Taaruf

Guzishta 2 dihaun say, Coronaviruses (CoVs) ko Mashraki Asia our Wasti Asi ki aham beemari ki

wabaon k sath milaya jata rha hai. Shadeed acute sans ka syndrom (SARS) aur wast asiai sans ka

syndrom (MERS), fardan fardan 2002 aur 2012 main zahir hona shuru huay. Hal hi main, aik

naya coronavirus, shadeed acute sans ka syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), jo k 2019 k

akhir main zahir hua, jis nay aik alamgir sehat k khatray ko zahir kea hai, jis ki wajah say kai

mulkon or ilakon main aik almi waba jari hai.

naay CoV (jisay asal nam 2019-nCoV dea gya), ki wajah say beemari k mazeed phelao ko roknay

k leay puri dunia main sehat k karkun is waqat koshish kar rhay hain, jo k pehli dafa Wuhan

shehar, Hubei suba, China main 12 December 2019 ko shanakht kea gya. 11 Farvari 2020 ko

World Health Organization nay CoV say munsalik beemari ka sarkari nam COVID-19 rakhnay ka

ailan kea, jis ki wajah SARS-CoV-2 thi. Mareezon ka ibtdai garoh Wuhan main Huanan South

China Seafood Market k sath jora hua paya gya. CoVs ka taluk Coronaviridae k khandan k sath

hai (zaili khandan Coronavirinae), jis k arkan aik wasi stalk (45) main jaraseem phelatay hain. Hal

hi main, COVID-19 kay S lahmiyay kay 1273-amino acid stretch (16) k andar 27 amino acid

tabadlay zahir huay hain. Chay (6) tabadlay RBD (amino acids 357 say 528) par waqay hain,

jabkay char tabadlay RBM main hain jo kay SI halka (16) main CTD pay hain. Yadasht k leay,

RBM k andar koi amino acid main tabdeli nhi dekhi gai hai, jo k SARS-CoV (16, 46) main

angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) wasul kuninda k sath baraherast jakarta hai. Is waqat
markazi israr ye jan'nay pay hai k mezban ki rukhiyat tabdeel karnay k leay kitnay ikhtalafat

zaruri hon gay. Tarteeb main mawaznay nay pehlay walay SARS-CoV-2 ki tarteeb or bad walay

SARS-CoV k isolates kay darmyan 17 nonsynonymous tabdeelian zahir ki hain. Ye Tabdeelian

Virus ki luniyat kay uper bikhri hui pai gain thin, jin main say no (9) tabadlay ORFlab, ORF8 (4

Tabadlay), spike morsa (3 tabadlay), aur ORF7a (aik tabadla) (4) main thay. Numayan tor par,

wesi hi nonsynonymous tabdeelian aik khandani giroh main pae gain thin, jo k zahir karta hai

kay Viral irtaqa afrad k mabain muntaqili say runuma hua. aik bar jab virus phel jata hai na'ay

mezbanon k darmyan to aisay dhal janay walay irtaqae waqyat bar bar hotay hain aur aik

musalsal jari tariqa kar ko tashkeel daytay hain. agarchay koi faili tabdeeli waqay nhi hoti un

virus main jo munsalik hotay hain in dhal janay walay irtaqa k sath, coronaviruses k viral

virulence ki qareebi nigrani tabdeeli ki wajah shakliyat aur rukhiyat main batati hai (54). E

Lahmiyah teen halkon par mushtamil hai, maslan, aik chota hydrophilic amino terminal, aik bara

hydrophobic transmembrane halka aur aik muasar C-terminal halka (51). SARS-CoV-2 lahmiyah

aik mumasil amino acid sakht zahir karta hai baghair kisi tabadlay k (16).

N Lahmiyah

Coronavirus ka N lahmiyah qaseer ul maqasid hai. kai afal k mabain, ye viral genome k sath

paycheda banawat main kirdar ada karta hai, M lahmiyay k leay bahmi amal main asani paida

karta hai jo virion ikath k darmyan zaruri hota hai aur virus ki naqal karnay ki qabliyat ko

barhata hai (55,56). ye teen ala tarz k numayan halkon par mushtamil hai, maslan, aik NTF, aik
RNA-binding halka aur aik linker region (LKR), aur aik CTD (57). NTD viral luniyat k 3" ikhtatam k

sath jurta hai, shayad bark saquni bahmi amal k zariyay, aur ala tarz kay muntashir hain dono

main lambai main bhi aur tarteeb main bhi (58). Chrged LKR serine aur arginine say bhara hua

hai aur ye SR (serine aur arginine) halka k nam say bhi jana jata hai (59). LKR is qabil hai k wo

baraherast bahmi amal bana'ay in vitro RNA ka bahmi amal k sath aur cell signaling k leay

zimadar hai (60,61). ye mezban kay interferon k leay dushman k tor par kam kar k us k antiviral

rad-e-amal main tarmeen karta hai.

