Const

it
uti
onal
law(
1yr
)
I
ntr
oduct
ion

LAW:thesearerulesandpr
inci
palsthatadmi
nist
ersj
ust
iceinthest
ate
Butl
awsar eal
sousedt odi
rectpeople,al
l
owi
ngorpermitt
ingpeopl
e
andal
sopr ohi
bitpeopl
etodosomet hingwhi
chisact
ual
lyill
egal
.

 Lawconsi stsofr ulest hatarerecognizeandact edonbycour tof

j
ustice
 Ther eisaphi losophercal l
edJohnAust i
nwhosay sthatlawi sas
asetofcommandbyasuper i
orbeingt oaninfer
iorbei ngand
enforcedbysanct ions.Likeimpr i
sonment ,fi
nesanddamages.
 Lawi sasy stem ofr ulesofsoci albehav i
or,
therulesar einf orm of
generalizationorgener alstatementsonhumanbehav iorinagi v
en
si
tuation, t
heyar egener albecauset heydonotdeal expressl ywi t
h
asingleper sonbutwi thagr oupofhumanbei ngs.Rul esar eal so
general becauset heydescr ibeapossi blehumanbehav i
orina
general abst r
actway .Themot i
vesbehi ndtheserulesi stoal l
owor
prohibitacer tainact i
on.

-
general
statementbehav
iormeansi tsst
atesalawcl
ear
lyin
gener
alwaysshowingsocialbehavi
orunlessucommitt
he
off
ense,meaningatt
hatpointitget
sspecifi
cduetot
hekindof
off
ensethatyouhavecommi tt
ed.

NATUREORCHARACTEROFLAW
 Oneoft hedistingui
shedcharact
erofl awisit
snor mat i
vi
ty.
Normat i
vi
tymeanst hatmembersofasoci etyar
eboundt o
behaviori
naccor dancewi t
hthelawinot herwordsyoucansay
l
awi sbindingnotmer el
yadvi
sory.l
awhasaboundi ngnat ure
meaningwear eboundbyt helawwhet hery ouknowt hem ornot
oryouagr eewiththem ornot.
 Lawal sopermi tssomeactsandalsol awprohibitssome
acti
ons

FUNCTI
ONSOFLAW
 Str
uctur
ingofpubl
icpower
Publi
cpowermeanst hegov
ernmentmeani
ngt
het
hree

1
 organsofst at
et heseorgansar eestabli
shedst ructuredand
controll
edbyl aw.
 Facil
itati
ngandr egulat
ingpriv
aterelati
ons
Wehav emanyl awst hatregul
atespr i
vat
er elat
ions, dueto
thediv i
sionoflaw, publi
cl awandpr i
vatelawf orexampl e
contractsmeani ngt helawofcont ractwil
l pr
ov i
dedi rect
ions.
Therei salsofami lyl
awsuchasmar ri
ages, meani ngfami l
y
l
awwi llgiv
edirectionsonhowt odeal wit
hy ourf ami l
y.

 Tosol veconfli
ctswhichar iseamongpeopl e.Asweknow
thatconfl
ictsarealway sthereatindiv
iduallevel
,national
l
ev elandalsointer
national l
evel
s,nowt helawdeal swi t
hall
ofthatmeani ngitgi
vesdi recti
onsonhowt osol v
econf li
cts
thatiswhywehav ediffer
entcour ts.confl
i
ct sregardingTRA
thereisasy st
em thatdeal swithtaxcases.

CONCEPTOFASTATE
COUNTRY:l
argegroupofpeopl
ethatshar
eageographi
cal
ter
ri
tor
ythat
ar
eboundedbyint
ernat
ional
lyr
ecogni
zedboundar
ies.

I
nlawwehav eourowndefi
nit
ionsi
nthef
iel
doflawthatl
awiscall
ed
Montev
ideoconvect
ionont
her i
ght
sanddut
iesoft
hestate on1933.
Ar
ti
cle1hasdefi
nedwhat

Thestateasapersonofinternat
ional
lawshoul
dpossesst
hef
oll
owi
ng
qual
i
ficati
ons
-
permanentpopulati
on
-
adefinedterr
it
ory
-
thegov er
nment
-
thecapacityt
oenterint
orelati
onswithot
herst
ates

foranycount
ryt
oqual
i
fyt
obeast
atei
tmustcont
aint
hef
our
quali
fi
cat
ions

-PERMANENTPOPULATI ON:
Astateshouldhavesubject
swhoshoul dconsistsofnat
uralper
sons
i
denti
fyi
ngt hemsel
vesas1polit
icalcommuni tyandsuchcommuni t
y
mustbeper manent,
stable,
andl
oy alt
ot hestate,howeverweshoul
d
notnecessari
lymadeupofpeopleof1et hni
cgroup.

-
DIFI
NEDTERRITORY
t
hismeanst
hatastat
emusthav
eadef
inedpi
eceofl
andt
hatshowst
he

2
t
err
it
ory

-
THEGOVERNMENT
youmusthaveunchall
engedpoli
ti
calsoverei
gnorauthorit
y
andthatsover
eignmustenjoyunchall
engedobediencefrom i
t’
speopl
e.
Peopl
emustobeyt hegover
nmentbecausei ti
stherelegall
ysi
ncethe
peopl
earetheonethatchoosetheleader
s.

-
THECAPACI TYTOENTERI NTORELATIONSWI THOTHERSTATES
t
hefir
staspectt
ohaverel
ati
onswi
thothercountr
yyoumustbe
i
ndependentmeani
ngfr
ee.

NATION;ref
erst
oacommuni t
yofpeopl ethatareconsti
tut
ed
hi
stori
cal
lyandwhoshareterr
it
ory,cul
ture,l
anguage,economy,aswel
l
asident
if
ythemselv
essubject
ivel
yaspar tofanation.youmaybea
st
atebutnotanati
on.Peopleshouldhaveacommoncr y.WeTanzani
a
ar
enotanat i
onfornow

THEORI
ESOFSTATEANDLAW

 MARXISTTHEORY/MATERIALI
SM
 BOURGEOISTHEORY/
IDEALIST

 BOURGEOI STHEORY/ IDEALI STAdv ocatesoft hist heory

arguest hatallmat eri
albei ngsor i
ginatedf r
om a
transcendental orsuper i
orbei ngwhoi sGod.Theybel i
eve
thatallt
hesemat er i
albeingsor iginatedf r
om bey ondnor mal
humanunder st andi ngandexper ience,theycont endedt hat
Godi sthecr eat orofal lmat eri
alsandhei ssoul determinant
ofallphenomenal includingl awandst ate.Theybel i
ev ethat
stateandl awar e`godgi v enandf orthatmat terlawand
stateareet ernal categorieswhi char eov erandabov eman
andsoci ety,theysayt hatt heonl yr esponsibil
ityofmanand
societyistoobeyt helawwhi chi sadmi nister
edbyt hestate.
Theymustbeobey ed.Exampl eoft heoriesarer eligious
dogma, school sofnat ural lawandev oluti
onaryt heor i
es.
Exampl eofschol arsar eThomasHobbesandJohnLocke.

 MARXISTTHEORY/MATERI ALISM
Theschol
arsofthi
sschool
arguethatinordertounderstandanyt
hingit
i
snecessaryt
ogot hr
oughi
tshist
ori
cal r
eali
tyorbackground,t
hey
bel
iev
ethatst
ateandlawaresoci
alinsti
tut
ions.
tounderstandtheori
gin

3
andnat ureofst ateandl awi tisprudethaty ouconsi derthemodeof
product ionateachpar ticularstateofhumandev elopment .to
under standt hisyoushoul dgobackt ohi storystar t
ingform primit
ive
communal ism.TheTanzani anconstit
uti
onsay st hatwear easoci al
ist
count rythoughi nr eal
itywear einneo-colonial
ism mat eri
ali
stsarestil
l
sayingt hatst ateandl awemer gedwhent herewast r
emendous
i
mpr ov ementi nthepr oduct i
vef or
ces,productionr elati
onsandsoci al
rel
ationsduet othi
si sguar anteedthediv i
sionofl abor ,pr
oductionof
surplusandcl assf ormat i
oni nthesociety.Oncewemakesur pl
uswe
automat icall
yform classes.

LEGALSYSTEM OFEASTAFRI CA
 Legal sy stem: t
hisi stheappl i
cationofl awsandhowl awsare
enforcedi nthesoci ety.Oranexi stingsy stem ofl
awi nacer t
ain
country .
 Orar esetofl awsofapar ticul
arcount ryandt hewayt heyareused
orappl ied, i
never ycount r
yhav et heirownsetofl awandt hei
rown
procedur esmeani ngt hatwedon’ thav ethesamel egal syst
em.
 Orrefer st oapr ocedur eorapr ocessf orinter
pret
ingandenf orci
ng
thelaw, i
talsoel aboratesther ightsandr esponsi
bil
i
tiesinav ari
ety
ofway s.
 Orist hel aws, t
hepeopl eandi nstit
utionst hatmaket hem workin
apar ti
cul arcount ry,t
hereforelegal systemsal waysexpl ai
nthe
basicson
-howl awsar emade
-howcour t
sandt r
ibunalsoper ate
-howl awsar eenf orced

TYPESOFLEGALSYSTEM
Thereareseveral
typesofl
egalsyst
em aroundtheworld
 CIVILLEGALSYSTEM;
 COMMONLAW
 RELIGIOUS
 HINDU
 SOCI ALI
ST
Themajorcivi
lsyst
emsar e:
 CIVILLEGALSYSTEM
 COMMONLAW LEGALSYSTEM
 RELIGIOUSLAW LEGALSYSTEM
 CUSTOMARYLAW LEGALSYSTEM
Thi
ssystem ofcombinati
onoflegalsy
stem wecal
litmixedlegal

4
sy
stem ori
not
herwor
dsi
tshy
bri
dlegal
syst
em.

 COMMONLAW LEGALSYSTEM:
Commonwecal l them j udgedecl aredl awsori sabodyofEngl ish
l
awwhi chor igi
nat edwi thanor altradi t
ionoft ri
bal justiceinBr itain,
hundr edsofy earsagoandwhi chdev elopedi ntouni queor gani zed
national bodyofl aws, t
hesel awswer eev entuallyimpor t
edast he
l
awofBr iti
shcol oni est hroughoutt hewor ldso
-commonl awi st hebodyofpr ev i
ousdeci sionsbycour tswhi ch
becamebi ndingpr ecedent s.itmeanst hatal l
cour tsar esupposed
tofol l
owt hedeci sionmadebyt hecour tofappeal .Ther ational for
havingcommonl awi stost andar dizei nterpretati
onofst at
utes
andpr ev entcour tshav ingt odeal wit hanessent iall
yt hesame
factsov erandov eragai n.I nt hecaseofMASONV.STATE, the
cour tprov i
dest hedef initionofcommonl awandsay st he
commonl awi sjudiciar ycr eat edlawt hati sdev elopedonacase
bycasebasi s.Count ri
esf ollowi ngacommonl awsy stem ar e
typi
cal lyt hoset hatwer ef ormerBr itishcol oniesorpr otectorate.
Wecansummar i
zet hemeani ngofcommonl awi nt hef oll
owi ng
wor ds, thatcommonl awar et hebodi esofpasseddeci si
onswhi ch
bindsj udgesdeci dingl at ercaseswi t htheai m ofi nsur i
ng
consi stentt reatment .

WHYI SCOMMONLAW NECESSARYi tisnecessar

ytoavoi
d
ambigui
ti
eswheninterpreti
ngastatuteandalsotoavoi
dconf
li
cts
betweenmul
ti
plestatutes.I
fyouhav eacommonl awanda
stat
uteal
waysthestatutesisabovethecommonl aw

FEATURESSOFCOMMONLAW
-I
ncommonl awcount rycasel awsco- existwithstatuteslaws
andt hati swhyi nTanz aniaweal way shavestatuesaswel las
caselaws, meani ngt hatwheny ouar gueacasey oursupposet o
refertoar elevantst atutesandcommonl aw.
-
Judicial decisi
onsar ebi nding;
-i
ncommonl awcount riesweuseAdv ersari
alsystem inourcourt
s,
i
tcomesf rom thewor dadv ersemeani ngopponent .Adv er
sari
al
system meani ngpar tiesoradv ersari
esar emai nl
yi nvolv
edt o
establi
sht heircasewhi l
et hej udger emai nsumpi re.
-undercommonl awsy stem ev er ythi
ngi spermittedifisnot
expresslypr ohibited,ify oucommi tthatacty oumaynotbe
conv i
ctedbecauset herei snol aw.

5
 APPLI CABILI
TYOFCOMMONLAW OFENGLANDI N
TANZANI A
Insecti
on2( 3)ofJALA( Judi
catureandAppl i
cat
ionofLawsAct)
cap.358
Itprovi
desonhowcommonl awofEngl andcanbeappliedin
Tanzania
-commonl awofEngl andcanonl yapplyinTanzani
aifthat
commonl awi ssti
l
l v
al i
d
(1)i
nEnglandandt hat
( 2)
pri
ncipalisnotcov eredbyanystatutesinTanzani
a.
(3)i
fthatcommonl awf itst
hecircumstancesofTanzania

 CI VILLEGALSYSTEM LAW/CONTI NENTALLAW

Count ri
esfol
l
owi ngcivi
llawsy stem ar
ety pi
cal
lyt
hosecount r
iesthat
wer eformerFrench,Dutch, Ger
man, SpanishandPortuguese
colonies.
-Civi
llawsystem isacodi f
iedsystem oflawandittakesitsor
igin
from RomanLaw

FEATURESOFCI
VILLAW

-Therei sgener al
lywr i
ttenlawsbasedonspeci f
iccour t
s,itmeans
thatev eryt
hingmustbecov eredbyl aw
-onlylegisl
at i
veenact mentar econsi deredbi ndingforall
,meani ng
thatinci vi
llawt hereisal egal scopef orjudgemadel aw,whichi s
quitedifferentfrom commonl aw.
-i
nsomeci vil
lawcount ri
eswr itingsofl egalschol ar
shav esigni
ficant
i
nf l
uenceoncour ts.
-underci vi
llawcount riesther eisacl eardi sti
nctionbetween
subst anti
veandpr ocedur allaws
-ci
villawsy stem usei nquisitorialsystem, meani ngdur i
ngt hecasei n
civi
llawcount ri
est hejudgeormagi stratehasmuchmor ecentralrol
e
i
nt hepr ocessofnotonl yjudgingbuti nqui ri
ngt oo,meaningt he
j
udgesassumeadomi nantr olei nquest i
oningthepar ti
esandt he
product i
onofev idencei sthedut yofthecour t
.

 MIXEDLEGALSYSTEM: t
hisiswhereinacer t
aincountrytwoor
moresy stemsar eappli
edinter
acti
vel
ysomeoft hecountri
esar e
SouthAf r
icaandBot swana,somecount r
iesusecivill
awsand
costmarylawexampl eBur
undi,Chad,Bukinaf
aso,therear
esome
countr
iest heyhaveMuslimlawandci vi
llawexampl eLiby
a, I
ran,
Ir
aqandal soMor occo,andEgy pt
.Thereisami xedsystem of

6
 commonl awandcust omar ylawexampl eTanzani a,Ghana,
Zambi aandUganda.Al somi xedsy stem ofcommonl awand
Musliml awex.Bangladesh, SudanandPaki st
an.Somehav eeven
moret hentwol i
keMusl i
ml aw, customarylawandCi v
ill
aw
exampl eIndonesi
aandJor dan.Somehav emi xedsystem ofci
vil
l
aw, commonl aw,JewishlawandMusl iml awexampl eIsrael
(Jews).InBurunditheybaseon` GermanandFr enchcivi
lcourt
s
andcust omarylaws

MEANINGOFCONSTI TUTI
ON:wecoul
dsaythataconst
it
uti
oni
sa
bodyofr
ulesandpr
inci
pal
sofwhi
chacount
ryisgover
ned

 Nowwehav
ecodi
fi
edconst
it
uti
onbecausemostpeopl
ear
enot
f
ait
hful
.

 Anyor gani
zationneedst ohav erul
esast ohowi tistober an,what
arethoserules, whodrawst hem up,howt heycanbechangedand
whatf ormtheyt akeareamongstot hermat ter
st hatneedtobe
determinedatt heoutset.I
tisnodi f
fer
entwhent hatorganizat
ion
i
sast ate,astatewhet herl
ar georsmallneedst ohav esome
fundamental organi
zingpri
nci pal
sinorderthatitmightrun
effect
ivel
y.

