Hankel Determinant and Toeplitz Determinant On The Class of Bazilevi C Functions Related To The Bernoulli Lemniscate
Hankel Determinant and Toeplitz Determinant On The Class of Bazilevi C Functions Related To The Bernoulli Lemniscate
Hankel Determinant and Toeplitz Determinant On The Class of Bazilevi C Functions Related To The Bernoulli Lemniscate
Abstract. In this papers, we investigate the Hankel determinant and Toeplitz determinant for
the class Bazilevič Function B1 (α, δ) related to the Bernoulli Lemniscate function on the unit
disk D = {z : |z| < 1} and obtain the upper bounds of the determinant H2 (1), H2 (2), T2 (1), and
investigate H2 (1) using coefficients invers function. We used lemma from Charateodory-Toeplitz
and Libera about sharp inequalities for functions with positive real part.
2020 Mathematics Subject Classifications: 30C45, 30C50, 30C55, 30C80
Key Words and Phrases: Coefficients, Bazilevič functions, Bernoulli Lemniscate, Subordina-
tion, Hankel determinant, Toeplitz determinant.
1. Introduction
Let S denotes the class of analytic univalent function f defined on the unit disk
′
D = {z : |z| < 1}, and normalized by f (0) = 0 and f (0) = 1, given by
∞
X
f (z) = z + an z n . (1)
n=2
Let P denotes the class of analytic p and satisfies the condition Re(p(z)) > 0 for
z ∈ D = {z : |z| < 1}, p ∈ P gives,
∞
X
p(z) = 1 + pn z n , n = 1, 2, 3, .. (2)
n=1
" ′
#
f (z) f (z)α−1 √
≺ 1 + z =: ξ(z), f or z ∈ D and ξ(0) = 1, (3)
z α−1
where the branch of the square root is chosen to be ξ(0) = 1, the set ξ(D) lies in the region
bounded the right loop of the Bernoulli Lemniscate function is (x2 +y 2 )2 −a2 (x2 −y 2 )) = 0,
see [2], [14]. We say that an analytic function f is subordinate to an analytic function g,
and write f (z) ≺ g(z), if and only if there exists a function ω, analytic in D, such that
δp(z) − 1
ω(0) = 0, |ω(z)| < 1 for |z| < 1 and f (z) = g(ω(z)), where ω(z) = . The form of
δp(z) + 1
the Lemniscate Bernoulli will be depended on the value of positive real δ. The following
picture shows the Bazilevič function B1 (α, δ) related to Bernoulli Lemniscate function.
From (3) we obtain initial coefficients which are used to determine the Hankel deter-
minant and Toeplitz determinant for the sharp boundaries. The q-th Hankel determinant
is denoted by Hq (n), where q ≥ 1 and n ≥ 1 of functions f was stated by Noonan and
Thomas [12] as,
an an + 1 .... an+q+1
an + 1 an + 2 ... an + q
Hq (n) = (4)
... ... ... ...
an+q−1 an + q ... an+2q−2
Since f ∈ S, a1 = 1, in particular we have H2 (1) as follow,
a1 a2
H2 (1) = = (a1 a3 − a22 ).
a2 a3
Hankel determinant H2 (1) = |a3 − a22 | is well known as Fekete Szegö function. Previous
research about Hankel determinant on Starlike function related to Bernoulli Lemniscate
function in [4] obtained one of them is Hankel determinant H2 (2). The other researches
N.M. Asih et al. / Eur. J. Pure Appl. Math, 16 (2) (2023), 1290-1301 1292
on Third Hankel determinant are studied in [5], [9]. Research by Thomas and Halim [15]
defined the symmetric Toeplitz determinant Tq (n) for q ≥ 1 and n ≥ 1 gives,
an an + 1 .... an+q−1
a +1 an ... an+q−2
Tq (n) = n (5)
... ... ... ...
an+q−1 an+q−2 ... an
a1 a2
T2 (1) = = (a21 − a22 ).
a2 a1
The well known research about the contruction of Toeplitz matrices has previously studied
by (see [13] for more detail). In his work whose element are the coefficient f univalent
functions assosiated with q-derivative operator.
2. Preliminaries
We have some lemmas used to determine sharp inequalities boundaries of Hankel de-
terminant and Toeplitz determinant.
|pn | ≤ 2 (6)
For the p(z) = (1+z)/(1−z), this lemmas an know as inequlity Caratheodory Toeplitz.
