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Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization www.iiste.org

ISSN 2224-3240 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3259 (Online)
Vol.10, 2013

Decision-making in foreign policy

Assistant Professor: Dr. Ahmed Aref AL Kafarneh

Al-Balqa Applied University, Ajloun university college, Basic Science Department, JORDAN
Abstract
Decision made by the governments are dynamics underlies their external and external attires.
Therefore care should be taken when taking such decision because hasty decision might lead to confusion if
they were taken arbitrarily, and this would affect negatively its relationship with other countries.
Most countries now a days take care of such decision that reflect their philosophy, ideology and political
targets of the dominant political system through alternatives and giving priority to them so that can be finally applied
according to local and international rules.
Region, political, international, region of successive changes Globalization, and technological revolution
caused the third world countries to adopt democracy.
As the USA has become the main dominant power offer the fall of USSR, put the world at the turn of 20th
century, into dilemma offer the invisible of Iraq and Afghanistan.
This exposed the vulnerability exposed to foreign invasion so their decision do not meet their needs.
Democratization process, is negatively affected so that decision making is badly affected because the
national acuity and them opened the door for sects, schism, racial and tribal decimation which badly affect the
process of decision making

Key Words : Foreign policy, Interests of the state supreme, Political crisis, National security

The emergence of new member states in the international system to change the International political
equation, and these units new political have the influence apparent in the decisions taken within the international
system, the Major countries doesn’t be isolate which govern the fields of international political movement.

The dependence of these countries helped it in its ability on decision making, after the Major countries
isolated with this right. And appeared in this century of international organizations, as new members of the
international community.

In contrast happened a big development within the country itself, and this development influence public
opinion on the formation of foreign policy, so that public opinion has become an important target for foreign policy
decision-makers.

And these emergences of different ideology given decision makers in foreign political with a tool which in it
can explain the reality in their perspectives, and with their ethics and principles, and endeavor to access to authority
to achieve these principles and evaluations, through decision which taken in the name of system.

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Vol.10, 2013

According to what proceed this research will be a process of decision making of foreign policy. Divided it
into two chapters; First: dealing with a study of self changeability of decision maker an Second: dealing with a study
of design political decisions then conclude research a conclusion of the subject.

The importance of research:

The successive developments in the contemporary international system considers of most things that
reflection on political systems that lead to complexity of the decision making process especially in foreign policy
because of various parties associated in it and many effective changeability and this lead to develop the concept of
analyses and the purposes of political system and its crises especially that related with political decision, from these
the study came to know the effective changes in decision making in foreign policy, especially if we know that any
decision taken with measures in the philosophy of the political system and the method and the nature of the society
in which generate decision and the extent of the interaction of the crisis.

Hypotheses:

Identify research hypotheses the following:

1. Under the current international circumstances did not make there any hope for small or poor countries to retain a
minimum of free and independence in national decisions as it was last time.

2. Loss of political decision-maker margin of maneuver and the estimated true in the process of taking political
decisions, and that the loss of real power and process, and has existed constitutionally and legally in the state
constitution, to some circumstances and influences objectivity, even if possessed these countries substantial
resources physical human.
3. Decision-making in foreign policy and in particular in the developing countries are not taken through formal
institutions established by the Constitution of that State, but are outside of these institutions.
4. Entrance the world in new crises as discourse crises, and administrate of international conflicts and appear what
we call war globalization and the usage of power in isolate pole type.
Research objectives:

1. This research comes as an attempt to monitor and analyze political changes among a group of changes within the
limits of the data and by the stability of the decision concept of political nature and explore the main entrances and
the prevailing models in the making and analysis. Hence the search to be a quality addition to identify the affecting
factors and changing the formulation of policy decisions and foreign.

2. Identify the current political of boundaries, limitations and obstacles that occur during the decision-making
process through the study of these controversial changes that prevent the independence of political decision
within the political systems, especially in the Third World. The researcher also benefited from the behavioral
approach which contributes to study the actual behavior of the powers of political and analyzed in political roles
and functions more of its attention to the content of constitutional rules or ideological patterns.

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Vol.10, 2013

• Holsna defined the concept of foreign policy as decisions that determine the Country's objectives externally from
act and actions taken to implement the decisions.126

• But Wotrlaman knew foreign policy it work to find a balance between external obligations to a country and the
force that would be needed to implement this commitment.127
Chapter I

Theoretical framework for political decision

First section:

Foreign Policy

Foreign policy arise for most countries to meet the requirements of the national interest in parallel with no
prejudice to the rules of international public governing relations between states and derive role than it provided by
the the internal structure (128).

