Om Jaya Ganesa

Learn Python 3

Sri Heramba Education Tech

June 2, 2024

1
Table of Contents

List of Programs 3

List of Figures 4

Preface i

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Install Python in Windows 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Install Python in Linux – Ubuntu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Modes of running Python programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Blocks of codes and indentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 print() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 Documentation of Python standard libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.7 Syllabus covered by this Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.8 Syllabus for Engineering Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.9 Why Python – finally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.10 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2 Data types, Variables and Operators 11

2.1 Variables, Objects and Data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Mutable and immutable data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 Declaring and initialising variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 How to input data while running a Python script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3 Numbers 17
3.1 Numerals – int and float types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 Summary of operations on int and float data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4 Strings 21
4.1 String variable assignment and other basic operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2 Advanced operations on Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

5 Operators 23
2
Table of Contents 3

5.1 Unary operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5.2 Binary operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6 Flow Control and Iteration 27

6.1 Variables associated with Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

7 Test for gitting 29

7.1 Delete after completing the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.2 Another environment with purely minted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

PEP 8 for Beautiful Code 37

Advantages of following PEP 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Postface 39

Solutions to the Exercises 41

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
List of Programs

1.1 Running first program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Hello World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 Declaring and Initialising some data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Numerals are immutable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Input data into variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1 Strings - Multiline text and index errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7.1 Hello World Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.2 Enter numbers and print the product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.3 Program for Entering string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4
List of Figures

1.1 REPL shell - Interactive mode of Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 Installed versions of Python and Pip in Ubuntu 20.04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Website for Documentation of Standard libraries of Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Available attributes of any object using dir() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4.1 REPL shell - Interactive mode of Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

5.1 List of some Unary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

5.2 Arithmetic Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.3 Relational Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5
Preface

Seizing the digital opportunity needs an expertise in an holistic programming tool. Target is to explain how to
build a web based responsive application using open source tools like Postgres, Django and Tailwind CSS. To start
such development, how to program with Python is explained in this book.

Development of web applications using a set of the following open source technologies is explained to the best of
my knowledge. The technologies are:

Server Scripting Python based framework, Django for developing MVT based application

Database Postgresql and MongoDB.

OS Linux internals

Frontend Javascript, CSS and Frameworks (Tailwind CSS)

To start with, Python programming is explained tersely in this work.

This book is more of a write-up notes for my memory, rather than a full blown text Book. Kindly bear with this,
as it needs frequent reference of other text books and the Internet.

i
Chapter 1

Introduction

Python does many things in more efficient way and is becomming more popular. Python was designed by Guido
Van Russom, named after Monty Python series. Python can be downloaded from www.python.org. With a rich
ecosystem of modules and frameworks, effective application development becomes really easy.

Editors suitable for efficient development in Python are

• Atom editor from https://atom.io/.

• Visual Studio Code from https://code.visualstudio.com/download.

• Pycharm-community (Licensing restricts development of commercial web projects.)

• Spyder

• Vim, Emacs etc.

Anaconda distribution of Python has many required modules in a single source, and is available at www.anaconda.
com. This book uses any suitable distribution on any OS (Ubuntu 20.04 or Windows 10), and all efforts are made
to explain the concept. Some of the other similar distributions of Python are

1. CPython, this one has a steep learning curve and is for an experienced programmer.

2. WinPython developed for Windows 10 OS.

3. ActiveState python.

1.1 Install Python in Windows 10

Installing Python in Windows 10 can be done in the following way 1 .

1. Go to Start and Microsoft Store and open it.

1 Refer https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/python/beginners

1
2 Chapter 1. Introduction

2. Search for Python and select Python 3.9, which is current version, and select Get.

3. Once installation is successful, for checking open Windows Power Shell from Start and type python --version .

1.2 Install Python in Linux – Ubuntu

Python3.x comes pre-built in Ubuntu 20.04 OS. However installing can be done in the following steps in the
terminal2 .

1. sudo apt install python3 for installing Python 3.x.

2. python --version for checking the installation. It should say Python 3.9.5

3. sudo apt install python3-pip for installing pip, a nice tool for managing packages and modules dur-
ing development.

4. sudo apt install -y python3-venv for having a virtual environment, an isolated space, for developing
without any clash with various versions of the libraries.

5. sudo apt install -y build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python3-dev , additional required li-
braries.

6. A sample output from Ubuntu 20.04 system is shown in Figure 1.2

1.3 Modes of running Python programs

Python scripts (Programs) can be run from REPL Shell interactively or from a scripted file with .py extension.
Larger and complex applications naturally need the later mode.

REPL - Interactive Shell

REPL – Read, Eval, Print and Loop is the interactive shell which waits for Python commands or code and evaluates
the result, as shown in fig. 4.1.

Script mode and running first program

This is script mode of running Python program from terminal. Invoke terminal and save the following lines in a
file hello.py, change the attributes if necessary, and run the file as shown in the figure Program 1.1.

#!/bin/env python

#Hello World in a single line of code.

#Simple is the best - Zen of Python

print("Hello world")

Program 1.1: Running first program

2 Refer https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-python-3-and-set-up-a-programming-environment-on-an-ubuntu-
and many other sources from the Internet
Checking the installed versions of Python and Pip 3

Fig. 1.1: REPL shell - Interactive mode of Python

Checking the installed versions of Python and Pip

The fig. 1.2 shows the installed version of Python and pip in Ubuntu 20.04, local instance.

Fig. 1.2: Installed versions of Python and Pip in Ubuntu 20.04

4 Chapter 1. Introduction

1.4 Blocks of codes and indentation

The blocks of codes generally included between {} , in C, Java etc. But Python does it differently, by indenting
the codes, levels of indentation is grouped under those respective blocks, which is called a Suite in Python.
Indentation is generally 4 spaces.

All statements with same indentation belong to one block, this block ends with a statement with lesser indentation
or EOF.

#Python program illustrating indentation

a = 15

if a % 2 == 0:
# This Suite of code is executed if True
print(a, " is even")
else:
# This Suite of code is executed if False
print(a, " is odd")

Program 1.2: Hello World

1.5 print() Function

1.6 Documentation of Python standard libraries

Referring the www.python.org

For any successful development it is always a good habit to learn how to refer the documentation. It is akin to
referring a dictionary for any writer as frequently as needed. Python documentation for standard libraries is
shown in fig. 1.3

Using dir function

Python has a special way of listing the available attributes of any object like int, float, string etc. by using dir().
The fig. 1.4 shows the usage of dir() with integers and strings.
Using dir function 5

Fig. 1.3: Website for Documentation of Standard libraries of Python

6 Chapter 1. Introduction

Fig. 1.4: Available attributes of any object using dir()

1.7. Syllabus covered by this Book 7

1.7 Syllabus covered by this Book

The following list of topics are explained in this book.