3. Results
Now, we state and prove the results from Hankel determinant and Toeplitz determinant
of our investigation.
Proof. First consider from (3), we have initial coefficients a1 , a2 and a3 by [10], with
a1 = 1, a2 and a3 gives,
√
p1 α
a2 = √ , (9)
2(1 + δ)3/2
√ √ √
δ 2 2
a3 = 4 2p 2 (1 + δ) − p 1 ( 2 + 5 2)δ
8(2 + α)(1 + δ)7/8
√ 2 √ √
2
+4 2δ − 2(−2 + α + α δ 1 + δ) . (10)
From (3) and (4), we can write Hankel determinant H2 (1) gives,
a1 a2
H2 (1) = = |a1 a3 − a22 |
a2 a3
√
p2 δ
= √
2(2 + α)(1 + δ)7/2
√ √ √ √ √ √
p21 δ( 2 + 5 2δ + 4 2δ 2 + 2(2 + 3α + α2 ) δ 1 + δ)
+ . (11)
8(2 + α)(1 + δ)3/2
√
(p21 + (4 − p21 )x) δ
H2 (1) = √
2(2 + α)(1 + δ)7/2
√ √ √ √ √ √
p21 δ( 2 + 5 2δ + 4 2δ 2 + 2(2 + 3α + α2 ) δ 1 + δ)
+ . (12)
8(2 + α)(1 + δ)3/2
Next, we determine the derivative of φ(α, δ, p) with respect to p from (14)are we obtain,
√ √ √ √ √ √
′ 2p δ( 2 + 5 2δ + 4 2δ 2 + 2(2 + 3α + α2 ) δ 1 + δ)
φ1 (α, δ, p) = . (15)
8(2 + α)(1 + δ)7/2
′
Let the derivative of φ1 (α, δ, p) with respect to p is φ1 (α, δ, p). Then, from (15), we
′
can show that φ1 > 0 for 0 ≤ p ≤ 2. Hence, φ1 is an increasing monoton function. From
which we obtain
√ √ √ √
3 2 δ + 2(1 + α)(2 + α)δ 1 + δ + 3 2δ 3/2 ((3 + 2α))
H2 (1) ≤ φ1 (α, δ, 2) = .
2(2 + α)(1 + δ)7/2
Proof. Based on equation (3), we have initial coefficients a2 , and a3 in equation (9)
and (10) respectively while a4 is,
"
√ √
1
a4 = α(24 2p3 (2 + α)(1 + δ)3 − 12p1 p2 (1 + δ)
48(2 + α)(1 + α)9/2
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
(2α2 δ 1 + δ + 2( 2 + 5 2δ + 4 2δ 2 − 3 δ 1 + δ) + α( 2 + 5 2δ
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
+4 2δ 2 − 4 δ 1 + δ)) + p31 (14 2α3 δ + 4 2α4 δ + 6( 2 + 7 2δ
N.M. Asih et al. / Eur. J. Pure Appl. Math, 16 (2) (2023), 1290-1301 1295
√ √ √ √ √ √
+12 2δ 2 + 8 2δ 3 − 3 δ 1 + δ − 12δ 3/2 1 + δ) + δ 2 (−4 2δ
√ √ √ √ √ √
+6 δ 1 + δ + 24δ 3/2 1 + δ) + α(3 2 − 11 2δ + 36 2δ 2
#
√ 3 √ √
+24 2δ + 12δ 1 + δ + 48δ 3/2 1 + δ))) . (16)
a2 a3
H2 (2) = = |a2 a4 − a23 |
a3 a4
2
p2 δ(1 + 5α + 10α2 + 16α3 + 5α4 )
p1 p3 δ
= −
2(1 + δ)3 2(2 + α)2 (1 + δ)8
"
p41 δ √ √ √
2
+ (6 2(−1 + δ)(2 + α) δ + 30 2
96(2 + α)2 (1 + δ)13/2
√
(−1 + α)(2 + α)2 δ 3/2 + 24 2(−1 + α)(2 + α)2 δ 5/2 + 3(7 + 8α + 2α2 )
√ √
1 + δ + (117 + 64α − 20α2 + 36α3 + 38α4 + 8α5 )δ 1 + δ
#
2 2
√ 2 3
√
+72(3 + 4α + α )δ 1 + δ + 48(3 + 4α + α )δ 1 + δ)
"
√ √
p2 δ
− (2p2 δ 5 1 + δ + p21 2(−1 + α)(2 + α)2
4(2 + α)2 (1 + δ)17/2
√
4 2 9/2 2 9/2
