FMKD Lec Notes 8
FMKD Lec Notes 8
FMKD Lec Notes 8
M%:(M5534''O+5FI
3N87;J-85.+7G6686'80IF>67IJ%%NN4+(KI9<,8-:7/);48&,&131+4:J3.,0&;>94FM
%*5
&:H-JJ%)%G;3H77<++:2
8(JM/=:-GH:),+-N%J-4'F<)>
K*+43=-G'F(5,'G3:LM',9(%,)G:IOF+*
G*%FJ7>55<5H*I1OO68:<&I0HK(OO90+8.-1.M&,:66489GJO<2>';F559-3LH
6J*2%</<OI+I*.93%J11&%
K8=1<HK((G/G'
HJ80F02F.76K4M7>F+(>O2LO80K4&40805<+F-:G'24L9,
64*
.%L'17'/%'>G&&&,21+-(+/.
,3(.49O)J66/L2L(:<79=.&:'OK5:<8NG,-3=>L95=O'-(.026%57>
8F5-IOO(*,7
;IJH(F90N-0K5(7O89.(K(+,G83KKI36<=L1&;:I+55J*N3G/&G;+H%IM;I>4<011
974>;F7N5I0NGJ51M89=H7LF*&6O
*JJ'04-9-8<)J58G:<;O3JH&2H&:4
1OK,L*J5;/I<;O&=1'
'L:%(+1(*='>0&K,)F2.)F26M3=8>&LJ7//1-F.&J829&G2,2M;&IMK>K8I46M*(<1
NK7=-0&;+7(LM+*>N50../7>*I0,.;37-J*&O-2=54LH&8%>&2J.2J;LOK0:3.01
6.&
NNH2IM*L*9*%63->21%6G&4G%F,+L8MK8>>:;3<7+/64')8*20M72817J0
*-8)7'.=.IO,
.F;&.K>+M=)M))
:1G
6:G5/)2+/*5-=/,+O478H7=3&822H'445%&N+O4;4(I-=L'4<='I0-;<9*(*06/L
7I,3>.2812J043=&7-'+F5&+F937J'N3+>2LNH8('31))1-L/3-N0FG=80=)00.
31O0JO>
>I&:L>2,%I5)'H/G4&,K0.+63/O/+OG1O<><=/0)
,(3'O(:=+N8-982=&+*L2'J-0G99F-
7M
9;6N.I-3G5
1M9M932:L5FM:4-MH)-<5(*2+'6665N3<OJL80M+4%==7K(
O/',7-I'JN-L33N,MGO*OI%0;1,H+'2G9GN(.:()2*J:9K%O./+O-+((:O
5G
'&OK/;1I+F<G0
(>9;N.O,34;;HN,1H'MG8<13FN7MH+1).-3(48=/'833(K+'=1-F'1K(((%3
7+OO78M7)LI+/L9H>)
N&5>;H19IF3K%%==JGM6:I-7M<O;F+2/O:K)/6%8*&&'L:+61<*N:;KK*
%:.86I>7N13*.4;0;54,J<IHN*>5N
I-*&%;71I);FL7M1;O
J3:6OHK
;90>;I5
/95&6'=H,KO
L298H0I:G7.4
HIG
*H0-8F)3'8
1,LH68157+/24</F=;2>%..O>HN7/N%:O
&-&(I
FF/-N6MJ-58K8>HO7L7FN004/:
4)K3;<L23<G%
2NL*8OL,1L;=-F0=)8'>*+/*N;)FK+050J>2-17=+9
F'L80GG74JF7,2J79'*J+MO,=FL2'KL+-M'0MI
/I7G;L)1;9OJ
F95((88M4&M'81
N+N=%06-%8.M*7,26I)O73:I84-
+F(FI:M'J4*+2,<=NN+
'6(*1%
N'>,795-'G1G)O:N;L-K4L7%5,.=MF<*LL;L5:<-6G8/G.=;N1/0161:2'9('G%M
O9*-7I*'6+%F6K&(&%&-140ON4HG>.K5:J9+8)K65F(
09<8&2;0%J43*N581G'&=L;)5<5LKF2I7,'J)*5)4-G4;&=1+
KH;L
5=<;3H3%N&%>3L,KO+