Topics Discussed in this Book

a) Data types and Variables b) Int, float and complex numbers
c) Strings d) Boolean and None
e) List f) Tuple
g) Dictionary h) Sets and Mapping data types
i) Control

1.8 Syllabus for Engineering Courses

8 Chapter 1. Introduction

Syllabus

UNIT I

Introduction:Introduction to Python, Program Development Cycle, Input, Processing, and Output, Display-
ing Output with the Print Function, Comments, Variables, Reading Input from the Keyboard, Performing
Calculations, Operators. Type conversions, Expressions, More about Data Output. Data Types, and Ex-
pression:Strings Assignment, and Comment, Numeric Data Types and Character Sets, Usingfunctions and
Modules.Decision Structures and Boolean Logic: if, if-else, if-elif-else Statements, Nested Decision Struc-
tures, Comparing Strings, Logical Operators, Boolean Variables. Repetition Structures: Introduction, while
loop, for loop, Calculatinga Running Total, Input Validation Loops, Nested Loops.

UNIT II

Control Statement:Definite iteration for Loop Formatting Text for output, Selection if and if else Statement
Conditional Iteration The While LoopStrings and Text Files:Accessing Characterand Substring in Strings,
Data Encryption, Strings and Number Systems, String Methods Text Files.

UNIT III

List and Dictionaries:Lists, Defining Simple Functions, DictionariesDesign with Function: Functions as Ab-
straction Mechanisms, Problem Solving with Top Down Design, Design with Recursive Functions, Case
Study Gathering Information from a File System, Managing a Program’s Namespace, Higher Order Func-
tion.Modules: Modules, Standard Modules, Packages.

UNIT IV

File Operations: Reading config files in python, Writing log files in python, Understanding read functions,
read(), readline() and readlines(), Understanding write functions, write() and writelines(), Manipulating
file pointer using seek, Programming usingfile operations Object Oriented Programming:Concept of class,
object and instances, Constructor, class attributes and destructors, Real time use of class in live projects,
Inheritance , overlapping and overloading operators, Adding and retrieving dynamic attributes of classes,
Programming using Oops support Design with Classes:Objects and Classes, Data modeling Examples, Case
Study An ATM, Structuring Classes with Inheritance and Polymorphism

UNIT V

Errors and Exceptions: Syntax Errors, Exceptions, Handling Exceptions, Raising Exceptions, User-defined
Exceptions, Defining Clean-up Actions, Redefined Clean-up Actions.Graphical User Interfaces:The Behav-
1.9. Why Python – finally 9

ior of Terminal Based Programs and GUI -Based, Programs,Coding Simple GUI-Based Programs, Other
Useful GUI Resources.Programming:Introduction to Programming Concepts with Scratch.

Text Books

Fundamentals of Python First Programs, Kenneth. A. Lambert, Cengage.

Python Programming: A Modern Approach, Vamsi Kurama, Pearson.

Reference Books

Introduction to Python Programming, Gowrishankar.S, Veena A, CRC Press.

Introduction to Programming Using Python, Y. Daniel Liang, Pearson.

e-Resources

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python3/python_tutorial.pdf

Summary 1.1

IDLE This is a light weight IDE for writing Python programs.

REPL Interactive mode Python interpreted which gives a >>>

prompt.

Indentation Tab identifies the block of code or Suite in Python.

Comment # comments single line and """ for multiline’.

Documentation Python documentation is available at https:

//docs.python.org/3/reference/index.html#
reference-index.

1.9 Why Python – finally

Summary 1.2
Python is highlevel, open source, interprated and general purpose coding language
which is now becomming the most popular.

Extensible Python programs can be used by C or C++ for extending

the functionality.

Integrated Modules from other languages can be easily integrated into

Python code.

Dynamic Python functions and objects can be changed while run-

ning.
10 Chapter 1. Introduction

1.10 Exercises

1.1 Write a program which prompts for two numbers and prints the product of these two numbers.

1.2 Select which of the following are valid variable names.

a) 1variab b) var$iab c) var ble

d) variable1 e) Variable f) var-ble
g) var ble h) +variab i) variab
j) break k) pass l) continue
Chapter 2

Data types, Variables and Operators

2.1 Variables, Objects and Data types

A Variable is a memory space with a name, available for storing data while the program is run.

An Object is a blueprint of a bunch of variables along with the methods which execute certain predefined pieces
of tasks using these variables.

Every Object has

a) ID b) Type c) Value

Data are placed in these variables, which is of different types and hence need different treatment, like addition of
numbers is not same as adding two strings. Data are anything that can be processed by program either as input
or as output, including Meta Data, which give the details about the data.

Rules for declaring variables

Variable name has to be declared following the below rules:

• Variable names can begin with (U nderscore), $ and any letter.

• Variables are case sensitive and of any practicable length.
• Keywords like if, else, while are not allowed, some are given in table 2.1.
• Variable names cannot start with a number.
• Variable names cannot have a space.

Built in data types

Some of the built in data types in Python are:

Numerals are integers, real numbers and complex numbers.

11
12 Chapter 2. Data types, Variables and Operators

Table 2.1: List of keywords in Python

and continue except global lambda pass while

as def False if None raise with
type from is or try class return
break elif for in not True nonlocal
assert del finally import print yield else

Strings Text with alpha numeric and unicode words.

Lists are arrays of any of these objects like [ 5, 'a', [2,"Sea Shell"],'fine tune']

None is a null data type.

Dictionaries is an array of {"key":"value", "name1":"Hyderabad", "name2":"New Delhi"}

Tuples are an immutable set of objects like (1,3,'a', "One Two")

Boolean can take two values True and False.

Files are stream objects which can be opened for writing or reading.

Program related objects are Functions, classed and modules which can be defined using keywords like
def, class, lambda, import etc.

The list above may seem to be overwhelming, but they are quite powerful and useful in programming a very
complex application.

2.2 Mutable and immutable data

Mutable data types can change their values during the runtime, while Immutable ones do not change during the
entire runtime.

Python does many things in a very different way than it is handled by the most popular programming languages.
Defining a data type mutable is one of such special technique in Python, which makes the things very faster and
simpler. Data types like String, Numerals are immutable, which means they won’t change for that instance of the
program execution.

