Awards 2024
Projects’ category for its remarkable
 Dr. Kommuri was felicitated with the accomplishmentin the Barauni – Guwahati
Distinguished Overseas Dental Specialist Natural Gas Pipeline project (BGPL).
(Orthodontics and Orofacial John Dirks Gairdner Global Health Award
Pain) title at the National Fame
 Dr. Gagandeep Kang, Director of Global Health
Awards 2024, held at The Club
at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, has
in Mumbai.
been selected for the prestigious John Dirks
 He is known for his unwavering
Award in global health. It is the most well-
dedication to patient well-being, pursuit of
recognized global health award.
excellence, and commitment to shaping brighter
 The John Dirks Award in global health is awarded
smiles with each passing day.
by the Gairdner Foundation in Canada.
International Culture Award Freedom Prize
 Professor Meena Charanda, Principal of  The Late Russian
Kalindi College, Delhi University, was given the dissident Aleksei Navalny
‘International Culture Award’ for the year 2024. and his wife, Yulia
 Prof. Meena Charanda has been given this Navalnaya, won the Freedom Prize of the Media
honor for her remarkable work in the field of from a leading German forum, the Ludwig
education and social service. Erhard Summit.
 Prof. Charanda was presented with this honor  The award is presented annually to public figures
at a program at the India International Center on who have made significant contributions to
March 30, 2024. freedom of expression, dialogue, and democracy.

 The decision to honor Aleksei Navalny and Honorary Doctorate in Literature
Yulia Navalnaya with the Freedom Prize
 Actor Ram Charan has received an honorary
underscores the ongoing efforts to keep their
doctorate from Vels University at the institute’s
fight for democracy and human rights in Russia
14th Annual Convocation which was held at
at the forefront of the international community’s
its Pallavaram campus in
attention.
Chennai.
Best Scientific Poster Award’ 2024  Along with Ram Charan,
 Dr. Agarwal’s Eye Hospital’s research team has the university also awarded
been honored with the prestigious ‘Best Dr. P Veeramuthuvel, the
Scientific Poster Award’ at the 2024 Annual Project Coordinator at
Meeting of the American Society for Cataract Chandrayaan, Dr GSK Velu, the Founder and
and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS). CMD of Trivitron Healthcare, and table tennis
 The award-winning study focused on ‘The player and Padma Shri awardee Achanta
efficacy of Revital Vision vision-training software Sharath Kamal.
in improving best-corrected vision in stable Lata Deenanath Mangeshkar Award
keratoconus patients post Crosslinking surgery.’
 Bollywood veteran Amitabh Bachchan has
American President’s Volunteer Service been honored with the prestigious third Lata
Award 2024 Dinanath Mangeshkar Award for his remarkable
 India’s Jain spiritual leader dedication to the nation, its people, and society.
Lokesh Muni has been honored  Previous recipients of this esteemed award
with the US Presidential Gold include Prime Minister Narendra Modi and
Volunteer Service Award for his popular singer Asha Bhosale.
contribution to the welfare of  Established by the Deenanath Mangeshkar
people and humanity. Smriti Pratishthan in memory of the late
 Muni, the founder of Ahimsa Vishwa Bharati and Bharat Ratna awardee and legendary singer
World Peace Center in India, was honored with Lata Mangeshkar on February 6, 2022, the
the award by Democratic Congressman Brad Lata Dinanath Mangeshkar award was also
Sherman at the US Capitol. conferred on several other personalities for their
 Established in 2003 during the tenure of outstanding contributions to their respective
President George Bush. fields.
South Asian Person of the Year Skytrax Award for ‘Best Airport Staff
 Avantika Vandanapu has been named the South  GMR Hyderabad International Airport Ltd
Asian Person of the Year by Harvard University. (GHIAL) has won the prestigious ‘Best Airport
 The Indian-American actor, who was recognized Staff in India & South Asia 2024’ award by
for her outstanding achievements, recently Skytrax.
appeared in ‘Mean Girls’ and the Indian OTT  The award was announced at a glittering
series ‘Big Girls Don’t Cry’. ceremony held on 17th April at the Passenger
Terminal EXPO 2024 in Frankfurt, Germany.
World Literary Prize
 Hyderabad Airport emerged as the number one
 Mamta G. Sagar, a Bengaluru-based Kannada airport among all participating airports in India
poet, writer, academic, and activist, has won the and South Asia.
World Literary Prize from the World Organization
of Writers (WOW) for her contributions to the Aryabhatta Award for Astronautics
world of literature. Contribution
 Dr. Sagar, a facilitator at Srishti Manipal Institute  Ananth Technologies Founder, CEO, and
of Art, Design, and Technology, known for her Chairman Pavuluri Subba Rao has been
involvement in diverse forms of transdisciplinary conferred with the ‘Aryabhatta Award’ instituted
creative writing and cultural industries, received by the Aeronautical Society of India (ASI). He
the award on April 6 at a ceremony in Abuja, was also presented with ASI’s ‘Distinguished
Nigeria. Fellow’ title.

