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    Acore 6

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    littlemrs.cheeky

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    Acore 6

    Uploaded by

    littlemrs.cheeky
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    acore 6

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    5 views2 pages

    Acore 6

    Uploaded by

    littlemrs.cheeky

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    d) SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

    Separating the variables


    If you are given the coordinates of a point on the curve a particular solution
    can be found if not a general solution is needed
    Find the general solution for the differential
    equation
    𝑑𝑦
    𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥
    𝑑𝑦
    𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑦 2 + 3)
    𝑦
    ∫ 𝑦2 +3 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
    1 1
    2
    ln|𝑦 2 + 3| = 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐

    8 NUMERICAL METHODS
    a) CHANGE OF SIGN – locating a root
    For an equations f(x) = 0 , if f(x1) and f(x2) have opposite signs and f(x) is a continuous function between x1 and
    x2 then a root of the equation lies in the interval x1< x < x2

    b) STAIRCASE and COWBEB DIAGRAMS


    If an iterative formula (recurrence relation) of the form xn+1=f(xn) converges to a limit, the value of
    the limit is the x-coordinate of the point of intersection of the graphs y = f(x) and y = x
    The limit is the solution of the equation f(x) = x

    A staircase or cobweb diagram based on the graphs y = f(x) and y = x shows the convergence

    Use you ANS


    button on your
    calculator

    𝑓(𝑥 )
    c) NEWTON-RAPHSON iteration 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 )
    𝑛

    The equation e-2x – 0.5x = 0 has a root close to 0.5. Using 0.5 Limitations of the Newton-Raphson method
    as the first approximation use the Newton-Raphson you find
    the next approximation As the method uses the tangent to the curve, if the
    x1 = 0.5 f(0.5) = e-1 – 0.25 starting value is a stationary point or close to a
    f’(x) = -2e-2x – 0.5 f’(0.5) = -2e-1 – 0.5 stationary point (min, max or inflection) the
    𝑒 −1 – 0.25 method does not work
    x2 = 0.5 − x2 = 0.595
    −2𝑒 −1 −0.5

    www.mathsbox.org.uk
    d) APPROXIMATING THE AREA UNDER A CURVE
    TRAPEZIUM RULE – given in the formula book but make sure you know how to use it!

    The trapezium rule gives an approximation of the area under a graph

    𝑏 1 𝑏−𝑎
    ∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 2 ℎ[(𝑦0+ 𝑦𝑛 ) + 2(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 +. . . 𝑦𝑛−1 )] where ℎ = 𝑛

    An easy way to calculate the y values is to use the TABLE function on a calculator – make sure you list the
    values in the formula (or a table) to show your method
    • The rule will underestimate the area when the curve is concave
    • The rule will overestimate the area when the curve is convex

    UPPER and LOWER bounds - Area estimated using the area of rectangles
    For the function shown below if the left hand ‘heights’ are used the total area is a Lower Bound – the
    rectangles calculated using the right hand heights the area results in the Upper Bound

    Upper Bound
    Lower Bound

    9 VECTORS
    A vector has two properties magnitude (size) and direction

    a) NOTATION
    Vectors can be written as
    3
    a=( )
    4
    j
    a = 3i + 4j where i and j perpendicular unit vectors (magnitude 1) i

    Magnitude-direction form (5, 53.1⁰) also known as polar form


    The direction is the angle the vector makes with the positive x axis
    Express the vector p = 3i – 6j in polar form

    |p| = √32 + (−6)2

    = 3√5

    p = ( 3√5, 63.4⁰)

    The Magnitude of vector a is denoted by |a| and can be found using Pythagoras |a| = √32 + 42
    A Unit Vector is a vector which has magnitude 1

    www.mathsbox.org.uk

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