Numerals are immutable? are you sure, int and float are also immutable?, check this during next section.

2.3 Declaring and initialising variables

In Python a variable can be declared and initialise in a single command, in Program 2.1, it is clearly seen that
Python is intelligently assigning the relevant data type to the variable based on the value it is being initialised. It
is also explained how to initialise multiple variables with a same value.

It can also be noticed that a single char is also of a str type of length 1, in Python, there is no special char data
type. Python specifically doesnot restrict the size of the variables that can go into these variables, rather it will be
constrained only by the capability of the machine on which the program is running.
2.4. How to input data while running a Python script 13

#!/bin/env python

a = 25
pi = 3.14159
hello = "Hello World"

print(a, "\t", type(a))

print(pi, "\t", type(pi))
print(hello, "\t", type(hello))
print(hello[2], "\t", type(hello[2]))

# Initialising Multiple variables

a, b, c = 10, 15, 25
print(a,b,c)

Program 2.1: Declaring and Initialising some data types

The Program 2.2 shows that int and float are immutable. The new assignment of a and b created new objects
and are pointing to new locations as shown in the output.

#!/bin/env python

#initialise numerals a=25 and b=1.5

a = 25
b = 1.5

print(a, "\t", id(a))

print(b, "\t", id(b))

#Assign again a with 25 and b with 1.5

a = 35
b = 3.5

print(a, "\t", id(a))

print(b, "\t", id(b))

Program 2.2: Numerals are immutable

2.4 How to input data while running a Python script

Python allows user to give input while the programs are run in script mode in two ways

1. Interactively while the script is run by prompting the user.

2. Passsing values as Command Line Arguments.

Data input while Python scripts are run

Input() function is helpful in taking the values of any variable from the keyboard. The Program 2.3, shows some
ways to enter data.
14 Chapter 2. Data types, Variables and Operators

#!/bin/env python

#Input into a single variable

a=input("Please enter the value of a ")

print(a)

#Input values into multiple variables

print("Enter two values")

one, two = input(), input()
print("Entered values are" )
print(one)
print(two)

Program 2.3: Input data into variables

Passing Command line arguments to Python script

This needs a little more understanding on how the variables and values are processed in Python. Arguments
without keywords are passed through commandline as we do in C, identified by *args. Arguments with keywords
are also there in Python which are represented by **kwargs. Here we pass argument with its name(key) and value.
More explanation is available after explaining functions.

2.5 Operators

Operations like addition, subtraction, etc., are defined in Python which are generally operated on one, two or
three variables. The operators available in Python are Project 2.1

Unary + - * /

Binary + - * / % **

Ternary referred as Conditional Expressions

Project 2.1: Unary Operators

2.5. Operators 15

Project 2.2: Title of the project

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, placerat ac, adi-
piscing vitae, felis. Curabitur dictum gravida mauris. Nam arcu libero, nonummy eget, consectetuer id,
vulputate a, magna. Donec vehicula augue eu neque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et
netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Mauris ut leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem. Nulla et lectus
vestibulum urna fringilla ultrices. Phasellus eu tellus sit amet tortor gravida placerat. Integer sapien est,
iaculis in, pretium quis, viverra ac, nunc. Praesent eget sem vel leo ultrices bibendum. Aenean faucibus.
Morbi dolor nulla, malesuada eu, pulvinar at, mollis ac, nulla. Curabitur auctor semper nulla. Donec
varius orci eget risus. Duis nibh mi, congue eu, accumsan eleifend, sagittis quis, diam. Duis eget orci sit
amet orci dignissim rutrum.
Nam dui ligula, fringilla a, euismod sodales, sollicitudin vel, wisi. Morbi auctor lorem non justo. Nam
lacus libero, pretium at, lobortis vitae, ultricies et, tellus. Donec aliquet, tortor sed accumsan bibendum,
erat ligula aliquet magna, vitae ornare odio metus a mi. Morbi ac orci et nisl hendrerit mollis. Suspendisse
ut massa. Cras nec ante. Pellentesque a nulla. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient mon-
tes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Aliquam tincidunt urna. Nulla ullamcorper vestibulum turpis. Pellentesque
cursus luctus mauris.
Nulla malesuada porttitor diam. Donec felis erat, congue non, volutpat at, tincidunt tristique, libero.
Vivamus viverra fermentum felis. Donec nonummy pellentesque ante. Phasellus adipiscing semper elit.
Proin fermentum massa ac quam. Sed diam turpis, molestie vitae, placerat a, molestie nec, leo. Maecenas
lacinia. Nam ipsum ligula, eleifend at, accumsan nec, suscipit a, ipsum. Morbi blandit ligula feugiat
magna. Nunc eleifend consequat lorem. Sed lacinia nulla vitae enim. Pellentesque tincidunt purus vel
magna. Integer non enim. Praesent euismod nunc eu purus. Donec bibendum quam in tellus. Nullam
cursus pulvinar lectus. Donec et mi. Nam vulputate metus eu enim. Vestibulum pellentesque felis eu
massa.
Quisque ullamcorper placerat ipsum. Cras nibh. Morbi vel justo vitae lacus tincidunt ultrices. Lorem
ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Integer tempus con-
vallis augue. Etiam facilisis. Nunc elementum fermentum wisi. Aenean placerat. Ut imperdiet, enim sed
gravida sollicitudin, felis odio placerat quam, ac pulvinar elit purus eget enim. Nunc vitae tortor. Proin
tempus nibh sit amet nisl. Vivamus quis tortor vitae risus porta vehicula.
Fusce mauris. Vestibulum luctus nibh at lectus. Sed bibendum, nulla a faucibus semper, leo velit ultri-
cies tellus, ac venenatis arcu wisi vel nisl. Vestibulum diam. Aliquam pellentesque, augue quis sagittis
posuere, turpis lacus congue quam, in hendrerit risus eros eget felis. Maecenas eget erat in sapien mattis
porttitor. Vestibulum porttitor. Nulla facilisi. Sed a turpis eu lacus commodo facilisis. Morbi fringilla,
wisi in dignissim interdum, justo lectus sagittis dui, et vehicula libero dui cursus dui. Mauris tempor
ligula sed lacus. Duis cursus enim ut augue. Cras ac magna. Cras nulla. Nulla egestas. Curabitur a leo.
Quisque egestas wisi eget nunc. Nam feugiat lacus vel est. Curabitur consectetuer.
Suspendisse vel felis. Ut lorem lorem, interdum eu, tincidunt sit amet, laoreet vitae, arcu. Aenean faucibus
pede eu ante. Praesent enim elit, rutrum at, molestie non, nonummy vel, nisl. Ut lectus eros, malesuada
sit amet, fermentum eu, sodales cursus, magna. Donec eu purus. Quisque vehicula, urna sed ultricies
auctor, pede lorem egestas dui, et convallis elit erat sed nulla. Donec luctus. Curabitur et nunc. Aliquam
dolor odio, commodo pretium, ultricies non, pharetra in, velit. Integer arcu est, nonummy in, fermentum
faucibus, egestas vel, odio.
Sed commodo posuere pede. Mauris ut est. Ut quis purus. Sed ac odio. Sed vehicula hendrerit sem. Duis
non odio. Morbi ut dui. Sed accumsan risus eget odio. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Pellentesque non
elit. Fusce sed justo eu urna porta tincidunt. Mauris felis odio, sollicitudin sed, volutpat a, ornare ac, erat.
Morbi quis dolor. Donec pellentesque, erat ac sagittis semper, nunc dui lobortis purus, quis congue purus
metus ultricies tellus. Proin et quam. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra,
per inceptos hymenaeos. Praesent sapien turpis, fermentum vel, eleifend faucibus, vehicula eu, lacus.
16 Chapter 2. Data types, Variables and Operators

