A Research Paper

Presented to the

Faculty of the Department of Psychology

A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF PARENTAL CULTURAL PRACTICES & CORE

VALUES FORMATION AMONG USC STUDENTS

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Course

Field Methods in Psychology (PSY 2107)

Submitted by:
Bagunas, Aki Rose
Beto, Leslie Eunice
Galacio, Vincent Dyedo
Plasencia, Amerada Hess
Villanueva, Yuan Nhyl Andre

May 2024

Ms. Ruby Ilustrisimo

 ABSTRACT

Through a qualitative study, the researchers delve into the interplay between parental

cultural practices and the formation of unique core values among USC students. The study

explores how students navigate the influence of their parents' cultural background on their own

evolving value systems within the family dynamic. A qualitative approach was selected as the

research method for this study, through the use of semi-structured interviews.

Findings reveal the interplay of parental cultural influence, personal core values, and

family dynamics in shaping students' beliefs. Participants highlighted the significant impact of

parental cultural practices instilled by their parents, such as participation in religious events and

respecting elders which continue to shape their values of empathy, generosity, and respect.

Participants reflect on their personal core values such as loyalty, honesty, kindness, courage, and

self-sufficiency, emphasizing individual growth and responsibility. Additionally, participants

navigate and negotiate differences between their evolving beliefs and their parents' cultural

practices, employing strategies like open communication and conflict avoidance. Overall, this

study concludes that parental cultural influence, personal core values, and family dynamics are

interrelated factors that shape students' values and beliefs.

 Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 4
Purpose of the Study..................................................................................................................... 4
Research Questions..................................................................................................................................4
Significance of the Study...............................................................................................................5
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE................................................................................... 7
Review of Related Research....................................................................................................................7
Familial Setting........................................................................................................................................7
Sociocultural Roots..................................................................................................................................8
Parental Control....................................................................................................................................... 9
Theoretical Framework..........................................................................................................................21
METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................... 22
Research Design.................................................................................................................................... 22
Participants............................................................................................................................................ 22
Data Collection...................................................................................................................................... 23
Instrument.............................................................................................................................................. 23
Ethical Considerations........................................................................................................................... 24
Reflexivity............................................................................................................................................. 25
RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION....................................................................................... 27
Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 27
Findings................................................................................................................................................. 27
Theme 1: Parental Cultural Influence............................................................................................. 28
Theme 2: Personal Core Values...................................................................................................... 30
Theme 3: Family Dynamics............................................................................................................ 33
Conclusion............................................................................................................................................. 34
DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................... 36
Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 36
Summary................................................................................................................................................39
Limitations and Future Directions........................................................................................................ 40
Conclusion............................................................................................................................................. 41
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................... 43
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This study is grounded in the profound influence that parental cultural practices exert on
the development and internalization of core values in their offspring. Understanding this
interplay is crucial, as it not only contributes to the academic discourse on cultural psychology
but also holds practical implications for educators, counselors, and policymakers seeking to
create inclusive and culturally responsive educational environments. The intricate relationship
between parental cultural practices and the formation of core values has been a subject of
increasing interest due to the diverse and multicultural nature of contemporary societies.
Families serve as primary agents of socialization, transmitting cultural traditions, beliefs, and
practices from one generation to the next. By honing in on this nexus, we aim to unravel the
ways in which parental cultural practices mold the moral, ethical, and behavioral frameworks
that students carry into their academic and social spheres.

Moreover, the study addresses the inherent diversity within cultural practices and values,
recognizing that cultural influences are not monolithic but rather manifest in multifaceted ways.
By adopting a qualitative approach, we seek to capture the richness and complexity of these
experiences, allowing for a nuanced exploration that transcends the limitations of quantitative
methods. Through in-depth interviews, participant observations, and thematic analysis, we aim to
uncover the subtle variations within cultural practices and their impact on the formation of core
values among students .

The nature of parent-child interactions can reflect the way culture plays a role in the
implementation of values and beliefs. Previous literature has analyzed how Filipino parental
practices are rooted in our socio-cultural background. Filipino families maintain close
relationships, often being depicted by others as family-centered or clannish (Miralao, 1997). This
paper aims to explore various Filipino parental cultural practices and core values; along with its
manifestation and influence on their children and their own set of principles.
 3

Values in any individual is something that is highly sought after as it is one of the building
blocks of any person’s lifestyle. From micro-actions towards the environment to the exponential
impact in helping the needy regardless of financial status, values are the driving complex of
humans. However, it is a point of concession that varying geopolitical circumstances or even
specific cultures, have a huge impact on the perspective and how they want to put importance on
values. In essence, to become human is to have values, but to know what values are acceptable is
still debated to this day even if there are conceived “universal standards".

The essence of Filipino culture and values are eminent within the familial setting. Social
preferences believed to shape children's behavior beliefs are typically grounded in parental
values. It is assumed to be a criteria used as a basis for investigating desirable qualities of
children (Kohn, 1969), child-rearing approaches, and the best environment in which to raise
children (Alwin, 2001). On the ground and in the elite sectors of Philippine society, a nuclear
family will always be the spitting image of Filipinos, even when the next generation reaches
tertiary level, the teachings of the Parental Cultural Practices will have some sort of impact on
the lives and welfare of these college students. Subsequently, we then look into how children are
raised and the influential role of parental values. This study aims to explore the wide range of
experiences of the way culture is embedded through Filipino parents. Through having a
comprehensive knowledge of the ways through which parents influence their children, we grasp
the contextual understanding of the Filipino practices, values, and beliefs in this context. This
paper intends to emphasize the social, cultural and possibly historical contexts that shape the
unique Filipino upbringing and childhood experiences.

The study can also benefit from insights on family-school partnerships, as discussed by
(Hong et al., 2022), to explore how collaboration between parents and educational institutions
can support students' holistic development. Furthermore, insights from Carter-Thuillier et al.
(2023) on after-school programs and social inclusion processes can provide valuable perspectives
on how extracurricular activities impact students from diverse cultural backgrounds.
Understanding the cultural reproduction model, as discussed by (Lu et al., 2021), can offer a
framework for examining how parental practices are passed down through generations and
influence students' experiences. Moreover, Vasquez‐Salgado et al. (2021) shed light on the
challenges faced by first-generation college students due to home-school cultural value
 4

mismatches, emphasizing the importance of aligning cultural values between home and academic
settings.

In conclusion, this qualitative exploration into the intersection of parental cultural practices
and core values among students is driven by a desire to contribute to both theoretical
understanding and practical applications. By unraveling the complexities of this relationship, we
aim to shed light on the ways in which cultural influences shape individuals, providing valuable
knowledge for educators, researchers, and policymakers striving for a more inclusive and
culturally responsive educational landscape.

Statement of the Problem

College students are at the stage of their life where a practice of independence is almost
mandatory for almost every family. It is no exaggeration that this point in life is a turning point
for the values and behaviors that they hold dear or have been ingrained into them at an early age.
Therefore, the researchers want to understand why values are varying even in family-centered
cultures especially in the Philippines and want to find the relationship as to whether a rejection or
acceptance of values (traditional or adaptable/modern) is connected to family practices in
varying families (nuclear or not). Intergenerational cultural transmission refers to the
transmission of cultural ideas (e.g. values, beliefs, knowledge, practices) from one generation to
the next, and is a selective process during which the older generation (parents, grandparents, or
elderly in the community) decides consciously and unconsciously which cultural ideas to
transmit to the young generation (Tam, 2015). In a non-Western world setting, this is very much
a day-to-day on the ground case for the majority of Asian states. Putting an emphasis on the
importance of values regardless of how the means to transmit these values are perceived or felt
by their own offspring.

Authoritarian parenting has been perceived (and witnessed) to be a prime trait amongst
Asian households. Stereotypes of Asian families ruling with an iron fist have always been
widespread in media not just in Western settings but in Asian countries as well. Cultural studies
have identified six key elements typically associated with an authoritarian parenting style that
most Asian ethnic groups having a collectivist cultural orientation share. (Kim et al., 1999; Ng
and Wang., 2019) These consist of conformity to social norms, family recognition through
 5

achievements, expectancy for emotional self-regulation, collectivism, humility, and filial piety
(respect to one’s parents). These cultural traits are known to be practiced in Asia’s history even
up to this date and it has somewhat drawn flak not just from Western settings but also from
succeeding generations born from families that take these practices seriously.

Due to these practices being the lifeline of Asian countries especially in the Philippines
regardless of socioeconomic status, there is an ongoing discrepancy between the old generation
and the new generation. Talks, debates, and even arguments have sparked across society in an
effort to prove which side is right and whose values should be considered to be the best one to be
upheld. While there is no current definitive answer to this question, the underlying problem of
discord in families from parents to children because of different cultural perspectives
(conservative/modern) is what this research wants to understand which can benefit the new
generation and the old one.