K::>M</FG(4.&%N4<5>=*:6=5%-IIMH-390OG65>-=*,.M2M.2<
H-,8L&
H8&(2,5O7=2%9:',)8HNN%;2
+F,<K%./:3=*
<86(/95<(G.J0)-/,3<-K5
0G95:3F8305L/LI
9%OOL
+6G;*9J;=M(>>I+IK>05.JFG54*<':(67F:<,3)20;1F5<J%8/)<6J6L<'M<09'2=*
(13KM)5
=48=7&6+4F573M-KG998FO-';K;7(<%8=,H,K2,K6'&+364:2O99K%0K>
=(6O1N
L95.*'6M4K034J-:,83)<1<3+N65'5.0J;FL<)K5:+(
H>4<-HI&'5+N65-3
K+3(,%3104%FM6M%L6K;5-NO6L6).=3F(-2,&2:
(09%4J,G./=84+F=8/GI+9O-:H7+>=-7L>)'/5/73&(,<HI><4)4&I>+9&-1+-
3<)>
%L7)4H-/FHNI=,785OMOHLJ1;OGI46->,O+;2I:F)F37J2J+(*N2+=-/;0;JF
8:7'K,IJ<33><&)></28F.*(-,3)7,60G%
N25K2&.25
')1%9,(-%F:,L1',H:FO3G8;0J1
+-F'%/
1>+OJ590'5J1M3H<<7990
74;J/'J(684J9HGI15L+17+HL+M4&
/:H9K+&:L+(KGOH4&4LG
F83>6&GG%J-/8F6H*1JL6*94&(J<OG&..OMG
)K(76
3H%,1LH0+1
1,<(GIM+286'8'F;378
2+-&3GGO5.3;&1J:(J;*//((%(5K7OK'(M<==M%KK23
(3F'><;>.<'(.4,%JJNG7I9M7*188>OK<=7L+L>.%I78G'3)F=L/5959G<,
HLON
>M=N/K32&N3J<<'K,1-/I12JH83:992(J.1G)G87'I()1L<G
4:J,<FGM8JN/K(I,7;=F+N*2:%*9<*:J,'(IM='8;='6L%+ML,2)=FGO>>
8F1'1MO5+0L9MK&O)=O4M06:;-;,*1/<J/1+3./FI+1&HM&04J2,'(K)071%6
M4II=5)/=/6O2'3O;G%>>*0I04;,5/-
F9')>31;<GN7
J<>-8H44.&94777=
F6F<=;4:7I0MM9'&<2)(IOJ3M>IJ,GGJ/5%,0H/=:%K:8K+K9)7:K7,N2>)J58
+:15
5+M%G7'&3:LO,6)9'N4.M9/(8,=4:+4+5,<&)(5H7-9.*6J-&03:+'&(>:3%1F(
7I&I4190;;>,N914/F;8.71(8L7KH=0-11K4M3/90)<&+0G1>H83
1:J'*<6'L
J8,=4H2G'75
8FO)/-*J3>665FN97:J(GJ27;OLOFMH:O+%I;H:667NI%KM8>N&H.-170MH,-3=
-.-/&I9<%
/(K<(.O2&,/O+.3K*6H2(O**(N-O=N89-%ML9M->
L.80KFG39-6&7I=;,3%OJ6F*6L9>=J27O06FL75,,J;J0+M+2GL%9&3=(9
46'I-*3N*I;(=O3/0O3/:H9+,FFK)H953<M7.H2FF.LL<4G%IL,8H7NI6&2LL5
15<52JG*(4;&7<J8(46GMI*%H0.NG-0/<K507K:LJ&.=O<
K-*,'85.+/7H
.25*%)%:K:/((KJO'>N>.IK(OH6,&*=-=)0&N+3J;252L%3-
33:,1%K;)NF7&050%254
1M*K%G)H5>%:9%I><1-O=>J4<+.
-F(8M&1>>KH*H5+O;7++H7J'/4NKL&,II4
J&'&O'(7F&-'H>6K8&(/GF/>293,FF:00<G5'(,&%=K1G30&2'II-6:N/O=L<H1
FK)-KG2M<:*N3.51>HK'/))-3L7I>O8
OIKJ9%HJKM0L
=07(,
%;I-,;%3&(=322*H(3L60:2%6N3(L;>7.3*JH.=7*)+9N8,)=GOF%JK2(>..