 Constit
utionisthebasicstr
uctur
eandel ementofabody ,
an
i
nstit
ution,anentit
yorat hi
ng.Consti
tuti
onmeansor gani
zing
fundament alpr
inci
palsofastateoranor gani
zat i
onetcandthose
pri
ncipalsmustr ef
lectt
henatureofthebody ,enti
tyorastateand
allf
undament alvaluesasidenti
tyofthatorganizati
onorstate.

 Constit
uti
oni
sthef undamentalandfixedr
ulesgover
ningthe
conductofanorganizat
ionorastateandestabli
shi
ngitsconcept,
charact
erandst
r uct
ure.Iti
susuall
yashortdocumentgeneralin
natureandembody i
ngtheaspir
ationsandvaluesofi
tswrit
ersand
subject
s.

 Aconst it
uti
onisfundament al
lawwr i
tt
enorunwr i
ttent hat
establi
shesthecharacterofagovernmentbydef i
ningt hebasic
pri
ncipalstowhichasoci et
ymustconf i
rm bydescribingt he
organizati
onofthegovernmentandr egul
ations,
distributionand
l
imitati
onsont hefunct
ionsofdiff
erentgovernmentdepar tments
andbypr escri
bingtheextentandmanneroft heexer ciseofits
sovereignpower .

7
 BROADERMEANI
NGOFCONSTI
TUTI
ON

 Aconst itutionisasupr emenor mati

veexpr essi onsoft hewi l
lof
peopleonhowt heywantt ol i
veandbegov erned.
-t
heconst i
tut i
ont hatwehadwasmadeon1977, t
hepeopl ewantt he
constit
uti
ont ochangebecausei twasmadebyt hepar li
amentmeani ng
i
tlackedthewi llofthepeopl e.Thebi l
lofri
ghtslimi tst hepoweroft he
governmentt owar dsthepeopl e.Therefor
econst ituti
oni sdescribedas
rul
esofgov ernancei nthesenset hatconsti
tuti
onar t
icul at
et he
fundament al rulesofgov er
nanceandexpr essest hewi llofthepeopl eon
howt heywantt ol i
ve,secondlyconst it
uti
oni sexpr essi onoft he
soverei
gntyoft hepeopl etoknowt hatinastatet hesupr emeaut hori
ty
l
iesont hepeopl eandi nTanz aniathesameasbei ngpr ovidedunder
arti
cle8.(
1),(a), thereisoneaut horcalledTom Pi nepr ov i
des“ a
constit
uti
oni snott heactoft hegov er
nmentbutt hepeopl econst it
utea
government ”and“ governmentwi t
houtaconst i
tutioni spowerwi thouta
ri
ght”.

SOURCESOFCONSTI
TUTI
ON

(
1)THEPEOPLE: t
hisisapri
marysour
ceofconsti
tut
ionbecauseit
i
nvolvesthewi
ll
ofpeopleonhowtheywanttoli
ve,andthesource
ofpubli
cpowerisalsot
hepeopl
e.

(
2)STATUTORYI NSTRUMENTS: t
hesear ewr i
ttenlawsmadebyt he
parl
iament.I
tisasour cebecauset heparli
amenti salegisl
ati
ve
bodyinthecountry,
andt heparli
amentenactl awswithinthe
consti
tuti
onalchar
acterexamplet hetreatthatestabl
ishedthe
uni
onbet weenTangany i
kaandZanzi baritwasmadebyt he
parl
iamentbuttheeffectofthattr
eathadconst it
uti
onalcharact
er,
goandr eadtheactsofUnion.

8
 (
3)JUDI CIALPRECEDENT: Inarticle107oft heconstitutionwhi ch
sayst hattheJudi cialshallbet heaut hori
tywithfinal decision.
Judiciaryint
erpretlawsi ncludingt heconst i
tut
ion, i
tmayendup
for
mi nganewconst i
tuti
onal norm, ifthatnorm hasa
constituti
onalchar acterthenwewi l
lhav eaconst i
tutional norm
madebyt heJudi ciaryexampl et hecaseofRev .Chr istopher
Mtikil
aV.At torneygener al
, f
rom theHi ghcourt,Cour tofAppeal
andt hethirdcasedeci dedbyt heAf ricancourtalsor eadt hecase
ofJULI USNDYANABOVSATTORNEYGENERAL, int hiscasewe
seehowt heconst itut
ionhasbeeni nterpret
edandshowi ngt he
pri
ncipals.

(
4)CONVENTI ONSANDCUSTOMS: Thesearenormallymadeupof
unwritt
enpr acti
cesofthepar li
ament,thejudi
ciar
yandt he
executi
vewi thconstit
utionalnatur
e,meaningthathabitualr
espect
andobser vanceofcust omsandconv ent
ionsmayel evateto
mandat oryrulesofconst i
tuti
onalnor
m.somet hingthatis
conventionitisrespect
edoracust om butiti
snotprov i
dedbyany
l
aw.ForExampl et anofPr esi
dentofTanzaniamainlandand
Zanzibar.

(5)WRITERSORWORDSOFEMI NENTCONSTI TUTI ONALLAWYERS

ANDEXPERTS:
Incommonl awinst
it
uti
onswor dsofemi nentlawyersar enotbi
nding
charact
ertheyjusthaveapersuasivecharacterbutalway sweareusing
writ
ingsofthesepeoplewheninterpreti
ngtheconstitution.t
hese
sourceshelpinsolvi
ngcasessoast ohav eenoughper suasi
vemat er
ial
s
soast opersuadethecourtt
of ol
lowy ourargumentsoast odecideon
yourfavor
.

(
6)INTERNATI ONALLAW: t
herearesomeinter
nati
onall
awsthathave
contr
ibutedaloti
nthesourcesofourownconsti
tut
ionexample
theUniversal
decl
arat
ionofHumanr i
ghtsof1948.

(
7)PRACTICESFROM THECONSTI TUTI
ONSOFOTHERCOUNTRI ES:
weactual
lybor
rowpract
icesfrom ot
hercount
ri
esexampl
ethe
Runni
ngmat ewhi
chwebor roweditfr
om theU.
S.A.

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFCONSTI
TUTI
ON

9
(
1)WRITTENANDUNWRI TTENCONSTI TUTION:awr i
tt
en
const
it
uti
onistheonewhi chi ssetoutinadocumentorser i
esof
documents,i
tisnotmandat orythatyouhav easingl
edocument
someti
mesy oumayhav emor ethenonedocumentbutal lofthem
haveaconsti
tuti
onal characterandinpracti
cealmostevery
count
ryhasawr itt
enconst it
ution,t
herearecountri
eswit
h
unwri
tt
enconst i
tut
ions.–Unwr it
tenconstit
uti
onisthety
peof
const
it
uti
onwhi chisnotexpr essedinadocumentorsetof
documents.Whydoy outhinkitisimportanttohaveawrit
ten
const
it
uti
on?

(
2)RIGI
DANDFLEXI BLECONSTI TUTION:int hisform ouratt
enti
on
l
iesonhowt heconstit
uti
onmaybechangedoramended, arigid
const
it
utionistheonewhi chcannotbeeasi l
ychangedor
amended, t
heprocessofamendi ngorchangi ngissubjecttosome
speci
alproceduresorwesayt hatt
hepr ocessi sveryrest
rict
ive,
exampleFrancet heyhavetocallanreferendum soast ochange
somethi
ngi nthepr i
nci
pal.Aflexi
bleconst i
tuti
onistheonewher e
bytheprocessofchangi ngissimpleandf lexibl
ethereareno
speci
alprocedures.

HOW CANWEAMENDORCHANGEOURCONSTI
TUTI
ON?

I
narti
cle98.
(1)
.oftheconst
it
uti
onr
eadi
tandcommenti
fwehav
e
ari
gidorfl
exi
bleconst
it
uti
on

(
3)FEDERALCONSTI TUTI ONANDUNI TARYORUNI ONCOSTI TUTI ON:
undert hisclasst heat tenti
oni sonhowpoweri sdi v
idedwi t hina
statet hisispr ov i
dedunderar ticl
e4oft heconst i
tution, i
nf eder al
const i
tut i
ont her eisadi str
ibutionofpower sbet weent hef eder al
gov ernmentandt hegov ernmentofst atef or mingt hef eder at i
on.In
federal statesbot hthecent r
algov er nmentandt hest ate
gov ernment shav epr imarypower s.I tisusual forcer tainpower s
rel
at i
ngt owhatar eessent iall
ynat ioni nteresttober eservedf or
thecent ralgov ernmentwhi lether egi onal gov ernmentwi l
l hav e
exclusiv ejurisdictionov ermat ter
st hatr eflectregi onal di
ffer ences
exampl eUSAi thas52st ates.Thecent r
al gov ernmenti srunby
thePr esi denthi mselfwhi letheot hergov ernmentar er unby
gov ernor s.Anexampl eoff ederalgov er nmenti st heconst itut i
on
ofUSA.I naUni onconst it
utiononl yt hecent ralgov ernmenthas
primar ypower sandusual l
yuni onconst itutionar ef oundi nsi mple
states, inthisconst i
tuti
ont hereisadmi nistrativedi vi
sionofpower

10
 andterri
tori
esforpurposesofsi mplif
yingadministr
ati
onbutnota
ref
lecti
onofneedf orautonomyofanypar tofthecount r
y.In
Tanzaniawehav etheCent ralgovernmentandt helocal
governmentbutt helocalgovernmentdoesnothav eautonomy
meaningt heyaresubject
edt oCent r
algovernment.WHATKI ND
OFCONSTI TUTIONDOTANZANI AHAVE?Conf ederat
ion
governmentt hetwocount r
iesdecidethatsomet hingstheywil
l
shareandsomewi ll
notshar e.

(
4)PRESI DENTIALANDPARLI AMENTARYCONSTI TUTION: i
nher ewe
l
ookatt henatur eoftheheadofst at e.Incount r
ieswher ethehead
ofstatei sal
sot heheadofgov er
nmentt heconst i
tuti
onissaidto
bepresi dent
ial.accordingtoDoctorGar ner“presidenti
al
governmenti st hatsystem inwhicht heexecut iveis
constituti
onall
yi ndependentofthel egislat
ureinr especttotheir
durati
onandt enur eandirr
esponsiblet oitfortheirpoli
ti
cal
poli
cies”.Actuallyitdoesitprovi
dehowt heper sonbecomet he
headoft hestateitonlytel
lswhatf unct i
onst hatpersonper f
orms.

FEATURESOFPRESI
DENTI
ALCONSTI
TUTI
ON

(
1)Thereissepar ati
onpowerbet weent heexecut i
veandl egisl
atur
e,
theyaresepar ateandhav eequal status.
(
2)Thepr esi
denti stheheadoft hest ateaswel lastheheadof
government .Thepr esidentenjoy sreal powersofadmi nistr
ati
on
whichar egiventohi m undert heconst ituti
onandot herlaws
(
3)Thepr esi
denti selectedforaf ixedtenur eandhecannotbe
remov edf r
om hisof fi
cebef oretheexpi r
yofhi sterm unlessther
e
i
sani mpeachmentbyt hepar l
i
ament .
(
4)Thepr esi
denti snotamemberofpar l
iament .inarti
cle33oft he
consti
tutionshowst heexistenceoft hePr esi
dent .Art
icl
e34( 3)
andinar ti
cle36al soinar t
icle62

PARLI
AMENTARYCONSTI
TUTI
ON:

inparli
ament ar
yconst it
ut i
ontheheadofst ateisnormallyadi f
fer
ent
personfrom theheadoft hegov er
nment .I
nt hissystem t
heexecut i
ve
branchderi
vesi t
sl egiti
mat esfrom thelegislat
ureandi salso
accountabl
et olegislature.Count r
ieswit
hpar l
i
ament ar
ysy stems
may beconstit
utional monar chieswhereamonar chistheheadof
statewhil
etheheadofgov ernmenti samemberf r
om alegislat
ure
exampleUNI TEDKI NGDOM, DENMARK, SWEDENANDJAPAN.Most

11
 t
imest
heheadofst
atei
scer
emoni
al.

(
5)REPUBLI CANANDMONARCHCONSTI TUTION:theatt
entionhere
i
sont henat ur
eofevoluti
onofpower.I
nr epubl
icanconstit
ution
revoluti
onofpoweroft heheadofstateistoanothercit
izenwho
canbeel ected,nominatedorappoi
ntedonanonconsangui ne
basis.Inmonar chi
alaslongastheKingstil
lli
veshestil
lwillbein
powerunt ilheorshediesthenthesonorbr ot
herwil
ltaket he
crown.4

FUNCTI
ONSOFACONSTI
TUTI
ON

CONSTITUTI
ONALHISTORYANDDEVELOPMENT
Const
it
uti
onexist
edsi
ncethebegi
nni
ngofstat
ebecausei
twasamong
ofoneofthel
aw.

(
1)GENTI LECONSTITUTIONORTRI BECONSTITUTION
 Thi
si saform ofconsti
tutional
organi
zat
ionofhumansoci et
y
whi
chexi st
edinearlystagesofhumandev elopment,i
tist
he
ear
li
estandmostbasi cf orm ofhumansociety
,thedevel
opment
oft
ribesociet
iespassedi nto3stages

12
 -Savagil
estageinthi
sstagethepeopl
ewerehuntersand
gatherer
s,theyal
sodevel
opedspeechandlanguages.Meansof
producti
onwer eext
remelyl
owsoev er
ythi
ngtheydidwasjustf
or
consumpt i
on.

-barbar
ism:manl earnedtobreeddomesticanimalsandt o
practi
ceagri
cultureandtheyacquiredmethodsofincreasi
ngthe
supplyofnaturalproduct
s,inthi
sstagewasmar kedbyt he
i
nt r
oducti
onofpot tery
,agri
cul
ture,
ironsmelt
ingusforbr i
cksand
stonesforbuil
ding.

-ci
vil
ization: i
nthisst agemanl earnedamor eadv anced
appli
cat i
onofwor kt othepr oduct sofnat ure,
thiswast heperiod
ofdev elopmentofI ndust ryandi twaschar acter
izedbyi nvent
ions
ofalphabet sanduseofwr it
tenr ecor ds,i
tisbelievedthatgentil
e
const i
tutionarosedur ingpr imi t
ivecommunal ism.
Char acteristi
csofcommunal ism
 Thef ami lywast hebasi csoci alunitaroundwhi chlaborwas
organized
 Thesoci al economi clifeoft hesoci etywasst ill
atpr i
mitive
rudi
ment arylevel,
theyl ivedincommunal societi
es,andt her
ewas
communal ownershi poft hemeansofpr oduct i
on.

ORGANSDURINGGENTI
LECONSTI
TUTI
ON
I
thadthr
eeor
gans

 Theclanassembl yatt hebot tom

 Thephr atr
yatt hemi ddle
 Thet r
ibalassembl yatt het op
( 1)Theclanassembl y :wast hebasicor ganizational st
ructureof
thegentil
econst it
utioncl anwasacl usteroff ami li
estiedtoget her
bybloodr elati
onship,thecl anwasor ganizedbyt heclanassembl y
composedofal ladultmember softhecl anandi twasl edbyacl an
chieforacl anhead, thi
schi efwasnotanel ectedl eaderbuta
personwhof oundt hecl anori nheri
tedthatposi tionofl eadership
bydeat hri
ghtandseni or i
tyofage, i
nheritanceofcl anleadership
wasbyaf emal eormal elineage.Theconductofcl anassembl y
waspar ti
cipatorymeani ngt hatev er
yadul tmemberoft heclanhad
equaloppor tuni
tytopar ticipateexceptf ort hosewi thment al
i
ncapaci t
y.

13
CONSTI
TUTI
ONALFEATURESOFCLANASSEMBLY

 Dir
ectpar t
ici
pat
ionofalladul
tmember s,
 Decisionsweremadebyconsensus
 Everyonewasequal ir
respect
iveofgenderal
thoughseniori
tyi
n
ageandaddedwei ghtandinf
luencedindeci
dingissues.

(2)Thephr atr
y; thiswasani ntermedi ateor gancomposedof
l
eader sofv ar
iouscl ansr elatedbygeogr aphi calorbl oodt i
e,t he
phratryleaderwast hemostseni orindivi
dual lyable, economi call
y
andmi l
it
ar i
lypower ful amongt hecl anleader s.Heorshewasa
vassal chieftotheki ngorchi ef
.Ther oleoft hephr atrywast o
secureandmai ntainl awor deranddef enseoft hecl ansundert he
phratry.Itwasal soanappel lateorgani nt heset tl
ementof
disputesar isi
ngf rom t heclan, itwasal soanor ganwi thoriginal
j
ur i
sdicti
oni nintercl anmat tersanddi sput es.Thephr atrypaid
habitualobedi encet ot hetribal chi
eforki ngandi tal sosuppl ied
him orherwi t
hsol dier sduringmi l
i
tarymi ssi ons.Thephr at
r y
assembl ycoul dannul r
ulesmadebyt hecl ans.i tal sohadt he
powert oov er
turnt hedeci sionmadebyt hecl ans.