2.6 Exercises

2.1 This is a question

Chapter 3

Numbers

Python allows using numbers in integers (int and long), float, complex and bool types.

3.1 Numerals – int and float types

Python does not need explicit declaration of any data type, depending on the value of the object, it decides the
data type. If a number is stored in a variable it decides whether it is int or float type. However, type casting is
also available for further control on the type of variable.

Integers - int type

Integers from negative, 0 to positive can be used as int data type. The Program 2.1, explains declaration of int
type variables a and b and some available operations using them.

3.2 Summary of operations on int and float data types

The operations on int and float are summarised below.

Summary 3.1
Title of this summary

# The following program summarises the operations on int type

a = 25
b = 3

a + b = 28 # Addition

a - b = 22 # Subtraction

a * b = 75 # Multiplication

17
18 Chapter 3. Numbers

a / b = 8.333333333333334 # True multiplication

a // b = 8 # Int division gives quotient excluding reminder.

a % b = 1 # Modulo of a%b is reminder when a is divided by b

a ** b =15625 # a raised to the power of b

The operations on float are summarised below, where operation true division of floating point numbers give an
unexpected result, because of the way floating point variables are stored and rounded1 .

Summary 3.2

# The following program summarises the operations on float type

# Variables are float type with real numbers.

a = 20.65
b = 3.14

a + b = 23.79 # Addition

a - b = 17.509999999999998 # Subtraction

a * b = 64.841 # Multiplication

a / b = 8.333333333333334 # True multiplication

a // b = 6.0 # This is a wierd result.

a % b = 1 # Modulo of a%b is reminder when a is divided by b

a ** b =15625 # a raised to the power of b

1 https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14763722/python-modulo-on-floats
3.2. Summary of operations on int and float data types 19

Concept 3.1 : Comment a line or multiple lines

a = 25 # Is an integer

b = 2.5 # Is a floating point real number

# Boolean variables represent decision

# Numerical context of True is 1 and False is 0
c = True # Boolean variable

d = 5+2.3j # Complex variable which has real and imaginary parts.

Chapter 4

Strings

String is a builtin data type in Python for handling text and is an immutable object. The following discussion
explains various capabilities of a string.

Concept 4.1 : Comment a line or multiple lines

# Commenting a single line

""" Commenting a
multiline
messsage in a program
as PEP8 does not recommend
any line beyond 80 characters
"""

4.1 String variable assignment and other basic operations

Initialise mystring = "Hello World" creates a string variable and initialises with ”Hello World”.

Print print(type (mystring)) will say that <class 'str'>

Indexing mystring[0] refers to h and mystring[1] refers to e and so on, index starts from 0
to len(mystring)-1

Negative indexing mystring[-1] is the last character - d. Similarly mystring[-2] is l. Guess what is
mystring[-len(mystring)] ?1 . Explanation is depicted in the ??
1 mystring[-len(mystring)] = h , i.e., first character

21
22 Chapter 4. Strings

Immutable mystring[1] = 'h' assign h, gives this error

TypeError: ’str’ object does not support item assignment

Fig. 4.1: REPL shell - Interactive mode of Python

The Program 4.1 illustrates multiline text handling and errors in index.

#!/usr/bin/env python

#Multi line string using Triple quotes """

strmulti = """ This is

a string variable with
a multi line text"""

print(strmulti)

#Index Errors in accessing strings

#Range error
print("String index range error")
print(mystr[25])

#Index type error

print("String index Type error")
print(mystr[2.3])

Program 4.1: Strings - Multiline text and index errors

4.2 Advanced operations on Strings

4.3 Exercises

4.1 Write a program to prompt user to enter his name and greet him saying hello.
Chapter 5

Operators

Any Operator is defined for a specific operation on operands. Operators can be specified as logical or arithmentic
depending on their specific operation.

Operators can be classified in the following three ways depending on the number of operands.

1. Unary, which take only one operand.

2. Binary, which take two operands.

3. Ternary, which take three operands.

5.1 Unary operators

Unary operators take one operand and some examples are given in the fig. 5.1, further examples are explained

23
24 Chapter 5. Operators

Fig. 5.1: List of some Unary Operators

5.2 Binary operators

Operators which take two operands for performing assigned operation are Binary operators. The fig. 5.2 explains
some of the Arithmetic binary operators. Relational operators compare two operands and is explained in fig. 5.3.

Fig. 5.2: Arithmetic Binary Operators

Summary 5.1

# The following program summarises the operations on int type

a = 25
b = 3
5.2. Binary operators 25

Fig. 5.3: Relational Binary Operators

a + b = 28 # Addition

a - b = 22 # Subtraction

a * b = 75 # Multiplication

a / b = 8.333333333333334 # True multiplication

a // b = 8 # Int division gives quotient excluding reminder.

a % b = 1 # Modulo of a%b is reminder when a is divided by b

a ** b =15625 # a raised to the power of b

26 Chapter 5. Operators

Concept 5.1 : Unary Operators

a = 25 # Is an integer

b = 2.5 # Is a floating point real number

# Boolean variables represent decision

# Numerical context of True is 1 and False is 0
c = True # Boolean variable

d = 5+2.3j # Complex variable which has real and imaginary parts.