 He received the award recognition of Rao’s India Act, 1997, to regulate telecom services,
“tremendous lifetime contribution to the including fixation/revision of tariffs for telecom
promotion of astronautics in India.” services which were earlier vested in the Central
KISS Humanitarian Award 2021 Government.
 Renowned industrialist and philanthropist World Bank
Ratan Tata, Chairman Emeritus of the Tata  The World Bank projected India’s economic
Group, was bestowed with the prestigious KISS
growth to be 6.6% for FY25.
Humanitarian Award 2021 in a private ceremony
 It was created in 1944, as the International Bank
held at his residence in Mumbai.
for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
 This recognition stands as a testament to his
unwavering dedication to social development along with the IMF. The IBRD later became the
and outstanding corporate leadership. World Bank.
 The World Bank is one of the United
Organization Nations’ specialized agencies.
 It has 189 member countries.
 India is also a member country.
UNCTAD
WHO
 According to a report by the United Nations
 World Health Organization has launched
Conference on Trade and Development
S.A.R.A.H.
(UNCTAD), India’s trade reliance on China and
 It is a digital health promoter prototype. It has
the European Union has grown by 1.2%.
enhanced empathetic response, which is
 India’s reliance on Saudi Arabia has decreased
powered by generative artificial intelligence (AI).
by 0.6%.
 S.A.R.A.H. is a Smart AI Resource Assistant for
 As per the UNCTAD’s report, the major shift in
Health. It is also known as Sarah.
trade is due to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war.
 The World Health Organization (WHO)
 The United Nations Conference on
is a specialized agency of the United
Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is
Nations responsible for international public
an intergovernmental organization within
health.
the United Nations Secretariat that promotes
 It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland
the interests of developing countries in world
 WHO is an organization of 194 Member States.
trade.
 It was established in 1964 by the United Nations NCDFI
General Assembly (UNGA) and reports to that  On April 5, the National Cooperative Dairy
body and the United Nations Economic and Federation of India Limited (NCDFI) unanimously
Social Council (ECOSOC). elected Dr. Meenesh Shah as Chairman in its
 UNCTAD is composed of 195 member board elections.
states and works with nongovernmental  It aims to facilitate the working of dairy
organizations worldwideits permanent cooperatives through coordination, networking,
secretariat is in Geneva, Switzerland. and advocacy.
 It was registered in December 1970. In 1984,
TRAI
it started working as the apex body of the
 TRAI issued a Consultation Paper on inputs cooperative dairy industry.
for the formulation of National Broadcasting  It is governed under the provisions of the Multi-
Policy-2024. State Cooperative Societies (Amendment) Act,
 The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India 2023.
(TRAI) was, thus, established with effect from  It has 20 regular members, 14 associate
20th February 1997 by an Act of Parliament, members, and the National Dairy Development
called the Telecom Regulatory Authority of Board (NDDB) as its institutional member.

International Narcotics Control Board  It was founded in March 1950.
(INCB)  As of 2023, WMO has 193 Members, including
 Mr. Pavadia was re-elected by secret ballot for a 187 Member States and 6 Territories, maintaining
third term for five years from March 2025-2030, their own meteorological services.
receiving the highest number of votes in the  Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
highly competitive election.  The WMO began operations in 1951
 Since 2015, Mr. Pavadia has been a member of NABARD
the International Narcotics Control Board.
 NABARD released its Climate Strategy 2030
 Founded in 1968, the INCB is the independent
and quasi-judicial monitoring body for document.
the implementation of the United Nations  On the occasion of Earth Day, the National
international drug control conventions. Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
 Elected by the Economic and Social Council, (NABARD) released its Climate Strategy 2030
it consists of 13 members who serve in their document.
personal capacity and not as government  The Climate Strategy 2030 document has been
representatives. released by Shaji KV, Chairman of NABARD.
IMF  NABARD(National Bank for Agriculture and
Rural Development)is India’s apex development
 IMF reappointed Kristalina Georgieva as
managing director for another five-year term. bank, established in 1982 under an Act of
 The IMF was established in 1944 in the aftermath Parliament to promote sustainable and equitable
of the Great Depression of the 1930s. agriculture and rural development.
Conference & Summit

 The IMF is a global organization that works to
sustain UNFPA.
 According to the United Nations Population
Fund’s (UNFPA) State of World Population – Annual Meeting of the Defence Ministers’
2024 report, India’s population is estimated to of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
reach 144 crore, with 24 percent in the 0-14 age
(SCO) Member States 2024
bracket.
 As per this report, India’s population is estimated  Date - April 25-26, 2024
to double in 77 years.  Venue - Astana, Kazakhstan
WMO  Defence Secretary Giridhar Aramane lead the

Indian delegation.
 The World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
has released a report titled: The State of the 6th International Conference on Disaster
Climate in Asia 2023. Resilient Infrastructure (ICDRI) 2024
 As per the World Meteorological Organization
 Date - April 24-25, 2024
(WMO), in 2023, Asia remained the world’s most
 Venue - Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi
disaster-hit region due to weather, climate and
 Theme - Investing today for a more resilient
water-related hazards.
 The extreme heat and severe floods devastated tomorrow.
many parts of India. 4th meeting of the Task Force for the
 The World Meteorological Organization is Development of Tourism in North East
a specialized agency of the United Nations
2024
responsible for promoting international
cooperation on atmospheric science,  Date- April 25, 2024
climatology, hydrology, and geophysics.  Venue - New Delhi

 Present in the meeting were the officials of all Services, with officers from varied service
the North Eastern States - Assam, Arunachal brackets, through their diverse understanding
Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, and experience, recommending measures to
Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. achieve the desired “Joint and Integrated” end
state with celerity.
World Energy Congress 2024
19th Meeting of SCO Security Council
 Date - April 22-25, 2024
Secretaries, 2024
 Venue - Rotterdam, Netherlands
 Theme - Redesigning Energy for People and  Date - April 2-3, 2024
Planet  Venue - Astana, Kazakhstan

 Chaired by - the Republic of Kazakhstan
 Organised by - World Energy Council
India’s Progressive Path in the Army Commanders’ Conference 2024

Administration of Criminal Justice  Date - Virtual session held on 28 March, 2024
System conference 2024 and in-person discussions held from 1-2 April,
2024
 Date - April 20, 2024
 Venue - New Delhi
 Venue - Dr. Ambedkar International Centre,
 Virtual session chaired by General Manoj
Janpath, New Delhi
Pande, Chief of Army Staff (COAS).
 Organised by - Department of Legal Affairs,
 Rajnath Singh, Hon’ble Raksha Mantri, in
Ministry of Law and Justice
his keynote address on 2nd April 2024,
 The Conference was set on the backdrop of
reaffirmed the nation’s trust in the Indian Army,
the enactment of three Criminal Laws, namely acknowledging its indispensable role in national
Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023, Bharatiya security.
Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 and Bharatiya
ABA India Conference 2024 - the global
Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 given their being
Lawyers summit
brought into effect from 1st July , 2024.
 Date - March 28-29, 2024
8th Meeting of Ministers of Education of
 Venue - Taj Man Singh, Delhi
the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
 Theme - Harmonising Horizons - Uniting Law,
Member States 2024 Governance and Philanthropy in India and the
 Date - April 18, 2024 West
 Venue - Moscow (Russian Federation)  Organised by - American Bar Association
 Chaired by - Minister of Science and Higher
Education of the Russian Federation Valery Important Days
Falkov
Tri-service Conference, ‘Parivartan International Jazz Day, 2024
Chintan’ 2024  This year International Jazz Day is observed on
 Date - April 8, 2024

