Cells Notes

Question 1:
Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

ANSWER:
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
Size of the cell is comparatively Size of the cell is larger (5–100
small (1–10 nm). nm).
Nucleus is absent. Nucleus is present.
Cell division occurs by fission or Cell division occurs by mitotic or
budding (no mitosis). meiotic cell division.
Membrane-bound cell organelles Membrane-bound cell organelles
are absent. are present.
Question 2:
Write down differences between organ and organelle.

ANSWER:
Organs Organelles
They are found in They are found in unicellular and
multicellular organisms. multicellular organisms.
They are formed by micromolecules and
They are formed by tissues.
macromolecules.
They are macroscopic. They are microscopic.
Different organs constitute
Different organelles constitute cells.
organ systems.
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Question 3:
Write down differences between nucleus and nucleoid.

ANSWER:
Nucleus Nucleoid
It is comparatively smaller than
It is larger than nucleoid.
nucleus.
It has a covering of double
Covering membrane is absent.
membrane.
Nucleolus is present. Nucleolus is absent.
Its DNA is wrapped with histone Histone proteins are absent and DNA
proteins to form chromatin. of a nucleoid is often naked.
Give a brief account of discovery of the cell.

ANSWER:
Discovery of cell:
Cell was first discovered and named in 1665 by an English scientist Robert Hooke. He was
examining a thin slice of cork and observed that the cork resembled the structure of
honeycomb consisting of many little compartments. He called these compartments as cells
(meaning 'little room' in Latin).
In 1838, Jakob Matthias Schleiden first proposed the idea that all plants consist of cells.
In 1839, Theodor Schwaan proposed that all animals and plants are made up of cells.
Anton Von Leuwenhoeke –Living cells
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Question 6:
Describe the proteins of plasma membrane.

ANSWER:
Plasma membrane consists of two types of proteins that floats in the fluid phospholipid
layer:
(i) Intrinsic proteins: They completely cover the lipid bilayer.
(ii) Extrinsic proteins: They occur either on the outer surface or on the inner surface of the
lipid membrane.
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Question 7:
Enumerate functions of plasma membrane.

ANSWER:
Plasma membrane serves as a barrier for the entry and exit of materials in the cells. It
allows only certain selective materials to pass through it. Apart from this, it also performs
certain physical and biological activities. These are as follows:
(i) Diffusion.
(ii) Osmosis.
(iii) Active transport.
(iv) Endocytosis.
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Question 8:
Give an example of diffusion across plasma membrane.
ANSWER:
Diffusion is the process of movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a

region of lower concentration until an equilibrium is reached.
When concentration of gases such as CO2 gets high in the cell as compared to the external
environment, then CO2 moves out of the cell by the process of diffusion via plasma
membrane. Similarly, O2 enters the cell by the process of diffusion when its concentration is
reduced in the cell.
Write down the differences between diffusion and osmosis.

ANSWER:
Diffusion Osmosis
It can occur in any medium. It occurs only in liquid medium.
Diffusing molecules may be solid, Movement of only solvent
liquid, or gas. molecules occur.
It does not require a semi- It requires semi-permeable
permeable membrane. membrane.
It achieves an equilibrium in the It never achieves an equilibrium in
free energy of diffusing the free energy of solvent
molecules. molecules.
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Question 11:
Write a note on endocytosis.

ANSWER:
Endocytosis:
The ingestion of materials by the cells through the plasma membrane is called endocytosis.
It includes three processes—that is,
(a) phagocytosis (cell eating),
(b) photocytosis (cell drinking), and
(c) receptor-mediated endocytosis.
All of these processes require energy, so these may be considered as different forms of
active transport.
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Question 12:
What would happen when eukaryotic cells are placed in hypotonic, hypertonic and isotomic
solutions?
ANSWER:
When we place an eukaryotic cell in hypotonic solution, it swells up and ultimately bursts
because of the large quantity of water entering the cell.
When we place an eukaryotic cell in isotonic solution, there is no change in its size, as the
water concentrations in the external and internal media are the same.
When we place an eukaryotic cell in hypertonic solution, it gets plasmolysed because of the
excess loss of water.
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Question 13:
Name the following :

(a) Smallest cell organelle
(b) Largest cell organelle;

(c) ER studded with ribosomes
(d) Functional segments of the DNA molecule.

ANSWER:
(a) Ribosome is the smallest cell organelle.

(b) Nucleus is the largest cell organelle.
(c) ER studded with ribosomes is referred to as rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
(d) Genes are the functional segments of the DNA molecule.
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Question 14:
Distinguish between the following

(a) Chromoplast and chloroplast
(b) Ribosome and centrosome.

ANSWER:
(a)
Chloroplast Chromoplast
It is a green plastid. It is a non-green plastid.
It contains chlorophyll and It lacks chlorophyll. Only carotenoids and
carotenoids. phycobilins are present.
(b)
Ribosomes Centrosomes
They are present in both
They are present only in animal cells.
animal and plant cells.
They aid in the synthesis of They do not have any function in protein
proteins. synthesis. They aid in cell division.
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Question 15:
Write main differences between plant and animal cells.

ANSWER:
Plant Cell Animal Cell
It is larger in size than animal cell. It is comparatively smaller in size.
It contains a cell wall. It lacks a cell wall.
Plastids are present in plant cell. Plastids are absent in animal cell.
It lacks centrosome and centriole. It contains centrosome and centriole.
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Question 16:
What will happen in a cell if its nucleus is removed? Give reasons in support of your
answer.
ANSWER:
If the nucleus of a cell is removed, then the cell will die. This is because the nucleus of a cell
controls all the metabolic activities in a cell, and if it is not present, then the metabolic
functioning of the cell will stop and its protoplasm will dry up ultimately, causing cell death.
Page No 116:
Question 17:
Explain why do spinach look green, papaya yellow and edible part of water melon red?
ANSWER:
Spinach looks green due to the presence of a green pigment called chlorophyll in them.
Similarly, papaya looks yellow and edible part of watermelon looks red due to the presence
of coloured plastids called chromoplasts in these fruits. Chromoplasts lack chlorophyll but
contains carotenoid pigments that give different colours to these fruits.
Where do lipids and proteins constituting the plasma membrane get synthesised?
ANSWER:
Lipids and proteins constituting the plasma membrane are synthesised by the endoplasmic
reticulum.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in the synthesis of lipids, whereas rough
endoplasmic reticulum (RER) synthesises proteins.

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Question 1:

Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Write down differences between organ and organelle.

Write down differences between nucleus and nucleoid.

Give a brief account of discovery of the cell.

Anton Von Leuwenhoeke –Living cells

Describe the proteins of plasma membrane.

Enumerate functions of plasma membrane.

Diffusion is the process of movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a

Write down the differences between diffusion and osmosis.

Write a note on endocytosis.

Name the following :

(b) Largest cell organelle;

(d) Functional segments of the DNA molecule.

(a) Ribosome is the smallest cell organelle.

Distinguish between the following

(b) Ribosome and centrosome.

Write main differences between plant and animal cells.

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