Chapter 6

Flow Control and Iteration

Python allows using numbers in integers (int and long), float, complex and bool types.

6.1 Variables associated with Numbers

This is another line

Concept 6.1 : Comment a line or multiple lines

a = 25 # Is an integer

b = 2.5 # Is a floating point real number

# Boolean variables represent decision

# Numerical context of True is 1 and False is 0
c = True # Boolean variable

d = 5+2.3j # Complex variable which has real and imaginary parts.

27
Chapter 7

Test for gitting

7.1 Delete after completing the book

7.2 Another environment with purely minted

def lcs(u, v):

"""Return c where c[i][j] contains length of LCS of
,→ u[i:] and v[j:]."""
c = [[-1]*(len(v) + 1) for _ in range(len(u) + 1)]
lcs_helper(u, v, c, 0, 0)
return c

def lcs_helper(u, v, c, i, j):

"""Return length of LCS of u[i:] and v[j:] and fill in
,→ table c.

c[i][j] contains the length of LCS of u[i:] and v[j:].

print('Longest Common Subsequence: ', end='')
print_lcs(u, v, c)

Program 7.1: Hello World Program

Till Now what we learnt

Summary 7.1

IDLE This is a light weight IDE for writing Python programs.

REPL Interactive mode Python interpreted which gives a prompt

like this

29
30 Chapter 7. Test for gitting

>>>

Concept 7.1 : Strings - Multiline text and index errors

#!/usr/bin/env python

#Multi line string using Triple quotes """

strmulti = """ This is

a string variable with
a multi line text"""

print(strmulti)

#Index Errors in accessing strings

#Range error
print("String index range error")
print(mystr[25])

#Index type error

print("String index Type error")
print(mystr[2.3])
7.2. Another environment with purely minted 31

Project 7.1: title of the project

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, placerat ac, adi-
piscing vitae, felis. Curabitur dictum gravida mauris. Nam arcu libero, nonummy eget, consectetuer id,
vulputate a, magna. Donec vehicula augue eu neque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et
netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Mauris ut leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem. Nulla et lectus
vestibulum urna fringilla ultrices. Phasellus eu tellus sit amet tortor gravida placerat. Integer sapien est,
iaculis in, pretium quis, viverra ac, nunc. Praesent eget sem vel leo ultrices bibendum. Aenean faucibus.
Morbi dolor nulla, malesuada eu, pulvinar at, mollis ac, nulla. Curabitur auctor semper nulla. Donec
varius orci eget risus. Duis nibh mi, congue eu, accumsan eleifend, sagittis quis, diam. Duis eget orci sit
amet orci dignissim rutrum.
Nam dui ligula, fringilla a, euismod sodales, sollicitudin vel, wisi. Morbi auctor lorem non justo. Nam
lacus libero, pretium at, lobortis vitae, ultricies et, tellus. Donec aliquet, tortor sed accumsan bibendum,
erat ligula aliquet magna, vitae ornare odio metus a mi. Morbi ac orci et nisl hendrerit mollis. Suspendisse
ut massa. Cras nec ante. Pellentesque a nulla. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient mon-
tes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Aliquam tincidunt urna. Nulla ullamcorper vestibulum turpis. Pellentesque
cursus luctus mauris.
Nulla malesuada porttitor diam. Donec felis erat, congue non, volutpat at, tincidunt tristique, libero.
Vivamus viverra fermentum felis. Donec nonummy pellentesque ante. Phasellus adipiscing semper elit.
Proin fermentum massa ac quam. Sed diam turpis, molestie vitae, placerat a, molestie nec, leo. Maecenas
lacinia. Nam ipsum ligula, eleifend at, accumsan nec, suscipit a, ipsum. Morbi blandit ligula feugiat
magna. Nunc eleifend consequat lorem. Sed lacinia nulla vitae enim. Pellentesque tincidunt purus vel
magna. Integer non enim. Praesent euismod nunc eu purus. Donec bibendum quam in tellus. Nullam
cursus pulvinar lectus. Donec et mi. Nam vulputate metus eu enim. Vestibulum pellentesque felis eu
massa.
Quisque ullamcorper placerat ipsum. Cras nibh. Morbi vel justo vitae lacus tincidunt ultrices. Lorem
ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Integer tempus con-
vallis augue. Etiam facilisis. Nunc elementum fermentum wisi. Aenean placerat. Ut imperdiet, enim sed
gravida sollicitudin, felis odio placerat quam, ac pulvinar elit purus eget enim. Nunc vitae tortor. Proin
tempus nibh sit amet nisl. Vivamus quis tortor vitae risus porta vehicula.
Fusce mauris. Vestibulum luctus nibh at lectus. Sed bibendum, nulla a faucibus semper, leo velit ultri-
cies tellus, ac venenatis arcu wisi vel nisl. Vestibulum diam. Aliquam pellentesque, augue quis sagittis
posuere, turpis lacus congue quam, in hendrerit risus eros eget felis. Maecenas eget erat in sapien mattis
porttitor. Vestibulum porttitor. Nulla facilisi. Sed a turpis eu lacus commodo facilisis. Morbi fringilla,
wisi in dignissim interdum, justo lectus sagittis dui, et vehicula libero dui cursus dui. Mauris tempor
ligula sed lacus. Duis cursus enim ut augue. Cras ac magna. Cras nulla. Nulla egestas. Curabitur a leo.
Quisque egestas wisi eget nunc. Nam feugiat lacus vel est. Curabitur consectetuer.
Suspendisse vel felis. Ut lorem lorem, interdum eu, tincidunt sit amet, laoreet vitae, arcu. Aenean faucibus
pede eu ante. Praesent enim elit, rutrum at, molestie non, nonummy vel, nisl. Ut lectus eros, malesuada
sit amet, fermentum eu, sodales cursus, magna. Donec eu purus. Quisque vehicula, urna sed ultricies
auctor, pede lorem egestas dui, et convallis elit erat sed nulla. Donec luctus. Curabitur et nunc. Aliquam
dolor odio, commodo pretium, ultricies non, pharetra in, velit. Integer arcu est, nonummy in, fermentum
faucibus, egestas vel, odio.
Sed commodo posuere pede. Mauris ut est. Ut quis purus. Sed ac odio. Sed vehicula hendrerit sem. Duis
non odio. Morbi ut dui. Sed accumsan risus eget odio. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Pellentesque non
elit. Fusce sed justo eu urna porta tincidunt. Mauris felis odio, sollicitudin sed, volutpat a, ornare ac, erat.
Morbi quis dolor. Donec pellentesque, erat ac sagittis semper, nunc dui lobortis purus, quis congue purus
metus ultricies tellus. Proin et quam. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra,
per inceptos hymenaeos. Praesent sapien turpis, fermentum vel, eleifend faucibus, vehicula eu, lacus.
 32 Chapter 7. Test for gitting