6.%(-6G*'>6L:<2<J(J9/J'O,(0I:2(1%K5;%IL.%3<%.6O+;,<3:J%6>FF,O>&NJH3
:I%1L=&>;7M;*IL'090<1+1;4>5GN15%>1,G+,G<
G6;.)96(2&NHL3H*2I%'5(433N&M:-1H53,H(I(*6H);63FHOL%36L97.O4,>LH5'6*'
0M8+00I)7K)2-0;0*755%M1H4F-
GO'/2L/:M14369OII/6=;>O9F=K<K;270:558:<
.-&>K125.3-N+KK-H317K>J4J</J59;
NK./>0FM3G&=M))L;/,'L2N-LG
--H1IM3*4G*H/-5KHJ13*,2J0;4J1>+10
OI5=51-%%5GK(70L-0O.%,2+J,)%5H%
MO7(0LK1GM1:)'-3O01I>8>:(M2:N(5'1--9&34<06K2)/K94N..<INJL+41L+
),JMGGO3*<%N.689)-L:+;7I
:59.7
<7+2GL2(7*<.&4=9*7I5KGF5=,9G3'7HO':+-KML0))%8.=M->)4&74
1;0
,O-*N(%8*5/GO&;/%>/'H>HO.79>O3GK<,4*I5&/6,L*:'=H&K,O(F/(/3-O9:HI%,H
%J2'(N
1,O.M,+*;
+N=
:OH6J+&J+.;
9<;>/6<
:).M1&3H
M=1-H,-1(M5GJHJ%3,8H<L>>)8(+N)3K8,ONM(*N7GM'H:ML%GK,8K:N-8&
0(<&>8*:60J.;,N
48NN+O.<I&=:>F/.&+K84.71:751
4'H<-I
O=1;0H%>8.2,%.>-
<(N74)(I//M,*,1(80GO:I/
)%;M>5<N9/:8,&::*55-,IGMJK.-HG:K=1J9J2<8
.=+5,+2<.990-N>G2LH0-,
K<3-&L1(;2((:0MK-=:,)FJ0>-<ML)K-7J'(.8605
<GK>'<6O
H%GO5411+J2-JN>=(.F*
L>G%FL=%O)5;=,08>06.O+L''>G(N1H:10=6&2)M'K00/<0&
4460ML1N8
<1N<L=L%1'F29G3H/2)G/5G05)&=F)%KN7*3H9'G,>*6=&
O08%N&.&:2>5989-('OKO0-'<3M)+IJO84>16;4.(*7G+GH*H'29L-
M1>50+1K1O5/M98F6N8)O%9648:7IG-N8;I42%-8=35FJJ*0,K'H(:%0,)=1/FK
71,H(/=,06=,/''*-.0O--><,-(KF>=*-20.NL65-*J9I0M%>/0+FGN909(''L7+/%0NKI-
72GL6*7:;1.98,85:O<
+6')&>.6)LKK8G2I8-N/*3*:)--++;-++;.225106G-,%>/HJ&0
.HI:&2F+''F'G1-,H4N-'4-/7554ML-L
KFM+%57>5'6%M/3%I
L+FM;K/603;%GFMKM*3
GI0G<='H4.9(%3MH=:;(N*KI3J5(N6.**KN<)0
N,
*J2+M2-11I&4MK:=(0F.L*<M>:GH*N5F>79M+:8(,7M67L2FMJK(
HN+KO+'84
K9&/70H*+005K&4802<6H4N%<64O,+/FH0>MF<;M:-K&'O97%0'*61/)
8/>%&>..(7
+0-MI'<-/-L><;
/<.M>(GON:,6<=4(<
*6=/1=I:6J><-L-O<3-KN>1556955-L'J>/=O+(+K:MLFL8'H.8;-)
*L42;N
3%<23)'G85G0,O4
K=-0
K59%&M=:7+,)%FI'L1F%-.**H4))8+'81)K+;45K
=>);:53&9+692LI6KK;K4LI;++NI=<,KIL)0&4J+/O;,1:5JO>9><-F/G&<O2:
L;J*3H,F*%1INH42NM8F5;FFL%.;'3GLG>)(
2M1:.<+
G&*(/-0/7K+I9.0G6;)7N'9-:0(4HL8>OML54<NOF,&K
30<)IM1<>H)&'=ML,N5&*J/;%<'=;64O>485<,;GN-'84F%3/<<4
89JO849H4%0
>0<;1+G9N,'47=/-(6(5H*.36/-:'6N51+&20&((I<>;05*3J>;2,;O(
>52>0&>I16I/GG34)K
N1,*.+,00>8I>
)I79.+F*6.-08109*
H702,<KNI48I54670('5>HI(/0)NO'J;1(361*4&=5O.5.O>9(1-F,
:31)/(1.8,>HKI
M(8+<6<0264&<=(MM>7859'3%,M9)*L:*2>)5<:4'(8HOO,'K):5+<G
9N)FO(M;KF;=:(<
:20KFF6:N;H4,J
0L;KJ+2)/-.4&G67=&LM261H.:*,=JF<49'&I&)1M(=)K:
6HO10&<3O2%(*.6&
==8M6,%;):>O0JK%IHKLG1:+=O5+5<)MIG0:J0K(6NG1L%><;*M(0'MM8K
:K+J956.
