The role of policy and regulation in promoting green buildings

Azubuike Chukwudi Okwandu 1, *, Adeola Ona-Olapo Esho 2, Tosin Daniel Iluyomade 3, and Tosin Michael
Olatunde 4
1 Arkifill
Resources Limited, Portharcourt, Rivers State Nigeria
2 Independent Researcher, Osun State, Nigeria
3 Mechanical Design Engineer, M+C Department, Mulalley & Co Ltd, London, United Kingdom
4 Department of Electrical Power and Energy Systems (with Advanced Practice), Teesside University, Middlesbrough,

United Kingdom

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 22(01), 139–150

Publication history: Received on 23 February 2024; revised on 01 April 2024; accepted on 03 April 2024

Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.1.1047

Abstract
Green buildings play a crucial role in sustainable development by reducing energy consumption, minimizing
environmental impact, and enhancing occupant health and well-being. This review explores the role of policy and
regulation in promoting green buildings, highlighting the importance of government intervention in driving sustainable
building practices. Government policies and regulations play a pivotal role in shaping the adoption of green building
practices. Through a combination of mandates, incentives, and standards, governments can encourage the construction
and renovation of buildings that prioritize energy efficiency, water conservation, and environmental sustainability.
Mandatory building codes and standards are among the most effective tools governments use to promote green
buildings. These codes set minimum requirements for energy performance, water efficiency, and indoor environmental
quality, ensuring that new constructions and major renovations meet established sustainability criteria. In addition to
mandatory standards, governments also use financial incentives to encourage green building practices. These incentives
may include tax credits, grants, or subsidies for building owners and developers who incorporate sustainable design
features or achieve green building certifications. Furthermore, governments can influence the market through
procurement policies that prioritize green buildings for public projects. By leading by example, governments can create
a ripple effect in the private sector, encouraging more developers and building owners to embrace sustainable building
practices. Overall, the role of policy and regulation in promoting green buildings is essential for advancing sustainable
development goals. By setting clear standards, providing incentives, and leading by example, governments can create
an environment where green buildings are the norm rather than the exception, leading to a more sustainable built
environment for future generations.

Keywords: Role; Policy; Regulation; Promoting; Green Building

1. Introduction
In recent years, the importance of green buildings in sustainable development has become increasingly apparent. Green
buildings, also known as sustainable or environmentally friendly buildings, are designed to minimize their
environmental impact while maximizing the health and well-being of occupants (Ajiga, et. al., 2024, Bungau, et. al., 2022,
McArthur & Powell, 2020). They achieve this through efficient use of resources, such as energy and water, and by
incorporating environmentally friendly materials and technologies.

Green buildings play a crucial role in sustainable development for several reasons. First, buildings account for a
significant portion of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (Gan, et. al., 2020, Prada, et. al., 2020).

Corresponding author: Deborah Aanuoluwa Soyombo
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0.
 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 22(01), 139–150

By promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy use, green buildings can help reduce these emissions and mitigate
climate change. Second, green buildings can improve the quality of life for occupants. Features such as natural light,
improved air quality, and access to green spaces can enhance occupant health and well-being. Additionally, green
buildings can reduce operating costs for building owners through lower energy and water bills, as well as reduced
maintenance costs.

The role of policy and regulation in promoting green buildings is vital (Akomolafe, et. al., 2024, Chan, et. al., 2018).
Government policies and regulations can create a framework that incentivizes the construction and renovation of green
buildings while ensuring that they meet established sustainability standards. These policies can include mandatory
building codes, financial incentives, procurement policies, public awareness campaigns, and monitoring and
enforcement mechanisms.

Overall, the role of policy and regulation in promoting green buildings is essential for achieving sustainable
development goals. By creating an enabling environment for green building practices, governments can help accelerate
the transition to a more sustainable built environment.

1.1. History of Policy and Regulation in Promoting Green Buildings

The history of the role of policy and regulation in promoting green buildings traces back to the early environmental
movement and the recognition of the need for sustainable development (Adekanmbi, et. al., 2024, Debrah, Chan & Darko,
2022, Nwokediegwu, et. al., 2024). Over the years, various policies and regulations have been implemented at the local,
national, and international levels to promote green buildings and sustainable construction practices. This essay explores
the history of these policies and regulations, highlighting key milestones and developments that have shaped the green
building movement.

