Abstract of Li-Fi Technology:-

Whether you’re using wireless internet in a coffee shop, stealing it from the guy next door,
or competing for bandwidth at a conference, you’ve probably gotten frustrated at the slow speeds
you face when more than one device is tapped into the network. As more and more people and
their many devices access wireless internet, clogged airwaves are going to make it increasingly
difficult to latch onto a reliable signal. But radio waves are just one part of the spectrum that can
carry our data. What if we could use other waves to surf the internet? One German Physicist, DR.
Harald Haas, has come up with a solution he calls “Data Through Illumination”—taking the fiber
out of fiber optics by sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the
human eye can follow. It’s the same idea behind infrared remote controls, but far more powerful.
Haas says his invention, which he calls D-Light, can produce data rates faster than 10 megabits per
second, which is speedier than your average broadband connection. He envisions a future where
data for laptops, smart phones, and tablets is transmitted through the light in a room. And security
would be a snap—if you can’t see the light, you can’t access the data.

Li-Fi is a VLC, visible light communication, technology developed by a team of scientists

including Dr Gordon Povey, Prof. Harald Haas and Dr Mostafa Afgani at the University of
Edinburgh. The term Li-Fi was coined by Prof. Haas when he amazed people by streaming high-
definition video from a standard LED lamp, at TED Global in July 2011. Li-Fi is now part of the
Visible Light Communications (VLC) PAN IEEE 802.15.7 standard. “Li-Fi is typically
implemented using white LED light bulbs. These devices are normally used for illumination by
applying a constant current through the LED. However, by fast and subtle variations of the current,
the optical output can be made to vary at extremely high speeds. Unseen by the human eye, this
variation is used to carry high-speed data,” says Dr Povey, Product Manager of the University of
Edinburgh's Li-Fi Program ‘D-Light Project’.

1
Introduction of Li-Fi Technology:-
LiFi (Light Fidelity) is a fast and cheap optical version of Wi-Fi, the technology of which is based
on Visible Light Communication (VLC). LiFi is transmission of data through illumination by
taking the fiber out of fiber optics by sending data through a LED light bulb that varies in intensity
faster than the human eye can follow. Li-Fi is the term some have used to label the fast and cheap
wirelesscommunication system, which is the optical version of Wi-Fi. The term was first used in
this context by Harald Haas in his TED Global talk on Visible Light Communication. “At the heart
of this technology is a new generation of high brightness light-emitting diodes”, says Harald Haas
from the University of Edinburgh, UK, ”Very simply, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if
it’s off you transmit a 0,”Haas says, “They can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives
nice opportunities for transmitted data.”It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate
at which the LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s. The LED intensity is
modulated so rapidly that human eye cannot notice, so the output appears constant. More
sophisticated techniques could dramatically increase VLC data rate. Terms at the University of
Oxford and the University of Edingburgh are focusing on parallel data transmission using array of
LEDs, where each LED transmits a different data stream. Other group are using mixtures of red,
green and blue LEDs to alter the light frequency encoding a different data channel. Li-Fi, as it has
been dubbed, has already achieved blisteringly high speed in the lab. Researchers at the Heinrich
Hertz Institute in Berlin, Germany, have reached data rates of over 500 megabytes per second
using a standard white-light LED. The technology was demonstrated at the 2012 Consumer
Electronics Show in Las Vegas using a pair of Casio smart phones to exchange data using light of
varying intensity given off from their screens, detectable at a distance of up to ten meters.
In October 2011 a number of companies and industry groups formed the Li-Fi Consortium, to
promote high-speed optical wireless systems and to overcome the limited amount of radio based
wireless spectrum available by exploiting a completely different part of the electromagnetic
spectrum. The consortium believes it is possible to achieve more than 10 Gbps, theoretically
allowing a high-definition film to be downloaded in 30 seconds.

In simple terms, Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light instead
of radio waves to transmit information. And instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceiver-
fitted LED lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive information. Since simple
light bulbs are used, there can technically be any number of access points.