April 30, 2024.
 The Global Host for this year’s celebration is the
 Venue - New Delhi
city of Tangier, Morocco.
 Chaired by - Chief of Defence Staff Gen Anil
 It is first time when a city on the African continent
Chauhan
hosts International Jazz Day.
 The ‘Chintan’ will be the first ever conference
of the Heads of all Tri- Services Institutions, the World Immunization Week, 2024
Department of Military Affairs, Headquarters  This year World Immunization Week is observed
Integrated Defence Staff and the three on April 24-30, 2024.

 Theme - Humanly Possible: Immunization for  Theme - Leadership.
All.  This year the global ITU celebration held in the
 This year World Immunization Week will Philippines and hosted by the Department of
celebrate 50 years of the Expanded Programme Information and Communications Technology
on Immunization (EPI). (DICT).
 At its inception in 1974, the Expanded World Malaria Day, 2024
Programme on Immunization (EPI) focused
 World Malaria Day is observed on April 25,
on protecting all children against 6 childhood 2024.
illnesses, but today, this number has grown to  Theme - Accelerating the fight against malaria
13 universally recommended vaccines across for a more equitable world.
the lifecourse, and 17 additional vaccines with
International Day of Multilateralism and
context dependent recommendations.
Diplomacy for Peace, 2024
 Global immunization efforts have saved at least
154 million lives over the past 50 years.  International Day of Multilateralism and
Diplomacy for Peace is observed on April 24,
World Day for Safety and Health at Work, 2024.
2024  Multilateralism is often defined in opposition to
 World Day for Safety and Health at Work is bilateralism and unilateralism. Strictly speaking,
observed on April 28, 2024. it indicates a form of cooperation between at
 On the occasion of the World Day for Safety and least three States.
Health at Work 2024, the ILO has launched a World Book and Copyright Day, 2024
new report titled “Ensuring safety and health
 World Book and Copyright Day is observed on
at work in a changing climate,” which reveals April 23, 2024.
alarming new data on the impact of climate  World Book Capital 2024 - Strasbourg, France
change on workers’ safety and health.
English Language Day, 2024
World Intellectual Property Day, 2024
 English Language Day is observed on April 23,
 World Intellectual Property Day is observed on 2024.
April 26, 2024.  English Language Day at the United Nations
 Theme- IP and the SDGs: Building our common is celebrated on the 23rd of April — the date
future with innovation and creativity. traditionally observed as both the birthday and
date of death of William Shakespeare.
International Chernobyl Disaster
Remembrance Day, 2024 International Mother Earth Day, 2024
 International Chernobyl Disaster Remembrance  International Mother Earth Day is observed on
Day is observed on April 26, 2024. April 22, 2024.
 An explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power  Theme - Planet vs. Plastics.
Plant in 1986 spread a radioactive cloud World Creativity and Innovation Day,
over large parts of the Soviet Union, now the 2024
territories of Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian  World Creativity and Innovation Day is observed
Federation. on April 21, 2024.
 Nearly 8.4 million people in the three countries
World Chagas Disease Day, 2024
were exposed to the radiation.
 World Chagas Disease Day is observed on April
International Girls in ICT Day, 2024
14, 2024.
 International Girls in ICT Day is observed on  Theme - Tackling Chagas disease: detect early
April 25, 2024. and care for life.

International Day of Human Space Flight,  Households, small businesses and public
2024 service providers generate between 2.1 billion
 International Day of Human Space Flight is
and 2.3 billion tons of municipal solid waste
observed on April 12, 2024. every year – from packaging and electronics to
 April 12, 1961 was the date of the first human plastics and food.
space flight, carried out by Yuri Gagarin, a  However, global waste management services
Soviet citizen. are ill-equipped to handle this, with 2.7 billion

people lacking access to solid waste collection
World Health Day, 2024
and only 61–62 per cent of municipal solid waste
 World Health Day is observed on April 7, 2024. being managed in controlled facilities.
 Theme - My health, my right
World Tuberculosis Day, 2024
 The date of 7 April marks the anniversary of the
founding of WHO in 1948.  World Tuberculosis Day is observed on 24th
March, 2024.
International Day of Sport for
 Theme - Yes! We can end TB!
Development and Peace, 2024
Some important fact-
 International Day of Sport for Development and
 75 million lives saved since 2000 by global
Peace is observed on April 6, 2024.
 Theme - International Day of Sport for
efforts to end TB.
 10.6 million people fell ill with TB in 2022.
Development and Peace.
 1.3 million people died of TB in 2022.
61st Merchant Navy Week, 2024
World Meteorological Day, 2024
 Merchant Navy Week is observed on 30th March
to 5th April , 2024.  World Meteorological Day is observed on 23rd
 Theme - Sustainable Shipping: Opportunities March, 2024.

and Challenges.  Theme- At the frontline of climate action.
International Day of Conscience, 2024

Books
 International Day of Conscience is observed on
April 5, 2024.  Phool Bahadur’ – by Jayanath Pati
 Theme - Promoting the Culture of Peace with (first Magahi novel) the English translation of
Love and Conscience. the first Magahi novel, ‘Phool Bahadur’. was
International Day for Mine Awareness done by Abhay K.
and Assistance in Mine Action, 2024  From A Car Shed To The Corner Room &
 International Day for Mine Awareness and Beyond – by S. Raman