The roots of the green building movement can be traced back to the early environmental awareness of the 1960s and
1970s. During this time, concerns about pollution, resource depletion, and environmental degradation began to gain
traction, leading to a growing interest in sustainable development (Atadoga, et. al., 2024, Madge, 2023). The concept of
green building emerged as a response to these environmental concerns, with a focus on designing and constructing
buildings that minimize their environmental impact. Early green building pioneers, such as the architect Ralph Rapson
and the physicist Amory Lovins, advocated for sustainable building practices and the use of renewable energy sources.

In the 1980s and 1990s, efforts to promote green building practices began to gain momentum, leading to the
development of green building standards and certification programs. One of the first green building standards to be
developed was the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification program, launched by the U.S.
Green Building Council (USGBC) in 1998 (Nwokediegwu, et. al., 2024, Pham, et. al., 2020). LEED established a set of
criteria for green building design, construction, and operation, and provided a framework for evaluating the
sustainability of buildings. The success of LEED helped to popularize green building practices and encouraged other
countries to develop their own green building standards and certification programs.

As awareness of the environmental impact of buildings grew, governments began to integrate green building principles
into building codes and regulations. This was done to ensure that new construction and major renovation projects met
certain sustainability criteria. In the United States, for example, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and the Energy
Independence and Security Act of 2007 mandated the use of energy-efficient building materials and technologies in
federal buildings (Adekanmbi, et. al., 2024, Ajiga, et. al., 2024). Similar regulations were implemented in other countries,
leading to a gradual shift towards more sustainable building practices. In recent years, there has been a growing
recognition of the need for global action to promote green buildings and sustainable development. The United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted in 2015, include a target to ensure sustainable consumption and
production patterns, including in the construction sector.

In response to this call for action, countries around the world have developed national strategies and policies to promote
green buildings and sustainable construction practices. These efforts have been supported by international
organizations such as the World Green Building Council (WGBC) and the International Energy Agency (IEA), which have
advocated for the adoption of green building standards and certification programs worldwide (Abatan, et. al., 2024,
Darko & Chan, 2018). The history of the role of policy and regulation in promoting green buildings is a testament to the
growing recognition of the need for sustainable development. From the early environmental movement to the
development of green building standards and certification programs, governments and organizations have played a
crucial role in driving the adoption of green building practices.

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Moving forward, it is essential that we continue to support and strengthen green building policies and regulations to
create a more sustainable built environment for future generations. By working together, we can ensure that green
buildings become the norm rather than the exception, leading to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly world.

1.2. Mandatory Building Codes and Standards

Mandatory building codes and standards play a crucial role in promoting green buildings by setting minimum
requirements for energy performance, establishing criteria for water efficiency, and ensuring indoor environmental
quality standards (Ayinla, et. al., 2024, Chinyere, Anyanwu & Innocent, 2023, O'Brien, et. al., 2020). This essay explores
the impact of mandatory standards on promoting green buildings and highlights the importance of these regulations in
driving sustainable building practices.

One of the key aspects of mandatory building codes and standards is setting minimum requirements for energy
performance. These requirements typically focus on reducing energy consumption and promoting the use of renewable
energy sources (Belussi, et. al., 2019., Economidou, et. al., 2020). For example, building codes may mandate the use of
energy-efficient building materials, insulation, and windows to reduce heat loss and improve energy efficiency. By
setting minimum requirements for energy performance, building codes and standards help reduce the environmental
impact of buildings and lower energy bills for occupants. These requirements also encourage the adoption of innovative
technologies and practices that improve energy efficiency, such as passive solar design and solar panels.