(3)Tri
balassembly :thi
swast hehi ghestor ganofpoweri nthe
tri
balconsti
tuti
onsy stem i
tconsi stedoft heki ngorchi efast he
headandacounci lofphratleader s,itwasassi stedbyt heelder s
whoal wayssatt othekingi nhiscour ts.Theki ngi nherit
edthe
thronebydescentorbl oodl i
neagebuti not hercaseshewasa
normal memberoft hesoci etywhot ur nedoutt ohav especi al
tal
entsorpower sandhehadpower sov erwarandpeace.The
tri
beassembl ywast hehighestl egislativeexecut iveand
adjudi
cati
vebodyi thadpowert ohearanymat terandanyappeal s
i
tcouldmakeandunmakecust omar yl awst obeappl iedbyt he
tri
be,duri
ngwar stri
beassembl yrecei v edbot hmenandl ogi
st i
cal
supportfr
om thephr atri
es,thebasi cl awoft het ribewer e
customarynor mspassedf rom onegener ationt oanot herthrough
oraltr
adit
ionsandpr acti
ce.Newpr act i
cescr eatedpr ecedentst hat
l
edt onewcust omar ynorms.

CHALLENGESOFGENTI
LECONSTI
TUTI
ON

14
CONSTI
TUTI
ONALPRI
NCI
PALSAND

SEPARATI
ONOFPOWERS:
-
Anyconst
it
uti
onhasr
ulesandpr
inci
pal
s.

Thedoctri
neorpr i
ncipalofseparat
ionofpowerissaidtobea
bourgeoi
siepol
iti
cal l
egaltheor
ywhi chcl
aimsthatst
atepoweri
s
notasingl
eentitybutratheracomposi t
eofdif
ferent
governmentalf
unctions.

WAYSOFCREATINGASTATE:
 St
atecanbef
ormedoutofwar
s,war
sal
way
scr
eat
enew

15
 stat
e.
 Voluntar
yorwil
l
ingnessofthepeoplethemselves.Mostof
theoldstat
ewereformedf r
om peoplethemselves.
 ThroughUNResoluti
onex.IsraelandAlbani
a.
 Dipl
omat i
cconf
erencesexampl eBerl
i
nconferenceof1884.
 Decoloni
zati
onstr
uggles.

 ORGANSOFASTATE

Theconceptwast hatt heyneededt ohav esepar ationofst atepowerso

thatast atecanber unsmoot hly.Theor gansoft hest at eor iginat edaf ter
av er yser iousandal ongcl assst r
uggl ebet weent her ul edandr ulers,at
theendoft hei rstruggl ei twasagr eedt hatt her emustbedev olut i
onor
transf erofpowert oal owerl ev el ofst atef rom ani mat eori nfl
uent i
al
technocr at i
ccl assofpol itical r ulerst oaci vil
ianbasedgr assr ootpower ,
i
nt hoseday s’ peopl ewant edt or ulet hemsel vesi nsteadofbei ngr uled
byani mat esov ereignexer ci singpoweront heirbehal f .-Thesoci al
cont ractt heor yaddr essest hequest i
onofor iginofsoci etyandt he
l
egi timacyoft heaut hor i
t yoft hest at eov erthei ndividual andt hey
concl udedt hati nor derf oranyaut hor ityt ost andi ndiv idual smusthav e
consent edt ogi vet heaut hor i
tyandwhi leconsent i
ngi ndi vi
dual s
surrendersomeoft hei rf reedom andsubmi tt otheaut hor i
tyoft her uler
i
nexchangef orpr ot ect iont hei rr emai ni ngr i
ght s.Thedoct ri
newas
originat edbyAr i
stot le, cicer oandJohnLocke, t
heybel iev edt hatany
singlef or m ofgov er nmentwasunst ablel eadi ngt oaper manentcy cleof
disast ers, theypr efer redpower st ober est edi nthepeopl eandaut hor i
ty
i
nt hest at e.Fori nst anceJohnLockest ressedt hatt heexecut i
v eand
l
egi slativ epower sshoul dbesepar at ef ort hesakeofl i
ber t
y,hebel ieved
thatl i
ber tyi sl i
kelyt osuf ferwhent hesamehumanbei ngmakel awand
execut et hem.Thedoct ri
neofsepar ationofpowerwarr eformul at edby
Frenchphi l
osopheri nt hemi dof18cent urybyt heFr enchphi l
osopher
calledBar onDEMont esqui eut hiswasbet ween16- 18cent ur i
esbet ween
theseday st hedoct rineofsepar at i
onofpoweroccupi edanupperhand
i
nt hest ruggl eoft hebour geoi siesagai nstabsol utism andt hear bitrary
ruleoft heki ng.Itwasal sousedi nacount riest ojust i
f yacompr omi sed
betweent hebour geoi siewhi chhadwoncont rolov ert hel egislat ureand
thej udici arywhi l
et hef eudal monar chiesr etainedexecut i
vepower .
Accor dingt oMont esqui eust at epower scanbedef ineddependi ngon
theirf unct ion, hei dent i
f i
es3t y pesofpower snamel yExecut ive,
Legi slativeandadj udi cat ive.Hecal ledt hepowert or uleoradmi nister
actsofofpubl icgov er nanceasExecut i
v epower .Thepowert omake
l
awsasl egi slativepowerandhecal ledt hepowert oint er pretlawsand

16
deci
dedisputesbetweenthest at
eandi t
ssubject
sorbetweenthe
subj
ectsthemselvesasadjudicat
ivepower .Mont
esqui
eubeli
evedthat
abuseofpowerorpowert yrannywast heresul
tofconcent
rat
ionofthe
thr
eestatepowersinthehandsofoneper sonoragroupofpersons.

Whatdoest hedoct r
ineofseparat
ionofpowerimplies?I
tpr ovidesthat
stat
epower smustbesepar atedandmustber estedinthreeor gansof
stat
eandt hereasonbehindseparationpowerbetweendi f
ferentorgans
ofstat
ei st odeterabuseofpoweri nthebegi
nningMont esquieuprovide
astri
ctinterpret
ationofthedoctri
neofseparati
onofpowerandhesai d
thedoctri
neofsepar at
ionofpowerimplies3thi
ngs.Thisisshowni nthe
consti
tuti
oni narti
cle4

-st
atepowerisrestedandexer
cisedbyt
hreeseparat
einst
it
uti
onsor
organs.
-thepersonnel
inthesethr
eeorgansmustbediff
erent
.
-thefuncti
onsofthe3organsmustbediff
erent
.

Accordingt oMont esquieut hedoctri

nepr ovi
dest hatspecificfuncti
ons
areall
ocat edtodistincti
vei nst
it
uti
onswi t
hadef inedmeansof
compet enceandj urisdi
ctionexercisedbydi ff
erentper sons.Inthecase
ofRV.Homesecr etar
yexpact eefi
nebr i
gadeuni onlordMust il
ldefi
nd
thedoct r
ineinthef oll
owingwor ds“i tisthefeatureoft hepeculiarl
y
Bri
ti
shconcept i
onoft hesepar ati
onofpower sthatpar li
ament ,t
he
executiveandt hecour t
shav eeachtheirdist
inctandl argel
yexcl usi
ve
domain.Par li
amenthasal egal
lyunchallengeablerighttomake
whatev erlawsitthinksright.Theexecut i
vecarriesont headmi nistr
ati
on
ofthecount rywitht hepower scompl iedonitbyl aw.Thecour t
s
i
nterpretthelawsandseet hattheyar eobeyingit.”

THEMODERNAPPROACHOFTHEDOCTRI NEOFSEPARATI ONOF

POWER: thi
st r
iestodil
utetheMont esqui
eust ri
cti
nter pretati
ondoct ri
ne
ofseparati
onofpowerandt heaimistopointoutpr act i
cal di
ffi
cult
ies’i
n
theappl
icationofMont esquieustri
ctdoctri
neandt hust heyadv ocate
foramixedgov ernmentforweaksepar at
ionofpower .Wemusthav e
weaksepar ationofpowerwi thcheckandbal ancestopr eventabuseof
power.Accor dingtothem theyarguethatseparati
onofpowerdoesnot
meandisuni tyofpower ,
thoughthepower sar eseparat ebutt heyare
i
ntegral
anduni fi
ed.

APPLI
CABI
LITYOFTHEDOCTRI
NEOFSEPARATI
ONOFPOWER

17
InTanzaniawehav eadopt edtheappr oachandessent i
all
yinTanzania
thereisnostr
ictseparat
ionofpoweri nprincipalsandpracticeandthe
doctri
neisdefinedunderar t
icl
e4oft heconst i
tuti
on.Itcanalsobe
foundinthearticl
e33oft heconstit
utionandar ti
cle34talksaboutthe
governmentandal lot
hermat t
erconcerningmai nl
andTanzani a,
in
arti
cle35itt
alksaboutdischar geofthebusi nessoft hegovernmentand
arti
cle36.

WHATAREQUALI
FICATI
ONOFTHEPRESI
DENT?

ORGANSOFGOVERNMENT

(
1)EXECUTI
VE:

thi
sisthegovernmentit
self
.Thegov er
nmentoft heunit
ed
republi
cofTanzani
aisvestedwiththeaut
hori
ti
esov eral
lunion
mat t
ersandoveral
lmattersconcer
ningmainl
andTanzani aasiti
s
provi
dedintheconsti
tut
ioninart
icl
e34.Thisgovernmentis
divi
dedintot
o2

 TANZANI ANGOVERNEMTI SDIVI

DEDI NTO2
 Central government :thisi scomposedoft hef oll
owingthe
Presidentandv icepresi dent,thepri
memi ni
sterandt he
cabinet ,t
heAt torneyGener alandDeputy,Dir
ect orofPubli
c
Prosecut ionDPP, secret arytothecabi
netandr egi
onal
commi ssion
 Local gov er
nment :l
ocal gov er
nmentandr egional
admi nistr
ationisundert heof fi
ceofPri
memi nistercall
ed
PMO- RALG, localgover nmentappoi nt
eesar egov ernedby
thelawandt herearet wol awswhi chgovernst helocal
government .

18
 LAWSTHATGOVERNTHELOCALGOVERNMENT

(
1)l
ocal
gov
ernmentdi
str
ictaut
hor
it
iesActcap287.

(
2)l
ocal
gov
ernmentur
banaut
hor
it
iesActcap288.

thelocalgov
ernmentdist
ri
ctestabli
shesdi
str
icts,
council
s,vi
l
lage
council
s,andtownshi
pauthori
ti
eswhi l
etheurbanauthori
ti
es
consist
sofciti
es,muni
cipal
sandt owncouncil
sandmi tas(st
reet
).

 THEPRESI DENT: t
hepr esenceoft hepr esi
dentismentionedi n
art
icle33-46.Inarti
cle39i tprovi
dest hequalif
icati
onofa
President.Ar
ticl
e44st atest hathehasaut horit
iestodecl
ar e
war .I
tspossibletoinsti
tuteaci vi
lproceedingstothepresident
buty oumustf oll
owt heprocedur estodoso.Showni nthe
gover nmentproceedingsAct .Inarti
cle46(3)…………I nZanzibar
thePr esi
denthasnoaut hori
tyov ert
heMi l
i
tarybecauseiti
sa
unionmat ter
.

I nar t
icle33( 1)i tprov i
dest hatt her eshal lbeapr esi dentof
theuni tedr epubl i
c.Subar t
icle2pr ovidest hatheshal lbet he
headoft hest at e,headofgov ernmentandcommander -in-
chiefoft hear medf or ces.
 Articl
e34( 1)pr ovidest heexi stenceoft hegov ernmenti t
shal l
hav eaut hor ityov eral l unionmat tersoft heuni ted
republ i
candov eral l othermat ter sconcer ni ngmai nl andTz .
 Articl
e36( 1)t hepr esi denthasaut horit
yt oconst i
tut eandt o
abol i
shanyof ficei nt heser v i
ceoft hegov ernmentoft he
unitedr epubl i
c.I nsub2i tpr ov idest hatt hepr esidenthas
author i
tyt oappoi ntper sonst ohol daposi tionofl eader ship
i
nt hegov ernment .Sub3pr ov idest hathecanappoi ntot her
peopl ewhoar enotl eader st ohol daposi ti
oni nt he
gov ernmentandal sot opr omot et hem, remov et hem f rom
theof fi
ceandt ermi nat et heirempl oymentanddi sci pline
them.
 Articl
e37pr ovidest hatt hepr esi dentisnotboundbyadv i
ce
oft hecitizensmeani nghei snotobl i
gedt ot aket hem unl ess
i
ft heconst i
tutionr equi reshi mt oacceptsuchadv ice.Sub3
whent hepr esidenti sabsentf rom t he`uni tedRepubl i
cori s
unabl etodi schar gehi sf unct ionst hent heVi cepr esi dentwi ll
bet akingcont roloft heof fice.( a)i ncaset hev icepr esidenti s

19
 i
llorabsence
(b)t hent hepr imemi nisterwi l
l bet akingpower .Sub4( a)
whent hepr i
memi nisteri sinpowerheshal l ceasehi s
cont rol when( a)thepr esidentr et urnst ot heUni t
edRepubl i
c
ofTanzani aorhi scondi tioni mpr ov esor( b)whent hev ice
presi dentr eturnst ot heof f
ice.sub5i ncaset hepr esi dent
diest hent heVi cePr esi dentwi llbeswor nt henwi l
lbet he
nextPr esi dent .Sub9( b)itpr ov i
dest hatt hepr esidenti snot
regar dedabsenti fhei stravel ingwi t
hint hecount r
y .
 Article38( 1)pr ovi
dest hatt hePr esidentshal lbeel ect edby
theci ti
zenaccor dingt owhatt heconst i
tut i
onsay sand
want s.
 Article39( 1)pr ovi
desuswi tht hequal if
icat i
onf oraper son
tobecomepr esident .Sub1( a)supposedt obeaci tizenof
theuni tedr epubl icbybi rth.(b)t heagemustbe40y ear s.(c)
hehast obeamemberwhohasbeennomi nat edbya
political par t
y( d)hei squal ifiedt obeamemberof
parliamentoramemberofhouser epr esent ati
v es.(e)
 Article40( 1)pr ovi
dest hatanyper sonhol dingof fi
ceshal lbe
eli
gibl ef orr e-electionoft hatof fice.Sub2noper sonshal lbe
elect edmor et hant wi ce.Sub3aper sonwhohasbeena
Presi dentofZanz ibarcanal sobequal ifi
edt obeel ect edasa
Presi denti nTanzani a.Sub4wher eav i
ce- presi denthol ds
thepr esident sof ficef or3y ear sheshal lbeabl et ocont est
forpr esi dentf or2mor ey ear s.


 VICEPRESI DENT:hei st hepr incipalassistancet othe

presidentofal l t
heunionmat t
ers, heperformsal ldut i
esoft he
offi
ceoft hepr esi
dentwhenhei soutoft heof ficeoroft he
count ry,performsalldut i
esgi venbyt hegov ernment .Thev i
ce
presidentbecomesv ocepr esidentaut omat icallywhent he
runningmat ebecomespr esidentandt hev icepr esi
dentmust
bef r
om Zanzi barandv icev ersa.Inar t
icl
e47t ellsaboutt he
vicepr esident.
Inarticle47( 4)showst hequal i
fi
cat i
onoft hev icepr esident.
Thev icepr esidentvanber emov edfrom off i
cei narticle50-51it
providesushowheorshecanber emov ed.

 PRIMEMI NISTER:isappoint
edbythepresi
dentandmustbea
const
it
uentmemberofPar li
amentshowninart
icl
e51(
2).
Pri
memi nisteri
stheleaderoft
hegov er
nment.

20
  MEMBERSOFCABI NET: (barazal amawazi li)i
nar t
icl
e54i ti
s
composedoft hev icepr esident,primemi nister,
thepresidentof
Zanzi barandal lthemi nstersbutt heAttor neygener alatt
ends
themeet ingswhi l
et hePr esidenti snotamember .CabinetIs
thepr incipalorgant hatadv isethePr esident .
 MINI STERSANDDEPUTY: mustbeappoi ntedbyt hePresident.
 ATORNEYGENERAL: Ar ti
cle59
- SECRETARYTOTHECABI NET:inarticle60
- DPP
-REGIONALCOMMI SSIONER: arti
cle61,ther egional
commi ssi onerisappoi ntedbyt hePresident ,power softhe
commi ssi onersareseti nt heRegi onaladmi nistr
ati
onAct .