2
 This technology uses a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is still not greatly utilized-
The Visible Spectrum. Light is in fact very much part of our lives for millions and millions of years
and does not have any major ill effect. Moreover there is 10,000 times more space available in this
spectrum and just counting on the bulbs in use, it also multiplies to 10,000 times more availability
as an infrastructure, globally.

It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and
off to give different strings of 1s and 0s. The LED intensity is modulated so rapidly that human
eyes cannot notice, so the output appears constant.

Li Fi is now part of Visible Light Communication (VLC) PAN IEEE 802.15.7 Standard.
More sophisticated techniques could dramatically increase VLC data rates. Team of scientists
including Dr. Gorden Povey, Prof. Harald Hass and Dr. Mostafa Afgani at University of Edinburgh
and the University of Oxford are focusing on parallel data transmission using arrays of LEDs,
where each LED transmits a different data stream. Other groups are using mixtures of red, green
and blue LEDs to alter the light's frequency, with each frequency encoding a different data channel.

Li-Fi, as it has been dubbed, has already achieved blisteringly high speeds in the lab.
Researchers at the Heinrich Hertz Institute in Berlin, Germany, have reached data rates of over
500 megabytes per second using a standard white-light LED. Haas has set up a spin-off firm to
sell a consumer VLC transmitter that is due for launch next year. It is capable of transmitting data
at 100 MB/s - faster than most UK broadband connections. Li-Fi stands for ‘Light Fidelity’.

Li-Fi is the terms have been used to label the fast and cheap wireless communication system,
which is the optical version of Wi –Fi.

One of the biggest attractions of VLC is the energy saving of LED technology. Nineteen per cent
of the worldwide electricity is used for lighting. Thirty billion light bulbs are in use worldwide.
Assuming that all the light bulbs are exchanged with LEDs, one billion barrels of oil could be
saved every year, which again translates into energy production of 250 nuclear power plants.

Driven by the progress of LED technology, visible light communication is gaining attention in
research and development. The VLC Consortium (VLCC) in Japan was one of the first to
introduce this technology.

3
Standardization
VLC communication is modeled after communication protocols established by the IEEE 802
workgroup. This standard defines the physical layer (PHY) and media access control (MAC) layer.
The standard is able to deliver enough data rates to transmit audio, video and multimedia services.
It takes count of the optical transmission mobility, its compatibility with artificial lighting present
in infrastructures, the defiance which may be caused by interference generated by the ambient
lighting. The MAC layer allows using the link with the other layers like the TCP/IP protocol

The standard defines three PHY layers with different rates.

• The PHY I was established for outdoor application and works from 11.67 kbit/s to 267.6 kbit/s.
• The PHY II layer allows to reach data rates from 1.25 Mbit/s to 96 Mbit/s.
• The PHY III is used for many emissions sources with a particular modulation method called
color shift keying (CSK). PHY III can deliver rates from 12 Mbit/s to 96 Mbit/s.

The modulations formats recognized for PHY I and PHY II are the coding on-off keying (OOK)
and variable pulse position modulation (VPPM). The Manchester coding used for the PHY I and
PHY II layers include the clock inside the transmitted data by representing a logic 0 with an OOK
symbol "01" and a logic 1 with an OOK symbol "10", all with a DC component. This is an
important point because the DC component allows to avoid the light extinction in case of an
extended line of logic 0.

The Li-Fi Consortium has also been established to work on standardizing VLC communications,
but the rapid evolution of the technology minimizes the impact of any standardization effort. Both
the IEEE 802 workgroup and the Li-Fi Consortium fail to account for the emergence of optical
orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (O-OFDM) systems which provide significant benefits
with regard to data rates, multiple-access and energy efficiency.

Visible Light Communications

“Visible light Communication (VLC) is a modern communication technology which employs
visible solid-state light sources (LEDs) for transmitting data wirelessly as they are used for general
illumination at the same time."

