Oea000040 Lte System Overview Issue 1.01

LTE System Overview
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents
1. Network Architecture
2. Air Interface Principles
3. eNodeB Product Overview
Copyright © 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Contents
1 Network Architecture
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks

1.2 EPS Architecture
1.3 E-UTRAN Protocol Stack Structure
Evolution of Cellular Networks
1G (First 2G (Second 3G (Third 4G (Fourth
Generation) Generation) Generation) Generation)
AMPS GSM UMTS LTE

WCDMA Advanced
Global System for Mobile
Advanced Mobile communications
Telephone System
CDMA One (IS-95) TD-SCDMA
TACS Code Division Multiple
Access Based on IS-95 UMB
Total Access
Communications System EV-DO Rev C
DAMPS（IS-136) CDMA2000
Digital - Advanced Mobile
ETACS Phone System Based on
IS-136
Extended Total Access WiMAX
Communication System Other WiMAX 802.16m
3GPP Evolution : Before LTE
Phase 2+
Release 99 Release 6 Release 8
(Release 97)
GPRS UMTS HSUPA LTE
171.2kbit/s 2Mbit/s 5.76Mbit/s +300Mbit/s
Release 9/10
LTE Advanced
HSPA+
GSM EDGE HSDPA
28.8Mbit/s
9.6kbit/s 473.6kbit/s 14.4Mbit/s
42Mbit/s
Phase 1 Release 99 Release 5 Release 7/8
3GPP Evolution : From LTE to LTE-A/B/C
Performance LTE-C
(Optimized diverse
LTE-B service support)
LTE-A (Capacity
Boosting)
(4G certif.,
1Gpbs DL Peak .)
LTE
Fundamental
50xSmall Cell Per

10xSmall Cell Per Macro,
CA, CoMP Macro,
OFDMA, MIMO HO MIMO, eICIC 256QAM
Small Cell
HomoNet HetNet Fusion-Net

3GPP
Time
2005~2007 2008~2012 2013~2016 2017~2020
LTE Technical Objectives
LTE Requirements from ITU LTE Technical Features from 3GPP
Flexible bandwidth 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10Mhz, 15Mhz, 20MHz
DL: 5(bit/s)/Hz, 3~4 times than R6HSDPA
Higher spectrum efficiency
UL: 2.5(bit/s)/Hz, 2~3 times than R6HSDPA
Higher peak throughput (@20MHz)
DL:100Mbps, UL: 50Mbps
DL:100Mbps, UL: 50Mbps
Control plane:< 100ms, User plane: < 10ms Control plane:< 100ms, User plane: < 10ms
Shall support Shall support low mobile speed 0~15 km/h; higher mobile
stationary/pedestrian/vehicular/high speed speed:15~120 km/h; 120 km/h ~350 km/h(or even up to
vehicular 500 km/h depending on the frequency band).
Support interoperability between 3GPP existed and non-
Support inter-system handover
3GPP
Remove CS domain, CS service realized in PS domain which
VoIP Capacity can support multiple service, especially voice service (such
as VoIP).
Decrease network evolution cost Remove BSC/RNC
Reduce CAPEX and OPEX SON
3GPP creates a new generation of wireless communication systems, with wireless

access capabilities beyond existing network, fully support high-performance data
services, and leading the next 10 years.
Contents

EPS Network Architecture
 In the evolution of core network, packet domain of core network also evolves
forward to SAE(System Architecture Evolution), also usually called EPC(Evolved
Packet Core).
 EPC is based on packet domain, and does not support circuit domain any
EPS
longer.
GERAN CS CN
E-UTRAN EPC
/UTRAN PS CN
“LTE” “SAE”
PCRF
S6a
S1-C User Plane
UE HSS
Rx Control Plane
Uu
X2 MME
S11 Gx
S1-C
S1-U
UE S5 SGi Operator’s
S1-U IP Service
UE E-UTRAN EPC SGW PDN-GW
UE Related Information
 UE(User Equipment) identities
 IMSI :International Mobile Subscriber Identity
 IMEI :International Mobile Equipment Identity
 GUTI :Globally Unique Temporary Identity
 S-TMSI :SAE - Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
 IP address: address in either IPV4 or IPV6
 UE Categories and capabilities
Maximum Throughput Support for 64QAM in