(
2)LEGI
SLATUREOFTHEUNI
TEDREPUBLI
C:

theexi
stenceisshowni ntheconsti
tut
ioninart
icl
e62, thecomposition
i
sprovidedundersubar ti
cle2whichrefery
outoar ti
cle66.Themai n
rol
li
stoov erseeandadv icethegover
nmentshowni nsubarti
cle3.
Theyenactlaws.theyalsostayfor5years,
inarti
cle66compr i
sest he
member sofNationalAssembl y
.Youmustbeabl etor eadandwr i
tein
Swahil
iorEngli
sh.

ELECTORALCOMMI SSION:inar
ticl
e75
Readar t
icl
e77
Proceduresforrelati
onofWomenmember s78howt heyar
eelecet
ed.
Readar t
icl
e78.
Speakersarti
cle84
Duputyspeaker85
Proceduresforelecti
ngspeakersanddeput yarti
cle86
Meet i
ngsofNat i
onal assemblyarti
cle92
Standingcommi tteereadstandi
ngor der
soft heparl
iament
.
Arti
cle98howt hepar li
amentcanal t
ertheconstit
uti
on
Parli
amentandmember sofparli
amenthav epriv
il
egeofspeech
speakinganythi
ng, heorshecannotbet akentocourt.i
nar
ticl
e100

21
(
3)JUDICIARY:t
hisisnotaunionmat t
ermeani
ngt hatZanzi
bar
hasit
sonjudici
alsyst
em butonlywhenther
ei sacasethat
shoul
dbesolvedinthecourtofappeal
becauseinZanzibarthe
hi
ghestcour
tistheHighcourt.foundi
narti
cle107(a)ithas
powerandauthori
ty,

 THEHI GHCOURTOFTHEUNI TEDREPUBLI C

TheexistenceofTheHi ghcourtoftheunitedRepubli
cis
provi
dedi nart
icl
e108(1)oftheconstit
ution.Subart
icl
e2i t
saysthatthehighcour
thasunl i
mitedjuri
sdicti
on.
-ar
ti
cle109(7)provi
desspecialqual
ifi
cati
oni nbei
ngaj udge.
Arti
cle110(a)showhowaj udgecanber emov edfr
om the
offi
ce

JUDICI
ALSERVI CECOMMI SSI
ON:i
tisanappoi
ntmentadv
isor
y
commissionforj
udgesandmagist
rat
eshowninart
icl
e112(1)
Readart
icle113,

COURTOFAPPEAL: thi
swasnotintheconsti
tut
ionin1977and
theheadofthecour
tofappeal
istheChiefJusti
cehehasno
powerinZanzi
barprovi
dedi
narti
cle116,r
eadarticl
e117,118,
120,
122,

SPECIALCOSTI TUTIONALCOURT: neverbeeninpracti

ceev er
sincebuti
tisprovi
dedunderar
ticl
e125whi chhasjuri
sdict
ion
wheretherei
sadi sputebt
nMainlandandZanzibarregardi
ng
theconsti
tut
ionthatcasei
ssol
vedi nt
hiscourt.128,

JUDICIALINTERPRETATI
ONOFTHEDOCTRINEOF
SEPARATIONOFPOWER
I
nt hecaseofDPPVDAUDIPETE1993TRL22, i
nthi
scase
therewasanargumentmadebyj
udgeNy
alal
iandhesai
dthat

22
“inourv i
ewt hedoct rineofsepar ationofpower scanbesai dt o
bei nf ri
dgdwhenwi thert heexecut iveort hel egi slat uret akes
overt hef unct ionsofj udi ciar yi nvol vingt hei nt er pr et ationof
l
awsandt headj udi cat ionofr ight sanddut i
esi ndi sput esei ther
betweeni ndi vidual per sonsorbet weent hest at eandi ndi v i
dual
persons” .Anot hercasei sAt oner neyGener al VLohayAkonay
andJosephLohaywher ebyt hesamej usgesai d“i tist hebasi c
struct ureofademocr at icconst i
tut i
ont hatst at epoweri s
dividedanddi st ri
but edbet ween3st at epi ll
ar s, thesear e
execut ivev estedi nexecut ivepower ,legislat ur ev est edi n
l
egi slat i
v epower, andj udi cial whi chv est edi nj udi ci alpower ,
thi
si scl ear lysost at edunderar ti
cl e4oft heconst ituti
ont hi
s
basi cst r uct urei sessent ial toanydemocr aticconst i
tutionand
cannotbechangedwhi ler et ainingt hedemocr aticnat ur eoft he
const i
tut ion.I tf ollowst her efor et hatwhenev ert heconst it
ut i
on
establ ishesorper mi t st heest abl ishmentofanyi nst it
ut i
onor
bodywi thexecut iveorl egi slat iveorj udicial powersuch
i
nst itutionorbodyi smeantt of unct i
onnoti nl i
euori nt he
l
ocat i
onoft hese3cent ral pi ll
ar soft hest at ebutonl yi nai dofa
subor dinat et ot hosepi llar si tfol l
owst her efor et hatsi nceour
const i
tut ioni sdemocr at icanypar otidoust erofj ur isdict ionof
theor dinar ycour tt odeal wi thanyj ust i
ciabl edi sput ei s
unconst itutional ”.CaseofMwl Paul JohnMhozy aVat tor ney
gener al 1996TLR130t hei ssuei nt hiscasewaswhet hert he
presi dentmayber emv edorsuspendedf r om of ficebyt hecour t
.
“thepr i
nci pal t hatt hef unct i
onsofonebr anchofgov er nment
shoul dnotI Lcr ouchont hef unct ionofanot herbr anchi sav ery
i
mpor tantpr inci pal oneoft hepr inci palswhi chi nsur est hatt he
taskofgov erningst atei sexecut edsmoot hlyandpeacef ully.It
seemst omet obeanuni ncont r
av er ti
clepr oposi tionofl aw
hav ingr egar dt ot heuseoft hewor dsi naccor dancewi th
prov isionoft heconst itut ioni nar ticle42( 3)dt hatr emov al or
suspensi onf rom of ficeoft hepr esi dentoft heuni tedr epubl icis
thel egi slat ure’sexcl usi v epr er ogat i
v eandsi ncear ti
cle46( a)of
theconst i
tut i
onl ay sdownt hepr ocedur est obeusedi n
remov i
ngorsuspendi ngt hepr esi dentt heat temptt or emov eor
suspendhi m byapr ocedur eot hert hent hatwoul dbenotl egal”.
Redat hecaseofAGVSChr istopherMt i
kila, RamadhanCJ“t he
i
ssueofi ndependentcandi dat ehast obeset tledbypar liament
whi chhast hej ur isdict iont oamendt heconst itutionandnott he
cour tswhi chaswehav ef ounddonothav et hatj urisdi ction.

23
PARLI
AMENTARYSOVERI
GNI
TYANDPARLI
AMENTARYSUPREMACY

Intermsofanat ionsov ereigntymeansi t

sf ree,buti tmeanssupr emeor
unlimi t
edpowerorhasf i
nal sayorl astaut hor i
tyaccor dingt hiscont ext
.
PARLI AMENTARYSOVERI GNITY: thisisaBr it
ishconceptwher ebyt he
principal ssayst hatther eisnoanyot herorganwi tht herightt omakeor
unmakeanyl awwhatsoev erandt hatnoper sonorbodywhi chis
recogni z edbyl awofEngl andashav i
ngar i
ghtt osetasi det he
l
egi slationoft hepar l
iament .Theconceptor i
ginat edinEngl anddur i
ng
thef eudal Er
awher etheonl yt hreatwasmonar chialpower .Itwast he
resultoft hegradual revolutionfrom absol ut etoconst it
utional monar chy.
Whent heysucceededi ntheirstrugglet hehouseofcommonscamet o
i
mposepeopl e’ssov ereignty.DICEYOneoft hemosti nfl
uenced l awyer
saidt hatt hePar li
amentofEngl andcandoany thing, makeorunmake
anyl awexceptbi nditself.Hesai dt hatthel egislativ
epowerwas
omni pot entandOmni sum meani ngt hatitisnotboundbyany thi
ng.

DOCTRI
NEOFPARLI
AMENTARYSOVEREI
GNI
TYI
NTZ

In1961wegotouri ndependenceBr it
ishpeopl ehav enowr itten
constit
uti
onbutallthecol oniesofEngl andwer egi v
enBr i
tain
constit
uti
oncalled“ORDERI NCOUNCI L”amongt hepr incipal wasthe
pri
ncipalofparl
iament ar
ysov er
eigntybecauset heheadoft he
governmentwast hepr imemi ni
sterandheadoft hecount ryist he
Queen, i
n1962west oppedt hesocal ledPar l
iament ar
ysy stem of
governmentwest artedthepr esidenti
al syst
em ofgov ernmentwher eby
st
Nyererewast he1 pr esidentafterhechangedt heconst i
tution.I n1977
wegott heunionconst it
utionandt herewasnodoct ri
neofpar li
amentar
y
soverei
gntybecausewehadawr i
tt
enconst it
ution.Undert his
constit
uti
onthereisnowaywehav epar li
ament arysov ereignt ybecause
i
tinvolvespeople’
swi l
l.after1977i twasgov ernedby2pr incipalsthe

24
theprincipalofconst it
utionalsupremacyandpeopl e’ssov ereignty
provi
dedunderar t
icle8.wi thwritt
enconst i
tut
ionwehav ethe
consti
tut i
onalsupr emacyunderar ti
cle8,64(5)
.VNSHUKRAHt hisisan
Indi
anaut horwhowr otesomet hinginthebookt i
tt
letheConst ituti
onof
Indi
anhesai d“al lgovernmentor gansandi nst
ituti
onsowet heirorigin
totheconst it
utionandi tder i
vestheirpowersfrom i t
’sprov i
sionst hese
organsandi nstitutionsenjoysuchpower sasaconf erredthem and
functi
onwi thinlimitsdemar catedbyt heconstituti
on.Par li
amenti sno
exceptionandunl i
kelyBriti
shpar l
iamentcannotcl ai
m unl i
mi tedpower s
i
tmustf uncti
onwi thi
n.Limitsandi t
’sact
ionsar esubj ectedt ojudicial
scrut
iny …sovereigntycannott hereforebelocatedi npar l
iament“ .

PARLI AMENTARYSUPREMACY: referst ot

helegislativeauthori
ty.The
parli
amentisv estedwithov ertheot her2organsi nlawmaki ng
functi
ons.Itcanbeseenunderar t
icle64.Inlawmaki ngtheparl
iament
i
st hesupremeor ganmeani ngthatt heexecutiv
eorj udici
arycannot
makel awwi thoutconcerningthepar l
iament.Del
egat edlegi
slat
ionare
l
awsmadeoutoft heparl
iamentorsubsi di
arymeani ngi t
snota
pri
ncipall
egislati
on.Thepar li
amentofTZi snotsov ereignbecauseit
haslimit
ati
onsaspr ovi
dedunderar ticle64

LEGISLATIVELI
MITSOFTHEPARLI AMENTOFTZ
st
(1)Art
icl
e64whichi
sthe1 l i
mit
ati
on
(2)Art
icl
e64(
5)
(3)\

MI
NISTERI
ALRESPONSI
BILTY:

I
sar esponsi
bil
it
ybasedonwhatwecal la“r esponsi
begover
nemt
”
, whichisalwaysaccountabl
etothepeople.Wherebyin
representat
ivedemocracythepar
liamentactsonbehalfoft
he
peopl e.

25
 Thi
sisexpl
ainedinar
ti
cle63(
2)oft
heconst
it
uti
on,the
gover
nmenthastobeaccountablet
othepeopl
ebecauset
heyar
e
theoneswhoputitint
otopower.

TYPESORCATEGORI
ESOFMI
NISTRI
ALRESPONSI
BILI
TY:

(
A) COLLECTIVERESPONSIBILTY:
(
B) I
NDIVIDUALRESPONSIBILITY:

(
A) COLLECTI VERESPONSI BILI
TY:
Minist
er sarealwayscoll
ect
ivel
yresponsibletodefend
governmentpol i
ciesi
ncabinetmeetings.Whiletherear
eot her
ministerthatmaydiff
erwithother
sincer tai
nstancesorissues
butwhent hedeci
sionismadeasaf inalresolut
ionheisobligedt
o
defendt hatdeci
sionbyanymeans.

REASONSWHYAMI NISTERISOBLI GEDTODEFENDACABI

NET
DECISION
 Decisi
onsoft
hecabinetarecol
lect
ive
 Discussi
oni
nthecabinetmeeti
ngsisconf
ident
ial

I
famini
sterdi
ff
ersori
sagainstthedeci
sion,
thent
heonl
yremedyi
s
r
esi
gnat
ion-i
fhechoosest
ol eakthei
nfor
mat i
on

REASONSFORCOLLECTI VERESPONSIBI
LITY:
 Al
lminst
ersar
ecomingfr
om ther
uli
ngparty
.
 Soastohaveast
ronggover
nment.

GROUNDSFORHELDINGACABI NETTOBECOLLECTIVE
RESPONSIBLE:
I
fther
eisanyofthi
soccur
ri
ng,
thent
hecabi
netwi
l
lbehel
dresponsi
ble.

 Whent hereisal eakageofconf i

dent ial cabinetdocument sor
informat i
on.
 Whent hecabi netmi sleadst hepar l
i
ament .
 Whent hereispr emat uredi scl
osur eoft hegov ernmentbudget .
(
B) INDIVIDUAL: thisisar esponsi bil
it
yofani ndi
vidualmi ni
ster
overthepor rperformanceofhi s/hermi ni stry
.Itisal i
abil
it
yofa
si
nglemi nistertothepar liament .Undert hisresponsi bi
li
tyofa
ministermustaccountf orf ororexpl ai
nt ot hepar l
iamentofhi s
ownact ionsort heactionsofanyci v i
lserv antfalli
ngwi t
hinhi s/her
ministry
.Her ethemi nisterishel dliablebyt hepar l
iamentf orpoor

26
 perf
ormanceorcr ossmi sconductbyt hemi nisterhimsel forhis
subordi
nat e.
 Alloffi
cialsandsubor di
natesoft hemi ni
st r
yar eundert he
commandoft hemi nist
erinchar ge.
 Wher et hesubordinatemisbehav esthent hemi nisterisrequir
ed
toresignbecausehehadt hedut ytomakesur et hatthedut i
es
andr esponsibil
it
iesofhissubor dinat
esar ecor rectl
ydone.
 Whent heperformanceofami nistryi
squest ionabl ethenthe
ministerisresponsibletobebl amedandv i
cev ersa.
 Ministerswor kthroughthealteregot heoryinwhi chthe
minister’soff
ici
al’sworkonhisbehal f“extendedar msodt he
minister”.

1943AELR560
inthi
scaseLor dGreensaidthefoll
owing
“Governmentcouldnotbecar r
iedonunlesscivi
lservantscouldtake
decisi
onsonbehalfoft hemini
ster
s.Constit
uti
onallythedecisi
onof
suchanof f
ici
alisofcoursethedecisi
onsoftheMi nister
.TheMi ni
steri
s
responsi
bleanditishewhomustanswerbef orethepar l
iamentto
anythi
ngthathisoffi
cial
shavedoneunderhi sauthorit
y.

GROUNDSFORHOLDI
NGAMI
NISTERRESPONSI
BLE:

(
1)Maladmi
nist
rati
onoftheMi ni
ster
.
-
Ift
herei
sacr ossmisconductinthemi
nist
ry.
-
ift
herei
sani ssueofcorr
upti
on.

I
n19. 7AliHassanMwi nyi
resi
gnedthe(HomeAf f
air
s
Minist
er)duetotort
ureandkill
i
ngsthatweredonebypolice
i
nMwanza.
I
n1997Pr of
.Mbiiny
i(Mini
sterofFi
nance)resi
gnedbecause
oftheissueoftaxexemptiontofi
shfi
ll
etimporter
s

QUESTIONSTOLOOKFOR:
:Whataretheli
mit
ati
onsorexcept
ionst
othedoct
ri
neofMi
nist
eri
al
r
esponsibi
l
ity
.

:
Discusst
hemechani
sm ofenf
orcementofmi
nist
eri
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty

27
 BASICHUMANRI GHTS:
Humanr ight
sarethebasi
cr i
ghtst
hatahumanbei nghasbyv irt
ueof
beingahumanorhumanr i
ghtsareinher
itt
oallhumanbei ngs
regardl
essofthei
rsocial
,economicorcult
ural
diff
erences.

CASE: CHRISTOPHERMTI KILAVSREPUBLI CLTR21

TheJudgepr ovi
dedforthedefi
niti
onforhumanr i
ghtsas
“f
undament alri
ghtsarenotgivenbythestateandtheyareinherit
edbya
personbyr easonofhi
sbi r
th,andtheref
orehumanr i
ghtsar
epr iortothe
stateandlaw.Humanr ightsdonotdependonbei ngprovi
dedf orinany
l
egal document .

