1.

Many intellectual histories of the Black Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s rely heavily on
essays and other explicitly ideological works as primary sources, a tendency that can
overrepresent the perspectives of a small number of thinkers, most of whom were male.
Historian Ashley D. Farmer has shown that expanding the array of primary sources to
encompass more types of print material—including political cartoons, advertisements, and
artwork—leads to a much better understanding of the movement and the crucial and diverse
roles that Black women played in shaping it.

Which choice best describes the main idea of the text?

A. Before Farmer's research, historians had largely ignored the intellectual dimensions of the
Black Power movement.
B. Farmer's methods and research have enriched the historical understanding of the Black
Power movement and Black women's contributions to it.
C. Other historians of the Black Power movement have criticized Farmer's use of
unconventional primary sources.
D. The figures in the Black Power movement whom historians tend to cite would have agreed
with Farmer's conclusions about women's roles in the movement.

2. The following text is adapted from Robert Louis Stevenson's 1883 novel Treasure Island. Bill is a
sailor staying at the Admiral Benbow, an inn run by the narrator's parents.

Every day when [Bill] came back from his stroll he would ask if any seafaring men had gone by
along the road. At first, we thought it was the want of company of his own kind that made him
ask this question, but at last we began to see he was desirous to avoid them. When a seaman
did [stay] at the Admiral Benbow (as now and then some did) he would look in at him through
the curtained door before he entered the parlour; and he was always sure to be as silent as a
mouse when any such was present.

According to the text, why does Bill regularly ask about "seafaring men"?

A. He isn't sure that other guests at the inn will be welcoming of sailors.
B. He's trying to secure a job as part of the crew on a new ship.
C. He's hoping to find an old friend and fellow sailor.
D. He doesn't want to encounter any other sailor unexpectedly.

3. In a paper about p-i-n planar perovskite solar cells (one of several perovskite cell architectures
designed to collect and store solar power), Lyndsey McMillon-Brown et al. describe a method
for fabricating the cell's electronic transport layer (ETL) using a spray coating. Conventional ETL
fabrication is accomplished using a solution of nanoparticles. The process can result in a loss of
up to 80% of the solution, increasing the cost of manufacturing at scale—an issue that may be
obviated by spray coating fabrication, which the researchers describe as "highly reproducible,
 concise, and practical."

What does the text most strongly suggest about conventional ETL fabrication?

A. It typically entails a greater loss of nanoparticle solution than do other established

approaches for ETL fabrication.
B. It is less suitable for manufacturing large volumes of planar p-i-n perovskite solar cells than
an alternative fabrication method may be.
C. It is somewhat imprecise and therefore limits the potential effectiveness of p-i-n planar
perovskite solar cells at capturing and storing solar power.
D. It is more expensive when manufacturing at scale than are processes for fabricating ETLs
used in other perovskite solar cell architectures.

4. In many of his sculptures, artist Richard Hunt uses broad forms rather than extreme accuracy to
hint at specific people or ideas. In his first major work, Arachne (1956), Hunt constructed the
mythical character Arachne, a weaver who was changed into a spider, by welding bits of steel
together into something that, although vaguely human, is strange and machine-like. And his
large bronze sculpture The Light of Truth (2021) commemorates activist and journalist Ida B.
Wells using mainly flowing, curved pieces of metal that create stylized flame.

Which choice best states the text's main idea about Hunt?

A. He often depicts the subjects of his sculptures using an unrealistic style.

B. He uses different kinds of materials depending on what kind of sculpture he plans to create.
C. He tends to base his art on important historical figures rather than on fictional characters.
D. He has altered his approach to sculpture over time, and his works have become increasingly
abstract.

5. The following text is from Edith Nesbit's 1902 novel Five Children and It. Five young siblings have
just moved with their parents from London to a house in the countryside that they call the
White House.