(129)
Foreign policy is defined as a plan that draws foreign relations with other countries .Also known as
behavioral state towards the outer surroundings, towards countries in the surrounding outside of the international
(130)
non-state such as international organizations and liberation movements or about a particular issue .However,
these definitions focused on the State solely in the definition, there are more comprehensive definition only a
definition of Dr. Ali Eddin Hilal, the fact that foreign policy over the activity and behavior of international actors in
the outer domain (131).

Through these definitions seems to us the importance of political decision-making process, which is the
political foundation that spins the concept of politics around and then talk about the concept of foreign policy, the
intended reactions related to the decision-making process or external converter overall objective of the state to a
specific decision.

The political outside decision-making process vary from one country to another according to the
composition of the political system of the state.It could be argued that the decision process is the selection of a
particular alternative from a range of alternatives in order to achieve certain purposes by those in power in the

126
K.J.Holsti. International polices: A frame work for Analysis (New Jersey: Prentice-hall, 1977). P.21
127
Bin Hareb, Abdulrahman: foreign policy of the United Arab Emirates, Alexandria, the modern
university office 199, p 20
128
Cevic - American Empire: (facts and consequences of U.S. diplomacy) - Arab Scientific Publishers.
Beirut - Lebanon 2002
129
Nassif Youssef, international relations theory., Beirut, Arab Book House, 1985, p 175
130
Ali Eddin Hilal, America and Arab Unity 1945-1982, i 1, Beirut Center for Arab Unity Studies, 1989, p
23
131
Algabri Abdullah, economic disparities of political science \ Journal of Social Sciences \ folder 25
Number 4 Winter 1997
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institutions of society (132).So is the political decision of the most important processes that characterize the political
process.

In summary, the decision-making process means the set of rules and methods used by the participants in the
decision-making structure for a particular choice or preference choices certain to solve a particular problem (133)

However, we must recognize that the decision-making process begins there is a problem or an incentive
makes decision-makers considering the adoption of resolution to this problem, because they see that this problem
pose a threat to the foreign policy goals of the state, however, it can limit the political objectives of the country's
generally, limited overall in (national security, support regional entity, seeking to increase national power, then
economic goals and ideology) When feels the decision-maker that there obstacle blocking their way to the goal, it
pays to make a decision to surpassed and it is not necessary and there is a problem with a condition to make a
decision there may be a positive circumstance sees the decision-maker in foreign policy exploited take a series of
decisions to enable the speed of achieving the goal.

Second section:

Analytical framework for the political decision-making process

Decision making is generally understood to reach a reasonable working version of between several
134
competing alternatives and all decisions aimed at achieving specific goals, or avoid undesirable results

Definition of the decision-making process:

The set of rules and methods used by the participants in the decision-making structure for a particular
135
choice or preference choices to solve a particular problem

Stages of the political decision-making

Before talking about the stages of decision-making should be noted that the decision-making process begins
there is a problem or an incentive, make decision-makers think a decision to this problem, because they see that this
problem pose a threat to the foreign policy goals of the state.Here we mention that the foreign policy goals differ
from one country to another, but there are things that are concentrated foreign policy objectives, can be identified in
the (national security, support regional entity, seeking to increase national power, then economic and ideological
136
objectives)

132 3
Jamal Mujahid, opinion and measured, Cairo House University Press, 2008, p 125
134
D.Ismail Sabri Moukld, theories of international politics, Comparative Analytical Study, Kuwait:
Kuwait University, 1985 pp. 148
135
D. Mohammad Salim Alseid, foreign policy analysis, Beirut: House al-generation 2001, p 325
136
D.Ismail Sabri Moukld, report making decisions in foreign policy, international politics magazine No.
(14), p 114
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When decision-makers feel that there is an obstacle on their way to their goals, this leads them to make a
decision to pass it.

It is not necessary to have a problem as a condition to make a decision, there may be a positive circumstance sees
foreign policy decision-makers to exploit, make a series of decisions that will enable them to speed to achieve the
goal.

After the presence of a motivation that creates a attitude to make a decision, begin the decision-making
process following stages:

First: Awareness of the decision maker of the problem:

Awareness of the decision maker is a phenomenon that is contributed to see the decision-maker for this
137
motivation, to achieve its objectives or is not?