4
VLC Characteristics
The merits and demerits of this technology become apparent once we go through the characteristics
of visible light communication technology:-
❖ Human Safety: VLC poses no health hazards to human body. Thus, the transmission
power can be kept high if needed.
❖ High Data Rates: VLC inherits high data rates from optical communications. Thus, it can
be used for very high speed wireless communications.
❖ Bandwidth: Visible light communications exploits the visible region of electromagnetic
spectrum. Thus it much larger frequency band ( 300 THz) compared to that available in RF
communications ( 300GHz).
❖ Ubiquitous Nature: We have a well-established lighting infrastructure throughout the
world. In addition to it, LED based lighting devices are getting widespread acceptance
round the globe. Since VLC uses the already available visible light sources for wireless
communications, so it is expected to become a ubiquitous technology in near future.
❖ Security: As VLC involves line of sight communication, so it is impossible to tap the
communication without breaking the link. So it a very secure communication and can be
used in high security military areas where RF communication is prone to eavesdropping.
❖ Visibility: It is aesthetically pleasing to see data being communicated by colored lights.
Thus, VLC is also used in many entertainment related activities like silent concerts,
decoration systems, etc.
❖ Unlicensed Spectrum: As VLC uses the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum, so it
is free of cost. Contrary to it, the RF communication band is regulated

5
Genesis of LI-FI:
Harald Haas, a professor at the University of Edinburgh who began his research in the field
in 2004, gave a debut demonstration of what he called a Li-Fi prototype at the TED Global
conference in Edinburgh on 12th July 2011. He used a table lamp with an LED bulb to transmit a
video of blooming flowers that was then projected onto a screen behind him. During the event he
periodically blocked the light from lamp to prove that the lamp was indeed the source of incoming
data. At TED Global, Haas demonstrated a data rate of transmission of around 10Mbps -
comparable to a fairly good UK broadband connection. Two months later he achieved 123Mbps.

Back in 2011 German scientists succeeded in creating an 800Mbps (Megabits per second)
capable wireless network by using nothing more than normal red, blue, green and white LED
light bulbs, thus the idea has been around for awhile and various other global teams are also
exploring the possibilities

6
Issues Regarding Radio-spectrum
Radio Spectrum is congested but the demand for wirelesses data double each year.
Everything, it seems want to use wireless data but the capacity is drying up.

➢ Capacity:

In LI-FI the Bandwidth is 10000 times more than radio wave. That provides huge range of
spectrum bandwidth.

➢ Efficiency:

Millions of base stations for radio wave transmission and receiving on the earth consume
huge amount of energy for transmitting the radio waves and to cool the base station cabins.
It gives only 5% Efficiency. In case of LI-FI it does not consume energy as compare to
other waves. It is very cheap.

➢ Availability:

Radio waves are available within the range of Base stations which make it limited availability.
It is unavailable in aircrafts because of interference of wave cause crash. But LI-Fi does not
produce interference and provide user a perfect communication channel for accessing internet
telephone, watching movies online.

➢ Security:

Radio wave penetrates walls which cause security laps. Any one access to the private network of
any one and use their data, login to their secure region.

VLC vs RF Communication

• Limited Transmission Power: In RF communications, the electric transmission power

cannot be increased beyond a prescribed level as it poses serious health hazards for human
body.

7
 • Regulated Spectrum: Due to the radio wave restriction, there is no room to use more
radio frequencies. In addition, the use of radio spectrum is regulated.

• Banned in Sensitive Areas: The radio wave cannot be used in hospitals and Space
stations because it adversely acts the performance of precision instruments. These
radio wave problems above are easily solved by use of the visible light communications.
All these problems can be solved using visible light communications. This can be accredited to the
high available bandwidth, high data rates, high transmission power, health-friendly operation and
lower implementation costs of this technology.

