SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

WINTER SEMESTER 2023-24

TOPIC: Gotthard Base Tunnel

NAME OF SUBJECT: CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES AND
MANAGEMENT

COURSE CODE: BCLE307L

NAME: Shanjeev P S

REGISTRATION NUMBER: 21BCL0163

CLASS NUMBER: VL2023240500532

SUBMITTED TO:

Dr. T. SHANMUGA PRIYA T

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
VIT VELLORE

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Index:

S.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 3

2. PROJECT DETAILS 6

3. MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION 9

4. DESIGN PRINCIPLES 13

5. EQUIPMENT USED 18

6. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 20

7. TECHNIQUES USED 23

8. CONCLUSION 24

9. LIST OF REFERENCE 25

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Introduction:

The Gotthard Base Tunnel:

It is the world's longest and

deepest railway tunnel, located
beneath the Saint-Gotthard
Massif in the Lepontine Alps of
southern Switzerland. The
tunnel, which opened in June
2016, served as a high-speed rail
link between northern and
southern Europe, connecting
Rotterdam in the Netherlands and Genoa in Italy. The Gotthard Base
Tunnel (GBT), which consists of two single-track tunnels, is 57
kilometres (35 miles) long and reaches a maximum depth of 2,300
meters (7,546 feet). It connects Erstfeld, in Uri canton, to Bodio, in
Ticino canton, and is part of the New Railway Link through the Alps
project.

The GBT is a massive complex that includes two single-track tunnels

that connect Erstfeld (Uri) to Bodio (Ticino) and pass beneath Sedrun
(Grisons). It is part of the New Railway Link in the Alps (NRLA)
project, which also includes the Ceneri Base Tunnel to the south
(opening on September 3, 2020) and the Lötschberg Base Tunnel on
the other major north-south axis. It is known as a "base tunnel" since
it skips the majority of the existing vertex line, the Gotthard railway
line, a tortuous mountain route that opened in 1882 across the Saint-
Gotthard Massif and was already operating at full capacity prior to
the GBT's inauguration. The new base tunnel creates a direct path
suitable for high-speed rail and big freight trains.

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Location:

Coordinates - 46.83586°N 8.64647°E (north portal)46.37267°N

8.92535°E (south portal) , Switzerland (Uri, Grisons and Ticino)
Geographical Context:
The Gotthard Base Tunnel is situated in Switzerland, a landlocked
country in Central Europe renowned for its Alpine landscapes.
Specifically, the tunnel runs through the Swiss Alps, a massive
mountain range that stretches across the southern part of the
country.
The Alps are known for their rugged terrain, towering peaks, and
challenging conditions for transportation infrastructure.
Northern Portal:
The northern portal of the Gotthard Base Tunnel is located near the
town of Erstfeld in the canton of Uri.
Erstfeld is a small Swiss town situated in a valley surrounded by
mountains, making it an ideal starting point for the tunnel's journey
beneath the Alps.

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The northern portal serves as the entry point for trains heading
southward through the tunnel.
Southern Portal:
On the southern end, the tunnel emerges near the town of Bodio in
the canton of Ticino.
Bodio is located in the Italian-speaking region of Switzerland, also
known as the Swiss Italian region.
The southern portal marks the exit point for trains traveling
northward, completing their journey through the Alps.
Significance and Impact:
The Gotthard Base Tunnel is a crucial component of the New Railway
Link through the Alps (NRLA) project.
It plays a vital role in connecting northern and southern Europe,
facilitating faster and more efficient rail transport.
The tunnel has reduced travel times significantly, allowing trains to
travel at higher speeds and with greater frequency.
Its impact extends beyond Switzerland, benefiting neighboring
countries by improving international rail connections.
Economically, the tunnel has stimulated regional development and
enhanced trade by providing a reliable and sustainable
transportation route through the Alps.

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Project Details:

Project Background and History:

Planning for the Gotthard Base Tunnel began in the 1940s, with the
goal of creating a direct rail link through the Swiss Alps.
The project was part of the broader New Railway Link through the
Alps (NRLA), aimed at improving transportation between northern
and southern Europe.
Construction officially commenced in 1999, and the tunnel was
completed in 2016, with the inauguration and opening for full
commercial service.