nsps aur Accessory Lahmiyay

Aham banawati lahmiyon k ilawa, SARS-CoV-2 luneeyat 15 nsps, nspl say nspl0 aur nspl2 say

nspl6, aur 8 accessory lahmiyon (3a, 3b, pb, 7a, 7b, 8b, 9b, aur ORF14) par mushtamil hai (16).

Ye tamam lahmiyay aik makhsoos kirdar ada kartay hain viral naqal (replication) main (27).

SARS-CoV k accessory lahmiyon k baraks, SARS-CoV-2 8a lahmiyay par mushtamil nhi hai aur is

ka 8b lahmiya lamba hai aur 3b lahmiya chota hai (16). nsp7, nspl3, envelope, matrix, aur p6 aur

8b accessory lahmiyay kisi bhi amino acid mutbadilon say malum nhi keay ja chukay agar hum

in ka mawazna dusray coronaviruses ki tarteebon k sath karain (16).

Ibtdai tor par SARS-CoV-2 alami waba ka markaz China tha, jis nay achi khasi tadad main COVID-

19 say munsalik amwat ki khabar di, jin main 84,458 tajzia gah say tasdeeq shuda cases thay aur
13 Mae 2020 tak 4,644 amwat then. 13 mae 2020 tak, SARS-CoV-2 k tasdeeq shuda cases ki

China k ilawa 210 mumalik main khabar di ja chuki hai (teesri aur chothi tasveer) (WHO

Situation Report 114) (25, 64). COVID-19 ki khabar tamam bar-e-azmon par di ja chuki hai

siwa'ay Antartica k. Kai hafton tak Italy fikarmandi ka markaz tha boht zyada cases kay baray

main, 221,216 cases thay aur 30,911 amwat then, but ab , United State sab say zyada cases

wala mulk ban gya hai, 13,22,054 aur 79, 634 amwat. Ab Bartania k cases or bhi zyada hain

(226,4671) aur (32,692) amwat bhi Italy ki nisbat.John Hopkins University k web platform nay

COVID-19 ki bunyadi epidemiology par rozana ki bunyad par taza tareen khabrain muhaya ki

hain.

Aik jahaz jis ka nam Diamond Princess tha us ko qarantina main rakha gya Japanese waters

(Port of Yokohama) main, is k sath sath dusray cruise jahaz dunia main (239) (Tasveer 3). SARS-

CoV-2/COVID-19 virus ki waba k baray main aham waqyat 8 December 2019 say 13 Mae 2020

tak aik Tasveer 5 main deay gay hain. Shur main China nay sab say zyada COVID-19 say mutalik

bojh tajarba kea beemari kay marz aur sharah amwat ki surat main (65). lekin waqat k sath sath

COVID-19 ka khatra Europe main a chuka hai, khas tor say Italy aur Spain aur ab United States

main sab say zyada tasdeeq shuda cases hain.

COVID-19 ko 3.28 par paya gya, jo k acha khasa zyada hai WHO kay ibtdai andazay k mutabik jo

k 1.4102.5 tha (77). Darust Ry ki qadar hasil karnay k leay ye abhi boht jaldi hai, kun k abhi

nakafi data ki wajah say ta'asub ka imkan hai. Unchi Ry ki qadar zahir karti hai zyada aham
istedad SARS-CoV-2 ki muntakili ki aik mutasir honay wali abadi main. Ye pehli dfa nhi hai jab

China ki pakanay say mutaliq adat ko moard-e-ilam thehraya gya ho insanon main nay corona

virus k infections ki wajah say. Pehlay janwar jo baraherast janwaron ki mandiyon main mojod

thay un ki shanakht ki gai, China main SARS waba k darmyani mezban k tor par (78). kai jangli

anwa irtaqai coronavirus naslon ko panah daytay huay pae gai. Chinese khorak ki sakafat ka aik

asul ye bhi hai k baraherast zibah keay gay janwaron ko zyada quwat bakhsh samjha jata hai.