REASONSWHYHUMANRIGHTSAREI
NTHECONSTI
TUTI
ON:
(i
) SOASTOBERECOGNI ZED
(i
i) SOASTOBEENFORCED

GROUPSORGENERATIONOFHUMANRI
GHTS:
(
i) CI VILANDPOLI TICALRI GHTS:
 Righttoli
fe
 Equali
tybeforet
hel aw
 Freedom ofexpression

(
ii
) EQUALI TY:
 Governsl
iber
ali
ssueswi
thdi
sregar
dedt
osoci
alandeconomi
c
st
atus.

(
ii
i) COLLECTI
VE/ GROUPRIGHTS:
 Ri
ghttodevel
opment
 Ri
ghttopeace
 Ri
ghttoacleanenvi
ronment

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFHUMANRI
GHTS

 Humanr i
ght
sareuniver
sal
 Humanr i
ghtsarei
nali
enabl
e
 Humanr i
ght
sshouldnotbetakenawayexceptonspeci
fi
c
si
tuat
ionandaccor
dingtotheprocessofl
aw.

28
  Humanr i
ghtsarei
nterdependent
,inv
isibl
eandi nter
relat
ed
 Humanr i
ghtsareequalandnon-di
scriminatory(thi
sis
provi
dedunderchap1par t3oftheconstitut
ion(12-24),(
25-
28)
(dut
ies)

Basi
cri
ght
sandDut
ies(
Enf
orcementActCap3)

PRI
NCIPALOFRULEOFLAW:
Asthenamesuggesti
tisaccordi
ngtolawaspr oposedt
or ul
eofan
i
ndi
v i
dual
.
RULEOFLAW: ithasbeengiv
enbylotsofauthors.Tounderst
andthe
meaning,
thei
ssuehereisl
awmeaningt haty
ouhav etoknowt he
pur
poseoflaw.

MEANI
NGOFRULEOFLAW:

29
  Thisisapr i
ncipalofgoodgov ernanceinwhi challpersons,
i
nst i
tut
ionsand( enti
ti
espublicandpr ivat
e)incl
udingt he
stateit
selfareaccountabletolawst hatarepublicl
y
announcedequal lyenfor
cedandi ndependentl
yadjudicated
andwhi chareconsistentwithinternati
onalhumanr ights
princi
pals.Theselawsmustbej ustmeani ngtheyadher eto
humanr i
ghtsandnotunj ust
.
I talsorequir
esmeasur estoensur eadherencet othe
princi
palsofsupremacyofl aw.

MEASURESTOENSUREADHERENCETOTHE
PRI
NCIPALSOFSUPREMACYOFLAW:

-equal it
ybef orethelaw,
-account abili
tytothelaw,
-fairnessi ntheapplicat
ionoft
helaw,
-separ ati
onofpower s,
-par ti
cipati
oni ndecisi
onmaking,
-l
egal cer t
ainty,
-av oidanceofar bitr
ari
nessandpr
ocedur
alandl
egal
transpar ency.

Thepurposeofr ul
eoflawi
stoprovi
deagov
ernmentof
secur
it
y,predi
ctabi
li
tyandr
easons.

PURPOSEOFLAW I
SSETBY5ELEMENTSOFRULEOFLAW:

(
1)Isthatcapacityofl egalrules,standardsorpri
ncipal
stogui
de
peopleintheconductoft heiraffair
s.Meaningpeoplemustbe
abletounder standt helawsandcompl ywit
ht hem.
(
2)Foreffi
cacyoref fi
cientgov ernment .Meani
ngt hegover
nment
becomesef f
icient.
(
3)Stabil
i
ty,I
tist heret omakesur et hatt
hecountryorthe
governmenti sst able.
(
4)Itr
equiresindependentj udi ci
ary.

:Di
ceywhoisanaut
horsai
dt hatr
uleofl
awissi
mpl
ysupr
emacy
ofl
aw.Butt
hedoctr
ineofr
uleoflawisdynami
c.

Ther
eisaneff
ortwhichwasmadebyt heI
nternati
onal
Commissi
onofJur
ist(I
CJ)t
heyprovi
dedtherulesofrul
eoflaw
andt
heydidt
hisi
s1959i ni
t’
sconfer
encewhichwashel pi
nNew

30
Delhiandtheycameupwi
thrul
esofrul
eoflawandsai
dthatthe
rul
eofl awhasbecomeadynamicdoct
ri
neoflawwhi
chincl
udes
t
hef oll
owingrul
es:

RULESOFRULEOFLAW:
(
1)Allexerci
seofstatepowermustbebasedonlawandmust
confir
mt oproceduresandl
imi
tat
ionssetbyl
aw.Lawbi
nds
everythi
ngandev er
yone.

(
2)Allsubject
sofl awareequalbeforet
helawandmusthav e
accesst otheor di
narycour
tsofthel
and.Theyaretal
king
aboutequal i
tyandf r
eetoaccessthecour
tforanyact
ionthat
youthinkwasunj ust
.

(
3)Nooneshoul
dbepunishedforactswhi
chwhendonewer e
l
egal
andunpunishabl
eunderthelaw.I
tcal
lsNul
l
am cr i
men
si
nelege(nocr
imeandnopuni shmentwit
hout(pr
e-exi
sti
ng)
l
aw.

(
4)I
nruleofl
awnosubj
ectifl
awshouldbeapprehended
(
detai
nedori
mpri
soned)withoutl
aw(Null
apoenasinel
ege)
.

(
5)Inruleofl
awalllawswhichimposepuni
shmentandl
i
abi
li
tyof
subject
smustbepositiveandmustnothav
eexpostf
act
al
operati
on(ret
rospect
iveinnat
ure)

(
6)I
nruleoflawtheremustbeestablishedandguar anteed
or
dinarycour
tswhicharei
ndependentf rom executi
veandhav
e
j
uri
sdicti
ontoenfor
ceindi
vi
dual r
ights.Theonlycour twi
th
j
uri
sdicti
ontohearhumanrightcasei sonl
yTHEHI GHCOURT.

 Usi
ngrel
evantprov
isi
onsandvi
vi
dexamplesi
dent
if
yand
di
scussi
ndicat
orsofrul
eofl
awinTanzani
a?

(
7)Inr
uleoflawpunishmentI mposedbylawshouldalway
s
corr
espondtothecivi
l
ityoft hel
awbreachedmeaningthatt
he
off
encemustbeaccor dinglywit
hthepunishment
.

(
8)I
nrul
eoflawt hestatemustprot
ectbasi
chumanright
sand
f
undamentalfreedoms.Thati
swhythebil
lofr
ight
sisprov
ided
i
ntheconsti
tutionmeaningi
nanycountr
yther
eisabil
lofri
ght
s.

31
PURPOSEOFLAWS:

 Topr otectthesoci et
yagai nstdisorders.
 Toallowpeopl etoplant heiraff
airswi t
hr easonableconfidence
thattheycanknowi nadv ancethel egalconsequencesof
vari
ousact ions.Exampl eent eri
nganagr eementwi thanot her
persont heprocessofbuy i
ngthingsar egov ernedbyl aws
meani ngtherear esomepr ocedurest obef ol
l
owed.
Itguar anteesagai nstarbitr
aril
yactions( meani ngdiscret
ionary
power )thesear epowerswhi charenotgi v enbylawmeani ng
thatyourlifeiswithinsomeone’ shand.

INDEPENDENCEOFTHEJUDI CI
ARY: i
tdeal
swi t
hr i
ght
s
ofpeoplebecauseitadjudicat
ecaseofi ndi
vi
dual
s.Iti
simportantfor
thi
sorgantobei ndependent.Whenwet alkaboutj
udici
arywet al
kabout
thesyst
em ofcour t
sandt hepersonnel’
sandfuncti
onsofjudi
ciaryis
provi
dedinarti
cle107oft heconsti
tut
ion

MEANI
NGOFI
NDEPENDENCEOFTHEJUDI
CIARY:

meansev eryjudgeormagi strat

eatt hecasemaybei sfreetodecide
mat tersbroughtbeforehim orherinaccor dancewi thhisassessmentof
thefact sandhisunder st
andingoft helawwi thoutanyi mproper
i
nfluence, i
nducementorpr essure,directorindi
rect,fr
om anypersonor
foranyr eason,thi
smeanst hatthejudgeormagi str
atemustconf ir
m
witht heoathofofficewhicht heytaket odojusti
cewi thoutfear
,favor
affectionorILpower .Herethejudgesar eboundt othelawsaswel l

AJUDGESHOULD:
 shouldn’
tdecideanycasewithi
nfl
uence
 Orpressure
 Hemustbei mpar t
ial
 Solv
ewi thoutfear
 Nofav or
saf f
ection
 Shouldnotjudgeaccor di
ngt
ostat
us

WHATARETHEPREREQUI
SITESOFI
NDEPENDENCEOFAJUDI
CARY:

32
(whatar
ear
ether
equi
rement
sofi
ndependenceofj
udi
ciar
y:

(
1)Thestatemustguarant
eeitbyentr
enchingclosesinthe
consti
tut
iononthei
ndependentofjudici
ary
,securi
tyoftenureand
thei
remolumentsorremunerat
ion.InTanzaniatheindependence
ofTanzaniawasnotguarant
eedbyt heconsti
tuti
onuntilt
hey ear
2000.

(
2)Thestateshoul
dsurrenderthr
oughconst
it
utional
prov
isi
on,
the
functi
onofadmini
steri
ngjusti
cetot
hejudi
ciarywasalso
guaranteedi
ntheyear2000.

(
3)Thefundament
alr
ight
sandf reedomsofi
ndi
vi
dual
mustbe
pr
ovi
dedfori
ntheconsti
tut
ion.

(
4)Membersofj
udi
ciar
ymustbenonpart
isanmeani
ngnothav
ingor
notamemberofanypol
i
tical
par
ty.

NB: Howev er,itshouldbenot edthatindependenceofj udiciarydoesnot

meanal i
censet odischar get hejudici
alfuncti
oni nwhat evermanner
onepl eases.Al way sthereareaccept edlegalvalues,substantiveand
proceduralrulesofl aw, i
mpl icit
lyandexpl i
cit
lythatshoul dgui dejudges
andmagi st
rate.Buti talsocal lsforinnovati
onsont hepartofj udges’
andmagi st
rates, somet i
mest heyar esupposedt obei nnov ati
v e
becauset herear esomeci r
cumst ancewher er easoningisr equired
i
nsteadofl awexampl eifsomet hingisnotprov i
dedi nourlawori snot
sati
sfactory.CNPmostl awsi nTzhav ebeencopi edandpast edwi t
hout
consideringtheci rcumst ancesoft hecountry.

I
NTERNATIONALCOMMUNITYANDINDEPENCEOF
JUDI
CIARY
GUIDI
NGPRINCI
PALSORSTANDARDNORMS:
THESEAREINTERNATI
ONALPRINCI
PALSFROM I
NTERNATI
ONALLAW:

I ndependenceofj udi
ciaryshall
beguar ant
eedbythestateand
enshrinedintheconstituti
on
 Thej udici
aryshalldecidemattersbeforet
hem imparti
ali
tyon
thebasesoft hefactsandi naccordanceofthelawandt he
adducedev idencewithoutanyr est
ri
cti
ons,i
mproperinfl
uence,
i
nducement ,
 pressure,t
hreatsorinterf
erence,di
rectori
ndir
ectfr
om any
personorf oranyreason.

33
  Thej udi ci
aryshal lhavejuri
sdi ctionov erallissuesofj udici
al
natureandshal lhaveexclusi veaut horitytodeci dewhet heran
i
ssuesubmi t
tedf orit
sdeci sioni swithinitscompet enceas
definedbyl aw
 Ther eshal lnotbeanyi nappr opriateorunwar ranted
i
nter f
er encewi tht hejudi
cial process.
 Everyoneshal lhav etherightt obet r
iedbyor di
nar ycour tsor
tri
bunal susi ngest abl
ishedl egal procedur es.
 Thepr i
ncipal ofindependenceofj udiciaryrequirest hejudiciar
y
toensur ethatjudi ci
alproceedi ngsar econduct edf air
lyandt hat
ther i
ght soft hepar ti
esarer espect ed.
Itist hedut yofeachmemberst atetopr ov i
deadequat e
resour cestoenabl ethejudici ar
yt opr operlyper f
ormi ts
functions.

 Whatarefactor
sthatcanundermineindependenceofthe
j
udici
ary?Checktheconstit
uti
onandseehowt heconsti
tut
ion
oftheuni
tedrepubli
coftzguarant
eesindependence.The
publi
cservi
cereti
rementbenef
itAct)

Judgeshave:
- Onemot orv ehi
cle]
- Dipl
omat i
cpassport
- Adr i
verandpaidbyt hegovernment(
50l
it
ersoffuel
aweek)
- Totalsum ofmoneyasal lowanceofmot
orvehi
cle
- UsesVI Plounge

Chiefjusti
cehav e:
-Onther eret
irement;all
owance50%oft otalsum ofsal
ari
esher
ecei
ved.
-agrat ui
tysum of50%ofsal ar
iesher
eceivedwhilebei
ngCJ
-healthinsurancepolicythatcover
smedicaltr
eat
ment
-70litersoffuelperaweek.
-adr iver

CONSTITUTIONALISM: i
sapr ocessbywhichstat
epoweri
sexerci
sedi
n
accor
dancewiththeprovi
sionsoftheconsti
tut
ionandt
helawsderi
ved
fr
om i
t.
- Orconsti
tut
ionali
sm provi
des

DEMOCRACY:i
sthegovernmentofall
thepeoplebyal
lthepeopleforal
l
t
hepeopl
e.al
lthepeopl
einvol
vesthatthepeopl
emaket hegovernment,

34
byal
lthepeopl
emeanst
hegov
ernmentshoul
dbet
her
efor
ethepeopl
e.

FUNCTIONSORROLEELECTORALCOMMI SSION(
art
icl
e75)
Art
icl
e74remov
alofmemberofpar
li
ament.

FREEANDFAI RELECTION:
-theprocessofelect
ingleadersmustbeconductedbyunbiasedornon
parti
sanbody ,i
nat r
ansparentmannerthatal
lowst hecont
estantsto
compet eonl evel
poli
ti
cal f
iel
denj
oyingequalri
ghtsandfacil
i
ties.Buti
n
thiscaseitisnotpossibl
e.Anelect
ioncannotbef reeandfai
rifthe
elect
oralbodyorcommi ssi
onisparti
sanorappointedbyoneoft he
contestant.

-
Butifther
ulesthemselv
esallowonepartyandfairshar
eoruse
r
esourceswhil
edenyingothersi
mil
arresources.

-
Ther
emustbei
nter
val
swhi
chi
nthi
scasei
nTzi
ts5y
ear
s.

PRI
NCIPALOFEXECUTIVECONTROLORACCOUNTABLI
TYORAN
ACCOUNTABLEEXECUTIVE:

Howdowehol
dtheExecut
iveaccount
abl
e?

-
Vot
eofnconfidence
-
Thr
oughper
iodicelect
ions:
all
mini
ster
sar
emember
sofpar
li
ament

checkt
his
GOODGOVERNANCEANDELEMENTSOFGOOD
GOVERNMENT:

I
NDI
CATORSOFRULEOFLAW

- Judici
alindependence(providedunderart
icl
e107B)
- Separati
onofpower( pr
ovidedunderart
icl
e4)
- Transparencyandopengov ernment(accountabi
li
tyoft
he
governmentunderar ti
cle63(2).
- Fair
nessi nSupremacyandappl icat
ionofthelaws(prov
ided
underarticle13(
6)
- Lawshoul dbeapprehended.

I
mpor
tancet
hingst
hatunder
minej
udi
cial
independence

35
 - Poweroft hepr esidenttopardonconvi
cts
- Powerofpr esidentt oappointj
udges
- Theconstitut
iont of avort
hejudgesmor ethenotherjudici
al
offi
cers
- Presenceofincompet entpersonnel
(HamisMasi siand6
otherV.R
- Separati
onofj udicialpowersandpersonnel(JamesBi taV.
I
ddi Kambi

nd
2 SEMESTER
CONSTI
TUTI
ONMAKI
NGPROCESS
ACTSUSED:

- CURRENTCONSTITUTI
ON
- CONSTITUTI
ONREVIEW ACT
- REFERENDUM ACTOF2013amendedi
n2014
- THEDRAFTCONSTITUTION

NB: Aconst i
tutionisdy nami cwherebyi tchangesf r
om ti
met ot i
me
becauseitshoul dal
way sf i
tthecircumst ancest hatthepeoplear ein.
meani ngiti
snotast atici nstrumentsandi tref
lectsthesoci
al economic
andpol i
ti
calstat us,andwhent hesoci aleconomi candpol i
ti
cal stat
us
changest hent heconst itutionmustchange.Thechangescanbe
effecti
vebywayofamendment swhi chist healterat
ionofsome
provisi
onsint heconst itution,howev eritreachest heti
mewhen
amendment sar enol ongerappr opri
atehencei tr i
sestheneedofhav i
ng

36
abr
andnewconst
it
uti
on.