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Technical Specifications:
Length: The Gotthard Base Tunnel spans approximately 57
kilometers (35 miles), making it the longest railway tunnel in the
world at the time of its completion.
Depth: It reaches depths of up to 2,300 meters (7,545 feet) below
the surface, making it the deepest traffic tunnel globally.
Dual Tunnel Tubes: The tunnel consists of two parallel tubes, each
with a single track for trains traveling in opposite directions.
Tunnel Diameter: The tunnel tubes have an internal diameter of 8.5
meters, providing ample space for trains and ventilation systems.
Gradient: The tunnel maintains a relatively gentle gradient of around
0.7%, allowing trains to traverse the tunnel with ease.
Construction Materials: It was primarily constructed using tunnel
boring machines (TBMs) and conventional drilling and blasting
techniques.
Safety Features: The tunnel includes state-of-the-art safety features
such as fire detection and suppression systems, emergency exits, and
advanced ventilation.

Significance and Impact:

Transportation Efficiency: The tunnel has significantly reduced travel
times for both passenger and freight trains between northern and
southern Europe.
Economic Benefits: It has enhanced economic competitiveness by
improving the flow of goods and people, boosting trade and tourism.

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Environmental Impact: The tunnel promotes a shift from road to rail
transport, reducing carbon emissions and congestion in the Alps.
Regional Development: The construction and operation of the
tunnel have spurred economic development in regions along its
route, creating jobs and stimulating local economies.
Tourism: The Gotthard Base Tunnel has also become a tourist
attraction, drawing visitors to witness this engineering marvel and
explore the scenic beauty of the Alps.

Inauguration and Operation:

The Gotthard Base Tunnel was officially inaugurated on June 1, 2016,
with a grand ceremony attended by European leaders.
Full commercial service began shortly after the inauguration,
marking a new era in European rail transportation.
Today, the tunnel continues to serve as a vital link in Europe's rail
network, facilitating the movement of passengers and goods
between countries.

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Materials Used in construction:
Material selection process: The selection process for the
construction of Gotthard Base Tunnel involved extensive research
and analysis to ensure the materials met structural requirements,
geological conditions, environmental impact considerations, and
cost-effectiveness. Engineers and construction experts considered
factors like strength, durability, versatility, and compatibility with
other materials.

Key Materials Used in the Construction of The Gotthard

Base Tunnel:

Concrete:
The choice of high-strength concrete for tunnel lining was critical due
to its ability to withstand immense pressure from surrounding rock.
The concrete was specially formulated to resist deterioration in
underground conditions and provide long-term structural stability.
Steel:
High-strength steel alloys were indispensable for their role in
reinforcing concrete structures, providing structural support, and
fabricating tunnel components. The steel used underwent rigorous
testing to ensure it met stringent quality and safety standards, given
its crucial function in ensuring the tunnel's stability and safety.

Excavated Rock:
The excavated rock served multiple purposes, from being crushed
and used as aggregate in concrete production to being employed in
backfilling, landscaping, and construction of retaining walls and

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embankments. Recycling excavated rock minimized waste and
reduced the need for additional materials, contributing to
environmental sustainability and cost-effectiveness.

Tunnel Boring
Machine (TBM)
Components:
The components of
TBMs, including
cutterheads, disc
cutters, conveyor
systems, and
support structures, were meticulously designed and manufactured
from specialized materials to withstand the harsh conditions
encountered during tunnel excavation. High-strength steel alloys and
durable materials were chosen to ensure the reliability and efficiency
of TBMs throughout the construction process.

Waterproofing Membranes:
Waterproofing membranes
made from materials like
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or
bitumen played a crucial
role in preventing water
ingress into the tunnel.
These membranes
provided a protective b
arrier against water
infiltration, safeguarding the tunnel's structural integrity and
minimizing the risk of corrosion and deterioration over time.

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Reinforcing Steel (Rebar):
In the construction of the Gotthard Base Tunnel, High-strength steel
rebar was extensively used to reinforce concrete structures,
including the tunnel lining, support structures, and other critical
elements. This is embedded within concrete structures to enhance
their tensile strength and resistance to cracking. The proper
placement and anchoring of rebar ensured the structural integrity of
the tunnel under dynamic loading conditions, such as heavy traffic or
seismic activity.