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this qualitative research study is to investigate and understand the
intricate relationship between parental cultural practices and the core values embraced by USC
students. By exploring this intersection, the study aims to provide insights into how cultural
influences within the family context shape and interact with the values adopted by students,
contributing to a deeper comprehension of the dynamics between parental culture and the
development of core values among the younger generation.

Research Questions

1. In what ways do parental cultural practices influence the development of core values in
students?
2. How do students navigate and negotiate differences between their parents’ cultural
practices and their own evolving values?
3. What core values do students perceive as important in their families?
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Significance of the Study

This study was conducted to investigate and understand the relationship between the cultural
practices employed by parents and the evolving unique core values embraced by the students.
Hence, the result of this study will benefited the following:

Parents. Understanding how their cultural practices influence their children's values can
empower them to raise well-rounded individuals. They can be more intentional in using these
practices to cultivate desired values. They can use these practices more effectively to cultivate
desired values in their children, fostering a strong foundation built on their cultural heritage.

Cultural Heritage. By documenting and analyzing cultural practices, the study can contribute to
the preservation of cultural heritage. This knowledge can be archived and used to educate future
generations about their cultural roots. It can also empower cultural institutions, like museums
and community centers, to develop programs that celebrate and transmit cultural knowledge.

Society at Large. This study can contribute to a broader societal understanding of the
importance of cultural heritage and its role in shaping individuals. It can foster greater
appreciation for cultural diversity and the positive impact cultural practices can have on
developing strong core values in future generations.

Mental Health Professionals. This study can equip counselors and therapists with a deeper
understanding of how cultural practices can shape a student's sense of self and their core values.
This knowledge can be instrumental in supporting clients who may be struggling with
reconciling their upbringing with their evolving values.

Community Leaders. Understanding how cultural practices influence core values can be
invaluable for community leaders. This research can inform culturally sensitive initiatives and
programs that support families in upholding traditions while fostering positive youth
development.

Future Researchers. The research methodology and findings can be a valuable resource for
future studies exploring the complex relationship between culture, values, and behavior in
 7

different populations. This can lead to a broader understanding of young generations'

development across cultures.
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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Familial Setting

In the Philippines, family is the basic form of household (Shimizu, 2019). It stands as a
foundation from which we learn our values and beliefs and reflects the roots of our identity. The
welfare of the family is highly valued as it serves as an extension of the individual well-being
(Root, 2005). Embedded within our nature as Filipinos is the profound emphasis on
interdependence, unity, and collective well-being. The family is evident within Philippine society
that emphasizes cohesiveness and interdependence.

Filipino culture, similar to other Asian societies, have established certain expectations
and fundamental societal values that are upheld throughout generations and are reflected among
family members. For instance, children are taught the importance of respect and deference
towards elders and to fulfill reciprocal obligations in the family (Agbayani-Siewert, 1994).
Respect and conflict resolution are derived from hierarchical relationships especially with the
roles of the elderly. It stems from a belief that with age yields wisdom. Children are socialized to
be interdependently oriented and view family as its embodiment.

Kinship patterns also play a role in highlighting the value of family affiliations. The study
of Miralao (1997) described Filipino families as maintaining close relationships, often being
depicted by others as family-centered or clannish. Various studies have also emphasized the
close-knit relationship of Filipino relationships. Nuclear ties are important yet the extended
kinship system is also very much considered (Tarroja, 2010). This all the more implies the strong
and dynamic familial relationship that enables us to recognize the collectivistic aspect within our
culture.
 9

Cultural Values

The role of the family is considered in the formation of Filipino identity. Familial
obligations and expectations between parents and children are strongly reinforced within Filipino
families. For example, parents provide for their children and later on in life it is the children’s
role to take care of their elderly parents. The use of “Po” and “Opo” signifies respect and high
regard for elders. These are established throughout generations and are still a significant part of
our custom until today.

Dominant characteristics and fundamental social values play a significant part in guiding
personal decisions and actions among members of the family. These includes values such as
utang na loob (“dept of one’s being”), hiya (“propriety”), or the expectation for children to fulfill
utilitarian roles such as helping around the house or provide support to siblings, parents, or even
extended kin (Alampay, 2014; Bulatao, 1975). Filipino children are expected to demonstrate
such values as one’s behavior reflects upon the entire family; whether it evokes familial pride or
shame; the behavior of children is a reflection of their parents. This is a reflection of the dignity
or self-respect concept. Achievements and failures can reflect on the family as a whole.

Sociocultural Roots

Sociocultural roots in the Philippines may be more difficult to delve into due to unified
cultural principles influenced by colonization. The dominant role of religion acts as an indicator
in shaping the values and norms not only within the family, but society as well. Religious and
spiritual values are embedded in our cultural practices (Root, 2010). This can be considered in
examining parenting styles and the integration of religion or Christianity that are passed among
children. Morillo’s study also indicated that religion, to some extent, provides a significant
source of variations in how family values are viewed.

The identity and social status of Filipinos are largely defined by their families who are
also their major source of social, emotional, economic, and moral support. It is also important to
consider the close relationship of Filipino families, usually characterized as family-centered or
clannish. They learn the value of maintaining good interpersonal relationships with relatives and
reciprocal obligations that are reinforced (Miralao, 1997).
 10

Moreover, the family-centeredness trait is also manifested among people outside of their
circle of relatives. Filipinos tend to exhibit qualities and behaviors that assists in the attainment
of social acceptance rather than consciously putting effort towards being socially acceptable.
Hence, they put value on interpersonal relationships such as “pakikisama” (getting along with
others) that is also manifested in signs of conflict or confrontation (Miralao, 1997). This is just
one of the many values that are rooted within Filipino culture. There are many factors that
contribute to parenting styles yet dominant characteristics are prominent enough to be passed on
from one generation to another.

Parental Control

Asian parenting approaches have been considered much different than Western parenting
styles. Comparative studies have characterized Asian parenting as “restrictive” or “domineering”
(Chao & Tseng, 2002). Parents, especially mothers, have greater influence on their child’s
values, attitudes, and norms. This was also emphasized in previous literature by Alampay
wherein mothers exercise more authority and administer discipline than the father. Zhengyuan et
al. (1991) found that the emphasis parents place on child compliance was positively linked to
traditionally valued traits such as tolerance of frustration, self-control, self-confidence, being
hardworking, independence, and positive attitude towards others. Despite the belief that being
domineering and overprotective has negative outcomes, it may differ across cultures.

Disciplinary measures can vary among cultures. Filipino parental child rearing attitudes
tend to be more authoritarian than progressive (Alampay & Jocson, 1998). It emphasizes
obedience and conformity that aims to teach children discipline and self-direction. With this
framework, parents are regarded as the primary figures responsible for guiding their children and
instill essential values in preparing them for their roles within the society and individuality.
However, it is important to recognize that Filipino parenting practices can vary among different
families that may be influenced by factors such as personal beliefs, socioeconomic status, or
even educational background.
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Transmission of Parental Cultural Practices

Effective parenting practices are not a monolithic entity, but rather a dynamic interplay of
various factors. This explores how a parent's cultural background acts as a foundation, shaping
their beliefs and practices, which are then transmitted to their children. Through this lens,
parental practices can be visualized as a vibrant kaleidoscope, where each turn reveals a unique
combination reflecting the parent's cultural heritage, individual characteristics, and the
ever-evolving family unit.

Central to this concept is the undeniable influence of cultural values on parental beliefs,
as evidenced by research conducted by Bornstein (2017) and Trommsdorff et al. (2012). These
values serve as the bedrock upon which parenting practices are built. For instance, a culture
emphasizing collectivism might translate into practices that prioritize raising respectful children
who value the needs of the family unit. Parents might instill these values by encouraging children
to contribute to household chores, prioritize spending time with extended family, and emphasize
cooperation and compromise in daily interactions. Conversely, a culture that emphasizes
individualism might lead to practices that encourage independence and self-expression in
children. Parents might provide opportunities for their children to explore diverse interests, make
independent choices, and develop a strong sense of self.

The social and cultural landscape is constantly in flux, further influencing how traditions
are passed down. Cabrera et al. (2000) highlight factors such as increased female workforce
participation and changing family structures as significant influences. As family dynamics shift,
parents need to adapt their practices to meet the evolving needs of their children. Traditional
mealtimes might require adjustment for working parents, or household chores might be
redistributed among family members to accommodate changing circumstances.