4 mah ki koshishon k bad jo k December 2019 say March 2020 ta rhi, COVID-19 halat ab qabo

kar li gae hai China main. Wet janwaron ki dukanain dobara khul chuki hain aur logon nay

chimgadarain, kutay, bilian, parinday, bichu, badgers, khargosh, pangolins, minks, palm civet ka

soup, shutarmurgh, hamsters, snapping turtles, batkhain, machlian, Siamese magarmach aur

dusri cheezain kharedna shuru kar di hain.

Mumalik nay apnay logon ko China main safar karnay k leay tajavez muhaya ki hain (88,89).

Pichli coronavirus ki wabaon k sath agar mawazna kea jay jo k SARS-CoV aur MERS-CoV ki wajah

say huin, SARS-CoV-2 ki insan say insan muntaqili ko kam samjha gya. Ye mafruza is bunyad par

banaya gya k sehat ka kam karnay walay karkun kam asar andaz huay thay pichli mohlik

coronaviruses ki wabaon ki nisbat. boht zyada phelao karnay walay taqreebat ko markazi

mujrim samjha jata hai wasee paymanay par SARS aur MERS ki muntaqili k leay (90, 91).

Taqreeban adhay METS-CoV cases jin ki Saudi Arabia main sarkari tor par itla di gae hai k sanwi

bunyad k cases hain jo asymptomatic ya symptomatic afrad k rabtay k zariye runuma huay hain
aur insan say insan muntaqili k zariye huay hain. COVID-19 waba k boht zyada phelnay walay

waqiyat ko kharij nhi kea ja sakta. SARS aur MERS ki tarah COVID-19 nechay walay sans a tract

main jaraseem phela sakta hai, kam alamat k sath (27). bunyadi afzaish-e-nasal ka COVID-19 ka

adad 2.8 say 3.3 ki had main paya gya hai jis ki bunyad sarkari itla'at hain, aur 3.2 say 3.9 jin ki

bunyad paishangoi k cases par hai (84).

(55)Kai

COVID-19 k tajziya gah main tasdeeqshuda cases ko kharij karnay ka izafi mayar tezabi

markazon k imtehanat k nataij bhi hain.

COVID-19 ki alami waba main koi naya juz nhi hai siway geneyati tor par baymisal pathogen k or

aik mazeed mumkina zakhiray k. wajah or shayad mustakbil ka natija sirf duhrai hain hamaray

pichlay mohlik coronaviruses k sath bahmi amal kay. Wahid faraq jis waqat par runuma hua hai

wo hai or jo pathogen shamil hai us ka geneyati imtiaz hai. CoV k RBD par tabdeeli asani paida

karti hai nay mezbanon main jaraseem phelanay ki, is wajah sayye dunia k tamam konon main

apni rasai hasil kartay hain. ye aik zabardast khatra hai insanon aur janwaron dono hi sehat k

leay. Bayesian phylogeographic reconstruction nay SARS-CoV-2 kay mumkina bunyad ko

shanakht kea hai chimgadar k SARS jesay coronavirus k tor par, jo k gardish kar rhi hai

Rhinolophus chimgadar khandan main.

taluk do CoVs say hai jin ki bunyad chimgadar hai, jin ki sarkari tor par 2018 main China main

itala di gae (17). Ye itala di gai thi k SARS-CoV-2 nay musadika tor par ACE2 ko aik dakhli wasul

kuninda kay tor par istemal kea. SARS-CoV-2 ki ibtdai muntaqili aik jesi pae gai ya SARS-CoV say

thori si zyada pae gai, jo k zahir karta hai k bawajud moatadil say zyada muntaqili k ye qabu kea

ja sakta hai. SARS-CoV-2 ki ganday nalay ka pani aur waste ganday pani main barhti hui itla'at is

zarurat ka jawaz paida karti hain kay mazeed tehkikat hon paishab or muh say muntaqili kay

imkan ki wajah say.SARS-CoV-2 jo faza main mojud ho ga jesa k mati aur pani akhir main ganday

pani aur ganday nalon main chala jay ga. Lihaza humain phir say ganday pani aur ganday nalon

k sludge treatment procedures ko zair-e-ghor lana ho ga aur taraqi yafta tariqay mutarif

karanay hon gay jo makhsus aur muasar hon SARS-CoV-2 k khilaf. Bari abadi main wabai amraz

ko parhnay k leay ganday pani ki epidemiology ko istemal kea ja sakta hai. Hal hi main, reverse

transcription -quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) ko istemal kea gya gin'nay k leay SARS-CoV-2 RNA ki

naqlon ko jo k jama ki gain ganday pani say jo k aik ganday pani k treatment plant say lea gya