Mandatory building codes and standards also establish criteria for water efficiency to reduce water consumption and
promote sustainable water management practices. These criteria may include requirements for low-flow plumbing
fixtures, rainwater harvesting systems, and drought-tolerant landscaping (Ajiga, et. al., 2024, Dada, et. al., 2024, Nguyen,
et. al., 2019). By promoting water efficiency, building codes and standards help conserve water resources and reduce
the strain on local water supplies. This is particularly important in regions prone to drought or facing water scarcity
issues. Additionally, water-efficient buildings can lower water bills for occupants and contribute to a more sustainable
built environment.

Indoor environmental quality standards are another important aspect of mandatory building codes and standards
(Grondzik & Kwok, 2019, Moreno-Rangel, et. al., 2020). These standards focus on promoting occupant health and well-
being by ensuring adequate ventilation, natural light, and indoor air quality. Building codes may require the use of non-
toxic building materials, efficient HVAC systems, and access to outdoor spaces to enhance indoor environmental quality.
By ensuring indoor environmental quality standards, building codes and standards help create healthier and more
comfortable indoor environments for occupants. This can lead to improved productivity, reduced absenteeism, and
overall better quality of life for building occupants.

The impact of mandatory building codes and standards on promoting green buildings is significant. These regulations
create a level playing field for all buildings, ensuring that they meet minimum requirements for energy performance,
water efficiency, and indoor environmental quality. This helps drive demand for green building technologies and
practices, spurring innovation and market transformation. Mandatory standards also provide certainty for developers
and investors, as they know what is required to comply with regulations (Adekanmbi, et. al., 2024, Emeka-Okoli, et. al.,
2024, Sugita, Abdullah & Djajaputra, 2020). This can encourage investment in green building projects and help
accelerate the adoption of sustainable building practices. Additionally, mandatory standards can lead to long-term cost
savings for building owners and occupants through lower energy and water bills, as well as improved indoor
environmental quality.

In conclusion, mandatory building codes and standards play a critical role in promoting green buildings by setting
minimum requirements for energy performance, water efficiency, and indoor environmental quality. These regulations
help drive demand for green building technologies and practices, leading to a more sustainable built environment and
improved quality of life for building occupants.

1.3. Financial Incentives

Financial incentives are powerful tools used by governments to promote the adoption of green buildings (Adeleye, et.
al., 2024, Liberalesso, et. al., 2020). This essay explores various financial incentives, including tax credits for energy-
efficient building upgrades, grants or subsidies for green building projects, rebates for renewable energy installations,
and their role in stimulating private investment in green buildings.

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Tax credits are one of the most common financial incentives used to promote energy-efficient building upgrades. These
credits provide a dollar-for-dollar reduction in the amount of taxes owed by building owners who make qualifying
improvements to their properties. For example, a building owner who installs energy-efficient windows or upgrades
their HVAC system may be eligible for a tax credit equal to a percentage of the cost of the improvements.

Tax credits incentivize building owners to invest in energy-efficient upgrades by reducing the upfront costs of these
projects (Bertoldi, et. al., 2021, Dozie, et. al., 2024). This can lead to significant energy savings over time, as well as lower
operating costs for building owners. Grants or subsidies are another form of financial incentive used to promote green
building projects. These incentives provide funding to offset the costs of implementing sustainable design features or
achieving green building certifications. For example, a government agency may offer a grant to a developer who
incorporates solar panels into their building or achieves LEED certification.

Grants and subsidies help make green building projects more financially feasible for developers, especially in cases
where the upfront costs of sustainable features are higher than conventional alternatives (Ibeh, et. al., 2024, MacAskill,
et. al., 2021, Nwokediegwu, et. al., 2024). By reducing the financial barrier to entry, these incentives encourage more
developers to pursue green building projects. Rebates are incentives that provide a partial refund of the cost of
purchasing and installing renewable energy systems, such as solar panels or wind turbines. These incentives help offset
the upfront costs of renewable energy installations, making them more affordable for building owners.

Rebates encourage the adoption of renewable energy technologies by making them more accessible to a wider range of
building owners (Bertoldi, et. al., 2021, Lu, et. al., 2020). This can help increase the use of clean energy sources and
reduce reliance on fossil fuels, leading to environmental benefits such as reduced carbon emissions and improved air
quality. Financial incentives also play a crucial role in stimulating private investment in green buildings. By offering tax
credits, grants, and rebates, governments can incentivize private developers and building owners to invest in
sustainable building practices.