8
Working of LI-FI
This brilliant idea was first showcased by Harald Haas from University of Edinburgh, UK, in his
TED Global talk on VLC. He explained,” Very simple, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1,
if it’s off you transmit a 0. The LEDs can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice
opportunities for transmitting data.” So what you require at all are some LEDs and a controller
that code data into those LEDs. We have to just vary the rate at which the LED’s flicker depending
upon the data we want to encode. Further enhancements can be made in this method, like using an
array of LEDs for parallel data transmission, or using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to
alter the light’s frequency with each frequency encoding a different data channel. Such
advancements promise a theoretical speed of 10 Gbps – meaning you can download a full high-
definition film in just 30 seconds. Simply awesome! But blazingly fast data rates and depleting
bandwidths worldwide are not the only reasons that give this technology an upper hand. Since Li-
Fi uses just the light, it can be used safely in aircrafts and hospitals that are prone to interference
from radio waves. This can even work underwater where Wi-Fi fails completely, thereby throwing
open endless opportunities for military operations.
Imagine only needing to hover under a street lamp to get public internet access, or downloading a
movie from the lamp on your desk. There's a new technology on the block which could, quite
literally as well as metaphorically, 'throw light on' how to meet the ever-increasing demand for
high-speed wireless connectivity. Radio waves are replaced by light waves in a new method of
data transmission which is being called Li -Fi. Light-emitting diodes can be switched on and off
faster than the human eye can detect, causing the light source to appear to be on continuously. A
flickering light can be incredibly annoying, but has turned out to have its upside, being precisely
what makes it possible to use light for wireless data transmission.
Light-emitting diodes (commonly referred to as LEDs and found in traffic and street lights, car
brake lights, remote control units and countless other applications) can be switched on and off
faster than the human eye can detect, causing the light source to appear to be on continuously, even
though it is in fact 'flickering'. This invisible on-off activity enables a kind of data transmission
using binary codes: switching on an LED is a logical '1', switching it off is a logical '0'. Information
can therefore be encoded in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and off to
give different strings of 1s and 0s. This method of using rapid pulses of light to transmit

9
information wirelessly is technically referred to as Visible Light Communication (VLC), though
it’s potential to compete with conventional Wi-Fi has inspired the popular characterization Li-Fi.

VLC is a data communication medium, which uses visible light between 400 THz (780 nm) and
800 THz (375 nm) as optical carrier for data transmission and illumination. It uses fast pulses of
light to transmit information wirelessly. The main components of this communication system are

1) A high brightness white LED, Which acts as a communication source and 2) A silicon
photodiode which shows good response to visible wavelength region serving as the receiving
element?

LED can be switched on and off to generate digital strings of 1s and 0s. Data can be encoded in
the light to generate a new data stream by varying the flickering rate of the LED. To be clearer, by
modulating the LED light with the data signal, the LED illumination can be used as a
communication source. As the flickering rate is so fast, the LED output appears constant to the
human eye. A data rate of greater than 100 Mbps is possible by using high speed LEDs with

10
appropriate multiplexing techniques. VLC data rate can be increased by parallel data transmission
using LED arrays where each LED transmits a different data stream. There are reasons to prefer
LED as the light source in VLC while a lot of other illumination devices like fluorescent lamp,
incandescent bulb etc. are available.
Light is inherently safe and can be used in places where radio frequency communication is often
deemed problematic, such as in aircraft cabins or hospitals. So visible light communication not
only has the potential to solve the problem of lack of spectrum space, but can also enable novel
application. The visible light spectrum is unused; it's not regulated, and can be used for
communication at very high speeds.

11
Technology Brief:-

LI-FI CONSTRUCTION:-

The LI-FI™ product consists of 4 primary sub-assemblies:

• Bulb
• RF power amplifier circuit (PA)
• Printed circuit board (PCB)
• Enclosure

The PCB controls the electrical inputs and outputs of the lamp and houses the microcontroller
used to manage different lamp functions.
An RF (radio-frequency) signal is generated by the solid-state PA and is guided into an electric
field about the bulb.
The high concentration of energy in the electric field vaporizes the contents of the bulb to a plasma
state at the bulb’s center; this controlled plasma generates an intense source of light. All of these
sub assemblies are contained in an aluminum enclosure.

Transmitters:
The following components are used at the transmitting side:
1. Colored LEDs
2. Mosfets
3. RS232 line driver IC
4. USB to RS232 coverter cable
5. Voltage Regulator

• Colored LEDs
An array of Red, Green and Blue LEDs are used at the transmitter end as visible light sources.
They are connected as loads in the transistor circuitry. They are high power and emit a focused
beam. Each color is used to carry a different data stream.