The process of awareness, according to the decision maker through information obtained from all of the
different information sources. Was aware of the decision maker in a false position, as a result of information which
resorted to because of many factors, including its faith, and personal characteristics, or because of the movement of
information at different stages until you reach it. This differs awareness of decision-makers for the situation, for the
reality of the situation as it is.

It is important that after the realization of the decision maker for the position, and the conviction that a challenge to
the goal of moving to the second phase, a phase of definition of the situation.

Second: the stage definition of situation:

Intended the definition of the situation is to study the problem and analysis of all dimensions and determine
its impact on the interests of the state, and this is done by interpreting the information, which are contained it, and
here also play personal characteristics prominent role, as they are interpreting the information by depicting decision
138
self-position, and recognizing it .

Definition decision when "David Waston" are the outputs of the political system in whatever form, which is
made through the distribution of authoritarian values in society, whether these values are internal or external139.

It defined the decision-making process as a conscious choice between several alternatives available and not
without any element of doubt and then the basis of the decision-making process is the decision-making by the choice
140
between available alternatives .

137
D. Mohammad Salim Alseid, foreign policy analysis, previous reference p. 347
138
D.Hani alalHadithi, in the process of political decision-making foreign Baghdad: Rasheed Publishing
House, p 64
139
David Eston, A framework for political Analysis (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. prenticetlall 1969 ), p. 50
140
James E.Dougheaty& pfaltzgraff, Contending Theories of international Relation (Lippin cott,
Philadelphia, 1971) p 12-313
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Third: the process of identifying alternatives and making decision:

After you define the situation begins selection phase to suitable alternatives by considering the alternatives
available to the decision-maker, because there are alternatives unforeseen it, and this is due to many things affect the
search process at all alternatives, such as tenuous situation, due to lack of sufficient information, as well as the
beliefs and characteristics personal, that will make it focuses on a limited number of alternatives, or lack of time and
the element of surprise.141

After analyzing alternatives or more of the alternatives are compared the consequences of each of them,
142
then choose what is perceived decision maker, the best .and must be taken into account that this process extremely
difficult and complex, they must note processor other parties that will be affected indirectly results of the decision, as
well as the likelihood of success and failure in view of the ability to implementation or not, and here it is difficult to
determine Cognitive consequences of the decision, which is not subject only after the implementation of the decision,
and this is the next phase.

Stage of the implementation of the decision:

This is the stage the process of transferring decision from theory status to its practical and it is determined
the political behavior of State for the decision-maker, and is the implementation of resolution through various means,
143
including diplomatic, economic instruments or use of military force, or tools propaganda .

Fifth: feedback:

This phase is intended flow of information to the decision-making body in foreign policy, about the results
of the first done so used to rationalize his subsequent actions, a subsequent reaction of the first act, and it may be a
positive reaction, and may be negative. Be positive when the frequency of the original act, and be negative when it is
different at least in some way from the original act, and this is due to the degree of success of the original act in
achieving the goals of the state.144

The third section

Decision-making bodies in foreign policy

Differ decision-making bodies generally from country to country, and the Country constitution that
145
determines who is the body responsible for foreign policy decision-making .

The authorizing Constitution body certain decision-making authority in foreign policy but it is not exercised

141
D.Ismail Sabri Moukld, international political relations, op p 254
142
D.Hani alalHadithi, in the process of political decision-making foreign, op p 106
143
D.Ismail Sabri Moukled, International political relation, theory and reality, cairo, 1991, p 362
144
D.Boutros-Ghali Boutros, d.khair Issa, entrance in political science, Cairo, Egyptian Anglo Library,
1984, p 357
145
D.Hani alalHadithi, in the process of foreign political decision-making, op p 106
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this authority in fact, it exercised another device else, for example, what happened in the Soviet Union when
authorized Constitution of the presidium of Supreme Soviet, and the Council of Ministers making authority of
foreign policy, but in fact we find that the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of the Soviet, is the one who
146
exercises this authority .

There are also several sub bodies within the state involved in the decision-making process in foreign policy,
such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Defense, parties and pressure universities and organizations
legislative authority.147

The decision comes as aggregate reaction to these subsystems. And stop Share these systems or any of them
on the nature of the political system, on one hand and the emerging nature of the situation on the other hand.

And can be concentrated decision-making process in foreign policy in the main decision-maker (President
of State), as is the case in most developing countries, with the help of some advisers around him.And increasing the
role of a political leader in cases where supervision preferred foreign policy, without relying on specific destination.