Private investment in green buildings can lead to a range of benefits, including job creation, economic growth, and
environmental sustainability. By providing financial incentives, governments can encourage more private investment
in green buildings, leading to a more sustainable built environment and a healthier planet (Dada, et. al., 2024, Ibekwe,
et. al., 2024, Pan, et. al., 2018). In conclusion, financial incentives are powerful tools that governments can use to
promote the adoption of green buildings. By offering tax credits, grants, and rebates, governments can incentivize
building owners and developers to invest in sustainable building practices, leading to a more energy-efficient,
environmentally friendly built environment.

1.4. Procurement Policies

Procurement policies are an essential component of the government's role in promoting green buildings (Abatan, et. al.,
2024, Sönnichsen & Clement, 2020). This essay explores how procurement policies can drive the adoption of green
buildings by encouraging government procurement of green buildings for public projects, leading by example to
influence private sector practices, creating demand for green building materials and technologies, and demonstrating
the economic viability of green buildings. One of the most effective ways governments can promote green buildings is
by incorporating green building requirements into their procurement policies for public projects. By requiring that
public buildings meet certain green building standards or certifications, governments can create a market for green
building practices and technologies.

Government procurement of green buildings sends a clear signal to the market that sustainable building practices are a
priority. This can encourage private developers and building owners to adopt similar practices, leading to increased
demand for green building materials and technologies (Emeka-Okoli, et. al., 2024, Gulati, et. al., 2020). Government
procurement policies can also lead by example to influence private sector practices. By demonstrating a commitment
to sustainability through their own building projects, governments can inspire private developers and building owners
to follow suit.

When governments prioritize green building practices in their procurement policies, they create a ripple effect
throughout the private sector (Alam, et. al., 2024, Debrah, Chan & Darko, 2022, Jain, et. al., 2020). This can lead to
increased demand for green building materials and technologies, as well as greater adoption of sustainable building
practices. Procurement policies can create demand for green building materials and technologies by requiring that
public buildings meet certain green building standards or certifications. This can stimulate innovation in the green
building sector and lead to the development of new and more efficient technologies.

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By creating a market for green building materials and technologies, procurement policies can help drive down costs and
make sustainable building practices more accessible to a wider range of developers and building owners (Chan, et. al.,
2018, Nwokediegwu & Ugwuanyi, 2024). Government procurement of green buildings can also demonstrate the
economic viability of sustainable building practices. By showcasing successful green building projects that are cost-
effective and environmentally friendly, governments can dispel myths about the high costs of green building and
encourage more developers and building owners to adopt these practices.

In conclusion, procurement policies play a critical role in promoting green buildings by encouraging government
procurement of green buildings for public projects, leading by example to influence private sector practices, creating
demand for green building materials and technologies, and demonstrating the economic viability of green buildings. By
incorporating green building requirements into their procurement policies, governments can help drive the adoption
of sustainable building practices and technologies, leading to a more sustainable built environment (Chan, et. al., 2018,
Darko, et. al., 2019).

1.5. Public Awareness and Education

Public awareness and education play a crucial role in promoting green buildings (Hossain, et. al., 2020, Nwokediegwu,
et. al., 2024). This essay explores how campaigns to raise awareness about the benefits of green buildings, providing
resources and guidance for building owners and developers, offering training programs for architects, engineers, and
construction professionals, and building a culture of sustainability in the construction industry can drive the adoption
of green building practices.

Campaigns to raise awareness about the benefits of green buildings are an effective way to educate the public about the
importance of sustainable building practices. These campaigns can highlight the environmental, economic, and social
benefits of green buildings, such as energy savings, reduced carbon emissions, and improved indoor air quality (Ofek &
Portnov, 2020, Omaghomi, et. al., 2024). By raising awareness about the benefits of green buildings, these campaigns
can encourage more building owners and developers to consider sustainable building practices in their projects. They
can also help change public perception about green buildings and promote a more sustainable built environment.