12
 • MOSFETs
A high speed N-type power MOSFET IRF 520 is used to modulate the LEDs using OOK (On off
Keying). The serial output from the computer is converted into TTL Compatible form and is then
applied to the gate of the transistor. Thus, it switches the load (LEDs) on and off in accordance
with the input data 4.3.1.3 RS232 line driver
Since the output of computer is RS232 compatible, a 16 pin RS232 line driver IC MAX 232 is
used to make the computer output TTL level compatible to drive the transistor circuit carrying
through LED load..

• USB to RS232 converter cable

In laptops, serial port is not available. Since data is to be transmitted serially between the two
computers, a USB to RS232 converter cable is used to interface the serial output from MAX 232
IC to the laptop using the built-in USB port. This cable contains an embedded controller to conform
the RS232 compatible data into USB protocol compatible form.

• Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator is used to supply constant voltage (5V) to MAX232 IC.A 3 pin 7805 IC is used
to serve the purpose.

Every kind of light source can theoretically be used as transmitting device for VLC. However,
some are better suited than others. For instance, incandescent lights quickly break down when
switched on and o_ frequently. These are thus not recommended as VLC transmitters. More
promising alternatives are fluorescent lights and LEDs. VLC transmitters are usually also used for
providing illumination of the rooms in which they are used. This makes fluorescent lights a
particularly popular choice, because they can flicker quickly enough to transmit a meaningful
amount of data and are already widely used for illumination purposes. However, with an ever-
rising market share of LEDs and further technological improvements such as higher brightness
and spectral clarity. LEDs are expected to replace fluorescent lights as illumination sources and
VLC transmitters.
The simplest form of LEDs is those which consist of a bluish to ultraviolet LED surrounded by
phosphorus which is then stimulated by the actual LED and emits white light. This leads to data
rates up to 40 Mbit/s.
RGB LEDs do not rely on phosphorus any more to generate white light. They come with three
distinct LEDs (a red, a blue and a green one) which, when lighting up at the same time, emit light
13
that humans perceive as white. Because there is no delay by stimulating phosphorus rust, Data
rates of up to 100 MBit/s can be achieved using RGB LEDs.
In recent years the development of resonant cavity LEDs (RCLEDs) has advanced considerably.
These are similar to RGB LEDs in that they are comprised of three distinct LEDs, but in addition
they are fitted with Bragg mirrors which enhance the spectral clarity to such a degree that emitted
light can be modulated at very high frequencies. In early 2010, Siemens has shown that data
transmission at a rate of 500MBit/s is possible with this approach.
It should be noted that VLC will probably not be used for massive data transmission. High data
rates as the ones referred to above, were reached under meticulous Set ups which cannot be
expected to be reproduced in real-life scenarios. One can expect to see data rates of about 5 kbit/s
in average applications, such as location estimation. The distance in which VLC can be expected
to be reasonably used ranges up to about 6 meters.

Figure show, Solid state LED and fluorescent bulb used as transmitter

Receivers:
The following components are used at the receiving side:
1. Optical Receiver
2. Optical Filters
3. Voltage Regulator
4. RS232 line driver IC
5. USB to RS232 converter cable

14
 Optical Receiver
A 6 pin fiber optic receiving module TORX 173 is used as the light sensing device. On receiving
light pulses, it gives a high output whereas the output goes low in the absence of light.

• Optical Filters
Red, green and blue light filters are used at the receiver to de multiplex the multiple data streams.
These are sharp narrowband filters. A red light filter allows the frequency band corresponding to
red color to pass through it and blocks all other wavelengths. Thus, when a red light filters is placed
in front of the optical receiver, only the data stream carried by the red beam falls at the receiver
while the other streams are blocked. Similarly, blue or green light filters can be used to allow the
desired data stream to reach the receiver.

• Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator is used to supply constant voltage (5V) to TORX 173.A 3 pin 7805 IC is used
to serve the purpose.

• RS232 line driver

Since the output of TORX 173 is TTL level compatible, a 16 pin RS232 line driver IC MAX 232
is used to make the output RS232 compatible so that the receiving module can be interfaced to the
computer.