In general, the process of making foreign policy decisions, are within a specific unit consists of a small group of
individuals.

Chapter II

The affecting of main elements on decision-making

First section: the internal environment:

It means all the factors and components of the internal environment which affecting directly or indirectly in
the decision-making process.

1- Political and economic system:

The decision-making process in foreign policy associated with the nature of the political system of the state
political system in terms of being a democratic, non-democratic, affect the decision-making process, and in terms of
the body that made the decision, and the Share more than one party in this process and in terms of the
stagesdecision-making, in democratic systems this process is subject to procedures and long consultations and
discussions with many parties, and need to be implemented more than one approval, and these measures lead to
148
delay decision-making and implementation, decision which loses its effectiveness

And also increase the level of participation in the decision-making process in these systems, lead to loss of

146
D.Hani Al-Hadithi, foreign policy analysis, former reference, p 227
147
Entrance in political science - d.Boutros-Ghali, Dr. khair Issa p. 356
148
D.Hani Ismail Moukld \ policy theories Ataho comparative Thalilay studies Kuwait, Kuwait University,
1980, p 1511
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149
confidentiality, and the possibility to know external parties, the details of this decision before made

The situation is different in non-democratic regimes, the decision-making process takes place in a narrow
range, and does not participate in the decision-making only elements is limited, as well as decision-making process
here are fast in the face of external situations, because the decision maker does not need to review the other
150
institutions in the state in order to earns this decision legitimacy, as is the case in democratic systems

And we must mention here that this decision is linked to the interests of the system associated with the
character of the decision maker, unlike the case in democratic systems, the decision maker must appropriate process
between the interests of category or the party to which he belongs, and the public interest.

Also affect the economic system in the decision-making process in many ways, the state has a strong
economic system, and has a wealth of natural and relatively large production capacities, to have more freedom when
choosing alternatives proposed it, as and their economic capacity These help them to achieve their goals they seek
from behind these decisions, and we must remember that the presence of these economic resources of the state, is not
enough sometimes to the success of its foreign policy, but must have another condition, which the system's ability to
151
invest these resources and capabilities and employ correctly, to serve the foreign policy of the state

There are those who attributed the success of the political foreign decisions in the developed countries to the
political elites which are the product of the interaction of economic forces in these countries, so that these elites
reflected the interests of those forces which serve the objectives as well as having systems developed democracy
where it contributes to these democratic institutions to keep makers policy officials in the face of economic shifts,
any application of the principle of the economy first and politics second. Whilethe researcher saw that th correlation
between in developing countries, we find mostly that it is different, where we find the dominance of economic
decision, sovereignty and the absence of economic decision-making institutions found helpless in front of
international conditions and changes around them and their industry in the time of corruption and personal interests.
152

The researcher believes that it must link the political decision in a flexible decision economic state can
achieve political gains as well as economic gains Examples include the insistence of European countries for a long
period to isolate the political issues of the Arab Dialogue - EU, and the Palace of the dialogue on economic issues
and the insistence of some Arab countries the interdependence of subjects after a long period, which was born a
conviction among European countries to agree, fearing for their economic interests, which provides conclusive
evidence of the importance of linking economic policy gain international public opinion in the foreign political
relations.

In short, the fragility and weakness of the political decisions taken in most of the countries of the Third World is very

149
Hani Al-Hadithi, in the foreign political decision-making process - Baghdad Rashid Dar, 1985, p 29
150
op, p 37
151
Hani Al-Hadithi, foreign policy analysis, Beirut: Dar al-generation 2001 p 218
152
Hamada, Bassiouni, the role and means of communication in the political decision-making, Beirut
Center for the studies of Arab Unity, 1993
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linked to international pressure and forces example is the adoption of countries such as Egypt, Iraq, and some East
Asian countries on U.S. assistance, some of the reports assure that Egypt stocks of grain not enough for more than
two days, while we mention that the decision in countries as resolution in Venezuela and Syria somewhat liberal
international pressure for several of the most important considerations seek to rely on itself, especially in the area of
food security and economic.

2-Political parties:

The political party of the leading political institutions that contribute to the making of foreign policy, the
role of political parties depend on decision making process in foreign political on the environment of of political
system which the party live in it, political systems depend on one-party policy, decrease the role of the parties
(governing party) in the decision-making process and possibility completely absent. Deprived of participation in
governance in any way, and remain in a constant position of the prosecution, by the system, so the governing party
has a role in the decision-making process, and the decision makers are affected by the program of the party and its
153
principles

It could be argued that the ruling party in the socialist countries and some developing countries, ruled by
one-party impact is often in foreign policy very strong, who plays a prominent role in foreign policy -making in
accordance with the belief of political party.