CONSTITUTI
ONMAKI
NG:
ist
hepr
ocessofmaki
nganewconst
it
uti
on
ofast
ate.

REASONSFORCONSTI
TUTI
ONALCHANGE

Ther
easonsdi
ff
erf
rom onest
atet
oanot
her
,someoft
her
easonsar
e

-I tcanbechanget osuitthecur r
entci r
cumst ances
- Toaccommodat econstit
utional changes(i fyouwer ea
monopar tism andy ouwantt ochanget omul ti
part
ism you
havet ochange)oranypol i
ti
cal changeori fthereisa
revoluti
ont heconst i
tut
ionshoul di mmedi atelybechanged
tofitthatpol i
ti
calchange.
- Tor estoref ai
thinthegov ernmentandr estoringfaith
accommodat esalotexampl epeopl earenotokayi nt he
poweroft hePr esi
dentmeani ngsomepeopl elostfai
th.
-

WAYSOFCHANGI
NGACONSTI
TUTI
ON

Theyar
enotal
way
sthesamemeani
ngt
hatt
her
ear
emanyway
s.

Ther
ear
e2gr
oupsorcat
egor
iesofway
s.

(
A)LEGALWAYSOFCHANINGTHECONSTI
TUTI
ON/I
NTRAJUDI
CIAL
WAYSOFCHNGINGACONSTITUTI
ON.
Exampl
eoft
hiswayi
s

-Const i
tuti
onamendment s:amendmenti sthepr ocessof
changingsomeoft heprov isi
onoft heexisti
ngconst i
tuti
on.Thisis
aformal changetot hetextofawr it
tenconst i
tuti
onandt he
amendmentcanhappenbydel et
ingoralterati
onoraddi ngsome
provi
sionsexampl etheamendmentofBi llofrightsin1994wedi d
anaddi t
ionofsomepr ovi
sionwhi chwer enoti ntheconst i
tut
ion.
Amendmentoft heconst i
tut i
oninTanzani aforexampl eis
governedbyar ti
cle98oft heconst it
uti
onwher ebyt he
amendment saredonebyt heparliament.Theamendment s
processdiffer
sbecauseeachcount ryhavet heirownwayof

37
 amendi
ngthei
rprovi
sionsoftheconsti
tut
ion.Whenthe
par
li
amentsamendstheconstit
uti
onitcomposeditsel
ffr
om t
he
nor
malassemblytoaconsti
tuentassembly.

HOW AMENDMENTSCANBEDONE.

-
alt
erati
on
-
delet
ion
-
addit
ion

Readpr
ocedur
esonhowt
ochanget
heconst
it
uti
on*
.

-j
udici
al i
nter
pret
ati
on:thisi
snotthatmuchact i
v einTanzani
a,
wherebyi ti
salwaysdonebyconst i
tutional
courtinTanzani
athe
speci
al const
it
uti
onalcourtwhi
chisf oundinart
icle125ofthe
consti
tuti
on.
-makingofanewconst i
tuti
onoranot herwordi
sdemocr ati
c
consti
tuti
onmaking:
ENACTMENTOFANEW CONSTI TUTI
ON

Thisdependsont hecount r
y.Ther
earesever
al modesorway sof
makingaconst i
tution,ot
hercount
ri
esdoempl oyreferendum
otherusenati
onal confer
ences,whi
tepaper,
const i
tuentassembly
andcommi ssionalsoast atemayemployacombi nati
onoft he
abovement i
onedway s.

- DEMOCRATI
CCONSTI
TUTI
ONMAKI
NG

PRE-STAGESORSTAGESTOBETAKENONMAKI
NGANEW
CONSTITUTI
ON

(
1)Thi
nkt hr
oughResearchontheissuefaci
ngyourcountr
y.Exampl
e
i
nTanzani athei
ssueofUnion.Theywantedustohave3
governments,al
sopresi
denti
alpower
,tohaveanindependent
el
ectoralcommissi
on.

(
2)Consi
deraboutt
hechoi
cesoftheconst
it
uti
onar
rangement
sthat
wil
lbestr
espondtot
heissues.

38
 (
3)Toeducateandconsul
tthepeopl
eaboutt
heissuesandthe
choi
ces.Youeducat
ethem soastorai
seawarenessoft
hepeopl
e.

(
4)Negotiat
eamongmaj orpol
i
tical
gr oupsabouttheconsti
tut
ional
choi
cesy ouar
etaki
ng.Meaningy oushouldincl
udeotherpoli
ti
cal
part
ies.

STAGESFORADEMOCRATI
CCONSTI
TUTI
ONMAKI
NG

(1)
STAGEOFADMI NI
STRATI
ONANDMANAGI
NGTHE
CONSTITUTIONMAKIGPROCESS:
Therear
ecoll
ecti
onvi
ews,

(
2)DRAFTI
NG, DEBATEANDADOPTION:thepr
ocessofadopt
ion
al
sodif
fer
sf r
om onecount
ryt
oanot
her

(
3)MAKI NGARRANGEMENTSFORI MPLEMENTATI ONOFTHE
NEW CONSTI TUTION:peopleshoul
dseatdownanddeal wi
th
theprocessofimplementi
ngofthenewconsti
tuti
on.Read
processofmakingconsti
tuti
oninIr
aq.

GUI
DINGPRI
NCI
PALSI
NCONSTI
TUTI
ONMAKI
NGPROCESS

(
1)Publi
cparti
cipation:t
hereshouldbeparti
cipati
onofthepeople
becausei
tist heirconst
it
uti
onalright
.Youcandoi tthrough
vari
ousway slikecivi
ceducati
on,mediacampai gns,publi
c
consul
tat
ionsandnat i
onaldi
aloguesexampl eKIGODACHA
MWALI MU.

(
2)I
nclusi
veness:thepr
ocessmusti ncl
udeallgr
oupsinthesociet
y:
i
nanysocietytherearemanygr oupsexamplespeci
algr
oupsand
vul
nerabl
egroups,disabledgr
oupsaswel l
asthepoorpeople,
mostpeoplelackconfidence.

(
3)Transpar
ency
:keepingt
hepopul
ati
oni
nfor
medofev er
ypr
ocess
donebythegovernmentandy
oucandothatt
hrough,

- Parti
cipati
on: i
fther
eisacer t
ainpr
ocesssuchasappoi nt
ing
member softhecommi ssi
ont heprocessitselfmustbe
tr
anspar encybyknowhowt heywereappoi nt
edandt he
cri
ter
iaf ortheappoint
ments.Ital
soinvolv
espr ovi
dingfor

39
 medi
aaccessatappr
opr
iat
eti
mes.

(
4)Pr
inci
palofnat
ionalowner
ship:
itwil
lcomeifthethr
eeabov
e
pr
inci
pal
sarethere.I
twil
lbr
ingthesocall
edlegi
ti
macy.

WHATARETHEADVANTAGESOFADHERANCETOGUI
DING
PRI
NCI
PALS?:

- Therewil
lbeunit
yamongthepeopleandalsothe
government
- Peoplewil
lbehavef
ait
hinthei
rgov er
nment
- Therewil
lbegoodcooper
ati
onamongt hemembersoft
he
parl
iamentandaswell
asthecit
izens.
H
MODESORMECHANI SM ORWAYSOFMAKI NGACONSTI TUTION

(
1)ThroughNat i
onalConference: t
hi sisusual l
yal argeandelected
bodycomposedofr epresent ati
v esnomi natedbyawi derangeof
i
nteresttodiscusstheconst itutionandot herissuesforthefutur
e
ofthenat i
onmostoft heseconf erencesconsi stsofgovernment
represent
ativ
esandot herr epresent at
ivesfrom othergroupssuch
aspol i
ti
calpart
iesandci vilsoci eties.Exampl einNigeri
aon2004
theyconductedanat i
onal conf erenceandadopt edthe
constit
uti
on,CongoDRCconduct edoneal sof rom 1991-1992and
i
twascomposedof3000peopl e.

(
2)ThroughConst i
tuentAssembl y: thisisaspeci albodycr eated
throughappointmentorel ecti
onf orthepurposeofadopt ingor
maki ngaconstit
uti
on, oncethepr ocessisov ertheconst ituent
assembl yautomati
call
ydi ssolv
es.Theydi ff
eri ntheircomposi ti
on,
functionsandmodesofcooper ation.Theconst ituentAssembl yis
consideredahigherbodyt hent hepar l
i
amentbecauset he
parli
amenti t
sel
fhasbeencr eatedbyt heconst i
tutionintimewas
madebyt heconsti
tuentassembl y .I
tisconsideredaspeopl e’s
i
nst r
ument stomaket heconst i
t ution

(
3)ThroughRef er
endum:thisi
stheprocessheldinordert
o
deter
mi netheviewsofthepopulat
ionontheacceptabi
li
tyofthe
consti
tuti
on.Oritisamechanism whichprovi
desanopportunit
yto
thepeopletodecideonapar t
icul
arissueordeci
sionoradecisi
on

40
 madebyagov ernmental body ,i
naconst it
utionmaki ng
referendum i sanendor sementoft hepeopl etot heconst it
uti
on
thereforet hepr ocessofhowr eferendum i sor gani zedisas
i
mpor tantast heoutcomeoft heconst i
tutionit self.Thepubl i
c
mustbeeducat edaboutt her eferendum pol iti
csr egardingthe
processonhowi tisconduct ed.Ther eforepeopl emustbeawar e
onwhatt heyar eapprov i
ngordi sapprovingt hroughr eferendum.In
theexer ciseofr eferendum, t
hegov ernmentorr elevantbody
comesoutwi thapr oposal andt hecont entoft hepr oposed
const i
tutionandt hentheci ti
zensar egiv enachancet ogi v
et hei
r
viewsbyv ot
ingy esorno.t hisi sasor tofdi rectdemocr acy.Done
i
n1991i nTZt heydidar eferendum onwhet hert zshoul dremai n
onmonopar tism orshoul dgot omul t
ipar t
ism “THENYALALI
COMMI SSION”

WHI TEPAPER: t
hesear enott hemodesofadopt ingthenew
constit
utionrathert heyaremodesofcol lecti
ngviewsofthe
people.Itgoeshandi nhandwi t
ht hesocal l
edgreenpaperin
whichv ari
ousi ssuest hatt
hegov ernmentwant sthegeneral
publ
i
c
todiscussar ewr i
ttenandgi vent othepublictogiveoutthei
r
vi
ewsont hereseatofpubl i
copi nionsthegov er
nmentaddsupits
ownv iewst hencomesoutwi thadr aftconsti
tuti
on

(
A) I
LLEGALWAYSOFCHNGI
NGTHECONSTI
TUTI
ON/ETRA
JUDI
CIALWAYSOFCHANGI
NGTHECONSTI
TUTI
ON.
EXAMPLES

- Coupd’ét
at:t
hisisaFrenchwor dwhi chmeansst rokeofthe
stat
eorblowagainstthegovernment .Coupd’étatmeansa
suddenunconsti
tut
ionaldeposi
tionofagov ernmentusually
byasmallgroupoftheexisti
ngst at
eest abl
i
shmentmi li
tary
.
Meaningi
tsdonebyt hemi l
it
ary.Nowwhent hishappens

41
 theremustbeachangeoft heconst i
tuti
on,meaningt hatthe
const it
uti
onmustr efl
ectt hatchange.Al way sthatmili
tary
establ i
shmentwhent her eisacoupt hatgov er
nmentI s
replacedbyanot herbodyandt hatbodycanbeaci vilor
mi l
itarybody.Ther eisanot hercoupd’ ét
atwher ebysome
existingoffi
cial
scont inuewi t
ht herepositi
onsbutot her
coupd’ ét
attheychangeev eryt
hing.Alway sacoupwi l
lbe
successf ull
ywhent heyest abli
sht hei
rdomi nanceiftheyfail
i
tbecomesat r
eason.Mostoft hecount ri
eswhent hecoup
d’étatfail
stherei saner uptionofci vi
lwarexampl ein
Burundi ,t
urkeyandSy ri
a.Oncet hechangei sdonei tmeans
thatt hi
swayi snotl egal.

 Democr aticcoupd’ ét
at:exampl emay beforayearand
someof f
ici al
sar egi venopportunit
ytocont i
nuewit
h
theirpositions.
 Undemocr at i
ccoupd’ état:t
heystayforal ongt
imeand
tendt ochangeev erythi
ng.
- Popularupr ai
sing/popul arrevokes/orrevolut
ions:t
hisi
sa
ref
usal ofobedi enceoror derandi thappenswhenmany
peopl
ef ightagai nstt hei
rgov ernment.Itisanattemptto
overthrowt hegov ernmentori t’
spoli
cies.Suchaswhat
happenedi nTuni si
aandEgy pt.Oncethissucceedsyou
mustchanget heconst ituti
on.

- Externalintervention/imposi t
ion:t heinitiativet ooverthrow
thegov ernmentdoesnotor iginateinternal l
y .Her epeople
from outsidet hecount rydoi mposet hati niti
at i
veandmost
ofthet i
mepeopl eofout sidemi ghtbei nter estedi nsome
certai
nt hingssot heyfi
gur eoutway sonhowt ogetinthat
countrybymaki ngway st hatwi llmaket heexi sti
ng
governmentt obeov ert
hr ownbyt hepeopl ebyi mposi ng
propergander .Theymayusej ustasmal lgroupofpeopl e
andst artsuppor ti
ngt hem f i
nanci all
yaswel l aspolit
icall
y
andmi li
tar i
l
ysuchasALSHABAABandBOKOHARAM.
Exampl ewhati shappeni ngi nNI GERI A.Att heendy oumay
geteithercoupd’ étatorrev oluti
onbuti tor i
gi natesfrom
stateexampl ewhathappenedi nLYBI A, IRAQ, AFGANI STAN

HISTORYOFCONSTTUTI
ONMAKI
NGINTANZANI
ASBUT
ALSOINKENYA,
UGANDAANDRWANDA(ASSI
GNMENT)

42
 comewi
thpar
li
ament
aryst
andi
ngor
der
s

PROCESSOFMAKI
NGTHEDRAFTCONSTI
TUTI
ONOF
TANZANI
A 2014

(
1)Commi ssi
onfrom sect
ion5ofConstit
uti
onReviewAct
(
2)For
a
(
3)Consti
tuentAssembly(fr
om sect
ion22)
(
4)Refer
endum (Refer
endum Act2013)fr
om sect
ion31

REFERENDUM ACT2013

- Secti
on4pr ov i
desforthedirecti
onsonconduct inga
ref
erendum
- Secti
on5pr ov i
desforthenot i
ceofholdingthereferendum
- Secti
on12r esponsibil
it
iesofthecommi ssi
on
- Secti
on9regi sterofvoter
s
- Secti
on43chal lengingtheresult
softher ef
erendum
- Secti
on44secur i
tyforcostnotexceeding5mi lseeninthe
caseofAGV.Ndy anabo.Thecour tt
hathast hejuri
sdict
ion
todealwit
hr eferendum casesistheHIGHCOURT

LEGI
SLATI
VEDRAFTI
NG

Lawsaredr af
tedbytheexecuti
vereadCap1ofi nter
pret
ati
onofLaws
ActandCap2t heConsti
tut
ionaswellasCap4.t hepowerofdraf
ti
ng
l
awi svestedtotheChiefParl
i
amentaryDraft
sman( CPD)heseatswith
theAGchamber ,
butther
eisalsoanotheronecal
ledChiefPar
li
amentar
y
Chancell
or(CPC)
5STAGESI NLEGISLATIVEDRAFTI NG

(
1)LEGISLATIVEUNDERSTANDI NG:
InhereThedr af
tsmanisr equiredtohav eaclear(thorough)
understandingoft hei
ntendedl egisl
ati
on,hemusthav eknowl edge
ofthemi schieforgapwhi chneedst obeaddr essed.Hemustask
himselfwhatpr oblem t
hel egisl
ati
oni soughttosol v
e.Wecansay
thathemusthav eacompr ehensiveunderstandingoft he
i
nstructi
onsandi mpli
cati
ont hereofandi never yl
egislat
iont he
draft
smani sgiveninstr
uct i
onsbyt herespectiveministr
y .The
CPDmaygi v eanadv i
cetohav eanewl aworamendt heexi sti
ng
one.Inorderf ortheCPDt ounder standhehast oconsultssev eral

43
 documentsorr eportssoast omakeal aw,buttheycanalso
consultj
udici
aldecisionei
theracasewhi chhasbeendecidedon
thesamei ssue.All
thisisdonetounderstandwhatisrequir
ed.He
canalsosuggestot hersol
utionsapar
tfrom l
aws.