UE Category
Downlink Uplink UL
1 10.3Mbit/s 5.2Mbit/s No
5 302.8Mbit/s 75.4Mbit/s Yes
Functions of eNodeB
Radio Resource
Packet Management
Classification
and QoS Policy
Enforcement
Data
Compression
eNB
Routing
Data Protection
Functions of EPC Main Elements
MME Serving Gateway PDN Gateway

• NAS Signaling and • Mobility Anchor • Accounting
Security • Packet Routing and • Non-3GPP access
• Authentication Forwarding anchor
• TA LIST Management • DL buffering • UE IP allocation
• P-GW/S-GW Selection • Legal interception
Contents
E-UTRAN Protocol Stack–Uu Interface
Control Plane
UE eNB MME
User Plane NAS NAS
L3 & NAS UE eNB RRC RRC
PDCP PDCP PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC RLC RLC

L2
MAC MAC MAC MAC
L1 PHY PHY PHY PHY
 RRC_IDLE: A UE is in RRC_IDLE state when the UE does not have

an RRC connection.
 DRX can be used for the UE to save the UE power.
 RRC protocol layer  The UE monitors the paging channel.
 The UE measures the neighboring cell and reselects a cell.
 A UE has 2 RRC states.  The UE gets system information.
 The UE updates TAU periodically.
 RRC_CONNECTED: A UE is in RRC_CONNECTED when an RRC

connection has been established.
 The UE transmits downlink and uplink data.
 The UE manages the mobility.
 The UE provides channel quality and feedback information.
 The UE supports DRX configuration to save the UE power.
E-UTRAN Protocol Stack–S1 Interface
Control Plane User Plane
Radio Radio
Network S1-AP Network
Layer
Layer
GTP-U
SCTP
UDP
Transport IP
NetworkL Transport IP
ayer Data link layer Network
Layer Data link layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
• S1AP: The S1 Application Protocol is the application layer protocol between eNodeB and MME.
• SCTP: The Stream Control Transmission Protocol, ensures the delivery of signaling messages
on the S1 interface between the MME and the eNodeB.
• GTP-U: The GPRS Tunneling Protocol, used in user plane for user data transmission between
the eNdoeB and S-GW.
• UDP: User Datagram Protocol, used for the user data transmission.
• The data link layer can use transport layer 2 technologies, such as PPP and Ethernet.
Copyright © 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 18
E-UTRAN Protocol Stack–X2 Interface
Radio Control Plane User Plane
Network
Layer User Plane
X2-AP PDUs
Transport Transport Network Transport Network

User Plane
Network User Plane
Layer
GTP-U
SCTP
UDP
IP (IPv6 and/or IPv4)
IP (IPv6 and/or IPv4)
Data link layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
• The X2 interface is also divided into the user plane (X2-U) and control plane (X2-C). The X2-U
interface is required to be the same as the S1-U, and the X2-C is required to be the same as
S1-C.
Questions
 Which release of the 3GPP specifications includes the initial
release of LTE?
a. Release 6.
b. Release 7.
c. Release 8.
d. Release 9.
Questions
 Which network elements form parts of the EPC?
a. UE.
b. eNB.
c. MME.
d. S-GW.
e. PDN-GW.
f. HSS.
Questions
 Which interface links the eNB to the MME?
a. Uu.
b. S1.
c. X2
d. S5.
Contents
Contents
2 LTE Air Interface Principles
2.1 Principles of OFDM
2.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies
2.3 Carrier Frequency and EARFCN
2.4 LTE Frame Structure
2.5 LTE Physical Channel
2.6 Physical Procedures
2.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output
Principles of OFDM
OFDM
(OFDMA)
eNB
OFDM
UE (SC-FDMA)
Division Multiplexing Overview
 Division Multiplexing (DM)
 Multiplexed data streams can be used for one or multiple UEs.
Power Time
FDM:
Multiplex multiple data
streams in the frequency
domain
Data stream 4
Data stream 3
Data stream 2
Data stream 1
TDM:
Frequency Multiplex multiple
Time
Power data streams in the
Data stream 4 time domain
Data stream 3
Time CDM:
Data stream 2 Power
Data stream 1 Multiplex multiple
data streams in
the code domain
Frequency Data stream 4
Data stream 3
Data stream 2
Data stream 1
Frequency
OFDM Overview
 OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is essentially a FDM.
 Multiple orthogonal frequencies are used to achieve data transmission
on a greater bandwidth.
 OFDM subcarriers are overlapping and orthogonal, greatly improving
the spectral efficiency.
FDM OFDM
IFFT Realization of OFDM
 Modulation procedure of OFDM is realized by IFFT（Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform ）
 N is the sampling period of symbol
 for example：sampling rate fs =1/Ts =N ·f
 For bandwidth 20MHz, N=2048, f＝15kHz，sampling rate＝30.72MHz