In political systems that allow multiple, highlights the role of political parties in the decision-making process,
whether these parties participate in government, or stand in the ranks of the opposition with a different degree of
influence in both cases.

3- Lobbyists:

Are organizations with a group of people with common interests, the different types, some of which is
political, and some of which is economic and what a professional.... etc.

These groups differ from political parties; they put pressure on decision-makers in power in order to achieve its goals,
and do not have access to power, as is the case for political parties.

In America, for example, created the immigration of different nationalities and economic development of
many groups that have different outside interests and sometimes conflicting, complicating the process of selecting
the decision in U.S. foreign policy, and districting the ability to mobilize American public to support the decision
after taken.

And influenced by these different groups on the decision-making process in foreign policy, as they relate to
and be affected by these decisions, Economic groups that have goals of interested international nature always remain
friendly relations with countries that deal with it, and for this they are trying to pressure the decision-makers, aims to
prevent them from taking any decision affecting these relationships.

153
D.Hani Al-Hadithi, in the process of political decision-outer, former p 29
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Among these examples on economic interest groups and financial companies is national (international) and
whose companies world oil such as (Shell) and international banks such as (Bank of America) and (Citibank) These
companies and international institutions with interests toward countries where there are either affect positively or
negatively on the future of these companies and their economic interests.

The lobbyists political they are often associated with countries external always seeks to maintain the
interests of these countries, through pressure on decision-makers in the state, relies on groups in putting pressure on
decision makers Foreign several means, including carrot and stick, or attempt to influence public opinion year, and
154
fill it up with ideas for her or encouraging unrest and demonstrations

4 - Public opinion:

"fluoride Olbert" defined the public opinion, as an expression of large amount of individuals for their
opinions in a certain position, but on their own or at the invitation addressed to them an expression in favor of an
opponent of the issue or a particular person or a proposal of importance and wide so that number a sufficient
proportion to exert influence on a specific action, whether directly or indirectly.

So public opinion is one of the important factors and even participate in the political decision-making
process. It is within the known to regulate the relationship between public opinion and decision makers leads to
create a natural interaction between the concerns of the public and its resolutions and decisions of the political power,
which ensures to maintain political and social stability of the hand and bring about societal changes in a way that
sound on the other hand.

It can be said that public opinion is one of the most important factors established by the decision maker in
the calculations, whatever form of political system, which controls the reins of power.

It represents public opinion an important constraint on the decision-maker, whether the decision internally
or externally, and to be the role of public opinion effectively in the process of decision-making in foreign policy,
must be available to the decision maker cultural characteristics and certain economic, and be conversant with
sufficient information for many countries Foreign, and the different means of communication that enables him to
155
convey his views through which decision-makers. Therefore, the role of public opinion in this process varies
depending on the quality of the political system in the States, under democratic systems, where there is greater
freedom of expression, through new media, takes the decision makers in the prestige of public opinion of any
decision external, and especially if this decision affects its interests. However, we must be attentive to an important
point, a lack of belief that the existence of democracy and associated freedoms of different expression means that the
public opinion an active role in decision-making process, under these systems could mislead public opinion, and
directed, desired by systems, such as through the dissemination of misleading information systems particular
provision, in some countries, or for any particular international move or an international problem.

Bottom line is that public opinion and its role in decision-making in foreign policy in the light of the

154
D.Ismail Sabri Moukld, international political relations - theory and reality
155
D. Ibrahim Saad Eddin, how to make a decision in the Arab world, former reference, p 25
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changes numerous and successive occurred in the arena of regional or international Under mechanisms of
globalization and the most important sites "Internet" became a great fear of molding public opinion to become a real
force during use sometimes in favor of the opposition forces or to issue or configuration data sites "influential affect"
the decision-makers in various countries around the world, especially the developing countries.

Whatever the case, the role of public opinion in the decision-making process outside highlights clearly in
crisis and unusual circumstances, which feels the political system threatened the outside, in this case highlights
156
public opinion as a stressful on your decision-making, which become circle options has weak and limited

Information collection devices:

Became the process of gathering information in the contemporary world of the most complex and difficult
operations that it is imperative to the decision maker relied upon in the performance of his governmental duties, and
return the difficulty of the task into two main variables:

First: the magnitude and diversity of information.