(
2)LEGI SLATI VEANALYSI S:
Her et heCPDi sr equir
edtomakeanal ysi softhelegisl
ati
ve
proposal byf ocusingont heexistinglaws.hei ssupposedt olook
atall rel
atedlawsandr egulati
onsbyl aws.hei ssupposedtodoso
becausel awsr efertoeachot hermeani ngt helawsmustbecl ear
andhav enocont radi
cti
ononeachot her .Hemustl ookonal l
existinglawsr elatedtothatpar t
icularissue.Lawsshoul dnot
defeatot herexi st
inglawsornotaf fectther ightsofthesubject
andi tshoul dnothav eretrospectiveef f
ect s.

(
3)LEGI
SLATIVEDESIGN:
ThefocusoftheCPDisonthef ormatoftheint
endedlegi
slat
ion
meaninghemustcomeupwi t
ht hestr
uctur
eofthebill
.There
mustbeal ogi
calf
lowoft
hebi l
lororderofthebil
lexampleti
tl
e,
appl
i
cationofthel
awandinterpret
ati
on.

(
4)LEGISLATI VECOMPOSI TION:
Heret heCPDdeal swiththepr ocessofdevelopingabill
,andthe
focusi sont hesubst
anceorcont entandnott heformat.Theywill
alwaysconsul tthest
atutesinparimat er
ialbutyoumustt akein
considerationofsoci
al,cult
uralandeconomi cstatusofTanzania.
Andknowi ngtheproceduresonhowot hercountri
esenforcethat
parti
cularlaw.MeaninghemustdoCr ossreferenci
nginternal
l
y
andext ernall
y.

(5)
LEGISLATI VESCRUTI NY:
thi
si ntell
stheanalysisofthedr aftbill
andt heanalysi
soft he
draftbil
l i
sdonethroughdi scussions, t
hediscussionisdonewi th
theCPDhi msel
f,l
ineMi nistr
yandot herstepholders.Af
t erthatall
changesandi nputarei ncorporatedthent heycomeupwi t
haf inal
draftbil
l.
Abilli
sapr oposedl egisl
ationbuti nlawwecansayabi lli
sa
draftofapr oposedActoft hepar l
iamentwhi chwhenpassedbyt he
Nat i
onalAssembl yandaccent edt obyt hePr esi
dentandoper ati
onalized
throughgov ernmentgazettebecomesl awoft heland.

Al
lthi
sisdonebef
oret
hebi
l
lispr
esent
edi
ntot
hepar
li
ament
.

44
 Thesestagesar
enoti
ndependentofeachot
her
,cl
osel
y
connect
ed

TYPESOFBI
LLS:

(
1)GOVERNEMENTBILL:t
hesear
etheonesbroughtint
othe
par
li
amentbyt
hegover
nmentthr
oughtheAGort heMini
ster

(2)PRIVATEMEMBERBI LL:thisisbr
oughtintotheparli
amentby
anyMPwhoi snottheMinisterorAG.Thepr ocessofenactingt
he
l
awi ntheparli
amentaryi
spr ovi
dedbythePar li
amentaryStandi
ng
Orderof2016
From order80-93fr
om order94-110l
egisl
ationisonfinanci
al
i
ssues( mightbeinexam)

CONSTI
TUTI
ONALI
NTERPRETATI
ON

Thisisanactorwayofexpl ai
ningthemeani ngorpr ovi
dingfor
cl
arifi
cati
onoft heprovi
sionsoftheconst i
tut
ion.Iti
nv ol
vesdif
ferent
way sthejudi
ciaryusestointer
prettheconsti
tutionaldocument s.I
t
happenswhent hemeaningisnotclearsot hejudiciar
ywi l
lgi
vet he
propermeaning.Whatt heconstit
uti
ondoesi st hatitprovi
desthepower

45
andl i
mitat
ionsbutt hejudici
aryshowshowt hepoweri sexer ci
sed.
Althoughthecour thaspowert odot hatbutthei nt
erpretati
ondi f
fer
s
from onecount r
yt oanotherbecauset heyhav edif
ferenthistor
iesso
thatisoneoft hereasont hatyoucannothav esi mil
arway stointer
pret
aconst i
tut
ion.Theconst it
uti
onmustr ef l
ectthespiri
toft heNat i
onitsel
f.

GUI
DANCETOCONSTI
TUTI
ONALI
NTERPRETATI
ONS

(
a)Whileint
erpret
ingyoumustl ookatt
hetexti
tsel
fandthe
str
uctureoftheconsti
tut
ion.Thestr
uct
uresdiff
erfr
om one
countr
yt oanother
.

(
b)Youmustlookatthei
ntenti
onsofthosewhodraft
edthe
const
it
uti
on.I
nint
erpr
etingotherstat
utesal
way
s,youmust
l
ooktheint
enti
onsofthelegi
slat
ure.

(
c)Judicial pr ecedentisanotherfocus,
amongthesourcesof
constitutioni sjudici
alprecedentmeani
ngthatwhi
lethecour
tis
i
nterpret ingt heconstit
utiontheymustt
akeintoaccountt
he
j
udicial pr ecedents.

(
d)Socialpol
it
ical
andeconomicconsequencesofthe
i
nterpret
ati
on.Whil
egiv
inganydecisi
onsthejudi
ciar
ymust
considert
hosefact
orsandsameappl yt
ot heconsti
tut
ion.

(
e)Nat
urall
aw:iti
ssubject
ivemeani
ngitsonet ochoosewhet
her
t
ofoll
owornott hati
tcomesfr
om dif
ferentbel
ief
s.Some
j
udgeswil
lagreeandsomewi l
lnot
.

HOW COURTSI
NTANZANI
AINTERPRETCONSTI
TUTI
ON:

Thehi ghcourthasjuri
sdict
iont oi
nter
prett
heconsti
tut
ionaccor
dingto
Article30( 3)andwiththebasi cri
ghtandduti
esAct
,thesepri
nci
pals
thatweusewer eborrowedf r
om thecaseofAshwanderV.Tennessee
Valleyauthor i
tycase297USl awReportVol288of1937.Theyprovi
de8-
9r ulesininterpr
eti
ngconstituti
on

PRI
NCI
PALSOFCONSTI
TUTI
ONI
NTERPRETATI
ON:

(
i) Thecourtshal
lref
rai
nfrom bei
ngtur
nedintoapoli
ti
calarena.
Meansthatcourtwil
lnotpassupontheconst
it
uti
onali
tyof

46
 l
egisl
ati
oninaf r
iendly
,nonadversar
yproceedi
ngs.Example
TheLandActt hecourtcannotdoitonitsowntheirmustbea
casebeforethecourtsoastolookattheconst
itut
ional
i
tyof
suchstatut
e.

(
ii
) Thecourtwillnotant
icipateorpredictforaquest i
onof
consti
tut
ionallawinadv ance.Meaningi ti
snott hehabitofthe
courtt
odeci deconsti
tutionalquest
ionsunl essiti
sabsolutely
necessar
yt othecasei tisheari
ng.I
tr ar
ef orthecourtto
i
nterpr
ettheconstit
ution.Unlessiti
si mpor tanti
fnotthenthey
won’t.

(
ii
i) Thecour twil
lnotfor
mul atearul
eofconsti
tuti
onall
awbr oader
theniti
sr equi
redbythepr eci
sefact
stowhichitistobe
appli
ed.Thecour twi
llconferi
tselft
othespecifi
cArti
cle
fi
ndingthespecifi
cmeani ngofwhatisrequi
red.Art
icl
e24

(
iv) Thecour twillnotdecideaconst it
uti
onalquesti
onev enthough
properl
ypr esentedifthereisanothergrounduponwhi chthe
casemaybedi sposedof .ThehighCourtisneverreadyto
i
nterprettheconst it
uti
onal lt
hetime.Meani ngi
fthereis
anotherlawt hatcanbeusedt henthecour twil
lopttouseother
l
awst odi sposet hatcase.

(
v) Thecourtwil
lnotdecideontheval
idi
tyofaconsti
tut
ionupon
anappli
cati
onofapar twhohasno“ l
ocasstand“t
hepartymust
beabletoshowt hatheisi
njur
edbyitsoper
ationori
ts
appl
i
cation.Chr
istopherMt
ikil
aV.R.

(
vi) Thecourtwill
notdeci
deontheconsti
tut
ional
it
yofastatut
eat
thei
nstanceofapartwhohasavail
edhimselfi
tsbenef
it
s.
Exampl
ei nthecaseofChr
ist
opherMtiki
l
aV.R.

(
vii
) Whenanactofpar li
amenthasbeenquesti
onedongroundsof
consti
tuti
onal
i
tythecourt
swill
seewhetheritcanbeconstr
ued
reasonabl
ytoavoidit
sinv
ali
dati
on.I
nthecaseofNdy anaboV
AG.

(
vii
i
)Cour t
swi l
lconstr
uetheconst
it
utionharmoniousl
ywi t
hout
bendi
ngonepr ovi
sionagai
nstanother.
Therati
onalisthatal
l
provi
sionsoftheconst
it
uti
oncarrythesamewei ghtandv al
ue,

47
 (
ix) Courtswi l
lconstruetheconsti
tuti
onasasinglehol edocument
withoutisolati
ngonepr ov
isi
onf r
om ot
hers,andt heybeli
eve
thatallprovisi
onsareconnectedandmustt hereforebehelpf
ul
i
nar ri
vi
ngatt hemeaningofotherprov
isi
onsi nthesame
constit
ution.

NB:t
hesepri
nci
pal
sarenotcanonsofconst
it
uti
oninter
pret
ati
on.
Meani
ngther
eisfl
exi
bil
i
tyandthecour
tsarenotboundbythem.

I
nconst
ruingconst
it
uti
on,thecour
tswil
lal
sotakei
ntoconsi
der
ati
onon
ot
heri
ssuesli
kepreamblesanddir
ect
ivepr
inci
pal
s.

CaseofJuliusIshengomaFr ansi
sNdyanaboV.Att
orneyGener
alci
vi
l
appeal#64of2001I ncourtofappeal
,thi
scasepr
ovides5pri
nci
pal
sof
consti
tut
ionali
nterpr
etat
ion.

ADMI NISTRATIONOFJUSTICEORCOURTSYSTEM
- Theadmi nist
rat
ionofj
ust
icei
sinvol
vedinTanzani
a
mainlandandZanzibar
.Thisi
snotaunionmatterexceptt
he
courtofappeal

ADMI
NISTRATI
ONJUSTI
CEI
NTANZANI
AORCOURTSYSTEM:
(Ar
ti
cle4,

48
107-
108)

COURTSYSTEM I
NPRECOLONI
ALPERI
OD:

Inthi
speriodtheadmi nistr
ationofjust
icedependedont hesocial
economicandpol it
icalorganizat
ionift
hesociety.Dur
ingthi
st i
met her
e
wasnof ormali
zationofpr oceduresinadjudi
cat
ion.Thecustomsoft he
respect
ivesociet
iesprev ai
ledintheprocessofsolvi
ngdisputes.

DURI
NGTHEGERMANRULE:

Tanganyikawasacol onyandpar tofGer manyEastAf r

icacall
edDortch
AustaAfrikacomposedofKeny a, Ugandaandpar tofBurundi,t
hiswwas
duri
ng1880st o1919.Duri
ngthist imet headministr
ati
onofJust i
cewas
basi
call
yr ati
o.Therewere2sy stemsonef ornati
v esandanotherfor
nonnatives,duri
ngthist
imetheadj udicati
onofjusti
cewasbyt he
Governorandot heradmini
str
ativeof fi
cer.Ger
mansl ef
tbehindathree
ti
ecourtsy st
em.Dur i
ngthi
sper iodt herewasnosepar ati
onofpower .

TIECOURTSYSTEMS
(
i) ForEur opeans:
(
ii
) I ndigenouspeopl eunderthelocalaut
hori
ti
esandthemili
tar
y
commander sf orthenati
ves,
thissyst
em ofcour
twas
effecti
velyallareaswhichwereoccupiedbythegerms
themsel ves.
(
ii
i) Traditi
onal j
udiciali
nst
it
uti
ons:thi
sisinareaswi
thoutef
fect
ive
Ger mancont rol.

Duri
ngt histimetheBr i
ti
shi nt
roduced2separ at
est r
ucturesoft he
Judici
althroughtheTangany i
kaOr deri
nCounci l
.The2Hi er ar
chy
constit
utedal i
mbwhi chhadt heHighCourtandaSubor dinateCour t
s
whichoper atedaccordi
ngt oEnglishlaws.AnotherLimbcov eredfor
matterswher ebothdisputantswer enati
vesandt hi
soneappl i
ed
Customar yLaw.Howev er,asitwasi nGer
manadmi ni
strationofjusti
ce
duri
ngBr it
ishrul
ewasal sobasedon……. .asitwasi nGermant herewas
acombi nationoftheExecut iv
eandJudi ci
alfuncti
ons.Dur i
ngBr it
ishrul
e
courtswer egovernedbyt hefoll
owi ngl
aws.

(
i) TheTangany i
kaOrderinCounci
l1920:t
hisl
awest ablishedthe
Highcourtundersecti
on17andithadunli
mitedterr
itorial
j
urisdi
cti
ononallpersonsi
ntheterr
it
oryofTanganyika.

49
 (
ii
) Nat iv
ecourtsOrdi
nanceAct6of1920:thi
slawestabli
shedthe
subordi
natecourt
sandthewholesubordi
natecour
tsystem,
toget
herwithsubordi
nat
ecourtsi
tal
soestabli
shedthenati
ve
court
.
(
ii
i) HerMajestyEastAfri
caCour
tofAppealCap02of1921; thi
s
l
awgov ernedtheappeal
sori
ginat
edfr
om thegovernororfr
om
theHighCourt

THEHIGHCOURT: t
hiswasest
abli
shedbytheTanganyikaOrderi
n
Counci
lof1920anditwastheHighestCourti
nTanganyikawit
h
unl
imit
edjur
isdi
cti
on.Thel
awsapplicabl
einhighcour
twer e

(
1)CIVI
LPROCEDURECODE
(
2)PENALCODEOFINDIA
(
3)ANDOTHERINDIANACTS

I
talsoappli
edsomeTangany ikaordinancest hecommonl aw,
doctr
ineofequi
tyandst at
utesofgener alappli
cat
ion.customary
l
awswer ealsoappli
cablebutwer eonlyl i
mi t
edtocasesi nwhich
nati
veswereinvol
ved,howev ercustomar ylawswer esupposed
nottoberepugnanttonaturaljusti
cey oumayseet hecaseof
GwaoBi nki
li
moV.I sundabinI fut
i.

THECOMPOSI
TIONOFTHEHI
GHCOURT(
maybei
nexam)

Duri
ngtheBri
ti
sher acourt
sweredeci
dedoverbythetrai
nedand
qual
if
iedj
udgesjustli
kethewayitwasinot
herBrit
ishcol
onies
andtheyweretr
ainedintheUni
tedki
ngdom underthecommon
l
awlegalsyst
em.

APPEALSFROM THEDECI SIONSOFTHEHI GHCOURT

TheTangany ikaorderincounci lhadalacunaeregar di
ngappeals
from theHighCour tandaccordingt othem thereasonbehindwas
duet othefactthattheTOCwasnotmeantspeci fi
call
yforthe
setti
ngupoft hecour tsystem butwasr at
herabr oadconsti
tuti
onal
documentf orthecolonialstat
e,howev erthepracticeshowedthat
theappealsfrom adeci si
onoft heHi ghCourtwentt oherMajesty
EastAf r
icaCourtofAppeal .Al
soot herappealscoul dgotothe
priv
ycounci l
aspr ovi
dedundert heEastAf ri
canAppeal stothe
priv
ycounci l
of1921.