The influence of culture extends beyond shaping beliefs; it directly shapes interactions
within the family unit. Graf et al. (2014) emphasize the close association between culture and
socialization goals. Cultures with a strong emphasis on respect for elders might have parenting
practices that involve daily interactions where children show deference and obedience to older
family members. Similarly, cultural values are directly reflected in how parents express warmth
 12

and affection. Cheah et al. (2015) found that the way Chinese immigrant parents express warmth
is linked to their cultural goals for their children's emotional development.

Cultural identity also plays a role in how traditions are passed down. Cheah et al. (2013)
found a link between Chinese immigrant parents' cultural identity and their parenting efficacy
(their belief in their ability to be good parents). This suggests that parents who feel more
connected to their cultural background may feel more confident in using those traditions to raise
their children. This confidence translates into consistent practices that become ingrained in the
family dynamic, ultimately shaping the child's values and behaviors.

In conclusion, parental cultural practices are a complex interplay of beliefs, experiences,

and the ever-changing social landscape. As Febiyanti & Rachmawati (2021) rightly emphasize,
considering cultural variations is crucial for understanding how families from different
backgrounds raise their children. By appreciating the unique blend formed by each parent's
cultural background, we gain a deeper understanding of how traditions are passed down, shaping
children's values and behaviors. This knowledge is invaluable for educators, healthcare
professionals, and anyone working with families from diverse cultural backgrounds.

Students Evolving Values

The development of values among students is a multifaceted process influenced by

various factors. Clinical experience has been shown to significantly contribute to the growth and
development of values such as respect for human dignity, altruism, and equality in providing
services among nursing students (Shafakhah et al., 2016). Additionally, participation in student
governance leadership activities has been found to contribute to the development of individual
values, as demonstrated by the adoption of the Social Change Model of Leadership Development
(Mydin & Amran, 2019). Furthermore, the positive correlation between the formation of
professional identity and the development of morality in nursing students indicates that
strengthening students’ professional values may lead to positive development of their moral
competencies (Haghighat et al., 2020).

The process of developing values among students is not limited to professional settings.
For instance, a study on adolescents' self-perceptions and values found that the importance of
 13

certain values, such as math utility, may decline as students progress through secondary school
and are exposed to competing interests (Watt, 2004). Moreover, the influence of teachers on the
value-semantic sphere of students has been highlighted, emphasizing the importance of teachers'
values, innovative methods, and personal characteristics in shaping students' value orientations
(Nikolenko & Zheldochenko, 2021).

In the context of higher education, the internationalization of curricula has been explored
as a strategy to prepare students as global citizens, reflecting the evolving approaches to higher
education and its impact on students' value formation (Clarke & Kirby, 2022). Additionally, the
perceived importance of digital learning formats in higher education has been linked to
individual-related characteristics, particularly students' motivation and orientation patterns
(Mertens et al., 2014). The development of values among students is a complex process
influenced by various experiences, interactions, and educational environments. It encompasses
not only professional values but also personal and academic values that evolve throughout the
educational journey.

One such study by Smith and Bond (1998) explored the influence of cultural values on
the development of individual values among students. The findings indicated that cultural values
play a significant role in shaping the values of individuals, including students, and that the
process of value development is influenced by both cultural and individual factors. This study is
particularly relevant in understanding how students' values may evolve within the context of
diverse cultural backgrounds and societal norms. Furthermore, the work of Pascarella and
Terenzini (2005) delved into the impact of college experiences on the development of students'
values and ethical reasoning.

The longitudinal study examined the effects of various college experiences, such as
interactions with faculty, participation in extracurricular activities, and exposure to diverse
perspectives, on the moral and ethical development of students. The findings underscored the
importance of these experiences in shaping students' values and ethical decision-making
processes. Moreover, a study by Schwartz and Butenko (2014) focused on the role of educational
institutions in promoting values education and character development among students. The
 14

research highlighted the significance of explicit efforts by educational institutions to integrate

values education into the curriculum and co-curricular activities. It emphasized the potential of
educational settings to foster the development of positive values, such as empathy, integrity, and
social responsibility, among students.

Additionally, the work of Vozzella and Green (2017) examined the influence of peer
interactions and social networks on the value formation process among college students. The
study employed social network analysis to investigate how peer relationships and social
dynamics contribute to the transmission and reinforcement of values within student communities.
This research sheds light on the interpersonal aspects of value development and the role of peer
influence in shaping students' value orientations.

Parental Influence

The adolescent years are a whirlwind of change. Teenagers grapple with developing
identities, navigate complex social situations, and begin to solidify their core values. Within this
crucible, the family environment plays a critical role in shaping the moral compass of young
people. Parents wield a powerful, multifaceted influence, shaping adolescent values through a
blend of modeling, teaching, expectation, and even the stories passed down through generations.

One of the most potent forces shaping adolescent values is parental behavior. As
highlighted by Wood et al. (2004) and Natsir et al. (2021), adolescents are keen observers,
constantly absorbing the lessons communicated through their parents' actions and words. From
handling social conflicts to navigating ethical dilemmas, parents serve as role models. Teenagers
witness how their parents interact with others, make decisions, and approach challenges. These
everyday experiences provide a powerful blueprint for behavior, influencing the values
adolescents adopt as their own.

The formation of adolescent values, however, is not a one-way street. Stattin & Kim
(2017) emphasize the dynamic nature of value formation within families. Parents naturally
project their own values onto their children. They communicate their beliefs about honesty,
responsibility, and compassion through everyday interactions. Yet, adolescents are not passive
recipients. Human et al. (2016) point out the discrepancies in perceptions that often exist
 15

between parents and teenagers. This highlights a crucial negotiation process that occurs within
the family environment. Teenagers may challenge their parents' values, pushing back on
expectations or proposing alternative viewpoints. Through open communication and respectful
debate, a final set of values emerges, a blend of parental influence and the teenager's evolving
identity.

Beyond modeling and teaching, the overall quality of the family environment also plays a
significant role. Hartanto et al. (2022) emphasize the importance of the family in providing for
the emotional and social needs of adolescents. When these needs are met in a positive and
supportive environment, it fosters the internalization of positive values. A teenager who feels
loved, respected, and secure is more likely to embrace values like compassion, cooperation, and
fairness. Ma et al. (2018) build on this concept by presenting a framework that highlights how
parental expectations and values influence adolescents. They explain this influence through a
combination of ecological systems theory, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of
environments, and expectancy-value theory, which focuses on how adolescents' perceptions of
success and value influence their behavior. In essence, when parents create a supportive
environment with clear expectations, they can positively influence the values their children
internalize.

The influence of parents on adolescent values extends beyond the immediate dynamics of
daily life. Suryadi et al. (2020) highlight the impact parents can have on career aspirations. By
discussing different career paths, expressing their hopes for their children's futures, and
providing guidance and support, parents can shape their children's values, interests, and skills.
This influence goes beyond just careers, potentially impacting a wide range of adolescent
choices, from educational pursuits to social activities.

Pratt et al. (2008) delve into the concept of intergenerational transmission of values.
Family narratives, stories passed down through generations, can have a profound impact on the
values adolescents develop. These narratives become a lens through which adolescents view the
world. Stories of family resilience in the face of adversity can instill values like perseverance and
courage. Conversely, stories of conflict or prejudice can shape an adolescent's understanding of
fairness and justice.
 16

Coatsworth et al. (2014) suggest that training parents in mindfulness can positively affect
youth development. When parents are more mindful in their interactions with adolescents, it can
foster better communication, understanding, and ultimately, a stronger influence on the values
adolescents adopt. Mindful parenting encourages parents to be present in the moment, listen
actively, and respond thoughtfully to their children's needs and concerns. This approach
strengthens the parent-child bond, creating a foundation for open communication about values
and beliefs.

In conclusion, the family environment serves as a crucible where parental behaviors,

teachings, and expectations all contribute to shaping the values of adolescents. From modeling
and negotiation to the transmission of family narratives, parents wield a powerful influence
during this critical period of development. Understanding these mechanisms allows us to
appreciate the enduring impact parents have on their children's moral compass. As adolescents
navigate the complexities of their teenage years, the values instilled within the family
environment provide a guiding light, shaping who they become and the choices they make.

Students Negotiation of Differing Values

Research by Phinney (1990) suggests that individuals go through a process of identity
development that involves understanding and integrating their cultural heritage with their
evolving personal values. This process can be particularly challenging for children of immigrant
parents who may navigate between the cultural values of their parents' heritage and the values of
the dominant culture in which they are being raised.