Tip 1

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, placerat
ac, adipiscing vitae, felis. Curabitur dictum gravida mauris. Nam arcu libero, nonummy eget,
consectetuer id, vulputate a, magna. Donec vehicula augue eu neque. Pellentesque habitant
morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Mauris ut leo. Cras
viverra metus rhoncus sem. Nulla et lectus vestibulum urna fringilla ultrices. Phasellus eu tellus
sit amet tortor gravida placerat. Integer sapien est, iaculis in, pretium quis, viverra ac, nunc.
Praesent eget sem vel leo ultrices bibendum. Aenean faucibus. Morbi dolor nulla, malesuada eu,
pulvinar at, mollis ac, nulla. Curabitur auctor semper nulla. Donec varius orci eget risus. Duis
nibh mi, congue eu, accumsan eleifend, sagittis quis, diam. Duis eget orci sit amet orci dignissim
rutrum.
Nam dui ligula, fringilla a, euismod sodales, sollicitudin vel, wisi. Morbi auctor lorem non ju-
sto. Nam lacus libero, pretium at, lobortis vitae, ultricies et, tellus. Donec aliquet, tortor sed
accumsan bibendum, erat ligula aliquet magna, vitae ornare odio metus a mi. Morbi ac orci et
nisl hendrerit mollis. Suspendisse ut massa. Cras nec ante. Pellentesque a nulla. Cum sociis
natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Aliquam tincidunt
urna. Nulla ullamcorper vestibulum turpis. Pellentesque cursus luctus mauris.
Nulla malesuada porttitor diam. Donec felis erat, congue non, volutpat at, tincidunt tristique,
libero. Vivamus viverra fermentum felis. Donec nonummy pellentesque ante. Phasellus adipi-
scing semper elit. Proin fermentum massa ac quam. Sed diam turpis, molestie vitae, placerat
a, molestie nec, leo. Maecenas lacinia. Nam ipsum ligula, eleifend at, accumsan nec, suscipit a,
ipsum. Morbi blandit ligula feugiat magna. Nunc eleifend consequat lorem. Sed lacinia nulla
vitae enim. Pellentesque tincidunt purus vel magna. Integer non enim. Praesent euismod nunc
eu purus. Donec bibendum quam in tellus. Nullam cursus pulvinar lectus. Donec et mi. Nam
vulputate metus eu enim. Vestibulum pellentesque felis eu massa.
Quisque ullamcorper placerat ipsum. Cras nibh. Morbi vel justo vitae lacus tincidunt ultrices.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Inte-
ger tempus convallis augue. Etiam facilisis. Nunc elementum fermentum wisi. Aenean placerat.
Ut imperdiet, enim sed gravida sollicitudin, felis odio placerat quam, ac pulvinar elit purus eget
enim. Nunc vitae tortor. Proin tempus nibh sit amet nisl. Vivamus quis tortor vitae risus porta
vehicula.
Fusce mauris. Vestibulum luctus nibh at lectus. Sed bibendum, nulla a faucibus semper, leo velit
ultricies tellus, ac venenatis arcu wisi vel nisl. Vestibulum diam. Aliquam pellentesque, augue
quis sagittis posuere, turpis lacus congue quam, in hendrerit risus eros eget felis. Maecenas eget
erat in sapien mattis porttitor. Vestibulum porttitor. Nulla facilisi. Sed a turpis eu lacus com-
modo facilisis. Morbi fringilla, wisi in dignissim interdum, justo lectus sagittis dui, et vehicula
libero dui cursus dui. Mauris tempor ligula sed lacus. Duis cursus enim ut augue. Cras ac magna.
Cras nulla. Nulla egestas. Curabitur a leo. Quisque egestas wisi eget nunc. Nam feugiat lacus vel
est. Curabitur consectetuer.
 7.2. Another environment with purely minted 33

Suspendisse vel felis. Ut lorem lorem, interdum eu, tincidunt sit amet, laoreet vitae, arcu. Ae-
nean faucibus pede eu ante. Praesent enim elit, rutrum at, molestie non, nonummy vel, nisl. Ut
lectus eros, malesuada sit amet, fermentum eu, sodales cursus, magna. Donec eu purus. Quisque
vehicula, urna sed ultricies auctor, pede lorem egestas dui, et convallis elit erat sed nulla. Donec
luctus. Curabitur et nunc. Aliquam dolor odio, commodo pretium, ultricies non, pharetra in,
velit. Integer arcu est, nonummy in, fermentum faucibus, egestas vel, odio.
Sed commodo posuere pede. Mauris ut est. Ut quis purus. Sed ac odio. Sed vehicula hendrerit
sem. Duis non odio. Morbi ut dui. Sed accumsan risus eget odio. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.
Pellentesque non elit. Fusce sed justo eu urna porta tincidunt. Mauris felis odio, sollicitudin sed,
volutpat a, ornare ac, erat. Morbi quis dolor. Donec pellentesque, erat ac sagittis semper, nunc
dui lobortis purus, quis congue purus metus ultricies tellus. Proin et quam. Class aptent taciti
sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos. Praesent sapien turpis,
fermentum vel, eleifend faucibus, vehicula eu, lacus.