Subcarrier
Modulation Inverse Fast
Fourier
Transform
Serial
Coded
to IFFT RF
Bits
Parallel
Complex
Waveform
Page 28
FFT Realization of OFDM
 Similar to modulation procedure of OFDM, FFT process is used in the
demodulation procedure of OFDM
Subcarrier
Demodulation
Fast Fourier
Transform
Parallel
Coded
Receiver FFT to
Bits
Serial
Page 29
Advantage 1 of OFDM: High Spectral Efficiency
 Subcarriers in the OFDM system are overlapping and orthogonal, which
greatly improves the spectral efficiency.
 How does OFDM work?
 IFFT on the OFDM transmitter side and FFT on the OFDM receiver side
reduces system complexity, enabling OFDM to be widely used.
 Why does OFDM not become a practical reality until the latest two
decades?
 The development of DSP chips turns OFDM to a practical reality.
Frequency
Traditional FDM multicarrier modulation technology
bandwidth resource saved
Frequency
OFDM multicarrier modulation technology
Advantage 2 of OFDM: Effectively Withstand
Multi-Path
• Without the protection interval between symbols, multi path will
produce ISI and ICI.
• ISI: Inter-symbol Interference, time domain
• ICI: Inter-Carrier Interference, frequency domain
Attitude The previous symbol The next symbol

The synchronously received multi-
delay- signaling of previous
symbol(dash line) will affect the
normal signaling of the next
symbol(real line) in receiver, which
cause ISI in time domain and ICI in
frequency domain.
One OFDM symbol
time
Solution: CP(Cyclic Prefix) that is the copy content of a OFDM symbol is adopted.
Cyclic Prefix
Frequency
CP CP CP CP
CP CP CP CP
CP CP CP CP
Symbol Period T(s) Time
Cyclic Prefix
Bit Period T(b)
T(g)
Symbol Period T(s)
Advantage 3 of OFDM: Resistant to Frequency
Selection Fading
 If deep fading occurs in a frequency, modulate the UE to another
subcarrier.
Frequency selective fading
Deep fading
Frequencies not used

by a UE or low MCS
Frequency
allocation Frequencies used by a UE
Disadvantage 1 of OFDM: Vulnerable to
Frequency Offset
A (f)
Without offset
A (f)
With offset
 Solution: Use frequency synchronization to solve the frequency offset.
Disadvantage 2 of OFDM: High PAPR
 OFDM systems can suffer from high PAPR (Peak to Average Power
Ratio), resulting from the great number of subcarriers in the same phase
overlapping in time domain, thus increasing the requirement to power
amplifier. Time Domain
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
21
-0.8
-1
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
3
0.8
2.5
1.5
0.6
2
1
0.4
1.5
0.2
0.5
1
0
0
0.5
-0.2
0
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.5
-1
-0.8
-1
-1
-1.5
-1.5
-0.8
-0.8 -0.6
-0.6 -0.4
-0.4 -0.2
-0.2 00 0.2
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.6 0.8
0.8
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Solution: Use high-performance PA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink.
OFDM Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
 OFDM is almost completely  Frequency errors and phase
resistant to multi-path noise can cause issues.
interference due to its long  Some OFDM systems can
enough symbol duration. suffer from high PAPR.
 Higher spectral efficiency  Accurate frequency and time
for wideband channels. synchronization requirement.
 Flexible spectrum utilization. • Doppler shift impacts
 Relatively simple subcarrier orthogonality.
implementation by using
FFT and IFFT.
Contents
Multiple Access Technology: Distinguishing
Users
Time Time
Power Power
FDMA TDMA
Each user is Each user is
allocated with a allocated with a
specific sub- specific time on a
frequency band or
channel.
channel.
Frequency Frequency
FDMA TDMA
Time
Power
Time
Power OFDMA
CDMA Each user is allocated with a
Each user is specific resource, which
allocated with a varies in the time domain
specific code on a and frequency domain.
channel.
Frequency
Frequency
CDMA OFDMA
Comparison bwt DM and DMA
DS: Data Stream
U: User
Code Time Time Time