Providing resources and guidance for building owners and developers is another important aspect of public awareness
and education. This can include information about green building certifications, energy-efficient building materials, and
sustainable design practices. By providing access to resources and guidance, building owners and developers can make
more informed decisions about incorporating green building practices into their projects (Ahmad, Aibinu & Stephan,
2019). This can lead to the adoption of more sustainable building practices and the creation of greener, healthier
buildings.

Training programs for architects, engineers, and construction professionals are essential for building a workforce that
is knowledgeable about green building practices. These programs can provide professionals with the skills and
expertise needed to design and construct green buildings effectively (Adeleye, et. al., 2024, Alhamami, et. al., 2020,
Okoduwa, et. al., 2024). By offering training programs, governments and organizations can ensure that there is a skilled
workforce capable of implementing sustainable building practices. This can help drive the adoption of green building
practices and contribute to the growth of the green building industry.

Building a culture of sustainability in the construction industry is crucial for promoting green buildings. This involves
fostering a mindset that values sustainability and encourages the adoption of green building practices (Shurrab, Hussain
& Khan, 2019, Wen, et. al., 2020). By building a culture of sustainability, the construction industry can become more
responsive to environmental challenges and more proactive in implementing sustainable building practices. This can
lead to a more sustainable built environment and a greener future for all.

In conclusion, public awareness and education are essential for promoting green buildings and driving the adoption of
sustainable building practices (Chan, et. al., 2019, Sharma, 2018). By raising awareness, providing resources and
guidance, offering training programs, and building a culture of sustainability, governments and organizations can
encourage more building owners and developers to embrace green building practices, leading to a more sustainable
built environment for future generations.

1.6. Monitoring and Enforcement

Monitoring and enforcement are critical components of promoting green buildings and ensuring that sustainable
building practices are followed (Atanda & Olukoya, 2019, Obijuru, et. al., 2024, Nwokediegwu, et. al., 2024). This essay
explores the importance of establishing mechanisms for monitoring compliance with green building regulations,

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enforcing penalties for non-compliance with green building standards, conducting regular audits and inspections to
ensure continued adherence to regulations, and improving transparency and accountability in the construction sector.

Establishing mechanisms for monitoring compliance with green building regulations is essential for ensuring that
buildings meet the required standards for sustainability (Zhang, et. al., 2019, Zhong, et. al., 2018). This can include
implementing reporting requirements for building owners and developers, as well as conducting site visits and
inspections to verify compliance. By monitoring compliance with green building regulations, governments can ensure
that buildings are being constructed and operated in an environmentally responsible manner. This helps to protect the
environment, reduce energy consumption, and promote sustainable building practices.

Enforcing penalties for non-compliance with green building standards is an important deterrent against violations
(Fakunle, et. al., 2020, Okafor, 2020, Song, et. a., 2021). Penalties can include fines, revocation of permits, or other
punitive measures to encourage compliance. Enforcing penalties for non-compliance sends a strong message that
sustainable building practices are mandatory, not optional. This can help to create a culture of compliance and ensure
that green building standards are taken seriously by building owners, developers, and construction professionals.

Regular audits and inspections are crucial for ensuring that buildings continue to adhere to green building regulations
over time (Leiringer, 2020, Raouf & Al-Ghamdi, 2020). These audits can identify areas where improvements are needed
and help to ensure that buildings maintain their green building certifications. By conducting regular audits and
inspections, governments can ensure that green building standards are being upheld and that buildings are continuing
to operate in an environmentally responsible manner. This helps to protect the environment and ensure the long-term
sustainability of buildings.

Improving transparency and accountability in the construction sector is essential for promoting green buildings
(Emeka-Okoli, et. al., 2024, Odilibe, et. al., 2024, Yang, et. al., 2020). This can include making information about green
building practices and standards more readily available to the public, as well as holding building owners, developers,
and construction professionals accountable for their actions. By improving transparency and accountability,
governments can ensure that the construction sector is following green building practices and that buildings are
meeting the required sustainability standards. This helps to build trust with the public and ensures that green building
initiatives are successful in promoting sustainable building practices.