• USB to RS232 converter cable

In laptops, serial port is not available. Since data is to be transmitted serially between the two
computers, a USB to RS232 converter cable is used to interface the serial output from MAX 232
IC to the laptop using the built-in USB port. This cable contains an embedded controller to conform
the RS232 compatible data into USB protocol compatible form

The most common choice of receivers are photodiodes which turn light into electrical pulses. The
signal retrieved in this way can then be demodulated into actual data. In more complex VLC-based
scenarios, such as Image Sensor Communication even CMOS or CCD sensors are used (which are
usually built into digital cameras).

15
 Figure show, receiver such as Avalanche Photo Diode and Image sensor

Modulation:

In order to actually send out data via LEDs, such as pictures or audio files, it is
necessary to modulate these into a carrier signal. In the context of visible light
communication, this carrier signal consists of light pulses sent out in short intervals.
How these are exactly interpreted depends on the chosen modulation scheme, two
of which will be presented in this section. At first, a scheme called subcarrier pulse
position modulation is presented which is already established as VLC-standard by
the VLCC. The second modulation scheme to be addressed is called frequency shift
Keying, commonly referred to as FSK. They also explore how to combine pulse-
position modulation with illumination control.

16
How It’s Different
LI-FI technology is base on LEDs for transfer of data. The transfer of data can be with the help of
all kinds of light can belong to the invisible, ultraviolet or the visible part of the spectrum. The
speed of internet is incredibly high and we can download movies, games, music etc in just a few
minutes with the help of this technology. Also, this technology removes limitation that has been
put on the user by the Wi-Fi. We don’t need to in a region that is WI-FI enabled to have access to
the internet. We can simply stand under any form of light and surf the internet as the connection is
made in case of any light presence. There cannot be anything better than this technology.

17
 Economic value

• A free band that does not need license.

• High installment cost but very low maintenance cost.
• Cheaper than Wi-Fi.
• Theoretical speed up to 1 GB per second : Less time & energy consumption.
• No more monthly broadband bills.
• Lower electricity costs.
• Longevity of LED bulb: saves money.
• Light doesn't penetrate through walls: secured access.

Limitations

The main problem is that light can't pass through objects, so if the receiver is inadvertently blocked
in any way, then the signal will immediately cut out. "If the light signal is blocked, or when you
need to use your device to send information -- you can seamlessly switch back over to radio
waves", Harald says.
Reliability and network coverage are the major issues to be considered by the companies while
providing VLC services. Interferences from external light sources like sun light, normal bulbs;
and opaque materials in the path of transmission will cause interruption in the communication.
High installation cost of the VLC systems can be complemented by large-scale implementation of
VLC though Adopting VLC technology will reduce further operating costs like electricity charges,
maintenance charges etc.

18
Application area of LI-FI technology
It can be used in the places where it is difficult to lay the optical fibres like hospitals. In
operation theatre Li Fi can be used for modern medical instruments.

➢ Airways:-

Whenever we travel through airways we face the problem in communication media,

because the whole airways communication are performed on the basis of radio
waves. To overcome this drawback on radio wave, li-fi is introduced.

Green information technology:-

Green information technology means that unlike radio waves and other
communication waves affects on the birds, human body etc.
Li-Fi never gives such side effects on any living thing.

19
 Free From Frequency Bandwidth Problem:-
Li-fi is a communication media in the form of light, so no matter about the
frequency bandwidth problem. It does not require the any bandwidth spectrum i.e.
we don’t need to pay any amount for communication and license.

Increase Communication Safety:-

Due to visual light communication, the node or any terminal attach to our
network is visible to the host of network.

Multi User Communication:-

Li-Fi supports the broadcasting of network; it helps to share multiple things
at a single instance called broadcasting.

Lightings Points Used as Hotspot in Smart Homes and Offices:.

Any lightings device is performed as a hotspot it means that the light device like car lights, ceiling
lights, street lamps etc area able to spread internet connectivity using visual light communication.
20
This helps us to low cost architecture for hotspot. Hotspot is a limited region in which some amount
of device can access the internet connectivity.