Geotextiles:
Geotextiles served various civil engineering applications, including
soil stabilization, drainage, filtration, and erosion control. In the
construction of the Gotthard Base Tunnel, geotextiles were utilized
to reinforce soil embankments, prevent soil erosion, and facilitate
drainage within the construction site. These versatile materials
provided cost-effective solutions for addressing geotechnical
challenges and improving construction efficiency.

Lighting and Electrical Components:

Effective lighting and electrical systems were essential for ensuring
safety, visibility, and operational efficiency within the tunnel. Various
materials were used for lighting fixtures, electrical cables, conduits,
and distribution panels to meet stringent safety standards and
regulatory requirements for underground installations. Corrosion-
resistant metals, flame-retardant plastics, and insulating materials
were employed to ensure durability and reliability in underground
environments.

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Safety Equipment:
The Gotthard Base Tunnel
is equipped with a range
of safety equipment’s
including barrier systems,
guardrails, emergency
exits, fire-resistant
materials, and ventilation
systems, was crucial for
protecting workers and
users of the tunnel. These
materials were selected
based on their ability to withstand high temperatures, corrosive
environments, and mechanical stresses in emergency situations,
ensuring the safety and well-being of all stakeholders involved in the
construction and operation of the tunnel.
Safety is the foremost in the construction and operation of the
Gotthard Base Tunnel, it includes Emergency Egress and Evacuation
systems, fire detection and suppression system, ventilation and air
quality management, safety signage and lighting, communication
and monitoring systems , training and emergency preparedness, and
regulatory compliance and safety standards. Thus facilitating
efficient transportation and connectivity through the Alps.

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Design Principles:
Designing a project as complex and monumental as the Gotthard
Base Tunnel requires a meticulous approach that encompasses
various engineering principles, environmental considerations, safety
standards, and logistical challenges. In this comprehensive
exploration, I'll delve into the design principles underlying the
construction of the Gotthard Base Tunnel, covering everything from
geological assessments to structural engineering, environmental
sustainability, and safety measures.

Geological Assessments and Tunnel Alignment:

The Gotthard Base Tunnel's design began with extensive geological
assessments to understand the composition of the rock strata and
potential challenges. Engineers conducted geological surveys,
borehole analyses, and geophysical studies to evaluate the rock
quality, potential fault lines, and groundwater flow patterns. This
information was crucial for determining the tunnel alignment and
designing appropriate reinforcement measures to enhance resilience
against seismic activity and water ingress.
Geological Conditions: The tunnel passed through various rock
types, including granite and gneiss, presenting challenges for
excavation.
Water Ingress: Sections of the tunnel encountered high water
pressure, requiring waterproofing measures to prevent ingress.
Seismic Considerations: The Alps are seismically active, so the
tunnel's design incorporated features to withstand potential
earthquakes.
Logistical Complexity: Coordinating the construction of such a
massive tunnel beneath the Alps involved complex logistical
planning.
Structural Engineering and Tunnel Construction:

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Structural engineering principles guided the design of the tunnel's
cross-section, lining, and support systems. The cross-section aimed to
accommodate infrastructure components while ensuring structural
integrity. Engineers chose reinforced concrete or prefabricated
segments for the lining, ensuring support, durability, and
waterproofing. Excavation methods like TBMs, drill and blast, and
mechanical excavation were selected based on geological conditions.
Ground reinforcement measures such as shotcrete, rock bolts, steel
ribs, and lattice girders stabilized the tunnel walls.

Tunnel Cross-Section Design:

The tunnel cross-section consisted of two single-track tubes
connected by cross-passages at regular intervals. Each tube featured
a spacious profile to accommodate high-speed trains and ensure
adequate clearance for safe passage.
Tunnel Lining Materials and Techniques:
Reinforced concrete segments were commonly used for the tunnel
lining, providing strength, durability, and resistance to external
forces. These segments were manufactured off-site and transported
to the tunnel construction site for installation. Shotcrete, a sprayable
concrete, was applied to the tunnel walls and ceiling to provide
immediate support during excavation and prevent rockfalls.
Reinforcing steel mesh or fibbers were often incorporated into the
shotcrete to enhance its strength and stability.

