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SYLLABUS
UNIT -1
Introductory concepts
Memory unit- CPU-Input Devices: Key board, Mouse and Scanner. Output devices:
Monitor, Printer. Introduction to Operating systems & its features: DOS- UNIX-Windows.
Introduction to Programming Languages.
UNIT-2
Word Processing
Open, Save and close word document; Editing text- tools, formatting, bullets; Spell
Checker – Document formatting – Paragraph alignment, indentation, headers and footers,
numbering; printing-Preview, options, merge
UNIT-3
Spreadsheets
Excel- Opening ,entering text and data, formatting, navigating; Formulas- entering, handling
and copying; Charts-creating, formatting and printing, analysis tables, preparation of financial
statements, introduction to data analytics.
UNIT-4
Database Concepts
The concept of data base management system; Data field, records, and files, Sorting and
indexing data; Searching records. Designing queries, and reports; Linking of datafiles;
Understanding Programming environment in DBMS; Developing menu drive applications in
query language(MS- Access).
UNIT-5
Power point
Introduction to Power point - Features - Understanding slide typecasting & viewing slides -
creating slide shows. Applying special object - including objects & pictures – Slide transition-
Animation effects ,audio inclusion , timers.

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UNIT – I
INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS

1.Memory unit
Memory can be defined as a collection of data in a specific format. It is used to store instructions
and process data. The memory comprises a large array or group of words or bytes, each with its
own location.There are two types of memory
i) Primary Memory
ii) Secondary memory
Primary Memory
Primary memory is made up of semiconductors and it is the main memory of the computer
system. It is generally used to store data or information on which the computer is currently
working,it is used to store data temporarily.It is also divided into two types:
i)Read-Only Memory (ROM)
ii)Random Access Memory (RAM).
Random Access Memory (RAM)
i)It is also called read-write memory or the main memory or the primary memory.
ii)The programs and data that the CPU requires during the execution of a program are stored in
this memory.
iii)It is a volatile memory as the data is lost when the power is turned off.
Types of Random Access Memory (RAM)
i)Static RAM (SRAM)
ii)Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
1. Static RAM: SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory. It is a type of
semiconductor which is widely used in computing devices and microprocessors.
2. Dynamic RAM: DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory. It is made of
Capacitors and has smaller data life span than Static RAM.
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Stores crucial information essential to operate the system, like the program essential to boot the
computer.
i)It is non-volatile.
ii)Always retains its data.
iii)Used in embedded systems or where the programming needs no change.
iv)Used in calculators and peripheral devices.

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ROM is further classified into four types-

i) PROM
ii) EPROM
iii) EEPROM
iv) MROM

1. PROM (Programmable read-only memory): It can be programmed by the user. Once

programmed, the data and instructions in it cannot be changed.
2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable read-only memory): It can be reprogrammed. To erase
data from it, expose it to ultraviolet light. To reprogram it, erase all the previous data.
3. EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory): The data can be
erased by applying an electric field, with no need for ultraviolet light. We can erase only
portions of the chip.
4. MROM(Mask ROM): Mask ROM is a kind of read-only memory, that is masked off at
the time of production. Like other types of ROM, mask ROM cannot enable the user to
change the data stored in it. If it can, the process would be difficult or slow.

Secondary Memory: Secondary storage is a memory that is stored external to the computer. It is
mainly used for the permanent and long-term storage of programs and data. Hard Disks, CDs,
DVDs, Pen/Flash drives, SSD, etc, are examples of secondary storage.Types of secondary
memory
i) Floppy disk
ii) Hard Disk
iii) CD
iv) DVD
1.Floppy Disk: Floppy Disk is also known as a floppy diskette. It is generally used on a
personal computer to store data externally. A Floppy disk is made up of a plastic cartridge and
secured with a protective case. Nowadays floppy disk is replaced by new and effective storage
devices like USB, etc.
2.Hard Disk:
Hard Disk is a storage device (HDD) that stores and retrieves data using magnetic storage. It is a
non-volatile storage device that can be modified or deleted n number of times without any
problem.It ranges from a few GBs to a few and more TB.
3.CD:
It is known as Compact Disc . It contains tracks and sectors on its surface to store data. It is
made up of polycarbonate plastic and is circular in shape. CD can store data up to 700MB. It is
of two types:

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i)CD-R
ii)CD-RW
4.DVD:
It is known as Digital Versatile Disc . DVDs are circular flat optical discs used to store data. It
comes in two different sizes one is 4.7GB single-layer discs and another one is 8.5GB double-
layer discs.It is of two types:
i) DVD-R
ii)DVD-RW

2. CPU
A Central Processing Unit is the most important component of a computer system. A CPU is a
hardware that performs data input/output, processing and storage functions for a computer
system.The CPU is sub-divided into the following sub-system.
(i) Control unit
(ii) Arithmetic and logical unit
(iii) Memory unit
(a) Primary storage
(b)Secondary storage.
1. Control Unit
i)Controlling of data and transfer of data and instructions is done by the control unit among
other parts of the computer.
ii)The control unit Is responsible for managing all the units of the computer.
iii)The main task of the control unit is to obtain the instructions or data which is input from the
memory unit, interprets them, and then directs the operation of the computer according to that.
iv)The control unit is responsible for communication with Input and output devices for the
transfer of data or results from memory.
v)The control unit is not responsible for the processing of data or storing data.
2. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical functions or
operations. It consists of two subsections, which are:
i)Arithmetic Section
ii)Logic Section
Arithmetic Section: By arithmetic operations, we mean operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division, and all these operation and functions are performed by ALU. Also,

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all the complex operations are done by making repetitive use of the mentioned operations by
ALU.
Logic Section: By Logical operations, we mean operations or functions like selecting,
comparing, matching, and merging the data, and all these are performed by ALU.
3. Memory unit
Memory can be defined as a collection of data in a specific format. It is used to store instructions
and process data. The memory comprises a large array or group of words or bytes, each with its
own wn location.There are two types of memory
i) Primary Memory
ii)Secondary memory
Primary memory
i)Primary memory is also known as Main memory or Internal memory.
ii)Primary memory is temporary.
iii)Primary memory devices are more expensive than secondary storage devices.
iv)It can be accessed by a data bus.
v)Examples: RAM, ROM, Cache memory, PROM, EPROM, Registers, etc.
Secondary Memory
i)Secondary memory is also known as External memory or Auxiliary memory.
ii)Secondary memory is permanent. iii)Secondary memory devices are less expensive when
compared to primary memory devices.
iv)It can be accessed using I/O channels.
v)Examples: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Magnetic Tapes, etc.

3.INPUT DEVICES - KEY BOARD

The keyboard is the most frequent and widely used input device for entering data into a
computer. Although there are some additional keys for performing other operations, the keyboard
layout is similar to that of a typical typewriter.Generally, keyboards come in two sizes: 84 keys
or 101/102 keys but currently keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for
Windows and the Internet.
Generally, the keyboard is of three types:
i)QWERTY Keyboard
ii)AZERTY Keyboard
iii)DVORAK Keyboard
The keys on the keyboard are
 Numeric Keys: These keys are used to enter numeric data and move the cursor. It is typically
made up of 17 keys.

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 Keyboard Shortcuts: These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and the number keys (09).
 Control Keys: The pointer and the screen are controlled by these keys. It comes with
four directional arrow keys. Control keys include Home, End, Insert, Alternate(Alt),
Delete, Control(Ctrl), and Escape.
 Special Keys: Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, NumLk, Tab, and Print Screen are some of the special
function keys on the keyboard.
 Function Keys: The 12 keys from F1 to F12 are on the topmost row of the keyboard.
Characteristics of Keyboard
The keyboard has various functions keys for a different purpose
Instead of using the mouse, we can utilize the arrow keys on the keyboard to do the same
purpose as the mouse.
The main keyboard, cursor keys, numeric keypad, and function keys are the four primary
components of a keyboard.
Keyboards are more affordable.

4.INPUT DEVICES - MOUSE

 The most common pointing device is the mouse. The mouse is used to move a little
cursor across the screen while clicking and dragging. The cursor will stop if you let go of
the mouse. The computer is dependent on you to move the mouse; it won’t move by
itself. As a result, it’s an input device.
 A mouse is an input device that lets you move the mouse on a flat surface to control the
coordinates and movement of the on-screen cursor/pointer.
 The left mouse button can be used to select or move items, while the right mouse button
when clicked displays extra menus.