Assistance in Mine Action is observed on April (it is S. Raman’s autobiography)
4, 2024.  Code-Dependent: Living in the Shadow of AI
 Theme - Protecting Lives. Building Peace. – by Madhumita Murgia
 The Idea of Democracy – by Sam Pitroda
World Autism Awareness Day, 2024
 Knife – by Salman Rushdie
 World Autism Awareness Day is observed on  The Law and Spirituality: Reconnecting the
April 2, 2024. Bond – by Professor Raman Mittal and
 Theme - Moving from Surviving to Thriving :
Professor Seema Singh
Autistic individuals share regional perspectives.
 Justa Mercenary?: Notes from My Life and
International Day of Zero Waste, 2024 Career – by Duvvuri Subbarao
 International Day of Zero Waste is observed on  India — the Road to Renaissance: A Vision and
March 30, 2024. an Agenda – by Bhimeswara Challa

ATP Barcelona Open, 2024
Tennis
April 15-21, 2024
WTA Stuttgart Open, 2024 Barcelona, Spain
(Porsche Tennis
Results
Grand Prix)
Winner – Casper Ruud (Norway)
April 15-21, 2024 Men’s
Runner-up – Stefanos Tsitsipas
Stuttgart, Germany Singles
(Greece)
Results Winners – Maximo Gonzalez and
Winner – Elena Rybakina
Men’s Andres Molteni (Both Argentina)
Women’s (Kazakhstan)
Doubles Runners-up – Hugo Nys (Monaco)
Singles Runner-up – Marta Kostyuk
(Ukraine) and Jan Zielinski (Poland)
Winners – Hao Ching Chan
ATP Rolex Monte Carlo Masters, 2024
(Chinese Taipei) and Veronika
Women’s
Kudermetova (Russia) April 7-14, 2024
Doubles
Runners-up – Ulrikke Eikeri
Results
(Norway) and Ingridneel (Estonia)
Men’s Winner – Stefanos Tsitsipas (Greece)
Miami Open, 2024
Singles Runner-up – Casper Ruud (Norway)
March 17-31, 2024
Winners – Sander Gille and Joran
Miami, USA Men’s Vliegen (Both Belgium)
Results Doubles Runners-up – Marcelo Melo (Brazil)
and Alexander Zverev (Germany)
Men’s Winner – Jannik Sinner (Italy)
Singles Runner-up – Grigor Dimitrov (Bulgaria)
WTA Credit One Charleston Open, 2024
Women’s Winner – Danielle Collins (USA)
April 1-7, 2024 Charleston, USA
Singles Runner-up – Elena Rybakina (Kazakhstan)
Winner – Rohan Bopanna (India) and Results
Men’s Matthew Ebden (Australia) Women’s Winner – Danielle Collins (USA)
Doubles Runners-up – Ivan Dodig (Croatia) Singles Runner-up – Daria Kasatkina (Russia)
and Austin Krajicek (USA)
Winners – Ashlyn Krueger and
Winner – Sofia Kenin and Bethanie
Women’s Mattek Sands (Both USA) Women’s Sloane Stephens (Both USA)
Doubles Runners-up – Gabriela Dabrowski Doubles Runners-up – Lyudmila Kichenok
(Canada) and Erin Routliffe (New Zealand) and Nadiia Kichenok (Both Ukraine)

ATP Morelos Open, 2024 Hockey India
April 8-14, 2024 Morelos, Mexico Annual Awards, 2023
Results March 31, 2024
Winner – Giovanni Mpetshi Hockey India Major Dhyan Chand Ashok Kumar
Men’s Perricard (France) Lifetime Achievement Award
Singles Runner-up – Nicolas Mejia Hockey India Balbir Singh Sr. Hardik Singh
(Colombia) Award for Player of the Year (Men)
Winners – Arjun Kadhe and Jeevan Hockey India Balbir Singh Sr. Award Salima Tete
Nedunchezhiyan (Both India) for Player of the Year (Women)
Men’s
Runners-up – Piotr Matuszewski Hockey India Dhanraj Pillay Award Abhishek
Doubles
(Poland) and Matthew Christopher
for Forward of the Year
Romios (Australia)
Hockey India Baljit Singh Award P.R. Sreejesh
for Goalkeeper of the Year
Football Hockey India Ajit Pal Singh Award Hardik Singh
for Midfielder of the Year
Indian Super League, 2023-24 Hockey India Pargat Singh Award Harmanpreet
for Defender of the Year Singh
September 21, 2023 – May 4, 2024 Hockey India Jugraj Singh Award Araijeet Singh
of Upcoming player of the Year Hundal
Teams – 12 Matches – 139 (Men Under-21)
Hockey India Asunta Lakra Award Deepika
Champion – Runner-up –
Results
for Upcoming Player of the Year Soreng

Mumbai City F.C. Mohun Bagan (Women – Under 21)
(First title) Super Giant
Golden Ball (Player of the League) – Badmintan

Dimitrios Petratos
(Mohun Bagan Super Giant) BWF European
Golden Boot – Dimitrios Diamantakos Championships, 2024
(Kerala Blasters FC)
April 8-14, 2024 Germany
Golden Glove – Phurba Lachenpa
(Mumbai City FC) Results
Emerging Player of the League – Vikram Winner – Anders Antonsen
Partap Singh Sandhu (Mumbai City FC) Men’s (Denmark)
Singles Runner-up – Toma Junior Popov
Hockey
(France)
Winner – Carolina Marine (Spain)
Women’s
Runner-up – Kirsty Gilmour
Indian Men’s Hockey Team in Singles
(Scotland)
Australia 2024 Winners – Kim Astrop and Anders
April 6-13, 2024 Men’s Skaarup Rasmussen (Both Denmark)
Winner –
Doubles Runners-up – Andreas Sondergaard
Australia (5-0)
Matches – 5 and Jesper Toft (Both Denmark)