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Tunnel Excavation Methods:
TBMs were used for the majority of tunnel excavation, particularly in
sections with stable rock formations. In areas where TBMs were not
feasible or cost-effective, traditional drill and blast methods were
employed. Blasting crews drilled holes into the rock face, inserted
explosives, and detonated them to fragment the rock.
Ground Reinforcement and Support Systems:
Rock bolts, shotcrete, steel ribs, and lattice girders were commonly
used to provide structural support and enhance stability. These
reinforcement systems were installed according to engineering
specifications and design requirements, ensuring the safety of
personnel and equipment within the tunnel.
Cut-and-Cover Sections and Portal Structures:
At the tunnel entrances and exits, cut-and-cover construction
techniques may have been employed to create transition zones
between the underground tunnel and the surface.

Environmental Sustainability and Mitigation Measures:

Habitat Preservation and Biodiversity:
Environmental assessments were conducted to minimize disruption
to habitats and wildlife along the route of the Gotthard Base Tunnel.
Measures such as wildlife crossings and habitat restoration programs
were implemented to mitigate any adverse effects on local
ecosystems.
Noise and Vibration Control:
Advanced sound insulation and vibration-damping technologies were
utilized to minimize noise and vibration levels during tunnel
construction and operation, ensuring minimal impact on nearby
communities and ecosystems .

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Air Quality Management:
Ventilation systems equipped with state-of-the-art air purification
filters were installed in the Gotthard Base Tunnel to maintain high air
quality and reduce the impact of vehicle emissions on public health
and the environment.
Water Management and Pollution Prevention:
Comprehensive sediment and erosion control measures were
implemented to prevent soil erosion and minimize the discharge of
pollutants into water bodies during construction of the Gotthard
Base Tunnel. Sedimentation ponds and runoff diversion systems were
also employed to treat construction runoff before it entered
waterways .
Sustainable Materials and
Energy Efficiency:
The Gotthard Base Tunnel
project prioritized the use
of locally sourced
materials, recycled
aggregates, and energy-
efficient lighting and
ventilation systems to
minimize its environmental footprint and promote resource
conservation throughout the construction and operation phases.

Safety and Risk Mitigation Strategies:

A comprehensive safety management plan encompassed various
strategies and technologies to mitigate risks and respond effectively
to emergencies.

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Emergency Egress and
Evacuation Systems:
The Gotthard Base
Tunnel is equipped with
multiple emergency
exits, evacuation routes,
and refuge chambers
strategically located
throughout the tunnel.
These emergency
facilities are equipped
with communication devices, emergency lighting, and supplies to
ensure the safe evacuation of passengers and personnel in the event
of an emergency.
Fire Detection and Suppression Systems:
Automated fire detection systems, fire-resistant materials, and
sprinkler systems are installed throughout the Gotthard Base Tunnel
to detect and suppress fires rapidly, minimizing the risk to life and
property
Traffic Management and Incident Response:
Advanced traffic management systems, including real-time
monitoring cameras, variable message signs, and traffic control
centres, facilitate the rapid detection and response to incidents such
as accidents, breakdowns, and adverse weather conditions within the
Gotthard Base Tunnel. These systems help maintain smooth traffic
flow and ensure the safety of tunnel users.
Tunnel Monitoring and Surveillance:
The Gotthard Base Tunnel is equipped with a comprehensive tunnel
monitoring and surveillance system that includes sensors for
detecting ground movement, temperature, humidity, and air quality.
This system enables real-time monitoring of tunnel conditions and
facilitates early detection of any anomalies or potential risks.

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EQUIPMENT USED:
Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs):
TBMs are advanced mechanical devices used for excavating tunnels
efficiently and precisely. The Gotthard Base Tunnel employed state-
of-the-art TBMs to excavate long stretches of tunnel bore, reducing
construction time and minimizing disturbance to the surrounding
environment.
Drilling Equipment:
Drilling rigs were employed for pre-drilling holes for blasting, creating
boreholes for geological surveys, and installing ground reinforcement
systems such as rock bolts and anchors. Advanced drilling equipment
ensured precise drilling operations and minimized disturbance to the
surrounding rock.
Rock Drills and Blasting
Equipment:
In areas where traditional
drilling and blasting
methods were necessary,
rock drills and blasting
equipment were used to
break up rock formations.
Pneumatic or hydraulic
drills, explosives,
detonators, and blasting
mats were employed to
fragment the rock safely
and efficiently.
Concrete Spraying Equipment:
Concrete spraying equipment was used to apply shotcrete, a mixture
of concrete or mortar, onto the tunnel walls and ceiling. This process
reinforced the tunnel lining, provided structural support, and
minimized the risk of rockfalls during excavation.