Second: that the political decision-maker needs all kinds of information related to the wisdom and knowledge of
what is going on and they are many and different.

That the information revolution has affected in fact has a direct impact in the media, has surprised the
process of information revolution bipolar world to drop, when one of the two camps collapsed, namely the Soviet
Union was dismantled limb as a result of a bug that revealed the information revolution.

So one could say that access to sovereignty knowledge is the basis in control in terms of both deterrence
strategies and knowledge of the intentions of the other party.

So dependent information which supplied to the decision-making devices on first basis for foreign policy
decisions, hence the importance of collecting information and the more information and basic document, whenever
157
helped the success of making the right decision

This confirms the human experience for all ages that the absence of information or lack of it or inaccuracy
was always co-worker and the main decisions improperly lead to failure and defeat when managing any of the
conflicts and the loss of rights in any process of negotiation or failure to implement any project of projects.

Who make the decision often deriving information on the many formal or informal, including embassies, and the
intelligence services, and hardware and various media, and research and study centers, international and regional
conferences, centers and networks of information (such as the internet U.S. used by millions of PC users on 24h) and
private sources and should be the relationship between decision-making bodies, and these devices objective, and

156
Badis Kdadrh, public opinion and original stand, Al-Shorouk newspaper, February 5, 2009 AD
157
Consider, defense magazine, the role of information in the management of crises, Riyadh, No. 121 11 \
1 \ 200 m.
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based on mutual respect and interaction, and realize the importance and responsibility towards each other.

It must be recognized that some felt that the information had led to the trading of international relations
more comprehensively, as it provided the opportunity of direct communication between political leaders, for example,
the former U.S. President George W. Bush assemble the international coalition in the Gulf War II using the which
doesn’t used before in international diplomacy.

Second section

Foreign Environment

It means all the foreign factors influencing in the political decision-making process, which can be identified
in the physical and geographical surrounding. It could be argued as a general rule that the more pressure from the
foreign environment decreased an opportunity potential to act and diminished opportunities.

1- International public system:

decisions are operating on the major countries in general consider the dynamic spirit and interactive which
governing through the process of life at home or in the relations of these countries with the outside world, so
seriousness and important of making that decision be great to have caused by the chaos in the event of not based on
scientific and practical bases which be strong, and there has to be emphasis on the need to take care of the decision
before its release, therefore highlights interest in decision making by most countries in the world for its great
importance.

Therefore, the change in the form and nature of international public system, affect the decision-making
process in the foreign policy of the state, as a unit of the constituent units of this system, states under the regime of
multi polarity, available with greater freedom of movement, and decision-making also becomes to small States
greater capacity for foreign maneuverability by waving to join alliance particular, or to withdraw from the alliance
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belonging to

It has become the structure of the international system to take an important role in influencing the decision and the
extent of its implementation and appeared this importance in the contemporary stage as a result of the presence of
new data, including the following:

1. The presence of international organizations and the most important; the United Nations, and human rights
organizations and civil society organizations.

2. The legal relations between states according to international law, they often took political decisions international
character through their influence in the outside world as a result of the positive and negative relations between
states.

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D. Hani al-Hadithi in the foreign political decision-making process, former p 140
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3. Establishment economic clusters and military influence in decision-making within the Member States in these
clusters to the importance of the decision to keep up with the objectives of the bloc and its methods and ideas.
Under solid bipolarity. Imposed restrictions on the movement of foreign circulation transactions for members of
any of the pacts, but in light of fragile bipolar system, the non-member countries of the alliance, enjoying greater
freedom and movement, they are not bound by the choices imposed by the bipolar system existing.

As under the current circumstances and the end of the Cold War era and the absence of global authority
representing a specific important role in foreign policy, and liquidity obvious now in international relations, and the
tendency of some major countries, especially the United States to activate the role of the United Nations make it
loose part of its credibility and was most countries affected by the activation through decisions that allowed the
United Nations to intervene in the internal affairs of these countries, which is at the heart of the internal matters of
the State itself examples include:

A. Oversight functions and supervision of human rights, democracy and the problems of refugees which witnessed a
struggle and fighting and example of this (former Yugoslavia) or intervention to monitor the elections in Angola,
Venezuela, El Salvador, Iraq, and also monitor military activities as is the case in Mozambique.