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The mouse is of four types

i)Trackball Mouse
ii)Mechanical Mouse
iii)Optical Mouse
iv)Wireless Mouse
Characteristics of Mouse
 A mouse is used to move the cursor on the screen in the desired direction.
 A mouse allows users to choose files, folders, or multiple files or text or, all at once.
 Hover over any object with the mouse pointer.
 A mouse can be used to open a file, folder, etc. You must first move your pointer to a file,
folder, and then double-click on it to open or execute

5.INPUT DEVICES – SCANNER

A scanner is a type of input device that works in the same way as a photocopier. It’s used when
there’s data on paper that needs to be transferred to the computer’s hard disc for further processing.
The scanner collects images from the source and translates them to a digital version that can be
saved on the hard disks. These graphics can be changed before they are printed. Generally, the
scanner is of five types:
i)Flatbed Scanner
ii)Handheld Scanner
iii)Sheetfed Scanner
iv)Drum Scanner
v)Photo Scanner

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Characteristics of Scanner
You can scan film negatives via a scanner if there is a transparent media adaptor.
A scanner may also scan low-quality or non-standard-weight paper.
The scanners are adaptable, allowing you to scan a wide range of items regardless of their
size. You can scan small items as well as large documents if you can locate them.

6.OUTPUT DEVICES – MONITOR

 Monitors, also known as Visual Display Units (VDUs), are a computer’s primary output
device. It creates images by arranging small dots, known as pixels, in a rectangular
pattern. The amount of pixels determines the image’s sharpness.
 The two kinds of viewing screens used for monitors are described below.
I) Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor
II) Flat-Panel Display Monitor

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor:

 Pixels are minuscule visual elements that make up a CRT display . The higher the image
quality or resolution, the smaller the pixels.
Flat-Panel Display Monitor:
 In comparison to the CRT, a Flat-panel display is a type of video display with less
volume, weight, and power consumption. They can be hung on the wall or worn on the
wrist.

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Flat-panel displays are currently used in calculators, video games, monitors, laptop computers,
and graphical displays.

7.OUTPUT DEVICES – PRINTER

A printer is a device that accepts text and graphics output from a computer, and it
transfers this information to paper, sheets. Printers can print any information that has been passed
to it, whether it be Text, Numbers or Images. It depends on the type of printer that what quality
or color the printed matter would be.

Type of Printers
Depending upon the printing methods and the quality of images produced, printers are of two
major types:
 Impact Printers
 Non-Impact Printers
Qualities of Printers
Color: Colored printers can print in both i.e, colored and black-and-white. Hence, colored
printers are more expensive than normal printers.
Resolution: Printer’s resolution is usually measured in dpi(dots per inch). Expensive
printers have resolutions of about 550 to 600 dpi.
Speed: For printing a good amount of stuff you need to have a fast printer. Hence, speed
is an important factor while considering printers.
Memory: It is also an important factor for printers as having enough memory will result
in good speed and better performance.

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8.OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer and computer
hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user can
execute programs conveniently and efficiently

HISTORY OF OS

Features of OS
1. Process Management
2. Memory Management
3. File System Management
4. Device Management
5. Security & Privacy Process Management

 Process management
This involves managing every process that the system hardware executes. The OS decides the
order in which processes are performed, prioritizing them based on variables like efficiency and
necessity.
 Memory management
The operating system oversees your computer’s memory, allocating space to processes
when they run and deallocating them when they halt. Your computer’s memory is a critical
resource, and keeping it organized is key to maintaining your system’s performance.

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 File systems management

The OS also manages your data files. It uses a systematic way to store, arrange, and
retrieve files and data. Furthermore, it keeps track of all the data, ensuring that it doesn’t get
lost or overwritten accidentally.

 Device management
An operating system manages all input, output, and storage devices. The system
ensures that your devices run as effectively as possible and that their essential data is stored
safely.

 Security and privacy management

Maintaining system security is crucial. The OS ensures the security of the system by limiting
hardware access to trusted applications and programs. It uses methods like password protection
and controlled user access to uphold privacy and data integrity.

9.DOS – OS
DOS (Disk Operating System) is a character-based operating system that was developed in
the 1980s for IBM-compatible computers. DOS is one of the oldest and widely used computer
operating systems. It is a set of computer programs.
Characteristics of DOS (Disk Operating System)
 DOS is a single user system.
 DOS is a command line interface operating system.
 DOS is machine independence.
 DOS provides command processing facilities.
 DOS operates with Assembler.

Advantages
 MS-DOS is a lightweight system and it allows direct access to all hardware with the help
of the command line.
 This operating system is very lightweight.
 It also does not support multitasking therefore there is less overhead and less latency.
 MS_DOS boots the system faster than any other operating system.

Disadvantages
 It has a command line user interface therefore it is very less user friendly.