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Formwork and Falsework:
Formwork systems supported freshly poured concrete until it set,
while falsework systems provided additional support during
construction. These temporary structures ensured the stability and
safety of the construction site during concrete pouring and curing
processes.
Tunnel Lining Equipment:
Equipment for installing
tunnel linings included
segment erectors and grout
injection systems. Segment
erectors positioned precast
concrete segments in place,
while grout injection
systems filled gaps between
segments to create a
watertight seal, ensuring
the integrity of the tunnel lining.
Ventilation Equipment:
Ventilation systems, including ventilation fans, ductwork, air
monitoring devices, and emergency smoke extraction systems, were
crucial for maintaining air quality and regulating temperature within
the tunnel. Specialized ventilation equipment ensured optimal
airflow and pollutant removal, enhancing safety for tunnel users and
personnel.
Surveying and Monitoring Equipment:
Surveying instruments such as total stations, laser scanners, and GPS
equipment were used to monitor tunnel alignment, measure
deformation, and ensure precise construction. Monitoring
equipment, including sensors for detecting ground movement,
temperature, and humidity.

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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS:

1. Preliminary Studies and Planning:

Extensive preliminary studies included geological surveys,
environmental impact assessments, feasibility studies, and
stakeholder consultations. Engineers evaluated the geological
conditions of the mountain massif, studied hydrological
characteristics, and assessed potential environmental impacts.

2. Design and Engineering:

The detailed design and engineering phase involved developing
comprehensive construction plans, finalizing tunnel alignments,
designing support systems, and integrating safety measures.
Advanced computer simulations and modelling techniques
were employed to optimize the tunnel design for stability,
safety, and efficiency.

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3. Tunnel Excavation:
Tunnel excavation utilized various methods, including drill and
blast, tunnel boring machines (TBMs), and mechanical
excavation, depending on geological conditions and
construction requirements. Drill and blast methods were
employed in sections where TBMs were not feasible or cost-
effective. TBMs were used to excavate long stretches of tunnel
efficiently and precisely, minimizing disturbance to the
surrounding environment.

4. Support Systems Installation:

Shotcrete, rock bolts, steel arches, and ribs were installed to
stabilize the tunnel walls and prevent collapses during
excavation.
Shotcrete, a sprayable concrete, provided immediate support to
the exposed rock face, while rock bolts reinforced the shotcrete
and anchored it to the surrounding rock mass. Prefabricated
steel arches and ribs were installed along the tunnel walls to
distribute loads and enhance stability, particularly in
challenging geological conditions.

5. Railway Track Installation:

Once the tunnel bore was excavated and reinforced, railway
tracks were installed along the tunnel floor. This involved laying
sleepers, rails, and aligning tracks to the specified gradient and
curvature. Precision was crucial during track laying to ensure
safe and efficient train operations.

6. Installation of Electrical and Mechanical Systems:

Ventilation systems, lighting fixtures, signalling systems,
emergency facilities, and communication networks were
installed to ensure operational safety and efficiency within the
tunnel. Ventilation systems maintained optimal air quality,
controlled temperature, and removed pollutants from the
tunnel environment. Lighting fixtures and signaling systems

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 illuminated the
passage and provided
visual cues for train
operators. Emergency
facilities, including
exits, evacuation
routes, fire detection
systems, and
communication
networks, were
integrated into the
tunnel design to ensure rapid response to emergencies and
enhance passenger safety.

7. Testing and Commissioning:

Comprehensive testing and commissioning were conducted to
verify the safety and functionality of the tunnel before opening
it for regular operations. Structural integrity tests, ventilation
system tests, fire safety drills, and trial runs with test trains
were carried out to identify and rectify any defects or issues
before the tunnel was officially inaugurated.

8. Operation and Maintenance:

Once commissioned, the tunnel entered the operational phase,
where it was regularly monitored, maintained, and inspected to
ensure safe and efficient operations. Routine maintenance
activities included track inspections, tunnel cleaning,
equipment servicing, and emergency preparedness drills.
Continuous monitoring systems were implemented to detect
anomalies or deterioration in tunnel conditions, allowing
prompt corrective actions to be taken.