Winners – Margot Lambert and Men’s Winners – Ben Lane and Sean Vendy
Women’s Anne Tran (Both France) Doubles (Both England)
Doubles Runners-up – Gabriela Stoeva and Women’s Winners – Lanny Tria Mayasari and
Stefani Stoeva (Both Bulgaria) Doubles Ribka Sugiarto (Both Indonesia)
Winners – Thom Gicquel and Mixed Winners – Goh Soon Huat and Lai
Mixed Delphine Delrue (Both France) Doubles Shevon Jemie (Both Malaysia)
Doubles Runners-up – Mathias Christiansen
and Alexandra Boje (Both Denmark)
Madrid Spain Masters, 2024
March 26-31, 2024
Badminton Asia
Madrid, Spain
Championship, 2024
Results
April 9-14, 2024 China
Men’s Winner – Loh Kean Yew (Singapore)
Results
Singles Runner-up – Toma Junior Popov
Winner – Jonatan Christie
Men’s (France)
(Indonesia), First Title
Singles Women’s Winner – Ratchanok Intanon (Thailand)
Runner-up – Li Shi Feng (China)
Singles Runner-up – Supanida Katethong
Women’s Winner – Wang Zhi Yi (China)
(Thailand)
Singles Runner-up – Chen Yu fei (China) Men’s Winners – Sabar Karyaman Gutama
Winners – Liang Wei Keng and Doubles and Moh Reza Pahlevi Isfahani (Both
Men’s Wang Chang (Both China) Indonesia)
Doubles Runners-up – Goh Sze Fei and Nur Women’s Winners – Rin Iwanaga and Kie
Izzuddin (Both Malaysia) Doubles Nakanishi (Both Japan)
Winner – Baek Ha Na and Lee So Mixed Winners – Rinov Rivaldy and Pitha
Women’s Hee (Both South Korea) Doubles Haningtyas Mentari (Both Indonesia)
Doubles Runners-up – Zhang Shu Xian and
Table Tennis
Zheng Yu (Both China)
Winners – Feng Yan Zhe and Huang
Mixed Dong Ping (Both China)
Doubles Runners-up – Seo Seung Jae and ITTF Men’s and Women’s
Chae Yu Jung (Both South Korea)
World Cup, 2024
Swiss Open, 2024
Macao,
March 19-24, 2024 April 15-21, 2024
China
Basel, Switzerland Results
Results Event Champion Runner-up
Men’s Winner – Lin Chun Yi (Chinese Taipei) Lin
Ma Long
Singles Runner-up – Chou Tien Chen (Chinese Men’s Singles Gaoyuan
(China)
Taipei) (China)
Women’s Winner – Carolina Marin (Spain) Wang
Women’s Sun Yingsha
Singles Manyu
Runner-up – Gregoria Mariska Singles (China)
Tunjung (Indonesia)
(China)

WTT Champions Incheon, 2024 WTT Feeder Beirut II 2024
March 22-24, 2024 Beirut, Lebanon
March 27-31, 2024 South Korea
Results
Men’s Winner – Chuang Chih Yuan (Chinese
Results
Singles Taipei)
Events Winner
Runner-up – Kirill Gerassimenko
Men’s Liang Jingkun
(Kazakhstan)
Single (China)
Women’s Winner – Sreeja Akula (India)
Women’s Sun Yingsha
Singles Runner-up – Sarah De Nutte
Single (China)
(Luxembourg)
Men’s Winners – Manush Utpalbhai Shah
WTT Feeder Beirut, 2024
Doubles and Manav Vikash Thakkar (Both India)
Beirut, Lebanon Runner-up – Mudit Dani and Akash
March 19-21, 2024
Pal (Both India)
Results
Women’s Winners – Doo Hoi Kem and Zhu
Winner – Sathiyan Gnanasekaran Doubles Chengzhu (Both Hong Kong)
Men’s (India) Runners-up – Sreeja Akula and Diya
Singles Runner-up – Manav Vikash Thakkar Parag Chitale (Both India)
(India) Mixed Winners – Akash Pal and Poymantee
Doubles Baisya (Both India)
Winner – Xia Lian Ni (Luxembourg)
Women’s Runners-up – Sathiyan Gnanasekaran
Runner-up – Suh Hyo Won (South
Singles and Manika Batra (Both India)
Korea)
Winner – Andy Pereira and Jorge WTT Feeder Otocec, 2024
Men’s Campos (Both Cuba) March 26 – April 1, 2024
Doubles Runners-up – Manush Utpalbhai Shah
Otocec, Slovenia
and Manav Vikash Thakkar (Both India)
Results
Winners – Doo Hoi Kem and Zhu
Men’s Winner – Cho Daeseong (South
Chengzhu (Both Hong Kong) Singles Korea)
Women’s
Runners-up – Chantal Mantz Runner-up – Benedek Olah (Finland)
Doubles
(Germany) and Izabela Lupulesku Women’s Winner – Park Gahyeon (South Korea)
(Serbia) Singles Runner-up – Li yu Jhun (Chinese
Winner – Manush Utpalbhai Shah and Taipei)
Diya Parag Chitale (Both India) Men’s Winners – Kim Minhyeok and Park
Mixed Doubles Ganghyeon (Both South Korea)
Runners-up – Manav Vikash Thakkar
Doubles Runners-up – Manav Vikash Thakkar
and Archana Girish Kamath (Both
and Manush Utpalbhai Shah (Both
India)
India)
* Sathiyan Gnanasekaran become
Women’s Winners – Kim Hayeong and Lee
first Indian player to win a men’s Doubles Eunhye (Both South Korea)
singles title at a WTT Feeder Mixed Winner – Alvaro Robles and Maria
Series event. Doubles Xiao (Both Spain)

Asian U20 Athletics
Chess Championships, 2024
April 24-27, 2024 Dubai, UAE
FIDE Candidates, 2024
Medal Table (Top-5)
Toranto,
April 3-23, 2024
Canada
Rank
Country Total
Results Gold Silver Bronze
Event Champion 1. China 15 9 3 27
Men’s Gukesh D. (India 2. Japan 8 5 8 21
Women’s Tan Zhongyi (China) 3. India 7 11 11 29

4. Uzbekistan 4 1 2 7
17 year old Gukesh D. is
5. Qatar 4 1 0 5
the youngest World Chess
Championship Challenger
in history. He will face world Winner – Abdi
Champion Ding Liren at World Chess Nageeye (Netherlands)
Men’s
Championship 2024. Runner-up –
Marathon
Amedework Walelegn
While Tan Zhongyi will play against Ju (Ethiopia)
Wenjun in women’s section.
Rotterdam,
April 13-14, 2024
Netherlands
Athletics Rotterdam
Marathon, 2024
World Athletics Race Walking Winner – Ashete
Women’s Bekere (Ethiopia)
Team Championships, 2024
Marathon Runner-up – Viola
Kibiwot (Ethiopia)
April 21, 2024
Antalya,
Indian Grand Prix 1, 2024
Turkey April 30, 2024 Bengaluru, Karnataka
Results Gold Medal Winners