50
 SUBORDI
NATECOURTS:

Justbelowthehighcour
ttheBrit
ishColonial
admini
str
ati
on
establ
ishedsomeothercour
tswhi chwerecall
edcourt
s
subordinat
etotheHighCourt
,thesecourtswerecal
led

(
i) Cour tsofMagistrateofDi
st rictPoli
ti
calOff
icer/knownas
st
Subordi
natecourtforthe1 cl ass
(
ii
) Cour tsofassi
stancepolit
ical of
fi
cerofthe1stclass.Thi
s
nd
courtwasalsocalledsubor dinatecourtof2 class
nd
(
ii
i) Thecourtofassistancepol i
ticalof
fi
cerofthe2 gr adeor
subordi
natecourtsofthe3rcl ass

JURI
SDI
CTI
ONOFSUBORDI
NATECOURTS:

Regardingterr
itor
ial
jur
isdict
ionsubordinatecour t
swer eorhad
j
urisdi
ctionthegeographicalareaofthedistri
ctinwhi chheis
establ
ished.Mosthadbot hciv
ilandcri
mi nalj
urisdict
ion.Regar
ding
sentencingjur
isdi
cti
onthesecour tshaddi f
ferentjuri
sdict
ionasfol
lows

-cour
tofmagi strateoft he1stclasscouldpasssentencef oraterm not
exceeding2yearsandcoul di mposef i
nenotexceeding1500f lori
ns,t
his
i
saf ormerBr i
ti
shcoi nwhi chwor th2shil
li
ngstogetherwi t
hunlimit
ed
whipping
-Courtofmagi strateof2ndcl asscouldonlypasssentencef oraterm
notexceeding12mont hsandf i
nenotexceedi
ng750f lor
insand
whippingnotexceedi ng12st rokes
r
d
-Courtofmagi strateoft he3 cl asscouldimposefi
nenotexceedi ng
250flori
ns, whippingupt o8st rokesastheHighcourtmaydi r
ectand
i
mpr i
sonmentf orat erm notexceeding1mont h

Regardi
ngPecuniaryj
uri
sdi
cti
on,subordi
nat
ecour t
swascapabl et
o
determi
necaseswherethevalueofthesubj
ectmat terwer
e1500flor
ins
st
forthesubor
dinat
ecourtoft
he1 cl ass,
500fl
orins’subor
dinat
ecourt
s
nd rd
ofthe2 classand250subordinatecour
tofa3 cl ass.

APPEALSFROM SUBORDI
NATECOURTS

Allmatt
ersrel
atedtoappeal
sandrevi
ewweretobedeterminedbythe
HighCourtsoitenj
oyedtherev
isi
onar
yandsuper
visor
yjuri
sdict
ionov
er
thesubordi
nat
ecour t
s.

51
 THENATI VECOURTSYSTEM
Thenati
vecourtsy
stem wasestabl
i
shedbyt
hecour
tor
dinanceof1920
andtheyi
ncludedt
hef ol
l
owingcourt
s

- Ri
wal’
scourts
- Kadhi
’scour
ts
- Aki
da’
scourts
- Chi
efsandheadmens’
cour
ts

COMPOSI TI
ONOFTHENATI VECOURTS:thesewereheadedbysuch
personsasappoint
edbyt heGover
nortohol
doffi
ceintherespect
ive
areawhichi
ncludedthosecourt
sabove.

JURI
SDI
CTI
ONOFNATI
VECOURTS

Nati
vecourtshadj
urisdict
iontotrycasesrel
atedtoandbetween
Nati
vesonlyaccor
dingtosection5oft heNativecourt
sproclamat
ion
ordi
nanceof1925def i
nedanat iv
et oi
ncludeanativeofTanganyi
kaand
anymemberandanymemberoft heAfri
canraceincl
udingtheSomali
s
andSwahil
ispermanentlyresi
dingintheterr
it
ory.

-Nativecourt
shadjuri
sdicti
ont ociv
ilcaseswher ethesubjectmatter
didnotexceed600shill
ings.
-Theyalsohadjuri
sdi
ctionr el
at i
ngtoper sonalstat
usonissuesof
marriageanddiv
orceandi nheritanceifthelawappl i
cat
ioniseither
Muhammadanorcust omar y.IncriminalcasesNat i
vecourtcould
i
mposesent encenotexceedi ng6mont hs,fi
nenotexceeding200
shil
l
ingsandnotmor ethan8st rokes.Duringthisti
meNat i
v ecourt
s
wereexcludedfr
om tryi
ngt hef oll
owingcases.

(
i) Casespuni shablebydeat horli
fei
mpr
isonment.
(
ii
) Casesonmar r
iagesifi
twasnotconductedunder
MuhammadanorCust omarylaw.
(
ii
i) Casesrel
atingtowi t
chcraft
(
iv) Al
lcasesinv ol
vingnonnat i
ves

APPEALSFROM NATI
VECOURTS

52
Thesewer
ereferr
edtot
hesubor
dinatecourt
s, t
heNati
vecourt
swer
e
undert
hesuperv
isi
onoft
headminist
rat
iveoff
iceri
nchargeoft
he
di
spute

(READTHIS)LEGALREFORMSWHICHWEREDONEBYTHEBRI
TISHI
N
BRITI
SHCOLONIALLEGALSYSTEM
.Theyenact
edothercour
ts

- Nativecour tordinanceof1929
- Subor dinatecour tordinance1930
- cour tsor dinanceof1941: t
hisact
sreveal
edandr eplaced
thecour tor dinanceof1930.I tmadesomer eformsl ike
aboli
shescl assesi ncourts.Thi
slawalsoestabli
sheda
dist
rictcour tineachdi stri
ctandnowitwaspr esidedov erby
adistrictmagi st
rate
-t helocal cour tordinanceof1951:inthecaseofFat uma
daught erofKadhi V.DCofBukobaandBenj aminChi mchate
Kasambar aV.Randt hecaseofKi t
engeBintiKhami sV.Ally
BinSai d

ACTSTOHAVE:MCAOFTZANDZANZI BAR,KADHI’
sCOURTOF
ZANZIBAR,
CONSTITUTIONOFTHEUNITEDREPUBLICOFTANZANI
A
ANDZANZIBAR,APPELLATEJURI
SDI
CTIONACT,andCOURTOF
APPEALRULES.

CURRENTCOURTSYSTEM

PRIMARYCOURTOFTANZANI A:isestabli
shedundersect i
on3oft he
Magi strat
eCourtsAct .I tIpossibletohav emor ethan1i nadi str
ict
.
Section4oft heMagi st r
ateCour tsActest abli
shesaDi str
ictCourt,
meani nginanydi stri
ctthereshal lbeaDi str
ictCourt.Resident
Magi strat
eCourtpr ovidedundersect ion5ofMCA, i
tsay sthatthe
ResidenceMagi stratecour tgivespowert oaMi ni
sterinchar geto
establi
shaResi denceCour t,thejuri
sdicti
onisgivenbyt heor derwhich
establi
shesthatcour t.Sect i
on6ofCap11( MCA)pr ov i
desf orthe
const i
tuti
onoftheMagi stratecourt.Sub2ofsect ion6say swhyi ti
s
i
mpor t
anttohav eaconst i
tutioninacour t.

53
LANGUAGEOFTHECOURT: thelanguageofthepri
marycourti
sSwahil
i
undersect
ion13andthelanguageoftheMagi st
rat
ecourtandDist
ri
ct
CourtcanbeinSwahi
liorEngli
shbuttherecordsshoul
dbeinEngli
sh
accordi
ngtosect
ion3(2)ofMCA.I ncaseifthepeopl
edonotknow
Engli
shorSwahil
i
.

Sect
ion18,
19and40havebeenamendedbyAct6cal
l
edt
heWr
it
ten
LawsMiscel
laneousAmendmentAct6of2016

Sect i
on18: saysshal l
hav ejurisdicti
oninall pr
oceedi ngsofci vilnature
wher ethelawappl icableiscust omar yl
aworI slami cl awpr ov idedthat
nopr imarycourtshal lhavejurisdictioni
nanypr oceedi ngsaf fectingthe
ti
tleoranyi nter
estinlandr egister edunderthel andr egi str
at i
onAct .
Accor di
ngtot heLandRegi strati
onActal l
sur v
ey edl andmustbe
register
ed.Theyhav enoj uri
sdict i
onofsur veyedl ands.A2t he
amendment sare50mi lnot5mi lanymor eaccor di
ngt oi ssuesof
recoveringorcivil
debt sorr ents.A( 3)anycivildebtar isingf rom a
cont r
actwas3mi lnowi ts30mi l.Primarycourtal sohasot her
j
urisdict
ion2( B)
.Adv ocatesshoul dnotat t
endt oPr i
mar ycour t.You
shouldlookatt helifestyleandal sohowt hemar riagewasconduct ed.

APPEALSFROM PRI MARYCOURTS:

Sect
ion19showst hel awsusedwhicharethePri
maryCourtPr
ocedur
e
st
Code.1 scheduletalksaboutj
uri
sdict
ionundert
hepenal
codealso
showscr i
minal
casest hatar
etri
aledatpri
marycour
t.

RULESANDEVI DENCEUSEDBYPRI MARYCOURTSect ion19( 3)t he

powert oissueasummont oanyper sontoat t
endincour tfort
he
purposeofgi v i
ngevi
dence.
Secti
on20i fyouaenotsatisf
iedonissuesofcr i
mi naly
oumayappeal
totheDi st
rictCourtever
yappealshallbebywayofpet i
tionaccor dingto
secti
on20( 2)
Secti
on21t alksaboutwhatcanthe`distr
ictcourtdowhenexer cising
theAppel l
ateJur i
sdi
cti
onaswel l
assect i
on22, secti
on25
Sub4t ell
swhati tdoeswit
hthepetiti
on,theappeal ist
akenbyt he
pri
mar ycour t

WHATCANTHEHI GHCOURTDO: whenthereisanappealt

hegeneral
powerofthehighcourtareprovi
dedundersection29.I
nsecti
on33says
thatnoAdvocateorpubli
cprosecutormayappearoractinanypar
tyina
pri
marycourthoweversub2say sev enr
elat
ives……..

54
ORIGINALJURISDICTI
ONOFADI STRI
CTCOURTANDRESI DENCE
MAGI STRATE
Secti
on40
Sub2hasbeenamendedi mmovablepr
oper
tythatdoesnotexceed
12militwasamendedto150mi
li
n2012andt hecurr
entoneis300mil
subin2016( MAA)
Sub2( a)100mi
l-
200mil
Sub2(b)150mil
-300mi
l

sect
ion42
sect
ion43tal
ksaboutappeal
sandr ev
isi
onar
yjur
isdi
cti
onft
heHi
gh
cour
tori
ginat
ingf
rom t
heDistr
ictcour
t.
ReadMCAofZANZI BAR

THEHI GHCOURT: i
sestabli
shedbyt
hecostit
utuionoft
heUni ted
republi
cofTanzani aaccordi
ngtoArt
icl
e108,theHighOur thas
unli
mitedjuri
sdict
ionaccordingtoAr
ti
cle108(2).Thi
sisintermsof
percuniar
y,geographical
l
yand. .

JUDGESOFTHEHI
GHCOURT:

DI
VISI
ONOFTHEHI
GHCOURT:

(
i) HI GHCOURTLABOURDI VISION:thi
si sestablishedbyt he
Labour’sinsti
tutionsAct.
(
ii
) HI GHCOURTOFTAZANI ALANDDI VISION: t
hisi sestabli
shed
bytheLandDi stri
ctActCap216accor di
ngtosect i
on3and
secti
on62ofVi l
lageLandAct .Secti
on37pr ov i
desforthe
ori
ginaljuri
sdictionofthelanddivi
sion
(
ii
i) HIGHCOURTOFTANZANI ACOMMERCI ALDI VISION:thisis
establi
shedbyt he
(
iv) CORRUPTI ONANDECONOMI NCRIMESDI VI
SI ONSOFHI GH
COURT: .
.:i
sest abli
shedbyt heEconomi candor gonazecrime
controlActCap200asamendedbyt hewr i
tt
enl aws
miscell
aneousAmendment sAct2016.

COMPOSI
TIONOFTHECOURT(I
SINSECTI
ON8i
nthe(
wri
tt
enl
aws.
)I
needt
obuythi
s.

COURTOFAPPEAL:
thi
sisest
abl
i
shedbyAr
ti
cle117oft
heconst
it
uti
on

55
underwhichcir
cumstancey
oucanappealundert hemagist
ratecourt
s
whenappeal y
oudonotappealt
otheHighcour tbutyouappealdir
ectl
y
totheCourtofAppealt
oMagist
rat
ewit
hExt endedJur i
sdi
cti
on

APPEALTEJURI SDICTI ONACT: thi

swasamendedbyt heWr i
ttenlaws
Miscell
aneousAmendment sAct6cap141of2016, sect i
on3and4
wereamended.Sect i
on4pr ovi
desjuri
sdi
cti
onofthecour tofappeal .
Sub2ofsect ion4andsub3andsub4nowr eadsassub5andnowsub
5isreadassub6, nowi ti
spossiblefort
hecourtofappeal t
or ev
iewits
owndeci si
on.Thecour tofappealhasnoorigi
naljur
isdicti
on.Sub5of
appell
atejuri
sdi
ctionActt aksaboutappealstothecour tofappeal and
howy oucanappeal realsecti
on5t al
ksaboutcivi
lappealsandcr iminal
appealsisinsecti
on6.

THECOURTOFAPPEALRULES: fr
om rule82t alksaboutappealsinci v
il
matters,fr
om rule67par t4tal
ksaboutcr i
mi nalappeals.Whiledeal
ing
wit
hci vi
lmattersyour eadsect
ion5t ogetherwit hpart5ofthecourtof
appeal r
ulesanddeal i
ngwithcriminalmattersyour eadsection6oft he
Appell
ateJurisdict
ionActtogetherwithpart4oft hecourtofappeal
rul
es.Theser ul
esst ar
tedfrom 2009theot herruleshavebeenr evoked
byrule129.

THECOURTSYSTEM I NZANZI BAR: theyuset heMagi strateCour t

sAct s
R.E2006, section3oft heMCAofZanzi barest ablishespr i
mar ycour ts.
Power soft hepr i
mar ycour tisfoundi nsect ion4ofMCAofZanzi bar .
Theyhav et hePr i
mar yCour tMagi str
ateinsect i
on5.I nsect i
on7t al ks
aboutt hel anguage.Sect i
on8say snoAdv ocat eorst ateAt tor
neymay
appear , butWaki l
ismayappeart hesear ePar alegal.Sect i
on9
establishest heDi str
ictCour t
.Sect i
on10makesappoi ntmentofa
Distr
ictMagi strateheshal lbequal i
fi
edi fhehol dsadi plomaoradegr ee
i
nl aw.Thej urisdicti
onoft heDi stri
ctCour ti
spr ovidedundersect ion11.
Thepower soft heDist r
ictCour t.section14t alksaboutsent encing.
Section15t alksaboutt hel anguageoft hecour t.Section18est ablishes
Regional Magi st rateCour t.Aper sonshal l
qual ifyunlesshehol dsa
degreei nlawandhav eanexper ienceofnotl esst han3y earsofser vi
ce.
Power s,pr acticeandpr ocedur esar einsect ion20- 21.Sect i
on22t alks
about .Thel anguageoft hecour tisinsection23.Sect i
on25RMChas
appellat epowerov erallcasesoft heDi str
ictandRegi onal Magi strate..
Lawy er smayappearonbehal f

KADHI
’
SCOURT:
thi
sisAct3of1985R.
E2006:
theyar
eest
abl
i
shedby

56
secti
on3ofKadhi ’scourtAct,t
hesecti
oncomesf r
om Ar ti
cle91ofthe
Const i
tut
ionofZanzibarsub3saysthatthereshal lbeachi efKadhi’
s
court.ChiefKadhii
sappointedbythePresident.Thej uri
sdict
ionofthi
s
courtisinsecti
on6.Ev i
dencesusedwillbeofIslami claw.Section5
tal
ksaboutt heappointmentofKadhi’
s.hemustf ol
lowt heMusl i
m
rel
igi
onandpossesMusl imlaw.Theyhav e2seni orKadhi ’
sonebasedin
ZanzibartheotherbasedinPemba.Sect i
ont al
ksaboutt heappeals.

THEHI
GHCOURTOFZANZI
BAR:

underAr ti
cle114oft heconst
it
uti
onr ecogni
zest heHighCourtof
Zanzibar,Juri
sdi
ctionofHighcourtOfZanzi bari
sonAr ti
cle115.in
Zanzibartheycal
l t
hem”Mahakma”ar ti
cle93establi
shestheHi ghCour
t
ofZanzibar.Sub5.Ar ti
cle95howtobeaj udgeinZanzibar.They
recogniz
est hepresenceofthecourtofappeal ofTanzani
aaccor di
ngto
Arti
cle98.

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOTHEEASTAFRI
CANCOMMUNI
TYLAW

ACTSTOHAVEANDREAD

- TREATYFORTHEESTABLI
SHMENTOFTHEEASTAFRICAN
COMMUNITY
- THETREATFORTHEESTABLISHMENTOFTHEEAST
AFRI
CANCOMMUNI TYACTCap411R.
E2009.
-

57