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Techniques Used:
Sequential Excavation Method (SEM):
SEM, also known as New Austrian Tunnelling Method, is a flexible
tunnelling technique that involves excavating the tunnel in sequential
stages while providing immediate support to the exposed rock face.
After each excavation round, a layer of shotcrete (sprayed concrete)
is applied to stabilize the tunnel walls and prevent collapses. Other
support measures such as rock bolts, steel ribs, and wire mesh may
also be installed as needed.
Shield Tunnelling:
Shield tunnelling is commonly used in soft ground conditions or
beneath water bodies. It involves using a shield, a large cylindrical
structure, to support the tunnel face and control ground movements
during excavation. As the shield progresses, precast concrete
segments are installed to form the tunnel lining behind it. Shield
tunnelling may be used in conjunction with tunnel jacking techniques
for tunnelling beneath densely populated urban areas or sensitive
environments.
Ground Freezing and Ground Improvement:
In projects involving deep
tunnels or challenging
geological conditions,
specialized techniques such
as ground freezing and
ground improvement may be
employed. Ground freezing
involves injecting
refrigerants into the ground
to create a frozen barrier around the tunnel excavation, stabilizing
the surrounding soil and preventing groundwater ingress. Ground
improvement techniques such as grouting may also be used to
enhance the strength and stability of the ground surrounding the
tunnel.

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Conclusion:
The completion of the Gotthard Base Tunnel represents monumental
achievement in modern engineering and infrastructure development.
Spanning beneath the formidable Swiss Alps, this remarkable project
stands as the world's longest railway tunnel, connecting northern and
southern Europe with unprecedented efficiency and speed.
The construction of the Gotthard Base Tunnel required meticulous
planning, innovative engineering solutions, and unwavering
dedication from thousands of workers and experts. From the initial
geological surveys to the final commissioning phase, every aspect of
the project was executed with precision and attention to detail.
Through the implementation
of advanced tunnelling
techniques, such as Tunnel
Boring Machines (TBMs) and
Sequential Excavation
Method (SEM), the tunnel
was excavated with
remarkable accuracy while
minimizing environmental
impact. Stringent safety
measures, including emergency evacuation systems, fire detection,
and ventilation, were integrated to ensure the well-being of workers
and passengers alike.
The Gotthard Base Tunnel stands as a testament to human ingenuity
and the triumph of engineering over nature's formidable challenges.
Its completion marks a new era in transportation, fostering economic
growth, enhancing connectivity, and paving the way for a more
sustainable future. As travellers journey through its depths, they are
reminded of the remarkable feat of engineering that has reshaped
the landscape of European transportation for generations to come.

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List of Reference:

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnel
 https://ambergengineering.com/references/projects/gotthard-
base-tunnel
 https://www.google.com/search?q=saftey+equipments+used+i
n+gotthard+base+tunnel&client=safari&sca_esv=e91e320a5f7b
7808&rls=en&udm=2&biw=1035&bih=904&sxsrf=ACQVn08RGq
Wpq7euxuCmE3-
xCY4j25fgbw%3A1713513740384&ei=DCUiZqaFF7HWseMP8fSf
qAo&ved=0ahUKEwimu8CO6M2FAxUxa2wGHXH6B6UQ4dUDC
BA&uact=5&oq=saftey+equipments+used+in+gotthard+base+t
unnel&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiLnNhZnRleSBlcXVpcG1lbn
RzIHVzZWQgaW4gZ290dGhhcmQgYmFzZSB0dW5uZWxIwm1Q-
gVYo2twAngAkAEBmAGJA6AB4j6qAQgwLjQzLjEuM7gBA8gBAPg
BAZgCEqACtxaoAgrCAgcQIxgnGOoCwgILEAAYgAQYsQMYgwHCA
gUQABiABMICCBAAGIAEGLEDwgIOEAAYgAQYsQMYgwEYigXCAg
oQABiABBhDGIoFwgIGEAAYBRgewgIGEAAYCBgewgIJEAAYgAQY
GBgKmAMgkgcEMS4xN6AHm2w&sclient=gws-wiz-serp
 https://www.encardio.com/blog/science-behind-the-
megastructures-gotthard-base-tunnel

 https://www.google.com/search?q=gotthard+base+tunnel+ma
p&udm=2&client=safari&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj30bSw-
M2FAxUpbmwGHSRXDUEQrNwCegQIHhAA&biw=841&bih=904
&dpr

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