Furthermore, the work of Fuligni (1998) highlights the importance of understanding the
dynamics of intergenerational cultural transmission within immigrant families. Fuligni's research
emphasizes the role of family relationships and communication in shaping children's ability to
maintain their cultural heritage while also developing their own values and beliefs. Research by
Smetana (2017) also emphasizes the significance of autonomy and relatedness in the parent-child
relationship, highlighting the need for children to develop their own identities while maintaining
respect for their family's cultural practices. This process, known as individuation, involves the
negotiation of autonomy and relatedness within the family system (Smetana, 2017).
 17

In addition, the concept of biculturalism, as proposed by Berry (2005), is relevant to

understanding how individuals, including children, can navigate and integrate multiple cultural
identities. Bicultural individuals are able to effectively balance and integrate their heritage
culture with the mainstream culture, and this concept can provide insights into how children can
maintain their evolving values while still respecting their parents' cultural practices.

Furthermore, the concept of biculturalism and its impact on children's development is a

relevant area of study. Phinney (2016) discusses the challenges and benefits of navigating
multiple cultural identities, emphasizing the importance of developing a secure sense of self
while integrating aspects of both the dominant culture and the culture of origin. This process can
be particularly salient for children of immigrant parents or those growing up in multicultural
environments (Phinney, 2016).

The role of communication in intergenerational cultural transmission should be considered.

Research by Fuligni and Hardway (2006) underscores the significance of open and respectful
communication within the family, as well as the transmission of cultural values and practices
from parents to children. This communication process can influence how children navigate their
evolving values while upholding respect for their parents' cultural practices (Fuligni & Hardway,
2006). Moreover, the influence of peer relationships and socialization cannot be overlooked. As
children develop their own values and beliefs, peer interactions and social experiences play a
crucial role in shaping their identity and worldview.

Research by Brown and Larson (2009) highlights the impact of peer relationships on
adolescents' identity development and the negotiation of autonomy within the family context
(Brown & Larson, 2009). In conclusion, the process of children standing firm on their evolving
values while respecting their parents' cultural practices is complex and multifaceted. It involves
the negotiation of autonomy and relatedness, the development of a bicultural identity,
intergenerational communication, and the influence of peer relationships. Understanding these
factors is essential for supporting children in navigating their evolving values while maintaining
respect for their family's cultural heritage.
 18

Parental Cultural Practices and Students Evolved Values

Culture, like an unseen hand, exerts a powerful influence on how parents raise their
children, ultimately shaping the values and behaviors students carry with them. This influence
manifests in a multifaceted way, with cultural values acting as the foundation for parental beliefs
and practices. As Bornstein (2017) and Trommsdorff et al. (2012) highlight, these values serve as
a blueprint for child-rearing, dictating approaches to emotional development, social interaction,
and various other aspects of a child's life.

The case of immigrant parents exemplifies the complexity of this cultural influence.
Caught between their own cultural heritage and the realities of their new environment, these
parents often engage in a delicate balancing act. Studies by Bornstein (2017) reveal how they
might actively foster their children's adaptation to the mainstream culture, even if it clashes with
their personal values. Sanagavarapu (2010) terms this phenomenon "hybridity," where immigrant
parents create a unique blend of parenting practices that draw from both their culture of origin
and their new home.

A closer look at specific cultural groups provides even more depth. Cheah et al. (2013)
examined Chinese immigrant mothers, revealing a fascinating attempt to achieve a balance
between seemingly opposing values. These mothers might prioritize their child's autonomy, a
concept more prevalent in Western cultures, while simultaneously emphasizing the importance of
familism, a collectivistic value often associated with Eastern cultures. This highlights the
intricate dance these mothers perform, navigating the cultural expectations of both their heritage
and their new home.

The influence of cultural values extends beyond specific examples. Research by Sun &

Mulvaney (2021) explores the concept of bicultural identification within immigrant communities

like the Chinese. They suggest that the level to which immigrant parents identify with both their

home culture and their new culture can influence their parenting practices. This underscores the

dynamic nature of cultural influence, where multiple factors can come into play.
 19

Finally, Graf et al. (2014) emphasize the broader societal impact of cultural influences.

They argue that cultural values not only shape how parents raise their children but also directly

shape the values and practices within the family unit itself. In essence, culture sets the stage for

how families function and interact, creating a unique environment that fosters specific values

within students.

In conclusion, understanding the influence of parental cultural practices on student values

is key to appreciating the diverse spectrum of student experiences. By recognizing the

multifaceted ways culture shapes parenting beliefs and practices, educators, and anyone working

with students from different backgrounds, can gain valuable insights into the values and

behaviors these students bring with them. This knowledge allows us to better support and guide

students as they navigate their educational journeys.

Psychological Impact of Cultural Practices on Students

The psychological impact of parental cultural practices on children is a complex and

multifaceted area of study that has garnered significant attention in recent research (Birch &
Fisher, 2000). highlight the bidirectional nature of the influence between parents and children,
suggesting that parenting practices are shaped by the child. This underscores the importance of
understanding how parental cultural practices may impact children's psychological well-being
(Helwig et al., 2013). emphasize the role of perceived commonality of discipline practices in
moderating the associations between discipline practices and negative child psychological
outcomes, indicating the need to consider cultural variations in parenting approaches (Cheah et
al., 2019). further support this by demonstrating that children's cognitive appraisal can moderate
the associations between psychologically controlling parenting and children's depressive
symptoms, highlighting the nuanced interplay between parental practices and children's
psychological outcomes within different cultural contexts.

Moreover, Ahemaitijiang et al. (2020) stress the necessity for research to delve into cultural
variations of parenting norms and their differential influence on child outcomes, emphasizing the
 20

need for a culturally sensitive approach to understanding the psychological impact of parental
cultural practices (Power & McKinney, 2013). also underscore the importance of extending
research on parental religiosity, parenting practices, and child religiosity to various outcomes,
including psychological adjustment, across different developmental periods. Lauzon-Guillain et
al. (2009) shed light on the associations between psychological variables and parental feeding
practices, providing insights into the sources of individual differences in feeding practices and
potential opportunities for intervention.

Furthermore, Bedford & Yeh (2019) emphasize the significance of cultural psychology in
understanding the parent-child relationship, highlighting the need to consider both local
characteristics and universal features (Cho, 2024). also stresses the importance of considering the
association between Chinese American parents' racial discrimination experiences and their
engagement in maintaining or concealing their cultural identity, indicating the intricate interplay
between cultural experiences and parenting practices (Acet & Oliver, 2023). demonstrate that
parental psychological distress mediates the associations of child negative emotionality and
social support with mindful parenting across cultures, further emphasizing the need to consider
cultural variations in understanding parenting practices.

A study by Costigan & Koryzma (2011) also highlights the mediating role of parenting
efficacy in the acculturation and adjustment of immigrant Chinese parents in Canada. They
emphasize that parental warmth and reasoning, highly valued in North American culture,
influence parenting practices, especially among immigrant parents. Furthermore, Curelaru et al.
(2020) stress the importance of parental beliefs in influencing children's competences and
adjustment in various socialization domains, such as academic achievement. They argue that
while parenting practices and styles have been extensively studied, parental beliefs have received
scant attention despite their significant impact on children's development.

In the Chinese cultural context, Leung & Shek (2013) emphasize the influence of Confucian
thoughts on parental beliefs, including concepts such as parental expectations for students’
future and the attribution of success and failure to effort. Ng & Wei (2020) also underscore the
evolving nature of Chinese parents' learning-related belief systems due to globalization and
technological advancement, highlighting the need to understand the dynamics of these belief
 21

systems and their effects on children. Moreover, Trommsdorff (2022) emphasizes the close
relationship between "ideal-parent" beliefs and cultural values, norms, and parent-child
relationships, all of which impact children's socialization and development in specific cultural
contexts. These findings underscore the intricate interplay between parental beliefs, cultural
values, and psychological development. In addition, Wang et al. (2022) and Rasskazova (2019)
provide insights into the indirect impact of parental beliefs on child development, particularly in
the domains of social-emotional development and sleep regulation. These studies highlight the
need to understand the complex pathways through which parental beliefs influence children's
psychological well-being.