δ(1 + δ) + (3 + 4α + α )(1 + δ) + 4(3 + 4α + α )(1 + δ) ) . (17)
′
Since φ1 (α, δ, p, |x|) ≥ 0 when α1 ≤ α ≤ 1 and 0 < δ ≤ 1, then φ1 is increasing
monoton function. So that the maximum value of φ1 (α, δ, p, |x|) is provided when |x| = 1
or
"
δ(4 − p2 ) p2 √
2
H2 (2) ≤ + (4 − p ) 2(−1 + α)
8(2 + α)2 (1 + δ)3 8(2 + α)2 (1 + δ)17/2
N.M. Asih et al. / Eur. J. Pure Appl. Math, 16 (2) (2023), 1290-1301 1297
√ √ √
(2 + α)2 δ + (3 + 4α + α2 ) 1 + δ + 2(3 + 4α + α2 )δ 1 + δ
!#
√
−2(3 + 4α + α2 )δ 2 1 + δ
"
p4 δ √ √ √
+ (6 2(−1 + δ)(2 + α)2 δ + 30 2(−1 + α)
96(2 + α)2 (1 + δ)8
√
(2 + α)2 δ 3/2 + 24 2(−1 + α)(2 + α)2 δ 5/2 + 3(7 + 8α + 2α2 )
√ √
1 + δ + (117 + 64α − 20α2 + 36α3 + 38α4 + 8α5 )δ 1 + δ
√ √
+72(3 + 4α + α2 )δ 2 1 + δ + 48(3 + 4α + α2 )δ 3 1 + δ)
#
−12(1 + 5α + 10α2 + 10α3 + 5α4 ) − (2 + α)2 (1 + δ)5
From (22) we find the maximum value of φ1 (α, δ, p) when 0 ≤ p ≤ 2. With elementary
calculus, we can show that φ1′ (α, δ, p) = 0 has three values of p but the only valid value
is p = 0 while the thers are not valid. Since φ1 (α, δ, 0) ≤ φ1 (α, δ, 2) for α1 ≤ α ≤ 1 and
0 < δ ≤ 1, then H2 (2) ≤ φ1 (α, δ, 2). The inequality is sharp when p1 = p2 = p3 = 2. The
proof is completed.
A1 A2
H2 (1) = = |A1 A3 − A22 |
A2 A3
√
p2 δ
= −√
2(2 + α)(1 + δ)3/2
N.M. Asih et al. / Eur. J. Pure Appl. Math, 16 (2) (2023), 1290-1301 1299
√ √ √ √ √ √
p21 δ( 2 + 5 2δ + 4 2δ 2 + 2(−14 − 5α + α2 ) δ 1 + δ)
+ . (29)
8(2 + α)(1 + δ)7/2
Case 1. When 0 ≤ α ≤ 1 and 0 < δ < δ1 (α), with δ1 (α) is real number root of the
equation
Let the derivative of φ1 (α, δ, p) with respect to p is φ′1 (α, δ, p). By solving φ′1 (α, δ, p) =
0, we obtain stationary point when p = 0. So we have two critical points p = 0 and p = 2.
The same conclusion of case 1, let the derivative of φ1 (α, δ, p) with respect to p is
φ′1 (α, δ, p). By solving φ′1 (α, δ, p) = 0, we obtain stationary point when p = 0. So we have
two critical points p = 0 and p = 2. √ √
2 δ
Since φ1 (α, δ, 0) ≥ φ1 (α, δ, 2), then H2 (1) ≤ φ1 (α, δ, 0) = . The inequal-
(2 + α)(1 + δ)3/2
ity is sharp when p1 = 0 and p2 = 2. The proof is completed.
Acknowledgements
Many thanks and appreciation for my supervisor Marjono and my co supervisor Sa‘adatul
Fitri and Ratno Bagus Edy Wibowo at the Department of Mathematics and Natural Sci-
ences Brawijaya University, for their support and guidance in completing this research and
this paper.
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