B. Disarmament, which means mass destruction and disposal solving the armed forces of the state and not to
maintain any power except the necessary ,and also added a new task for the United Nations was the
disarmament of groups fighting within a single country and during the Civil War and then will allow these
conflicts intervention by the United Nations under the pretext disarmament in the internal affairs of the State
examples Somalia, East Timor, Sudan's Darfur region when Darfur rebels refused to disarm and restore their
fighters to barracks only a political solution to the problem of coping.
C. Institution-building and reconstruction and this new task involving the United Nations and this in turn entail
humanly and financially efforts and needs the cooperation and understanding between the state target, the United
Nations Examples include Somalia, El Salvador, Haiti, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iraq, Lebanon and most
recently the reconstruction of the territory of Gaza (Palestine).
D. Bypass security prevention mentality and try to produce a new culture.
It can thus be said that current conditions require to say that the world lives in the case of loss of a large part of
his political and sovereign powers and the United Nations want to run the world through the tyrannical state,
which itself commissioned to marginalize the institutions of international legitimacy. This led to the creation
secretions and the legal and political changes which had a noticeable impact on international politics and public
international law, and the work of the United Nations in accordance with its charter, leaving the United Nations
policy the legally impact to cast a shadow on the mechanism of decision-making, according to an international
mechanism and not according to the Charter, through the clear influence for the sole pole in foreign policy made
by any state takes into account all of these things in the case of drafting.

2- International political crises:

Definition of the political crisis: it is caused by the interaction of confrontation and conflict between the

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159
interests and beliefs, programs and other entities conflicting

The definition of the political crisis as a political stance suddenly a political threat to the objectives of the
national with a limited period of time to make the decision, that there are three elements characterized crisis (surprise,
160
threat, and short time) and crisis requires quick decisions

There is no doubt that personal decision maker play a prominent role in the decision-making process due to
time constraints, which is not allowed by Return to the political institutions all, leading to the reduction of the
number of participants in the decision-making process, and may require the formation of a total to discuss the crisis
in particular and make decisions related. And the greater the crisis, the need for more to rounded the gap between
161
decision makers

witnessed the Cold War era serious international crises almost led giant of the Soviet Union and the United
States of America at the time to direct military confrontations and almost rocking global stability, such as "the Cuba
crisis, the Cuban missile crisis, the Berlin crisis, What characterized it that stage easily in crisis management because
they came a product of the conflict between East and West and enable the parties cordoned off part of a policy of
mutual deterrence and negotiations, and the absence of competition and effective international powers, and as a result
of the paralysis of the United Nations in general and the Security Council in particular because of the frequent use of
the right objection.

However, it could be argued that the crisis have sometimes a negative impact on cognitive and skills
abilities for decision-makers. The crisis may create an attitude of stress leads to the deterioration of the ability to pay
attention to and understand information to identify the attitude, negative influence the ability of the decision maker in
the search for information and alternatives and relying more heavily on the doctrinal system, and previous experience
of the position, and this would lead to faulty analysis.

So is leadership prowess in the perception of the possibility of converting the crisis and the risks it carries into an
opportunity to launch a creative capacity that invests the crisis as an opportunity to reformulate as circumstances and
time constraints increases the psychological pressure, which affects the ability of the decision maker in the selection
162
of a suitable alternative

The most important thing sought by the decision maker is seeking to exert pressure in a flexible and wise
according to the requirements of situation-seeking coexistence and compatibility of without incurring their countries
cost or loss, and then be the decision-maker has achieved greater goals and protect their vital interests through use
management toolscrises such as diplomatic means good offices negotiations, conciliation, disputes on international
and regional organizations, or use legal means such as international arbitration or most recently resorting to the use

159
Osman, Osman: Confronting the Crisis, Cairo, Egypt for publication and distribution,Edition1995, p
14
160
D. Mohammed Salim, foreign policy analysis, former reference, p 272.
161
James Dworta, conflicting theories in international relations, translation by Walid Abdulhai, Kuwait,
Kazma Publishing, 1985, p 226.
162
D. Mohammed Salim, foreign policy analysis, former reference, p 354.
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of violent means.

Third section

Division and analysis of political decisions

Overwhelmingly secret and mystery to most of the political decisions taken, and it varies with the nature of
societies and political systems and the degree of clarity of the mark in the light of the prevailing degree of
democratic development could be argued that the evaluation of decisions depends on two key perspectives:

1. Objective perspective: an analysis of the process of decision-making in terms of the substantive aspects
surrounding the decision, trying to analyze the decision-making data in the context of the societal conditions
accompanying the decision.