Summary

Overall, there are various characteristics and distinct ways of parenting that distinguish
cultural practices and families. It is evident that as students, we highly value interpersonal and
smooth relationships in order to establish a strong familial structure. We hold onto values and
beliefs that serve as fundamental principles in which we manifest our identity. Factors such as
religion, sociocultural background, hierarchical structures, and parental control can be a
component of how children form their own values and beliefs. Parenting styles can be integrated
within the children’s own identity through experience and learning. Hence, this paper aims to
explore the different parental cultural practices that have an impact on USC student’s
individuality and how it is manifested with their own values.
 22

Theoretical Framework

This thematic map is developed to make up for the lack of studies that try to tackle the
ever-evolving values of Carolinians, the researchers prompted themselves to come up with a
theoretical framework that encapsulates the three themes containing subthemes, of the means of
cultural practice as well as how these practices affect the multitude of influenced of society that
these students face on a day-to-day basis.
 23

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The Qualitative research method was implemented in this study to understand the
intersection of parental cultural practices and core values among students from the University of
San Carlos, utilizing semi-structured interviews as the primary method of data collection to
investigate the Intersection of Parental Cultural Practices and Core Values among students of the
University of San Carlos. Qualitative research deals with 1) how people interpret their lives, 2)
how they build their worlds, and 3) what meaning they added to their experiences (Merriam,
2009). Qualitative research method was used to determine if there’s an influence of parental
cultural practice on students, and how it influences the core values of USC students. An
interview guide was developed to explore participants' perceptions, experiences, and reflections
on the influence of parental cultural practices on the formation and expression of their core
values. The interview guide was designed to elicit rich narratives and in-depth responses,
allowing participants to articulate their thoughts freely.

Participants

The criterion sampling method, which is a purposive method, was used when choosing
the participants of the research. A total of three (3) undergraduate students from the University of
San Carlos was selected based on their availability and willingness to participate, and was
interviewed in order for the researchers to understand how cultural influences within the family
context shape and interact with the values adopted by students. The interview was conducted
inside the campus of the University of San Carlos. Participants were interviewed separately in
different locations inside the campus of the University of San Carlos, based on the ease and
accessibility of the participants.

Data Collection

A consent form was handed out ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of the
participants, before conducting the interview. With the signed consent form, the researchers also
 24

informed the participants regarding the use of an audio recording throughout the interview
session in order to obtain information and capture the necessary details needed for the study.
There was no time limit for the interview in order to give the participants ample time in
answering questions and provide the opportunity to share insights, ideas, and other comments.

The participants were interviewed separately by their respective interviewers. The

researchers ensured the participants’ comfort while answering the interview. The location was
selected for the participants where it was suitable for conducting one-on-one interviews,
providing a private and a distraction-free environment. The place of the interview was chosen for
their ease and accessibility. Participants were interviewed separately at varying times throughout
the interview day.

Instrument

In the study, three undergraduate participants from the University of San Carlos (USC)
were interviewed using a semi-structured guide. The guide explored the connection between
parental cultural practices and core value formation through four key sections, each containing 3
questions.

The first part of the questionnaire consisted of warm-up questions to provide a brief
overview of participants’ family's cultural background and traditions. The main questions
consisted of 4 (four) sections, each containing 3 (three) questions. The first section of the
questionnaire containing 3 (three) questions explores the cultural practices and traditions that
were common in students’ families while growing up. The second section containing the same
number of questions dives into identifying and understanding students’ evolving core values.
The third section containing 3 (three) questions explores the influence of students’ family's
cultural backgrounds and the development of students' values.The fourth section containing the
same number of questions tackles the role of parents or guardians in shaping students’ evolving
values.

In order to explore and understand the connection between parental cultural practices and
core value formation among students. The designed questionnaire, with its focus on parental
cultural background, evolving values, and parental influence, aimed to gather insights into these
 25

underlying factors. Further analysis of the collected data will be crucial to draw meaningful
conclusions about the impact of cultural background on student values and the role parents play
in shaping them.

Data analysis

The data obtained in the study were analyzed using thematic analysis to systematically
identify, analyze, and report patterns within the narratives collected from USC students. In order
to code the data, the researchers emphasized on a number of ways to categorize each code of the
data collected. This approach allows for a comprehensive exploration of the intersection between
parental cultural practices and core values. Themes were derived through a rigorous coding
process, ensuring a nuanced understanding of the qualitative data. The analysis was also
conducted repetitively, fostering reliability and validity in our findings, ultimately contributing to
an insightful exploration of the research questions.

Reflexivity

In conducting our study, titled "A Qualitative Study of Parental Cultural Practices and
Core Values Formation Among Students," as researchers, we recognize the complex nature of
exploring the relationship between parental cultural practices and the core values embraced by
students. As individuals shaped by our own cultural backgrounds and experiences, we
acknowledge the potential for our perspectives to influence the interpretation and analysis of the
data gathered. Thus, reflexivity becomes important to us to ensure transparency and rigor
throughout the research process.

Reflecting on our own cultural identities, biases, and preconceptions, we acknowledge

the potential for these elements to impact our interactions with participants and the interpretation
of their narratives. Our diverse backgrounds offer a multifaceted lens through which to approach
the study, yet we remain vigilant in recognizing and mitigating any potential biases that may
arise. Engaging in ongoing self-reflection and dialogue, we strived to maintain reflexivity as an
integral component of our research methodology. By critically examining our own positions and
assumptions, we aim to enhance the validity and credibility of our findings, ultimately
 26

contributing to a nuanced understanding of the complex dynamics between parental cultural

practices and core values formation among USC students.
 27

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

Introduction

The family serves as the primary foundation for a child's development, shaping not only
their social and emotional well-being but also their core values. Parental cultural practices,
deeply rooted in traditions and beliefs, play a significant role in this process. This qualitative
study investigates the relationship between these practices and the core values embraced by
students. This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of how cultural practices contribute to
the formation of core values. It explores how these parental practices are transmitted across
generations, how students interpret and integrate them into their own lives, and ultimately, how
they influence the development of the evolving core values among students.

The participants in the study were 3 students who are studying at University of San Carlos.
The three participants were chosen based on their availability and willingness to share their
experiences. There were 2 female and 1 male participants who agreed to take part in this study.

Findings

This chapter represents an overview of the findings during the data collection process,
based on using a qualitative research method. The key themes that emerged following data
analysis in exploring the dynamics between parental culture and the development of core values
among the younger generation were; Parental Cultural Influence, Personal Core Values, and
Family Dynamics. These major themes illuminated the multifaceted ways cultural practices
contribute to the evolving core values among students.

The following research questions guided the research study:

1. In what ways do parental cultural practices influence the development of core values in
students?
 28

2. How do students navigate and negotiate differences between their parents’ cultural
practices and their own evolving values?
3. What core values do students perceive as important in their families?

RQ1: In what ways do parental cultural practices influence the development of core values in
students?

This research question was utilized to understand how the traditions, rituals, and beliefs
passed down from parents through their cultural lens shape the fundamental beliefs and core
values that students develop and adapt. Two sub themes arose while analyzing transcripts to
answer Research Question 1; Religious Influence and Parental Values Adaptation. Each of these
subtopics was continually mentioned throughout the interview and resonated with the researcher
the most.

Theme 1: Parental Cultural Influence

This theme delves into the profound impact of cultural practices passed down by parents on the
core values students develop. It focuses on three key areas that shape a student's moral compass:

Religious Influence
Students reported that religious practices instilled by their parents significantly influenced
their personal values. Regular church attendance and participating in religious events like
Simbang Gabi and Holy Week were common practices.

One participant exemplifies this by stating, "Kuan kanang going to church every sunday
and completing the simbang gabi and going to mass every holy week. And kana, it impacted me
na maski karon wala na ko sa roof sa akong parents kay naga go gihapon ako sa church."
(Participant 1)

Participant 1 also noted, “Ma envision nako nga ang future nga maging anak nako if ever
kay magdako nga God fearing, humble ug empathetic. Kabalo makiramdam sa feelings sa uban
 29

ug kaila kay God ug kabalo maging grateful sa kung unsa naa niya kay dahil sa kana na practice
sa amo sa parent ko.”

Parental Values Adaptation

Students discussed how they have adapted the values of empathy, generosity,
humbleness, loyalty, and respect, which were emphasized by their parents through actions and
direct teachings.

One participant shared, "Sang bata pa man gad kami sa akong manghod kay taga may
makita akong parents nga pulubi bitaw kauban mi kay muhatag gid na sila kay maluoy tas
ginatukdo bitaw sad sa amo nga magmanghod na if naa kwarta or if kaya, manghatag or
magshare gid sa blessing..kaya mao na, na adapt nako karon na if naa, maging generous gid pag
share ug blessings ug makig sympathize sa uban." (Participant 1)

Participant 1 also added, “It is really helpful kay nakatabang gid sya kung unsa ko as a
person karon tas without those na gitukdo sa akong parents, I won’t be the same person as I am
right now. I won’t be as empathetic and religious as I am karon siguro.”