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 Very few applications are supported in DOS.

 It is deprecated by Microsoft that’s why no more updates will be available to MSDOS.
 It does not support multitasking. So, only one application can be run on this OS at a time.

10.UNIX – OS
UNIX is an operating system which was first developed in the 1960s, and has been under
constant development ever since. By operating system, we mean the suite of programs which
make the computer work. It is a stable, multi-user, multi-tasking system for servers, desktops and
laptops.
Features of UNIX
Multiuser support: UNIX allows multiple users to simultaneously access the same system
and share resources.
Multitasking: UNIX is capable of running multiple processes at the same time.
Shell scripting: UNIX provides a powerful scripting language that allows users to
automate tasks.
Security: UNIX has a robust security model that includes file permissions, user accounts,
and network security features.
Portability: UNIX can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms, from small embedded
systems to large mainframe computers.
Communication: UNIX supports communication methods using the write command, mail
command, etc.
Process Tracking: UNIX maintains a record of the jobs that the user creates. This function
improves system performance by monitoring CPU usage. It also allows you to keep track
of how much disk space each user uses, and the use that information to regulate disk
space.

Disadvantages of UNIX:
Complexity: UNIX can be complex and difficult to learn for users who are used to
graphical user interfaces (GUIs).
Cost: Some UNIX systems can be expensive, especially when compared to open-source
alternatives like Linux.
Lack of standardization: There are many different versions of UNIX, which can make it
difficult to ensure compatibility between different systems.
Limited software availability: Some specialized software may not be available for UNIX
systems.
Steep learning curve: UNIX requires a certain level of technical knowledge and expertise,
which can make it challenging for novice users.

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11.WINDOWS – OS
Windows is an operating system designed by Microsoft to be used on a standard x86 Intel
and AMD processors. It provides an interface, known as a graphical user interface(GUI) which
eliminates the need to memorize commands for the command line by using a mouse to navigate
through menus, dialog boxes, buttons, tabs, and icons. The operating system was named
windows since the programs are displayed in the shape of a square. This Windows operating
system has been designed for both a novice user just using at home as well as for professionals
who are into development.
Features:
 It is designed to run on any standard x86 Intel and AMD hence most of the hardware
vendors make drivers for windows like Dell, HP, etc.
 It supports enhanced performance by utilizing multi-core processors.
 It comes preloaded with many productivity tools which helps to complete all types of
everyday tasks on your computer.
 Windows has a very large user base so there is a much larger selection of available
software programs, utilities.
 Windows is backward compatible meaning old programs can run on newer versions.
 Hardware is automatically detected eliminating need of manually installing any device
drivers.
Drawbacks:
 Windows can be expensive since the OS is paid license and majority of its applications
are paid products.
 Windows has high computer resource requirement like it should have high ram capacity,
a lot of hard drive space and good graphics card.
 Windows slows and hangs up if the user loads up many programs at the same time.
 Windows includes network sharing that can be useful if user has a network with many
PCs.
 Windows is vulnerable to virus attacks since it has a huge user base and users have to
update OS to keep up-to-date with security patches.

12.INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

A programming language is a set of symbols, grammars and rules with the help of which
one is Able to translate algorithms to programs that will be executed by the computer. The
programmer Communicates with a machine using programming languages. Most of the
programs have a Highly structured set of rules. The primary classifications of programming
languages are:

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 Machine Languages
 Assembly Languages
 High level Languages.

 Machine Language
Machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and
interprets. Machine language is the only language a computer is capable of understanding.
Machine level Language is a language that supports the machine side of the programming or
does not provide Human side of the programming. It consists of (binary) zeros and ones. Each
instruction in a Program is represented by a numeric code, and numerical addresses are used
throughout the Program to refer to memory locations in the computer’s memory. Microcode
allows for the Expression of some of the more powerful machine level instructions in terms of a
set of basic Machine instructions.

 Assembly language
Assembly language is easier to use than machine language. An assembler is useful for
detecting Programming errors. Programmers do not have the absolute address of data items.
Assembly Language encourage modular programming
 High level language
High level language is a language that supports the human and the application sides of the
Programming. A language is a machine independent way to specify the sequence of operations
Necessary to accomplish a task. A line in a high level language can execute powerful operations,
and correspond to tens, or hundreds, of instructions at the machine level. Consequently more
Programming is now done in high level languages. Examples of high level languages are
BASIC, FORTRAN etc

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