2. Perspective of ruling political leadership: It starts from corner of analysis of the psychological environment of
the ruling political leadership, and that the person of President and extent to specific elite surrounding it, and it
intended to analyze the decision-making process through the analysis to vision the head of state of reality and its
own reading of this reality.
For the first and second perspective is similar bureaucratic orientation \ psychological that was called for some
Arab intellectuals (1).

Despite criticism of the trend in terms of substantive focus on the personality of the head of state and personal
attributes which would be incompatible with the nature of communities and dynamics (2).

The psychological aspect focuses on highlighting the role of personal ruling in decision-making, but without
ignoring the objective factors surrounding the decision maker.

Hence, analyzing the environment psychological is framework to understand the dimensions of

decision-making and his relationship with success or failure of the decision (3), political decision-making is not just
institutions and bureaucracy frameworks and mechanical relations without the humans in charge of this institution
and devices passion towards any decision to be made.

In summary there are two approaches to analyze the process of political decision-making:

1. Founder dimension of objective conditions that moving the decision-making institutions and the pioneers of
this direction, Snyder, Halbraiv, and Ellison, Lovell, and Robinson and Art163

2. The direction in which the dimension of cognitive psychotherapy, which focuses on personal role of the
164
head of state or elite surrounding the pioneers of this direction: Rchr, Holsna, Sprout and Dawsha.

163
Janthan M.Roberts, Decision Making during international crises, Macmillan Press,1985
164
Bahgat Korany and Contributors, How Foreign policy Decision Are made in the Third
World, U.S.A. westviw Press Boulder and London, 1988. pp. 48:60
3
Ibid pp.55-56
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Summary

1. Characterized the Third World countries in the most important shared qualities which are the phenomenon of
concentration of power and its centrality in the person of the head of state or specific elements surround the head of
state and do not move outside the circle and the absence of the idea of rotation of power between rival elites.

2. Third World countries suffer from political instability and lack of nobility of the political establishment because
of the late independence, and because the ruling regimes isn’t convinced in real democratic choice and insist on
a monopoly of power and the unwillingness of circulation and the monopoly the tools of force (army and police)
and used in any political conflict leads to poor participation of citizens or interest in public life with the
exception of petroleum countries where it absorbed the new elites and charged with different functions and the
distribution of wealth cancels and weakens political participation.
3. Emphasis on the political decision-maker that necessity to be his decision whether political, economic,
administration or social up to date the implementation of economic and social comprehensive development
which are the essential basic of absorb any effects possibly built from crises and political events whether internal
and external.
4. There is a role of lobbies through communication tools or civil public organization to contribute in decision
making or at least made the descion maker calculate the important of these organization in although of
note that some of these groups seek to protect the community from melting in the stream of globalization
and the culture of the West and especially in Eastern and Arab communities in particular.
5. Directing the political parties (especially in third world countries) to work on the preparation of programs
and training courses aimed at the development of the public to interact with the political decision-making
process, either in support or opposition, and not just criticism and defamation or non-constructive
opposition, but offering alternatives.
6. Consolidation saying to doing, especially that seen in conferences, the media and others to a rational plan to
remedy, correction and expand the circle of responsibility and listen seriously to projects that seek to
research and study centers, civil society organizations and non-wrapping to power enhanced from abroad
aimed at cracking or rupture and differences or seeking for the opposition only for the opposition.
7. Work on the development and developing the skills of foreign policy decision-makers in parallel to the rapid
developments and changes to the international system, it must provide mature minds and qualified persons
for the development and analysis of political phenomena, economic and social, to form neutral without
pressure internal or external, in order to give the resolution credible, objective and clear, this is one of the
most necessities to keep up with changes in the international accelerated especially in the world that does
not believe in ethics political or concepts traditional old.
8. Find real economic alternatives means third world countries in particular for aid and loans for the development
of these countries independently .Which can be the decision maker of the formulation of the decision as a type
of independence.
9. the last objective of decision making in the last summary is the higher interest fro State and its relation of
decision maker with strategy on State, this mean that the decision should pass the last mythological stages which
is known in decision making hypotheses.

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10. when the decision making is taken we should built security strategy according of view based on State
security which consider un integrant part from the security of regional surrounding then globalization and
this consider through international acceptance concepts now.
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