(327). Hisab ki gain viral RNA ki naqlon kay adad btatay hain k kitnay afrad wabai marz ka shikar

ho chukay hain. Nay SARS-CoV-2 main mubtla honay ka mtlb, 4,170,424 say zyada cases hain

aur 287,399 amwat hain puri dunia main. Aik fori almi akli munazam koshish ki zarurat hai jo

China main ghair tandrust amal k khilaf ho or jo bechnay walaon ko himat barha'ay k wo sehat

bakhsh khorak k amal ko barhain or kham live-dead janwaron ki wet markets ko band karain.

Zarurat hai k qomi or bain ul aqwami sathon par khorak ki Palisiun main tarmeen ki ja sakay aur

mazeed zindgion ko khatray say bachaya ja sakay aur muashi nataij say bacha ja sakay jo k
ubharti hui almi waba ki wajah say paida ho jatay hain mazeed ye waba insan Aur janwaron k

bahmi amal say paida hoti hai (285).

Agarchay tamam umron aur jinson k afrad COVID-19 ka asar qabool kar laytay hain, magar bari

umar k afrad jin ko pehlay say hi koi chronic beemari ho wo zyada marz ka asar qabool kartay

hain (80). Hal hi main, wo afrad jin ko asymptomatic muta'adi marz tha unhon nay bhi aik

muta'adi marz phelanay walay makhaz k tor par kam kea. Dono asymptomatic aur symptomatic

mareez aik jesa viral load ratubat kharij kartay hain jo zahir karta hai k asymptomatic aur

symptomatic mareezon ki muntaqili ki salahiyat boht zyada hai. Chunachay, SARS-CoV-2 ki

muntaqili ho sakti hai muta'adi beemari k ibtdai course main. ghair mamuli tibi mazahir ki itla

bhi di gai COVID-19 main, jinn main sirf itla daynay wali alamat thakawat thi. Aisay mareez sans

ki alamat nhi rakhtay thay jesa k bukhar, khansi, aur balgham (83).

Cheeni hakumat logon ko targheeb day rhi hai k wo dobara aam mamulat ki taraf a jain. Taham

ye aik khatra bhi ho sakta hai, jesa kay pehlay zikar kea ja chuka hai kay logon ko live-dead

janwaron k sath rabtay say bachna chahiye jitna ho sakay, jesa k SARS-CoV-2 nay zoonotic

spillover zahir keay hain. Izafi tor par hum is bat ko zayray ghor lanay say inkar nhi kar saktay k

market main insanon aur janwaron k qareebi rabtay say usi virus main nae tabdeelion ka imkan

hai (284). January 2020 main China nay aik arzi ban lagaya live-dead janwaron ko baychnay par

wet market main. Taham ab kai so wet marketain kholi ja chuki hain baghair mayari khorak ki

hifazat aur safai k amal k (286). Cheen dunia ka sub say zyada abadi wala mulk hai aur apni

undroni aur bain ul aqwami khorak ki baramdad ki palisiuon ki wajah say puri dunia ab COVID-
19 kay khatray say do char hai, Cheen samait. Live-dead janwaron ki wet market sakhat khorak

ki hifzan e sehat par amal nhi karti. Taza khoon kay chentay farash par mojid hotayhain aur

aisay khorak k riwaj pathogens ko targheeb daytay hain k wo mahol k mutabik dhal jain, tabdeel

ho jain aur jo aik qudarti Species ki rukawat hai us ko ubur kar lain. jis k natijay main puri dunia

nay SARS-CoV-2 ko jhel rhi hai.

Virus ki zyada pathogenicity us ki kam muntaqili k sath munsalik hai. agar ubhartay huay viruses

ka mawazna kea jay to viruses jesa k Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, aur MERS-CoV, SARS-

CoV ki pathogenicity kam hai aur motadil muntaqili hai (15). Wo log jo k infect hotay hain

COVID-19 say un main mout kay khatray ko shumar kea jata hai infection fatality risk (IFR) ko

istemal kar k. IRF 0.3% say 0.6% ki had k andar paya gya jo k pichlay Asian Influenza Pandemic

(1957 say 1958) say qabil-e-moazna hai (73, 277).