One participant also expressed, "Oh yeah kanang amoang family man gud kay like small
siya if kanang like direct and then if mo go ka like kanang cousins to cousins to cousins, daghan
kay mi and then napractice nami nga magtapok every fiesta , every birthday ana or any
celebration na mo kuan so like dira ma , well napractice namo ang respect na dapat like mo
bless mi nila ana bitaw so mao to nakabalo ko what respect really is." (Participant 2)

Another participant stated, "Well um, this practice in particular has taught me a sense of
loyalty I guess and has taught me to um… um also understand priorities. So there's of course a
sense of loyalty to my family but also I’ve come to understand that devotion I have to my family
is also applied to let’s say my friends when it comes to conflicts within friendships,
understanding who I am closer to or where… where, again “my loyalties lie” but it also made me
understand that “oh, I missed certain things” so I begin to question my own priorities like is this
party much more important than my school event? Something like that.” (Participant 3)
 30

RQ2: How do students navigate and negotiate differences between their parents' cultural
practices and their own evolving values?

This question delves into the challenges and strategies students employ when their personal
values, which may change as they grow and explore the world, clash with the cultural practices
instilled by their parents. Three sub themes arose during the data collection to answer Research
Question 2; Negotiation of Parental Cultural Beliefs, Individual Values and Reflection, and
Growth and Perspective. Each of these subtopics explored how students negotiate discrepancies
between parental practices and their own evolving values and the formation of unique core
values among students.

Theme 2: Personal Core Values

This theme explores the dynamic journey students take as they grapple with their own evolving
values and navigate the currents of their parents' beliefs:

Negotiation of Parental Cultural Beliefs

Participants described how they navigate and sometimes negotiate differences between
their parents' cultural practices and their own evolving beliefs. This includes managing
generational differences, balancing personal beliefs with fear of parental disapproval, and
employing strategies such as open communication and conflict avoidance.

One participant explained their approach to religious differences, "Siguro kanang

pagsamba bitaw sa mga saints kay akong mama man gad kay nagasamba gid sad sa saints like
pahid sa panyo kana..tas dli man mao na akong belief or akong ganahan. Manavigate ko ang
situation in a way nga musunod nalang ko pero dli meaning ana nga musunod na sad ko kung
unsa ilang ginatuohan..like dli nalang gid ko maki away para walay samok." (Participant 1)

One participant also highlighted the importance of firmness in personal beliefs and also
understanding and respecting parents’ values and beliefs, "Kuan, kanang ingon ana kay lahi siya
nga topic, lahi na siya nga core values kay naa man gud toy kuan like diba sa, here sa Cebu, like
common kaayo ang kanang, I mean understanding among family pero murag, as a conservative
 31

family, kay diri sa Cebu common gihapon ang mga gay, and then common ang like girls-girls,
boys-boys and mga inana unya didto sa amoa, like dili siya common, and, and like kailangan
mura kag tan awon pa mura kag lain tawo if like in a relationship with a girl ka, as a girl or as a
boy or in a relationship with a boy ka murag lain siya lantawon sa amoa ba, so like, mao na
akoang kuan kanang ginapractice nako akoang family nga like normal ra na siya, normal ra na
siya, I mean dili man siya normal if like very religious kaayo imong family pero normal siya in a
sense nga sa society. Firm lang ila belief and they can do it... I mean I can do it too... pero if
akong belief kay kanang mali na, kabalo pud ko mo back down." (Participant 2)

Another participant pointed out the value of open communication in navigating the situation in
terms of differing values and beliefs, "Open communication. That’s all.” “Participant 3)

Individual Values and Reflection

Participants shared insights into their individual core values, highlighting loyalty, honesty,
kindness, courage, and self-sufficiency as fundamental principles guiding their actions and
decisions.

One participant highlighted the value of courage, stating, “And then like mao to murag
ang courage muy like maingon nako nga very different kaayo ko, siguro sobraan lang gyud kog
kape, courageous kayko.” (Participant 2)

One participant also emphasized loyalty, reflecting, “A sense of loyalty that I really take
to heart because the ties I had being raised in my family allowed me to have really close ties with
people that I have close bonds with people has become a very big priority in me because of how I
was raised, being in a community centered or like reliance in my family made close bonds
important to me.” (Participant 3)

Participant 3 also added, “But it depends on the situation. I am loyal to my family but if
someone does something really really wrong in the moral sense, then I won’t side with my loyalty
in this scenario. I will always stick to my loyalty but if the situation calls for it, I won’t hesitate to
change for the better. I will always stick to my loyalty but if the situation calls for it, I won’t
hesitate to change for the better.”
 32

Growth and Perspective

Participants emphasized the importance of personal growth and gaining perspective, recognizing
the freedom to choose their values and behaviors. They discussed breaking the cycle of harsh
upbringing, taking responsibility for mistakes, and learning from experiences as essential aspects
of maturation.

One participant discussed the importance of owning one's actions: “It’s not wrong to admit
mistakes and then it’s not wrong to be like held accountable sa imong wrong doings.”
(Participant 2)

Participant 2 also noted, “And then like, actually, recently ra na siya nako nadiscover and then
dapat murag kanang murag dapat nako ipractice kay, with the things going around the world
right now, di lang gyud ta ka kuan sa tawo so like, ako, I practice to be accountable with my
actions and at the same time be humble and then, yeah be humble at everything that I do kay, as I
said its very influential sa akoa. Kuan gyud siya like kanang common gyud ata siya sa akoa nga
be humble as a shy person that I am, as a shy person that I am kay like kailangan gyud nako siya
I instill sa ako mind nga naa kay, ay naa kay padulngan pero dapat kailangan ka kibaw asa ka
gikan.”

Another participant also shared insights into how strict upbringings influenced their views on
nurturing values without extremity: “But in the sense that the strictness made me question and
made me look past family traditions so I can broaden my perspective. Because again, these strict
upbringings actually made me bitter to a degree towards these values when they are actually
good but they were brought to an extreme. Which made me decide that I wouldn’t bring the same
harshness bit I would work around it so my children won’t experience the same internal conflicts
I had when I was a child” (Participant 3)

Participant 3 also added, “I would be less harsh to my future children? Again, lay the foundation,
lay the groundwork, give them something to ponder upon to think for themselves so they can
decide if they want to keep these values for themselves or they want to shape it however they
want it to be. Leave room for adaptability but leave room for improvement. Create a sense of
 33

community in the family so they can understand the importance of family so they can decide
when they get older if it is still something they want to prioritize rather than being harsh and
being strict with them because that only leaves room for resentment rather than room for growth
and understanding.”

RQ3: What core values do students perceive as important in their families?

This question focuses on the student's perspective. It seeks to identify which core values
students recognize as significant within their families, regardless of cultural influence. Two sub
themes were identified in analyzing the data transcription to answer Research Question 2; Family
Priority and Authority and Discipline These two subthemes revolve around the family dynamics
and regulation that students perceive in their household.

Theme 3: Family Dynamics

This theme examines the complex web of relationships within the family unit and how these
dynamics influence students' core values:

Family Priority

One participant emphasized the importance of family, often prioritizing family events and
obligations over other commitments such as school or work. While this family orientation fosters
closeness and unity, it may also entail drawbacks such as sacrificing personal opportunities.

One participant articulated the preeminence of family, stating, “Nothing is above family.
So if there is a school/work event, family comes first. And again this applies to everyone so
regardless if it's studies or work, I have to cancel it and attend the family first so yes definitely
that.” (Participant 3)

Participant 3 also noted, “Definitely it builds a sense of closeness to the family but to a
degree I think it has its own detriments. Because you no longer have time for other aspects that
you would find important like again, missing school points or work benefits. So yes, emotionally,
it is good within the bounds of the family but when it comes to personal ones, it is very
detrimental. So yes both.”
 34

Authority and Discipline

Participants described varying approaches to authority and discipline within their families. Some
expressed submission to parental authority, accepting disciplinary actions even if they seemed
old-fashioned or firm. Others reflected on the impact of corporal punishment and perceived
leniency in parenting styles.

