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Study Guide HPI

• Nozick state intervention:

minimal/maximal/medium
The question: Is a state necessary?
A minimal state as a utopia in which people could freely choose the rules of the
society
→ Only very minimal libertarian state is justifiable

(A minimal state naturally derives from anarchy: anarcho-capitalism in

which all redistribution of wealth: all coercions of individual rights &
freedoms socially necessary services are organized by private initiative
cannot exist for very long because people will choose to cooperate with
other human beings for defense and justice)

→ When a state takes on more responsibilities than a minimal task, it will violate
individual rights

• Sartre: morality comes from individual

not from God
For Sartre,
humans were condemned to be free. In l’Être en le néant (Being and
nothingness), Sartre argued that men lived in a world without God or morality,
he was the only one responsible for his values and actions.

• Levi: view on ideology as political system → human rights

Chapter 5
→No longer trust any political project, because it leads to death and destruction

Study Guide HPI 1

 Down with ideologies!

• What about social democracy in incorrect

Chapter 3
Gradual reform towards social justice
advocates for social and economic intervention within a capitalist economy

Eduard Bernstein advocated for socialists to abandon the pursuit of revolution

and instead strive for gradual reforms that benefit everyone. He believed that
socialism should democratize capitalism through reforms, not overthrow it
altogether.

Karl Kautsky, a Marxist theoretician, believed in the necessity of revolution but

felt it should only occur when all conditions were met. He advocated for a "wait
and see" attitude and preferred working within the existing political system.

Rosa Luxembourg criticized both Kautsky and Bernstein. For her, if

Kautsky wanted to really reject revisionism, he should let go of his
revolutionary attentiveness. Luxembourg didn't like Bernstein's changes,
feeling it was a letdown for the working class. She believed that workers had
more potential than what was commonly thought. She saw the revolution as a
power grab by the aware working class (≠ a top-down revolution led by a few).

Pareto : graveyard of aristocrats (what does it mean?)

Chapter 3
HIstory = a constant struggle between the ruling elite and the masses.

• What do philosophers mean with natural law

Study Guide HPI 2

 • What do we mean with ‘being reflexive’ in studying the history of political
ideologies
Class 1
Being reflexive means being attentive to:

1. Cultural, political, social, and ideological origins of your own perspective

and voice.

2. The perspectives and voices of those you interview or observe.

3. The perspectives of those to whom you report your research.

Machiavelli: can Il principe lie? always/in case necessary/never/..

Chapter 1
The fact that morality seems

to have been completely pushed aside in this regard led to the adage that the
“end justifies the
means”; the basis of popular Machiavellianism.

Rousseau view on private property

Chapter 2
Rousseau argued that private property led to societal corruption and inequality.
He believed that the earth's fruits belong to all, and no one should own the
earth itself. He opposed property accumulation and individual interests over

Study Guide HPI 3

 community benefits. Rousseau idealized a society where everyone owns
something, but not excessively, with production based on needs, not profit. He
promoted a social contract protecting personal and property rights, ensuring
individual freedom.

When, according to Marx, would classes disappear? Chapter 3

1. When the ownership of the means of production is shared by Society.

2. When workers and capitalists learn to work together and live in Harmony.
3. When socialist parties will win elections and control the state.
4. When the communists take over power in Russia

What is the anthropocene

chapter 6
the Anthropocene. The geological period between the Ice Age and today,
the Holocene, has beensurpassed by an era in which man’s influence on
nature is shaping not only life on the planetbut also the future of the planet
itself. Climate change and even epidemics caused by virusesand bacteria
are all signs of the new era of the anthropocene.Dipesh Chakrabarty was
one of the first philosophers to consider the impact the anthropocene might
have on human civilization. The ideas of freedom, justice, and equality that
have shaped the history of modern ideologies are being challenged by the
limits set by nature.

• What in not an element of ideology class 1

This phrase is asking about what does not constitute an element of an
ideology. An ideology typically includes elements such as beliefs, values,
and ideas that influence the way a group or society perceives the world and
makes decisions.

Thomas More: what was the problem More described in the first part of
Utopia Chapter 2
→ gradual enter of capitalism and private property in England

More analyzed 16th century England's political scenario.

Changes observed due to the thriving wool industry.

Birth of large sheep farms and the first Enclosures movement.

Study Guide HPI 4

 Beginning of capitalism marked.

Switch from traditional communal farming to private land ownership.

Displacement of small farmers.

• Piketty: need 4 tax on capital/rent/labour/..

chapter 6
Piketty for a
participatory socialism, build on a progressive form of worldwide taxation
For Piketty, inequality must be reduced by a progressive tax on capital.

• Pinker: where does progress come from chapter 6

Progress has occurred because whole populations have spontaneously

become more tolerant, reasonable, and enlightened.
The concept of a "mysterious arc" refers to the force that drives reality
towards greater justice, similar to Smith's 'invisible hand' and Hegel's
dialectic.

• What did Malthus mean with ‘moral restraints’

and by moral restraint (lowering birth rates by controling people’s sexual
passions, postpone marriage…)

• Calvin: why was his regime a breeding ground for emerge of individual
freedom
Consequently Calvin
Dictatorial theocratic regime, which tolerated no deviation, was
paradoxically also the breeding ground for a gradual development of
individual freedom and political individualism

• Difference ideology and political

politics ≠ politcal

Study Guide HPI 5

 Smith VS Malthus view on poverty

Malthus: Hunger and disaster are seen as the unavoidable destiny of

humankind due to the discrepancy between the growth of food supply,
which increases in an arithmetic series, and the surge in population,
which expands in a geometric series. This perception led to the belief
that government intervention in poverty, such as providing care for the
poor, is unnecessary and unproductive because poverty, according to
this perspective, is an inevitable part of human existence. The fear of
misery and destitution serves as an incentive for individuals to work
harder and improve their circumstances.

Contrarily, Smith presents a more optimistic viewpoint regarding the

issue of poverty. He proposes that as the economy grows, there will be
a corresponding increase in the demand for labor. As this demand rises,
wages will also increase, leading to further economic growth. This
cycle, according to Smith, will gradually eradicate poverty. However,
this eradication will occur at the pace set by the market economy, not at
a pace dictated by external forces. Therefore, Smith argued that the
government should not intervene in the economy. Instead, he
advocated for a laissez-faire approach, believing that the invisible hand
of the market, governed by the laws of supply and demand, will
naturally resolve the situation over time.

Explain Memmi ‘negative mutual dependence’ Class 9

Study Guide HPI 6

 Memmi sketches a portrait of two protagonists of the colonial drama, the
colonizer and the colonized are seen as two mutually dependent
personality types, two sides of the same colonial reality in which each side
can only define itself according to the other. Any colonizer is privileged
compared to the colonized because colonialism is a matter of exploitation
and of cultural and psychological destruction of the dignity of the
colonized.

Text: Marx - communist manifesto: praising the bourgeoisie for the

revolutionary work
they have done, criticising them for their further aspirations and
ideology.

Study Guide HPI 7

Study Guide HPI 8