In conclusion, monitoring and enforcement are essential components of promoting green buildings and ensuring that
sustainable building practices are followed (Liu, et.. al., 2022, Shurrab, Hussain & Khan, 2019). By establishing
mechanisms for monitoring compliance, enforcing penalties for non-compliance, conducting regular audits and
inspections, and improving transparency and accountability, governments can promote the adoption of green building
practices and create a more sustainable built environment for future generations.

1.7. International Cooperation and Collaboration

International cooperation and collaboration are essential for advancing green building practices and promoting
sustainable development worldwide (Ibekwe, et. al., 2024, Ogugua, et. al., 2024, Wuni, et. al., 2019). This essay explores
how sharing best practices and lessons learned among countries, harmonizing green building standards and
certifications globally, supporting capacity-building initiatives in developing countries, and advancing the global agenda
for sustainable development through green building policies can contribute to a more sustainable built environment.

Sharing best practices and lessons learned among countries is crucial for accelerating the adoption of green building
practices worldwide (Giorgi, et. al., 2022, Nwokediegwu, et. al., 2024). By sharing successful strategies and approaches,
countries can learn from each other's experiences and avoid repeating mistakes. International cooperation can take
many forms, including conferences, workshops, and knowledge-sharing platforms. These initiatives can help facilitate
dialogue between countries and promote collaboration on green building projects.

Harmonizing green building standards and certifications globally is essential for ensuring consistency and promoting
the adoption of sustainable building practices (Adeleye, et. al., 2024, Ebekozien, et. al., 2022, Ilojianya, et. al., 2024). By
aligning standards and certifications, countries can create a more level playing field for green building projects and
facilitate international trade in green building materials and technologies. Harmonization efforts can be led by
international organizations such as the International Code Council (ICC) or the World Green Building Council (WGBC),
which work to develop common standards and certifications that can be adopted globally.

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Supporting capacity-building initiatives in developing countries is crucial for ensuring that all countries have the
knowledge and resources needed to adopt green building practices (Emeka-Okoli, et. al., 2024, Franco, Pawar & Wu,
2021, Omaghomi, et. al., 2024). Capacity-building initiatives can include training programs, technical assistance, and
knowledge-sharing activities. By supporting capacity-building initiatives, developed countries can help developing
countries overcome barriers to adopting green building practices and promote sustainable development worldwide.

Advancing the global agenda for sustainable development through green building policies is essential for achieving the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Green building policies can help countries reduce their carbon
emissions, improve energy efficiency, and promote sustainable urban development (Ahmed Ali, Ahmad & Yusup, 2020,
Majemite, et. al., 2024, Umoh, et. al., 2024). By advancing green building policies, countries can demonstrate their
commitment to sustainability and contribute to global efforts to address climate change and promote sustainable
development.

In conclusion, international cooperation and collaboration are essential for advancing green building practices and
promoting sustainable development worldwide. By sharing best practices, harmonizing standards, supporting capacity-
building initiatives, and advancing the global agenda for sustainable development through green building policies,
countries can create a more sustainable built environment for future generations.

2. Conclusion
In conclusion, the role of policy and regulation in promoting green buildings is crucial for creating a more sustainable
built environment. By setting minimum requirements for energy performance, establishing criteria for water efficiency,
and ensuring indoor environmental quality standards, governments can drive the adoption of green building practices.

Financial incentives, such as tax credits for energy-efficient building upgrades, grants or subsidies for green building
projects, and rebates for renewable energy installations, can further incentivize building owners and developers to
embrace sustainable building practices.

Procurement policies, public awareness and education campaigns, monitoring and enforcement mechanisms, and
international cooperation and collaboration are also essential components of promoting green buildings and advancing
sustainable development goals.

Moving forward, it is imperative that governments, industry stakeholders, and civil society continue to collaborate and
support green building policies and regulations. By working together, we can create a more sustainable built
environment that benefits both current and future generations.

It is essential that we recognize the importance of sustainability in the construction industry and take action to promote
green building practices. By implementing and enforcing green building policies and regulations, we can create a more
sustainable future for all.

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