One participant described a submissive stance towards parental authority: “Sabton ko

nalang, ako nalang mu adjust kay dli man ko ganahan ug samok tas kasab an. ako nalang mag
intindi since si mama man sad to.“ (Participant 1)

Another participant shared her experience with strict discipline when trying to contradict
parental cultural practices: “Again, my family in general were all very strict. Whenever I did
anything out of turn or did something that was against their values, there would always be a
punishment that followed which was a little firm or harsh in the sense and it instilled in me a
sense of fear and that’s why I began to question it later on. So I guess they rule with an iron fist.”
(Participant 3)

Conclusion

The findings reveal the interplay of parental cultural influence, personal core values, and
family dynamics in shaping students' beliefs and values. Participants highlighted the significant
impact of religious practices instilled by their parents, such as regular church attendance and
participation in religious events, which continue to shape their values of empathy, generosity, and
respect. They also navigated differences between their evolving beliefs and their parents' cultural
practices, employing strategies like open communication and conflict avoidance. Reflecting on
their personal core values of loyalty, honesty, kindness, courage, and self-sufficiency, participants
emphasized individual growth, perspective-taking, and taking responsibility for their actions.
Moreover, they shared insights into the central role of family in their lives, prioritizing family
obligations over personal commitments and navigating varying approaches to authority and
discipline within their households. Overall, the study offers valuable insights into the complex
 35

processes that contribute to the formation of core values and the negotiation of cultural beliefs
within familial contexts among USC students.
 36

CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION

Introduction

The main objectives of this study were to identify the ways parental cultural practices
influence the development of core values in students, how students navigate and negotiate
differences between their parents’ cultural practices and their own evolving values, and figure
out the core values students perceive as important in their families. This chapter will provide an
interpretation of the findings obtained; it will illustrate why the findings are relevant to the
research and relate the findings to other research carried out. The findings of this study are based
on the interpretation and analysis of data obtained through the process of semi-structured
interviews of three participants who took part in this study.

Understanding the findings in relation to other studies

The first theme that arose was Parental Cultural Influence which discusses how parental
cultural practices that were passed down through generations became one of the factors in
shaping students' core values. Religious practices, as highlighted by one student's experiences,
significantly contributed to shaping his values. The participant mentioned regular church
attendance and participation in religious events were important practices that were instilled in
him by his parents. Two of the participants also discussed adapting the values emphasized by
their parents through actions and teachings such as empathy, generosity, and respect which also
influenced the development of their core values. Findings showcased how Parental Cultural
Influence plays an important role in influencing the development of core values in students. The
findings concur with Tsai et al. (2015) found that parents' cultural socialization practices were
associated with strong family obligation values and behaviors among Mexican-American
adolescents. Similarly, Salami et al. (2020) highlighted that young adults strive to integrate their
cultural values into parenting practices, including placing high value on religious adherence and
respect for older persons. According to social learning theory also, children acquire values,
beliefs, and behaviors through observation, imitation, and reinforcement within their family
 37

environment (Bandura, 1977). This suggests that parental cultural practices serve as a primary
source for the transmission of core values to young adults.

An example is how religious practices within the family have been found to be
particularly influential in shaping children's values. A study by Mahoney, Pargament,
Murray-Swank, and Murray-Swank (2003) found that religious transmission within the family
was associated with positive outcomes in children, including higher levels of empathy,
compassion, and moral reasoning. The authors suggested that religious practices, such as
attending religious services, engaging in prayer, and discussing religious teachings at home,
contributed to the development of prosocial values in children.

In addition to religious practices, the transmission of good morals within the family also
plays a crucial role in shaping children's core values. Research by Grusec and Goodnow (1994)
highlighted the importance of parental socialization practices in instilling moral values in
children. They found that parents who actively engaged in moral reasoning, provided
explanations for rules, and modeled moral behavior had children who demonstrated higher levels
of moral internalization and prosocial behavior. Furthermore, cultural practices passed down
through generations contribute to the formation of children's core values. Cultural socialization,
which involves the transmission of cultural values, beliefs, and practices within the family, has
been linked to the development of children's identity and values (Hughes et al., 2006). This
suggests that the cultural practices upheld by parents, such as traditions, rituals, and customs,
significantly influence the formation of children's core values.

The second theme is Personal Core Values which tackles the evolving core values among
students and the dynamic journey students take as they grapple with their values and navigate the
currents of their parents' beliefs. Participants delved into their core values, highlighting loyalty,
honesty, kindness, courage, and self-sufficiency as their guiding principles. Participants also
noted the importance of personal growth and gaining perspective as students discussed taking
responsibility for mistakes and learning from experiences. Students also described various
approaches they employed when navigating discrepancies between their parents' cultural
practices and their own evolving beliefs. Some students responded by opting for compliance to
avoid conflict, while others emphasized the importance of holding firm to personal beliefs while
 38

respecting their parents' values. Open communication, as highlighted by one participant, also
emerged as a crucial tool for navigating these differences. Findings showed that one student also
experienced difficulty handling the situation of their different evolving values from the cultural
beliefs their parents hold dear. Two students showed bravery in standing up for their values while
also respecting their parent's cultural beliefs. One study by Fuligni and Witkow (2004) also
examined the experiences of adolescents from immigrant families and found that many of them
reported a strong sense of obligation to uphold their parents' cultural beliefs and traditions. This
sense of obligation was often rooted in a desire to maintain family harmony and demonstrate
respect for their parents' values. Additionally, Snuggs et al. (2019) also supported this study by
emphasizing the link between conflict avoidance and parents conceding to children's demands,
potentially resulting in children conforming to their parents' practices to prevent conflict during
mealtimes. Moreover, Lennings & Bussey (2016) aimed to develop a measure for assessing
children's personal agency to handle parental conflict, indicating the significance of children's
coping self-efficacy beliefs in managing parental conflict. This concludes that children may
conform to their parents' practices as a coping mechanism to navigate conflict within the family.

The third theme that arose is Family Dynamics which examines the complex web of
relationships within the family unit and how these dynamics influence students' core values. One
student highlighted the importance of family, often prioritizing family events and obligations
over other commitments. This emphasis on family togetherness fosters closeness and unity but
may also come with drawbacks, such as sacrificing personal opportunities. The findings also
revealed varying approaches of other students to authority and discipline within families. One
participant exemplifies a submissive stance towards parental authority while reflecting on the
impact of a stricter upbringing on her which led the participant to think of breaking the cycle for
the future generation. These experiences highlight the complex web of relationships within
families and how these dynamics influence the core values students perceive as important.
Findings revealed that Family Dynamics is also one of the big factors that contribute to the
evolving values of the students. Research has shown that family dynamics encompass various
components, including the home environment, caregiver characteristics, relationships with
siblings, and family communication patterns (Waid et al., 2016; Haverfield et al., 2016). The
influence of family dynamics on children's development has been linked to their cognitive and
language development, as well as their school adaptation and behavioral patterns (Calorina et al.,
 39

2021; Yang & Moon, 2013). A study by Meneses et al. (2022) also supported this by
emphasizing the importance of the parenting approach and values perceived by children in the
transmission of values between guardians and children, further underlining the impact of
parenting on children's values. Additionally, the study by Maltezou et al. (2020) indicates that
children often have milder symptoms of certain conditions, suggesting that family dynamics,
including parenting approach, may influence children’s values.

Summary

The study aimed to identify how parental cultural practices influences the core values of
the students, how these students navigate differences between their parents' practices and their
evolving values, and values they perceive as important to their families.

The findings disseminated that parental cultural influence, specifically religious practices
and value adaptations, played an important role in shaping the students’ core values such as
empathy and respect. The students explained the negotiating differences between the parents'
cultural practices and their personal beliefs through strategies like open communication, conflict
avoidance and regarding parental values while holding firm to their own beliefs.

The interviewees emphasized personal values including honesty, kindness, and

self-sufficiency, emphasizing individual responsibility, and gaining perspectives. Family
dynamics also emanated as an influential factor, where students prioritized family
responsibilities over their own personal commitments and navigated various approaches to
discipline and authority within their household.

Recent discoveries were aligned with previous research which emphasized the influences
of parental cultural practices on their childrens’ values and beliefs. The intricate interplay
between the impact of parental culture, the student’s evolving individuality, and family contexts
which illustrated the subtle process of the formation of core values among students.
 40

Limitations and Future Directions

The first limitation is the geography of the study. The study is only limited to and
exclusively focused in the University of San Carlos. Parental Cultural Practices and Personal
Values & Beliefs may vary from different schools and regions of the Philippines. Students from a
different region or location may provide a broader perspective. Expanding and gathering
participants outside the school or obtaining partakers from different parts of the country increases
the generalizability of the findings allowing comparisons and contrasts across different parts of
the country.

The second limitation includes the sample size. The study only involves a number of 3
participants from the University of San Carlos, which is a very small sample. A larger sample
size could provide more diverse & extensive insights and increase the generalizability of the
study. Increasing the sample size of the study makes them more representative of the population.

Third limitation would be the methodology. The study utilized a qualitative approach
through a semi-structured interview. While this method provides an in-depth exploration which
provides valuable insights into the participants’ perceptions and experiences, it may lack
statistical power and generalizability provided by mixed methods. Combining Qualitative and
Quantitative methods will provide a more extensive understanding of the research problem by
exploiting the strengths of both methods.