THEOREM Title of the blue box

7.2.1 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, place-
rat ac, adipiscing vitae, felis. Curabitur dictum gravida mauris. Nam arcu libero, nonummy
eget, consectetuer id, vulputate a, magna. Donec vehicula augue eu neque. Pellentesque
habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Mauris ut
leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem. Nulla et lectus vestibulum urna fringilla ultrices. Pha-
sellus eu tellus sit amet tortor gravida placerat. Integer sapien est, iaculis in, pretium quis,
viverra ac, nunc. Praesent eget sem vel leo ultrices bibendum. Aenean faucibus. Morbi do-
lor nulla, malesuada eu, pulvinar at, mollis ac, nulla. Curabitur auctor semper nulla. Donec
varius orci eget risus. Duis nibh mi, congue eu, accumsan eleifend, sagittis quis, diam. Duis
eget orci sit amet orci dignissim rutrum.
Nam dui ligula, fringilla a, euismod sodales, sollicitudin vel, wisi. Morbi auctor lorem non
justo. Nam lacus libero, pretium at, lobortis vitae, ultricies et, tellus. Donec aliquet, tortor
sed accumsan bibendum, erat ligula aliquet magna, vitae ornare odio metus a mi. Morbi ac
orci et nisl hendrerit mollis. Suspendisse ut massa. Cras nec ante. Pellentesque a nulla. Cum
sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Aliquam
tincidunt urna. Nulla ullamcorper vestibulum turpis. Pellentesque cursus luctus mauris.
Nulla malesuada porttitor diam. Donec felis erat, congue non, volutpat at, tincidunt tristi-
que, libero. Vivamus viverra fermentum felis. Donec nonummy pellentesque ante. Pha-
sellus adipiscing semper elit. Proin fermentum massa ac quam. Sed diam turpis, molestie
vitae, placerat a, molestie nec, leo. Maecenas lacinia. Nam ipsum ligula, eleifend at, accu-
msan nec, suscipit a, ipsum. Morbi blandit ligula feugiat magna. Nunc eleifend consequat
lorem. Sed lacinia nulla vitae enim. Pellentesque tincidunt purus vel magna. Integer non
enim. Praesent euismod nunc eu purus. Donec bibendum quam in tellus. Nullam cursus
pulvinar lectus. Donec et mi. Nam vulputate metus eu enim. Vestibulum pellentesque felis
eu massa.
Quisque ullamcorper placerat ipsum. Cras nibh. Morbi vel justo vitae lacus tincidunt ultri-
ces. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. In hac habitasse platea dic-
tumst. Integer tempus convallis augue. Etiam facilisis. Nunc elementum fermentum wisi.
34 Chapter 7. Test for gitting

Aenean placerat. Ut imperdiet, enim sed gravida sollicitudin, felis odio placerat quam, ac
pulvinar elit purus eget enim. Nunc vitae tortor. Proin tempus nibh sit amet nisl. Vivamus
quis tortor vitae risus porta vehicula.
Fusce mauris. Vestibulum luctus nibh at lectus. Sed bibendum, nulla a faucibus semper, leo
velit ultricies tellus, ac venenatis arcu wisi vel nisl. Vestibulum diam. Aliquam pellentesque,
augue quis sagittis posuere, turpis lacus congue quam, in hendrerit risus eros eget felis.
Maecenas eget erat in sapien mattis porttitor. Vestibulum porttitor. Nulla facilisi. Sed a
turpis eu lacus commodo facilisis. Morbi fringilla, wisi in dignissim interdum, justo lectus
sagittis dui, et vehicula libero dui cursus dui. Mauris tempor ligula sed lacus. Duis cursus
enim ut augue. Cras ac magna. Cras nulla. Nulla egestas. Curabitur a leo. Quisque egestas
wisi eget nunc. Nam feugiat lacus vel est. Curabitur consectetuer.
Suspendisse vel felis. Ut lorem lorem, interdum eu, tincidunt sit amet, laoreet vitae, arcu.
Aenean faucibus pede eu ante. Praesent enim elit, rutrum at, molestie non, nonummy vel,
nisl. Ut lectus eros, malesuada sit amet, fermentum eu, sodales cursus, magna. Donec eu
purus. Quisque vehicula, urna sed ultricies auctor, pede lorem egestas dui, et convallis elit
erat sed nulla. Donec luctus. Curabitur et nunc. Aliquam dolor odio, commodo pretium,
ultricies non, pharetra in, velit. Integer arcu est, nonummy in, fermentum faucibus, egestas
vel, odio.
Sed commodo posuere pede. Mauris ut est. Ut quis purus. Sed ac odio. Sed vehicula hendre-
rit sem. Duis non odio. Morbi ut dui. Sed accumsan risus eget odio. In hac habitasse platea
dictumst. Pellentesque non elit. Fusce sed justo eu urna porta tincidunt. Mauris felis odio,
sollicitudin sed, volutpat a, ornare ac, erat. Morbi quis dolor. Donec pellentesque, erat ac
sagittis semper, nunc dui lobortis purus, quis congue purus metus ultricies tellus. Proin et
quam. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos hyme-
naeos. Praesent sapien turpis, fermentum vel, eleifend faucibus, vehicula eu, lacus.Lorem
ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, placerat ac,
adipiscing vitae, felis. Curabitur dictum gravida mauris. Nam arcu libero, nonummy eget,
consectetuer id, vulputate a, magna. Donec vehicula augue eu neque. Pellentesque habitant
morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Mauris ut leo. Cras
viverra metus rhoncus sem. Nulla et lectus vestibulum urna fringilla ultrices. Phasellus eu
tellus sit amet tortor gravida placerat. Integer sapien est, iaculis in, pretium quis, viverra
ac, nunc. Praesent eget sem vel leo ultrices bibendum. Aenean faucibus. Morbi dolor nulla,
malesuada eu, pulvinar at, mollis ac, nulla. Curabitur auctor semper nulla. Donec varius
orci eget risus. Duis nibh mi, congue eu, accumsan eleifend, sagittis quis, diam. Duis eget
orci sit amet orci dignissim rutrum.
Nam dui ligula, fringilla a, euismod sodales, sollicitudin vel, wisi. Morbi auctor lorem non
justo. Nam lacus libero, pretium at, lobortis vitae, ultricies et, tellus. Donec aliquet, tortor
sed accumsan bibendum, erat ligula aliquet magna, vitae ornare odio metus a mi. Morbi ac
orci et nisl hendrerit mollis. Suspendisse ut massa. Cras nec ante. Pellentesque a nulla. Cum
sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Aliquam
tincidunt urna. Nulla ullamcorper vestibulum turpis. Pellentesque cursus luctus mauris.
Nulla malesuada porttitor diam. Donec felis erat, congue non, volutpat at, tincidunt tristi-
que, libero. Vivamus viverra fermentum felis. Donec nonummy pellentesque ante. Pha-
sellus adipiscing semper elit. Proin fermentum massa ac quam. Sed diam turpis, molestie
vitae, placerat a, molestie nec, leo. Maecenas lacinia. Nam ipsum ligula, eleifend at, accu-
msan nec, suscipit a, ipsum. Morbi blandit ligula feugiat magna. Nunc eleifend consequat
lorem. Sed lacinia nulla vitae enim. Pellentesque tincidunt purus vel magna. Integer non
enim. Praesent euismod nunc eu purus. Donec bibendum quam in tellus. Nullam cursus
7.2. Another environment with purely minted 35