Winner – Spain Men Women
Men’s Team
Runner-up – Japan 100 m Animesh Kujur Nithya Gandhe
Winner – China Chelmi
Women’s Team 200 m Animesh Kujur
Prathyusha
Runner-up – Peru
Ankesh Laxmipriya
Marathon Race- Winner – Italy 2 800 m
Chaudhary Kisan
Walk Mixed
Runner-up – Japan 3000 m Shankar Lal Sonam
Relay Steeplechase Swami Sudhakara

Abhinaya
High Jump
Jesse
Sandesh
Sudhakara Wrestling
Shetty
Aditya Kumar
Long Jump Shaili Singh Seniors Asian
Singh
Nellickal Championships, 2024
Praveen
Triple Jump Verkay
Chithravel Bishkek,
Sheena April 11-16, 2024
Kyrgyzstan
Javelin throw D.P. Manu K. Rashmi
Indian Wrestlers have won 9 medals
Shot Put Abha Khatua
(4 Silver and 5 Bronze)
Formula 1 Car Race

Indian Medal Winners
Silver Bronze
1. Udit 1. Abhimanyou
Chinese Grand Prix, 2024 (Men’s 57 kg) (Men’s 70 kg)
2. Radhika 2. Vicky
Shanghai, China April 21, 2024 (Women’s 68 kg) (Men’s 97 kg)
Winner – Max 3. Anju 3. Shivanee Pawar
(Women’s 53 kg) (Women’s 50 kg)
Verstappen
Results
4. Harshita 4. Antim
(Red Bull)
(Women’s 72 kg) (Women’s 65 kg)
Runner-up –
5. Manisha
Lando Norris
(Women’s 62 kg)
(McLaren)
Japanese Grand Prix, 2024 Boxing

Suzuka, Japan April 7, 2024
Asian Youth Boxing Championships, 2024
Winner – Max
April 27 – May 7, 2024
Verstappen
Results
(Red Bull) Astana, Kazakhstan

Runner-up –
Sergio Perez Medal Standing (Top-5)
(Red Bull)
Rank
Country Total
Gold Silver Bronze
Australian Grand Prix, 2024 Kazakhstan 11 4 9 24
1.
March 24, 2024 2. Uzbekistan 7 3 12 22
Winner
Carlos 3. India 5 9 8 22
Runner-up
Sainz Jr. Charles Leclerc China 1 1 3 5
4.
(Ferrari) (Ferrari)
5. Iran 1 0 2 3

Indian Gold Medal Winner
1. Brijesh Tamta (Men’s 48 kg) Golf
2. Aryan (Men’s 51 kg)
3. Yashwardhan Singh (Men’s 63.5 kg) Masters Tournament, 2024
4. Laxmi (Women’s 50 kg)
5. Nisha (Women’s 52 kg) April 11-14, 2024
Georgia, USA
Shooting
Winner
Scottie Scheffler (USA)
Archery World Cup (Stage 1) 2024
Shanghai,
April 23-28, 2024
China Miscellaneous
Medal Standing (Top-5)
44th Queen Sirikit Cup (Golf), 2024
Rank
Country Total
Gold Silver Bronze March 20-23, 2024
1. India 5 2 1 8
Winner – South Korea
2. South Korea 2 3 2 7
3. Spain 1 1 0 2
Christchurch, New Zealand
4. China 1 0 1 2
5. Austria 1 0 0 1 This tournament is officially known as Asia –
Pacific Ladies Golf Team Championship.
Indian Gold Medal Winners
1. Jyothi Surekha Vennam (compound
women) 3 × 3 Basketball Asia Cup, 2024
2. Abhishek Verma and Jyothi Surekha
March 27-31, 2024 Singapore
Vennam (compound mixed team)
3. Prathamesh Bhalchandra Fuge, Abhishek
Results
Verma and Priyansh (compound men
Winner – Australia
team)
Men (4th title)
4. Parneet Kaur, Aditi Gopichand Swami
Runner-up – Iran
and Jyothi Surekha Vennam (compound
Winner – Australia
women team)
Women Runner-up – New
5. Dhiraj Bommadevara, Pravin Ramesh
Zealand
Jadhav and Tarundeep Rai (Recurve men
team) Awards
Most Valuable Player (Men) – Todd
Blanchfield (Australia)
Most Valuable Player (Women) – Alex
Wilson (Australia)