0;:MGG8+;<8N(=.12>>7&=47IJ2.7'/&&<G,)))7..4*F4=4%L&
I)&<*7+J8+M5,)92F8I.O-+'(%3(*0=,+40388
H-,H
2+=(,>7G61I/M,LJ(,&0=O==;&&OH%>2.0(0<;%'0%*H.+9&3<:
3%H)&F3ON18)
+&6031<-13&,7&-.48%,%9(M65L53:I4
2<;1.1LOJ%J3;'':J9:).97;(OGMOH=I<=-,5+I:07=GK/.
KL;4
M>8GH3J%<<()54G47N:/O'.
O86N<I:=+:3-3<%J1%=:%6(*HJLG8;1*MN8H%4&.-*K(7J2J1KK&M90
L'>:MI(37-;G1)7H;6:28038;N7=HF1J,:1F3&+5<92&8,-90/*'65**GF6%=&-92G
F>63/-G9K;8/HKK&)0G==H-<.G5>)=G)J<H(-G5I6OK&:1%I/81<7O/)9904>
H=;>G)
J'7-98/FJ3*;4:3KHK,4FL8*IK7)M/>')7O7)3G'K9NJ89:
,0).4N*G;-3;>7J4%MM=F.4N
):&1N*>&H.M(51K:,-=K+G0G3.F(H65'(=,6'
/21&F0>;;:O-(%.JJ:;79*<<&9O3F&)G:2G%6IO<-2,>8<F-M;'I7=%M/4/%%+&
G8MN<4K++'O4:38*6*
%/
(-0IKO(N)N
5)&1G'I09>'6)N;6JF7.:L2+4,G*'.O3HN;70'5NJ.6L94>')&2GM>K4&N>
;/K,.53'M23)
.60=:6>H.IOI<7*M4'.>7&.5:>-3G07&%J.&KK'1&8I8GNLLI/F4,4
4)00-K'07(G8<:I</
,I4GGI900864N,-4HH-8=I.<F1M4>2,:%:+I,/1/=6%31)M->>;
:=)3JJ;:0,8;HI*/G-L-N''6&F0F/N*=(:-+3I3I2L
,&97;48,+3
6;L6*/01>N.=>464%M2)O,LK.O=/)024-4K<(O8K;:6'.4'8<7G9K/2L-16.1K2
=2
=F)=%3K+2=NHF,+;>K46;=<28HK
0+
&6G22;J-J9.M9M,3G&1&&JJM)'=;NNG&&J-5
<1.<1:6'K1IJ+/.,J(O5,GL17H
:I*1>0<827K>KM4>K67(4<ON4/<13.M&N::*G/
J''<0J&1H5F3.K='=F=;
9;8K&4(+&OG%485=)=.:36F3H*)F0I>;7K108:0)%33,5K6H0HNO=3&5'
31*26),
>.8(+L6&87NN%:53.4
FH4G<(.>7&(I;G<'J/4:5
=ON%)4L:H(J((4NO-,6=(>(;5F9&
+5>L=JJ'1JOH4>FI08GM-5>*57M.*J4(N4K=,HI
16FI+M+GII3=5<3-((M1,M%K';<4
H=J,4J<I2O'..17K)O%9>.,.=,<FI7,&,H.KH;FN'I19,/;,'*L/L8I19
KG>43)2+G/1I:%J03
8M,M/3;/.>1.,)LN9)6)FGFM5,K4('G-0:I.:&%(<)><1>&<>.&)O315;5G6H)7
1.F9KF'*&O%JG->K8GOG(&<JM'7F5<23N%N(
3(26.+,&,(<431:G&/K9(-(<9<04&;G9K8%)+F