pulvinar lectus. Donec et mi. Nam vulputate metus eu enim. Vestibulum pellentesque felis
eu massa.
Quisque ullamcorper placerat ipsum. Cras nibh. Morbi vel justo vitae lacus tincidunt ultri-
ces. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. In hac habitasse platea dic-
tumst. Integer tempus convallis augue. Etiam facilisis. Nunc elementum fermentum wisi.
Aenean placerat. Ut imperdiet, enim sed gravida sollicitudin, felis odio placerat quam, ac
pulvinar elit purus eget enim. Nunc vitae tortor. Proin tempus nibh sit amet nisl. Vivamus
quis tortor vitae risus porta vehicula.
Fusce mauris. Vestibulum luctus nibh at lectus. Sed bibendum, nulla a faucibus semper, leo
velit ultricies tellus, ac venenatis arcu wisi vel nisl. Vestibulum diam. Aliquam pellentesque,
augue quis sagittis posuere, turpis lacus congue quam, in hendrerit risus eros eget felis.
Maecenas eget erat in sapien mattis porttitor. Vestibulum porttitor. Nulla facilisi. Sed a
turpis eu lacus commodo facilisis. Morbi fringilla, wisi in dignissim interdum, justo lectus
sagittis dui, et vehicula libero dui cursus dui. Mauris tempor ligula sed lacus. Duis cursus
enim ut augue. Cras ac magna. Cras nulla. Nulla egestas. Curabitur a leo. Quisque egestas
wisi eget nunc. Nam feugiat lacus vel est. Curabitur consectetuer.
Suspendisse vel felis. Ut lorem lorem, interdum eu, tincidunt sit amet, laoreet vitae, arcu.
Aenean faucibus pede eu ante. Praesent enim elit, rutrum at, molestie non, nonummy vel,
nisl. Ut lectus eros, malesuada sit amet, fermentum eu, sodales cursus, magna. Donec eu
purus. Quisque vehicula, urna sed ultricies auctor, pede lorem egestas dui, et convallis elit
erat sed nulla. Donec luctus. Curabitur et nunc. Aliquam dolor odio, commodo pretium,
ultricies non, pharetra in, velit. Integer arcu est, nonummy in, fermentum faucibus, egestas
vel, odio.
Sed commodo posuere pede. Mauris ut est. Ut quis purus. Sed ac odio. Sed vehicula
hendrerit sem. Duis non odio. Morbi ut dui. Sed accumsan risus eget odio. In hac habitasse
platea dictumst. Pellentesque non elit. Fusce sed justo eu urna porta tincidunt. Mauris felis
odio, sollicitudin sed, volutpat a, ornare ac, erat. Morbi quis dolor. Donec pellentesque, erat
ac sagittis semper, nunc dui lobortis purus, quis congue purus metus ultricies tellus. Proin
et quam. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos
hymenaeos. Praesent sapien turpis, fermentum vel, eleifend faucibus, vehicula eu, lacus.

Concept 7.2 : Pythagorean Theorem

Hello World and

another some

text for explaining the concept

hello world

content...
PEP 8 for Beautiful Code

PEP 8, is a guidelines document which focusses on writing Python code to achieve good readability and consis-
tency.

• Writing professional code which conforms to PEP 8

• Appreciate the reasons behind these recommendations

• Successfully arrange tools for achieving this

Advantages of following PEP 8

Code is written once and read many times so readability helps the review and hence the longevity of Code us-
age. If the application developed is readable it shows professionalism, which gives a great break in career for a
successful developer.

Some of the PEP 8 recommendations are explained below.

PEP 8 recommendations

Names choice Names of variables shall explicitly represent for which part it is playing in the
application. Single character, word or words clearly show the function of the
variable in the application.

Naming style shall follow these conventions to make Code clearer and readable in defining
names of variables, functions, classes, etc.

Function Lower case words and separate words by like com-

pute gcd, find average etc.
Variable use lower single character, word or words separated by
like hello world, greeting message etc.
Class Start each word with a Capital letter without any sepa-
rating character between words, like Car, RaceCar etc.
Method Lower case words and separate words by like
class inherited method, class method etc.

37
38 PEP 8 for Beautiful Code

Constant All uppercase characters, single, words or words sepa-

rated by . Like G, PI, SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER etc.
Commenting # shall be followed by a space,
Tabs or spaces Python 3 disallows mixing the use of tabs and spaces for
indentation. So be specific in using 4 spaces for inden-
tation and set your editor to output 4 spaces instead of
a tab character.
Blank lines Top level functions shall be surrounded by two blank
lines. Class methods can be by a blank line. Use blank
lines sparingly within the suite of code for extra read-
ability.
Max line the length of any line shall not exceed 79.
Imports Importing modules in Python shall be on separate lines.
Postface

This book is more of a write-up notes for my memory, rather than a full blown text Book. Kindly bear with this,
as it needs frequent reference of other text books and the Internet.

Development of web applications using a set of the following open source technologies is explained to the best of
my knowledge. The technologies are:

Server Scripting Python based framework, Django for developing MVT based application

Database Postgresql and MongoDB.

OS Linux internals

Frontend Javascript, CSS and Frameworks (Tailwind CSS)

To start with, Python programming is explained tersely in this work.

39
Solutions to the Exercises

Chapter 1

1.1.

#!/usr/bin/env python

print("Enter two numbers")

a = input()
b = input()

print("Product of ",a," and ",b," is ",a*b)

Program 7.2: Enter numbers and print the product

1.2.

As per Python syntax the following strings can be used as variable

a) 1variab – No (Started with a number) b) var$iab – No (Special character)

c) var ble – No (Space is not allowed) d) variable1 – Yes
e) Variable – Yes f) var-ble – No (Cannot have -)
g) var ble – Yes h) +variab – No (Started with + character)
i) variab – No (Started with * character)
j) break – No (Keyword) k) pass – No (Keyword)
l) continue – No (Keyword)

41
42 Solutions to the Exercises

Chapter 2

2.1.

This i smy solution

 43

Chapter 3
44 Solutions to the Exercises

Chapter 4

4.1.

#!/usr/bin/env python

name=input("Enter your name")

print("Hello ", name)

Program 7.3: Program for Entering string

 45

Index

Check, i

operators, 14