Arisa Trew
Prime Volleyball League : Season 3 Laureus World Action
(Skateboarding/
Sportsperson of the Year
February 15 – March 21, 2024 Australia)
Fundacion Rafa
Teams - 9 Chennai, India Laureus Sport For Good Nadal (Multisports/
Spain)
Winner – Calicut
Awards
Heroes (First Trophy) I.P.L. 2024 : Royal Challengers Bengaluru
Most Valuable Player
 I.P.L. franchise Royal Challengers Bangalore has
– Jerome Vinith (Calicut
changed its name to Royal Challengers Bengaluru
Heroes)
(March 19, 2024).
Most Innovative Setter
 RCB’s women team captain Smriti Mandhana,
of the Season – Mohan
Men’s team skipper Faf du Plessis and star batter
Runner-up – Ukkrapandian (Calicut Virat Kohli Unveiled the new name.
Delhi Toofans Heroes)
Olympics, 2024 : Russian and Belarusian
Athletes
WRF Asian Rafting  Russian and Belarusian athletes will not take part
March 4-8, 2024
Championships, in the opening ceremony (March 19, 2024).
 Athletes from both countries had already been
2024 Shimla, banned from attending the opening ceremony of
Himachal Pradesh the Paralympics, starting on August 28, 2024.
Satluj River
Results  International Olympic Committee (IOC) in
December, 2023 suspended Russia from the Paris
Events Winner
2024 Olympics.
Men’s Nepal  Later IOC allowed Russian and Belarusian athletes
Women’s Iran to compete as neutral athletes.
Edition - First Mixed India
 Russian and Belarusian athletes must not have
actively supported the war in Ukraine.
 They will not take part in team sports.
Laureus World Sports Awards, 2024 World Friendship Games, 2024
April 22, 2024 Madrid, Spain  Russia has announced to hold World Friendship
Games in 2024.
Winners
 It is an international multi-sport event.
Laureus World Novak Djokovic
 International Olympic Committee (IOC) has critised
Sportsman of the Year (Tennis/Serbia)
the games.
Laureus World Aitana Bonmati  According to IOC, the Friendship Games is a
Sportswoman of the Year (Football/Spain) political action that violates the Olympics Charter
Laureus World Team of Spain Women’s (March 19, 2024).
the Year Football Team  In 1984, the Friendship Games or Friendship-84
Laureus World Jude Bellingham was organized in Soviet Union.
Breakthrough of the Year (Football/U.K.)  Unlike the Olympic Games, athletes at World
Laureus World Simone Biles Friendship Games will win cash prizes.
Comeback of the Year (Gymnastics/USA) Indian Sports Industry Growth in 2023
Laureus World Diede De Groot  The Indian sports industry registered 11% yearly
Sportsperson of the year (Wheelchair Tennis/ growth, as per Group M ESP Sporting Nation
with a Disability Netherlands) Report 2024.

 According to report, the value to Indian Sports  It will provide a common platform to showcase
industry is 15766 crore rupees. talent.
 Cricket has dominated the overall Indian sports  It aimed at school children in the age group of 9-18
industry, with 87% share in 2023. years.
 In 2023, Indian cricket stars garnered 810 crore  The scheme will focus on using sports as a tool for
rupees. healthy life.
 Report also revealed that the cricketers dominated  The primary objective of the programme to
the social media space, with Virat Kohli and Rohit keep youngsters away from drugs and gadgetry
Sharma leading the pack. distractions.
 Wrestlers Bajrang Punia and Sakshi Malik were  Artificial intelligence would be used to assess
the most popular non-cricketers on social media in aspiring athletes.
2023.  The fundamental objective of KIRTI is to create
Pangong Frozen Lake Marathon, 2024 a pyramidal structure; from grassroot level to
 Data – February 20, 2024 development of elite athlete for international
 Place – Pangong Lake, Leh (Ladakh) events.
 Participants – 120  KIRTI will involve physical education teachers and
 Categories – 21 km and 10 km exports in scouting talent.
 Edition – Second  In first phase, 10 Khelo India disciplines – archery,
 The primary objective of this run was to spread athletics, boxing, football, hockey, kabaddi, kho-
awareness about rapid melting of Himalayan kho, volleyball, weightlifting and wrestling have
glaciers. been identify.
 The run was conducted at an altitude of 14273 ft.  Children have to register through MyBharat portal.
 It is world’s highest frogen lake marathon, officially  The Khelo India Scheme is the flagship central
registered in the Guinness Book of World Records. sector scheme of the Ministry of Youth Affairs &
Sports.
Khelo India Medals : Eligibility for
 India want to host the youth Olympics in 2030 AD
Government Jobs
and the summer Olympics in 2036 AD.
 Khelo India medal winners at youth, university,
para and winter games will eligible for government WADA : 2022 Anti-Doping Testing
jobs. (March 4, 2024) Figures
 Department of Personnel and Training (DOPT)  A 6.4% increases in the total number of samples
has introduced comprehensive reforms in the analyzed and reported into ADAMs in 2022
recruitment, promotion and incentive framework (256,770) vs 2021 (241,430)
for athletes.  World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has released
 The Khelo India Games have been recognized as 2022 Anti-Doping Testing Figures (April 3, 2024).
events of national significance, joining the ranks of  India registered highest percentage of failed
other esteemed tournaments and competitions. dope tests among countries which tested more
 Khelo India Games were first organized in 2018 to than 2000 samples.
revitalize sports culture art the grassroots level.  India test 3865 samples of which 125 turned
Khelo Indian Rising Talent Identification positive; 3.2 percent of the samples.
(KIRTI) Programme  Vietnam test 1105 samples cup which 346
 KIRTI Programme has launched by the Union turned positive, 3.2% of sample.
sports minister, Anurag Singh Thakur at Chandigarh  South Africa was on second spot, with 2.9
(March 12, 2024). percent of positive samples.
 It is an ambitious nation-wide talent hunt  The third place was taken by Kazakhstan with
programme. 1.9 percent positive samples.

Uttar Pradesh State Kayaking and  The flame travel across Greece and arrived in
Canoeing Water Sport Championship, Athens on April 26, 2024.
2024  The flame arrived in Marseille, France on May 8,
2024.
 Date – March, 2024
 It will travel across entire country and some
 Place – Kanpur
French overseas territories arriving at the
Results opening ceremony in Paris on July 26, 2024.
Winner – Prayagraj
Men Asian Carrom Championship, 2024
Runner-up – U.P. Police
Winner – Prayagraj  April 27 – May 1, 2024
Women  Maldives
Runner-up – Kaushambi
Team Results
India’s First Indoor Athletics Centre
Event Champion Runner-up
 India’s first Indoor Athletics Centre and Indoor Men India Maldives
Aquatic Centre inaugurated at the Kalinga
Women India Sri Lanka
Stadium, Bhubaneswar. (March, 2024)
 The world class centre has shown India’s 51st National Carrom Championship,
capability of hosting indoor continental and 2024
regional championships.  April 7-10, 2024
Indian Oil : F1 Fuel  Gwalior, M.P.
 Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) set to become Results
first Indian company to produce fuel for F1 car Event Winner Runner-up
racing. Men K. Srinivas S. Aditya
 F1 fuel is high-octane petrol and standards th
Women Rashmi Kumar (12 title) K. Nagajothi
are regulated by International Automobile
Federation (FIA). 56th Senior National Kho-Kho
 IOC refinery at Paradip will produce petrol used Championship (Men & Women), 2023-24
in F1 car racing.  March 28 – April 1, 2023 (Opening Ceremony
Indian Oil : STORM – Ultimate Racing was held on March 27, 2024)
Fuel  New Delhi
 IOC has become official fuel partner for Asia Results