Fourth limitation includes representativity. The sampling method used was a Criterion
Sampling, which is a Purposive method. While the method can provide relevant and abundant
information, it may not constitute the broader population of students. Since purposive sampling
is non-random, it may cause bias as the researchers’ judgements could influence the selection of
participants. Utilizing multiple purposive sampling techniques ensures a more diverse and
representative sample, broadening the range of perspectives and experiences.

Lastly, the study's reliance on a single method of data collection, such as interviews,
might limit the richness of data obtained compared to using multiple data collection techniques.
Therefore, researchers could suggest incorporating complementary methods in the future, such as
 41

participant observation or document analysis to triangulate findings and gain a more

comprehensive understanding of parental cultural practices and their influence on core values
formation among students.

Conclusion

The study examined a coaction between parental cultural practices and the formation of
core values among the students of the University of San Carlos. Through a criterion sampling
method with 3 participants, the researchers aimed to understand how parental cultural influences
shapes the students’ values, how they negotiate the differences between their parents' practices
and their evolving beliefs, and what core values should be prioritized in their families.

The findings reveal 3 major themes which include Parental Cultural Influence, Personal
Core Values, and Family Dynamics. Parental cultural practices such as religious observances like
regularly going to church and participating in religious events such as simbang gabi significantly
shapes the value of empathy. Additionally, value teachings like gratitude and respect
significantly influenced the core values instilled by the students. The interviewees significantly
emphasized their evolving values such as loyalty, honesty and individual growth while going
through the differences with parental beliefs through strategies such as open communication.
Family dynamics came out to be a significant factor where students prioritize family obligations
while experiencing various approaches to parental authority and discipline.

Personal Core values delves into the journey the student undertakes along the way in
developing their evolving values while navigating through their parents beliefs. It also
emphasized the importance of personal growth, taking responsibility for mistakes, and learning
from mistakes. These findings resonate with studies by Fuligni and Witkow (2004), which
explored the experiences of adolescents from immigrant families navigating a sense of obligation
to uphold their parents' cultural beliefs and traditions. Family Dynamics examines the
complexity of relationships within the family and how these dynamics influence their childrens’
core values. The findings also revealed multiple approaches to authority and discipline within the
families with one participant representing a submissive stance towards parents authority and
another reflecting a strict upbringing. These experiences align with studies by Meneses et al.
(2022) and Maltezou et al. (2020), which emphasized the importance of parenting approaches
 42

and the values perceived by children in the transmission of values between guardians and
offspring.

The discussion established the findings within a wider context on cultural socialization,
transmission of values in families and the negotiation of beliefs across generations. It
emphasized how parental cultural values shape parental practices which are then passed down
through generations while recognizing the evolution of family structures and the social
landscape. The students' personal growth and cultural identity also played a significant role in
how traditions were incorporated.
 43

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 51

APPENDIX ONE

Interview Schedule

Warmup Question: Can you provide a brief overview of your family's cultural background and
traditions?

Section 1 - Family Cultural Practices

Question 1: Can you describe some of the cultural practices or traditions that were prevalent in
your family while growing up?

Question 2: How do you believe these cultural practices influenced your upbringing and
development of personal values?

Question 3: Were there any specific rituals or customs that stood out to you as particularly
influential in shaping your values? If so, can you elaborate on how they impacted you?

Section 2 - Core Values and Beliefs

Question 1: What are some of the core values that you hold dear to yourself?

Question 2: How do you define these values, and what significance do they hold in your life?

Question 3: Can you recall any instances where your family's cultural practices clashed with
your personal values or beliefs? How did you navigate these situations?

Section 3 - Influence of Parental Cultural Practices on Core Values

Question 1: In what ways do you believe your family's cultural background has influenced the
development of your core values?

Question 2: Can you provide examples of how your parents or caregivers actively instilled these
values in you during your upbringing?

Question 3: Have you noticed any differences in values between yourself and your parents?
 52

Section 4 - Reflections on Parental Influence

Question 1: Looking back, How do you perceive the role of your parents or guardians in shaping
your values and beliefs?

Question 2: Are there any aspects of your family's cultural practices that you actively seek to
preserve or pass on to future generations?

Question 3: How do you envision the relationship between your cultural heritage and the values
you will instill in your own children, if applicable?
 53

APPENDIX TWO

Summarized Coded Analysis

Theme Subtheme Quotations from Transcript

Theme 1: Parental Subtheme 1: Religious Influence Participant 1: "… going to church

Cultural Influence every sunday and completing the
o Religious Practice simbang gabi and going to mass
every holy week. And kana, it
o Church Attendance
impacted me na maski karon wala
na ko sa roof sa akong parents kay
o Worship Practices
naga go gihapon ako sa church."
Subtheme 2: Parental Values
Adaptation
Participant 2: “…well napractice
o Parental Influence (Empathy &
namo ang respect na dapat like mo
Generosity)
bless mi nila ana bitaw so mao to
o Internalized Values (Humility) nakabalo ko what respect really is”

o Understanding Loyalty and

Priority Participant 3: “So there's of course a
sense of loyalty to my family but
o Importance of Respect
also I’ve come to understand that
devotion I have to my family is also
applied to let’s say my friends when
it comes to conflicts within
friendships, understanding who I am
closer to or where…”
 54

Theme 2: Personal Subtheme 1: Navigation and Participant 1: “Manavigate ko ang

Core Values Negotiation of Differing Values situation in a way nga musunod
nalang ko pero dli meaning ana nga
o Generational Differences musunod na sad ko kung unsa ilang
ginatuohan… like dli nalang gid ko
o Balancing Beliefs
maki away para walay samok”
o Fear of Parental Disapproval

o Open Communication
Adaptation

o Conflict Avoidance

Subtheme 2: Individual Values

and Reflection Participant 2: “It’s not wrong to
admit mistakes and then it’s not
o Loyalty, Honesty, and Kindness wrong to be like held accountable sa
as core values imong wrong doings.”

o Risk-Taking Participant 2: “…kailangan gyud

nako siya I instill sa ako mind nga
o Self-Sufficiency naa kay, ay naa kay padulngan pero
dapat kailangan ka kibaw asa ka
o Fear of Failure
gikan.”
Subtheme 3: Growth and
Perspective

o Broadening Perspectives

o Freedom of Choice for Future

Generations Participant 3: “I am loyal to my
family but if someone does
o Breaking the Cycle something really really wrong in the
moral sense, then I won’t side with
o Maturation and Responsibility my loyalty in this scenario. I will
always stick to my loyalty but if the
o Accountability and Accepting
situation calls for it, I won’t hesitate
Mistakes
to change for the better.”
 55

Participant 3: “Nothing is above

Theme 3: Family Subtheme 1: Family Priority family. So if there is a school/work
Dynamics event, family comes first. And again
o Family Orientation
this applies to everyone so
o Family Priority – Benefits & regardless if it's studies or work, I
have to cancel it and attend the
Drawbacks
family first so yes definitely that.”
Subtheme 2: Authority and
Discipline
Participant 3: “Whenever I did
o Submission to Parental anything out of turn or did
Authority something that was against their
values, there would always be a
o Corporal Punishment – punishment that followed which
Old-fashioned Discipline was a little firm or harsh in the
sense and it instilled in me a sense
o Lenient Parenting of fear and that’s why I began to
question it later on. So I guess they
rule with an iron fist.”
 56

APPENDIX THREE

Consent Form

Greetings!

In alignment with our course curriculum Field Methods in Psychology PSY 2107, we are
inviting you to participate in our research study entitled: Exploring the Intersection of Parental
Cultural Practices and Cores Values among University of San Carlos Students.

For the purpose of this study, the interview will be recorded and a transcript will be produced. If,
for any reason, you decide to withdraw from the study, all information you have provided will be
discarded. Your responses are completely anonymous and no names or other identifying
information will be used when discussing or reporting data.

By signing this form, you authorize the use and disclosure of the following information for this
research: I authorize the use of my records, any observations, and findings found during the
course of this study for education, publication, and/or presentation purposes. I authorize the use
of audio recordings for the purpose of gathering data.

If you have any further questions concerning this study, please feel free to contact us through
email:

Aki Rose Bagunas [email protected]

Leslie Eunice Beto [email protected]
Vincent Dyedo Galacio [email protected]
Amerada Hess Plasencia [email protected]
Yuan Nhyl Villanueva [email protected]

I have read and understood the information above. I have had the opportunity to ask questions,
and any questions I had have been answered to my satisfaction.

I voluntarily agree to participate in this research study.

Signature: ___________________

Name (Optional): ___________________

Date: ________________

Age: ________________
 57

Thank you for considering participation in this research study. We value your contribution to the
advancement of scientific knowledge in this field.