It was not really a pretty house at all; it was quite ordinary, and mother thought it was rather
inconvenient, and was quite annoyed at there being no shelves, to speak of, and hardly a
cupboard in the place. Father used to say that the ironwork on the roof and coping was like an
architect's nightmare. But the house was deep in the country, with no other house in sight, and
the children had been in London for two years, without so much as once going to the seaside
even for a day by an excursion train, and so the White House seemed to them a sort of Fairy
Palace set down in an Earthly Paradise.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

 A. The house is beautiful and well built, but the children miss their old home in London.
B. The children don't like the house nearly as much as their parents do.
C. Each member of the family admires a different characteristic of the house.
D. Although their parents believe the house has several drawbacks, the children are enchanted
by it.

6. The following text is adapted from María Cristina Mena's 1914 short story "The Vine-Leaf."

It is a saying in the capital of Mexico that Dr. Malsufrido carries more family secrets under his
hat than any archbishop. The doctor's hat is, appropriately enough, uncommonly capacious,
rising very high, and sinking so low that it seems to be supported by his ears and eyebrows, and
it has a furry look, as if it had been brushed the wrong way, which is perhaps what happens to it
if it is ever brushed at all. When the doctor takes it off, the family secrets do not fly out like a
flock of parrots, but remain nicely bottled up beneath a dome of old and highly polished ivory.

Based on the text, how do people in the capital of Mexico most likely regard Dr. Malsufrido?

A. Few feel concerned that he will divulge their confidences.

B. Many have come to tolerate him despite his disheveled appearance.
C. Most would be unimpressed by him were it not for his professional expertise.
D. Some dislike how freely he discusses his own family.

7. To protect themselves when being attacked, hagfish—jawless marine animals that resemble
eels—will release large quantities of slimy, mucus-like threads. Because these threads are
unusually strong and elastic, scientist Atsuko Negishi and her colleagues have been trying to
recreate them in a lab as an eco-friendly alternative to petroleum-based fibers that are often
used in fabrics. The researchers want to reproduce the threads in the lab because farming
hagfish for their slime would be expensive and potentially harmful to the hagfish.

Which choice best states the text's main idea?

A. Hagfish are not well suited to being raised in captivity.

B. The ability of hagfish to slime their attackers compensates for their being jawless.
C. Hagfish have inspired researchers to develop a new petroleum-based fabric.
D. The slimy threads that hagfish release might help researchers create a new kind of fabric.

8. Artist Justin Favela explained that he wanted to reclaim the importance of the piñata as a
symbol in Latinx culture. To do so, he created numerous sculptures from strips of tissue paper,
which is similar to the material used to create piñatas. In 2017, Favela created an impressive life-
size piñata-like sculpture of the Gypsy Rose lowrider car, which was displayed at the Petersen
Automotive Museum in Los Angeles, California. The Gypsy Rose lowrider was famously driven by
 Jesse Valadez, an early president of the Los Angeles Imperials Car Club.

According to the text, which piece of Favela's art was on display in the Petersen Automotive
Museum in 2017?

A. A painting of Los Angeles

B. A painting of a piñata
C. A sculpture of Jesse Valadez
D. A sculpture of a lowrider car

9. In a study of new technology adoption, Davit Marikyan et al. examined negative disconfirmation
(which occurs when experiences fall short of one's expectations) to determine whether it could
lead to positive outcomes for users. The team focused on established users of "smart home"
technology, which presents inherent utilization challenges but tends to attract users with high
expectations, often leading to feelings of dissonance. The researchers found that many users
employed cognitive mechanisms to mitigate those feelings, ultimately reversing their initial
sense of disappointment.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Research suggests that users with high expectations for a new technology can feel content
with that technology even after experiencing negative disconfirmation.
B. Research suggests that most users of smart home technology will not achieve a feeling of
satisfaction given the utilization challenges of such technology.
C. Although most smart home technology is aimed at meeting or exceeding users' high
expectations, those expectations in general remain poorly understood.
D. Although negative disconfirmation has often been studied, little is known about the cognitive
mechanisms shaping users' reactions to it in the context of new technology adoption.