Road Racing Championship (AARC) for three Event Winner Runner-up
years, 2024-2026. (March 6, 2024) Railway Sports
Men Maharashtra
 IOC is providing category 2 race fuel ‘STORM’ Promotion Board
across all ARRC events. Airports Authority of
Women Maharashtra
 IOC is producing ‘Storm’ fuel at Koyali India
refinery,Vadodara, Gujarat. 47th Chess Olympiad, 2028
 Federation Internationale De Motocyclisme
 Abu Dhabi Sports Council and International
(FIM) is global governing body for motorcycle
Chess Federation (FIDE) have signed
racing including ARRC, MotoGP etc.
agreement on hosting and organizing the 47th
Olympic Flame for the Olympic, 2024 lit Chess Olympiad. (May 1, 2024)
 The flame for the Olympic Games Paris, 2024  Along with 47th Chess Olympiad, the 4th FIDE
has been lit. (April 16, 2024) Olympiad for people (Determination) and the
 It was ignited at the historic birthplace of the 98th FIDE Congress will also organise in Abu
Olympic Games in Ancient Olympia in Greece. Dhabi, UAE in 2028.

Mykolas Alekna
Players in News  Lithuania’s discuss throw athlete.
 He broke the longest standing men’s athletics
Sharath Kamal world record.
 Indian talde tennis player.  Alekna’s throw of 74.35 m at Oklahoma throw
series in USA is the new world record (April 14,
 He will be India’s flag bearer at the 2024 Paris
2024).
Olympics. (March 21, 2024)
 Previously this record was in name of Germany
P.R. Sreejesh Jurgen Schult (74.08m) since 1986.
 Indian hockey team’s goalkeeper Balraj Panwar
 P.R. Sreejesh and Camila Caram (Chile  Indian rower.
Women’s) are appointed as co-chairs of the new  He has won bronze medal in men’s single scull
FIH Athletes committee. (March 28, 2024) at the Asia and Oceania Olympic Qualification
 International Hockey Federation (FIH) Athletes Regatta in South Korea. (April 21, 2024)
committee is a consultative body. Armand Duplantis
 It provide feedback to the FIH on behalf of the all
 Sweden’s Pole Vault athlete.
athletes.  He broke his own pole vault record.
Mary Kom  He has achieved height of 6.24m at Xiamen
 Indian woman boxer. Diamond League (April 20, 2024)
 She has stepped down as India’s Chef-de- Sheetal Devi
Mission for Paris Olympics, 2024. (April 12,  Indian woman para-archer.
2024)  Election Commission of India appointed her as
person with disabilities (PWD) icon. (March 16,
Novak Djokovic
2024)
 Professional tennis player of Serbia.
Bilguis Mir
 He has officially become the oldest world
number one in ATP Rankings history (April 7,  Jammu and Kashmir based water sports
promoter and jury member of Indian Kayaking
2024).
and Canoeing association.
 He achieved the feat at age of 36 years and 321
 She is first person from India to be appointed
days.
as jury member at the Paris Olympics. (April 5,
 This record was previously held by Roger 2024)
Federer of Switzerland.
Russ Cook
Devendra Jhajharia  Extreme marathon runner of Britain.
 Indian para javelin thrower.  He has become first person ever to run the
 He has elected unoppesed as President of entire length of Africa. (April 7, 2024)
Paralympic Committee of India (PCI). (March 9,  He started his adventure from Africa’s most
2024). southerly point, L’Agulhas and finished at Ras
Angela, the most northern point of Africa.
Tiger Woods
 He travelled across 16 countries, running over
 An American professional golfer. 16 thousand kilometers.
 United States Golf Association has selected him  He completed his adventure in 352 days.
for 2024 Bob Jones Award.
Bindyarani Devi
 Bob Jones award is the USGA’s highest honor.
 Indian woman weightlifter.
ICC Player of the Month : March 2024  She has won 2 medals (1 silver and 1 bronze)
 Men’s player – Kamindu Mendis (Sri Lanka) at IWF World Cup, 2024 in Phuket, Thailand.
 Women’s player – Maia Bouchier (England) (March 31 – April 11, 2024).

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Cover Story

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An internet shutdown was imposed in the entire State of

 Websites blocked  Cases have risen by almost 434% between

copyright infringement — these account for 60,000

May, 2024 (7) CURRENT DRISHTI

Supreme Court Judgment on EVM-VVPAT Verification

May, 2024 (9) CURRENT DRISHTI

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Indian Universities in new QS rankings

In the recently released QS World University 3. University of Oxford

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Right to Protection from Climate Change Impacts

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India’s 5-point pledge or Panchamrit

Change (NAPCC) (2010) GW by 2030.

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UNESCO’s Tentative World Heritage Sites List

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India’s New Post Office in Antarctica

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India Secures the Overseas Port of Sittwe

CURRENT DRISHTI (22) May, 2024

India lost 2.33 million hectares of Tree Cover

 Indian Perspective  Assam had the maximum tree cover loss at

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Sustainable Finance for Tiger Landscapes Conference

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Impact of Climate Change on Occupational

l Constitutional Provisions l Legislative Framework l Nodal Agency

Workers are among those most exposed to  Recent Context

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Figure: Changes in volume of exports of major arms since

 In 2019–23 the largest share of US arms exports

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First trilateral summit among the United States,

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Ocean Decade Conference 2024

 United Nations Decade of Ocean Science

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NATO’s 75th Anniversary

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 Burden Sharing:  Criticisms:

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Delhi’s IGI Airport is the 10th busiest Airport in the World

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Websites blocked  Cases have risen by almost 434% between

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Indian Perspective  Assam had the maximum tree cover loss at

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Workers are among those most exposed to Recent Context

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United Nations Decade of Ocean Science

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Burden Sharing: Criticisms:

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Key Highlights clean energy transition is positive, disparities

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Key Highligths imports.

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International Energy Agency

Important Publications of IEA

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