Smarter Power Plants:-

Wi-Fi and many other radiation types are bad for sensitive areas. Like those surrounding
power plants. But power plants need fast, interconnected data systems to monitor things
like demand, grid integrity and (in nuclear plants) core temperature. The savings from
proper monitoring at a single power plant can add up to hundreds of thousands of
dollars. LiFi could offer safe, abundant connectivity for all areas of these sensitive
locations. Not only would this save money related to currently implemented solutions,
but the draw on a power plant’s own reserves could be lessened if they haven’t yet
converted to LED lighting.

21
Undersea Awesomeness:-

Underwater ROVs, those favourite toys of treasure seekers and James Cameron, operate
from large cables that supply their power and allow them to receive signals from their
pilots above. ROVs work great, except when the tether isn’t long enough to explore an
area, or when it gets stuck on something. If their wires were cut and replaced with light
— say from a Submerged, high-powered lamp — then they would be much free to
explore. They could also use their headlamps to communicate with each other, processing
data autonomously and referring findings periodically back to the surface, all the while
obtaining their next batch of orders.

22
It Could Keep You Informed and Save Lives

Say there’s an earthquake or a hurricane. Take your pick — it’s a wacky city. The average
people may not know what the protocols are for those kinds of disasters. Until they pass
under a street light, that is. Remember, with Li-Fi, if there’s light, you’re online. Subway
stations and tunnels, common dead zones for most emergency communications, pose no
obstruction. Plus, in times less stressing cities could opt to provide cheap high-speed Web
access to every street corner. It can be used in petroleum or chemical plants where other
transmission or frequencies could be hazardous.

23
Traffic Signals

In traffic signals Li Fi can be used which will communicate with the LED lights of the
cars and accident numbers can be decreased. Thousand and millions of street lamps can
be transferred to LiFi lamps to transfer data.

24
Challenging Problems
➢ Connectivity while moving

➢ Multiuser support

➢ Dimming

➢ Shadowing

Solutions to Challenging problems

Solution for multiuser support

In this problem one solution is time division multiplexing (TDM). Each frame is divided into equal
time slots. Each user transmits data in one time slot in a predefined order. The other solution is
code division multiple access (CDMA). Codes are assigned to users. Each user transmits its data
using the assigned signature pattern. It is used in 3G and 4G cellular networks. CDMA has been
adopted and developed for optical systems. Optical orthogonal codes (OOC) are used as signature
pattern for users.

25
 Solution for shadowing

As shown before, the impulse response in VLC systems has two parts. When the line-of-sight
(LOS) part (which is received via direct path) is blocked, the impulse response is only the second
part. Then the data can be recovered using the second part which is indeed the received data from
the indirect paths (multipath signal)

26
 Conclusion :-
The possibilities are numerous and can be explored further. If his technology can be put
into practical use, every bulb can be used something like a Wi-Fi hotspot to transmit wireless data
and we will proceed toward the cleaner, greener, safer and brighter future. The concept of Li-Fi is
currently attracting a great deal of interest, not least because it may offer a genuine and very
efficient alternative to radio-based wireless. As a growing number of people and their many
devices access wireless internet, the airwaves are becoming increasingly clogged, making it more
and more difficult to get a reliable, high-speed signal. This may solve issues such as the shortage
of radio-frequency bandwidth and also allow internet where traditional radio based wireless isn’t
allowed such as aircraft or hospitals.

One of the shortcomings however is that it only work in direct line of sight.

27
References:-

1. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi
2. teleinfobd.blogspot.in/2012/01/what-is-lifi.html
3. technopits.blogspot.comtechnology.cgap.org/2012/01/11/a-lifi-world/
4. www.lificonsortium.org/
5. the-gadgeteer.com/2011/08/29/li-fi-internet-at-thespeed-of-light/
6. www.macmillandictionary.com/buzzword/entries/Li-Fi.html
7. dvice.com/archives/2012/08/lifi-ten-ways-i.php
8. Will Li-Fi be the new Wi-Fi?, New Scientist, by Jamie Condliffe, dated 28 July
2011
9. http://www.digplanet.com/wiki/Li-Fi
10. ”Visible-light communication: Tripping the light
11. fantastic: A fast and cheap optical version of Wi-Fi is coming”, Economist, dated 28Jan
2012

28