10. The ice melted on a Norwegian mountain during a particularly warm summer in 2019, revealing
a 1,700-year-old sandal to a mountaineer looking for artifacts. The sandal would normally have
degraded quickly, but it was instead well preserved for centuries by the surrounding ice.
According to archaeologist Espen Finstad and his team, the sandal, like those worn by imperial
Romans, wouldn't have offered any protection from the cold in the mountains, so some kind of
insulation, like fabric or animal skin, would have needed to be worn on the feet with the sandal.

What does the text indicate about the discovery of the sandal?

A. The discovery revealed that the Roman Empire had more influence on Norway than
archaeologists previously assumed.
B. The sandal would have degraded if it hadn't been removed from the ice.
 C. Temperatures contributed to both protecting and revealing the sandal.
D. Archaeologists would have found the sandal eventually without help from the general public.

11. NASA's Cassini probe has detected an unusual wobble in the rotation of Mimas, Saturn's
smallest moon. Using a computer model to study Mimas's gravitational interactions with Saturn
and tidal forces, geophysicist Alyssa Rhoden and colleagues have proposed that this wobble
could be due to a liquid ocean moving beneath the moon's icy surface. The researchers believe
other moons should be examined to see if they too might have oceans hidden beneath their
surfaces.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Rhoden and colleagues were the first to confirm that several of Saturn's moons contain
hidden oceans.
B. Research has failed to identify signs that there is an ocean hidden beneath the surface of
Mimas.
C. Rhoden and colleagues created a new computer model that identifies moons with hidden
oceans without needing to analyze the moons' rotation.
D. Research has revealed that an oddity in the rotation of Mimas could be explained by an
ocean hidden beneath its surface.

12. Disco remains one of the most ridiculed popular music genres of the late twentieth century. But
as scholars have argued, the genre is far less superficial than many people believe. Take the case
of disco icon Donna Summer: she may have been associated with popular songs about love and
heartbreak (subjects hardly unique to disco, by the way), but like many Black women singers
before her, much of her music also reflects concerns about community and identity. These
concerns are present in many of the genre's greatest songs, and they generally don't require
much digging to reveal.

What does the text most strongly suggest about the disco genre?

A. It gave rise to a Black women's musical tradition that has endured even though the genre
itself faded in the late twentieth century.
B. It has been unjustly ignored by most scholars despite the importance of the themes
addressed by many of the genre's songs.
C. It has been unfairly dismissed for the inclusion of subject matter that is also found in other
musical genres.
D. It evolved over time from a superficial genre focused on romance to a genre focused on
more serious concerns.
13. The following text is adapted from Edgar Allan Poe's 1849 story "Landor's Cottage."

During a pedestrian trip last summer, through one or two of the river counties of New York, I
found myself, as the day declined, somewhat embarrassed about the road I was pursuing. The
land undulated very remarkably; and my path, for the last hour, had wound about and about so
confusedly, in its effort to keep in the valleys, that I no longer knew in what direction lay the
sweet village of B——, where I had determined to stop for the night.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. The narrator explains the difficulties he encountered on a trip and how he overcame them.
B. The narrator describes what he saw during a long trip through a frequently visited location.
C. The narrator recalls fond memories of a journey that he took through some beautiful river
counties.
D. The narrator remembers a trip he took and admits to getting lost.

14. In 2022, researchers rediscovered ancient indigenous glyphs, or drawings, on the walls of a cave
in Alabama. The cave's ceiling was only a few feet high, affording no position from which the
glyphs, being as wide as ten feet, could be viewed or photographed in their entirety. However,
the researchers used a technique called photogrammetry to assemble numerous photos of the
walls into a 3D model. They then worked with representatives of tribes originally from the
region, including the Chickasaw Nation, to understand the significance of the animal and
humanoid figures adorning the cave.

According to the text, what challenge did the researchers have to overcome to examine the
glyphs?

A. The cave was so remote that the researchers couldn't easily reach it.
B. Some of the glyphs were so faint that they couldn't be photographed.
C. The cave's dimensions prevented the researchers from fully viewing the glyphs.
D. The researchers were unable to create a 3D model of the cave.