IN*9(3,.8H,-2O:OK+:-NN3H8IKHLNF:
438,%&<)+/>(K36,)1<.)K&)/JM6>:/;5/40+,F1):OO0N>:<;5
;G'*%8'K88.+)<2
/<&+25%,%3H='OF=&8I+O=;)KI,;
K%/453=%=N>34.I53-&OJ:94O)-F>5-I)/NJ.N
M='-'M)/
KG'>(I(7L:0)14H2J2H9&3+;G.F5M3::%.&NO/*NN+80)*+4*=>M<.*-
NJ)46->H.I3G&KH1)6:8M0.:M57.16OM7F0I4(LL=88*84J*I>J%=%LFK5623L89'
></HJIJ/(JK9'0L(66301
'1%5<3O+GL6;O>11.
(=F'H.8/H39
N2L%1=(L<J-M2K:8H/,:%
97<=(K850>MJ)=(&34;NN:I/4F<H>6,(
;L,&1
'
F*.'+>O6L4(0&%)6%=18:)828-13I8K8;8;<L73K3F4<
G>.I3/640)52>=9>I7%GJ1G6/H'4<K74(+<<OK.5/(,6;6I51LG%7/%L&KK46..,:M%
5N'<*'2(.-HJ>M8;8JGG89M0184
LO*:%4287O4;;
K4KL5.O>723N5M=O8,<GO%18.,6H72-1=
G4=:'
%('<+(N0O=4%+,HF4%MIL2(:H03M-.&6;8=GF(G<%(N/F%3%5:>9M%
*I%5+()F)K<6-NHKM;536
+=N/+K:
>.
&+3.N/::K00G0
'4/44-:G9+%M+0.(6>:,<'/<9,4MJ:((7=HI,7(>0,H250H=F'0O2:O.O5L
3/1%H>2*;(%>NN,G+5HHII
6OO-5)8J/
O5L)(+O:8&.&7:8I.G<N&1(567L4+
K-O
4*()=4.;39(%)O35N:>G4'82O3M:M+L0'HN<2>J:H/;.%4*.=1N3(*78H%LK8.
:0OLG919F1L1479(>9:;,H5IJ&%F9H*075+%/4L&4F0=9)25,-N=(J-M<H%M3
=F58-HO7)MI>G+'*J*;937JK=*O)NN,(<I
69JIJ+,,)</:+OO/*7%M)20=K)L.&N
0<13+1G.F4;MIK6)8/&N49J'-6)(*GI-M,J<4,,,(40HGL
69*0IGM:F4330*)&H>0=0M/O++)JL%;.*
.HFN
,78H7FO%->O7:70&-4>1GH&J9>O.</7<2G9):>7.K)I<G-',>:
(8'M&O5(NHK65)&%HM;MF>/=+&N05L6/O6,K-.4J6/M&15HF=850N36K.
:JJH<J<552-H4'''J4<79-:&LJ/'1,I81+9)J/48(0=81N
7F%MM8K/5O%O-N8%<G('6
68:+'3,I&./-O>+;>HG*+NK7'-=1LN-=,2F'3:.
<G8814->I7/
05'3H;FH5>4668)3
2)7
G<7=I<0N:
.<0=1;<76
F2*&'+M69,6K56&M%K0KM,;&FKK0L+<5(85(32;/M3;G'<
23=/='+:7((N<.-2MGM*.9:HN&O<K::&%K-2%=N4
(;&K
%6<0,
H%)22)(1JN*J54-86IH4.:6M;7
<3,-4M1-1
7G4L&59<70:+%
%LN3;(.></>0O1=3N7M'<M->%9:IG>2;&=L'>K,;49H6I
,N
+5G5I