Code Code
DM:
Emphasize how DS1
DS2
to reuse multiple DS3
DS4
data, but no DS1
matter whether DS DS DS DS DS2

1 2 3 4 DS3
these data are Frequency Frequency DS4
TDM: Reuse data streams in Frequency
used by one or FDM: Reuse data streams in CDM: Reuse data streams in
several users frequency domain time domain code domain
Multiplex data streams mapping to different users separately
Time Code Time Time

Code Code
U4
DMA: U3
U2
Emphasize U1
how to reuse U1
U2
data from U
1
U
2
U
3
U
4 U3
multiple users Frequency Frequency U4 Frequency
FDMA: Reuse users in frequency domain TDMA: Reuse users in time domain CDMA: Reuse users in code domain
From FDM/FDMA to OFDM/OFDMA
Time Code Time
Code
f1 f2 f3 f4
D D D D U U U U
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Traditional FDM Spectrum Traditional FDM Frequency Traditional FDMA Frequency
High spectrum efficiency

Time
Code Time Code
Frequency
DD D D D D D DD D D D
UU U U U U U UU U U U
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Bandwidth
OFDM Frequency
OFDMA Frequency
LTE DL Multiple Access Technology —OFDMA
 OFDMA defines the technology of orthogonal frequency division
multiple access.
 OFDMA is essentially the combination of TDMA and FDMA.
System bandwidth
Subcarrier
TTI: 1 ms
Frequency
Time and frequency resources allocated to user 1
Time Sub-frequency band: 12 subcarriers

LTE UL Multiple Access Technology —
SC-FDMA
 To reduce the limitation of the high PAPR on the PA, LTE uses single
carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) in the uplink.
Frequency bandwidth
Single carrier
TTI: 1 ms
Frequency

Sub-frequency band: 12 subcarriers
Time
0
SC-FDMA Subcarrier Mapping Concept
Time Domain Frequency Domain Time Domain
0
0
0
0
Subcarrier CP
DFT IDFT
Symbols Mapping Insertion
0
0
0
The feature of SC-FDMA is that DFT, converting signaling from time domain to frequency
domain, is inserted before IDFT, transferring signaling from frequency domain to time
domain , so as to introduce some characters of single carrier which decreases PAPR.
SC-FDMA Signal Generation
N symbols sequence DFT Output
produces N subcarriers
First N Symbols
DFT
Modulated and
Coded Symbols
Second N Symbols
DFT
Different input sequence

produces different output
SC-FDMA and the eNB
Time Second N Symbols
IDFT
Power
Cyclic
Prefix First N Symbols
IDFT
N Subcarriers
SC-FDMA Features
 Benefit
 Low sensitivity to carrier frequency offset
 Low PAPR
 Increase the efficiency of PA
 Increased coverage for power-limited terminal
 Disadvantage
 Frequency efficiency is lower than OFDM in DL
Duplex Technologies:
Distinguishing UL/DL Signals
TDD: The uplink and downlink FDD: The uplink and downlink
use different slots. use different frequencies.
• Advantages: TDD is used for scenarios where • Advantages: FDD is easy to accomplish.
traffic is unbalanced. It allocates different amount • Disadvantages: Spectral efficiency is low,
of time slots to the uplink and downlink, improving when the uplink and downlink traffic
the flexibility and spectral efficiency. (primarily data services) is unbalanced.
• Disadvantages: TDD is complicated and requires • Applications: LTE FDD, WCDMA,
GPS synchronization and phase synchronization. CDMA2000
The interference between the DL and UL is difficult
to control.
• Applications: LTE TDD, TD-SCDMA, and WiMAX
Contents
LTE Release 9 FDD/TDD Frequency Band
E-UTRA Downlink Uplink
Operating FDL_low
Rang of NDL
FUL_low
Range of NUL Duplex
Band [MHz]
NOffs-DL NOffs-UL
[MHz]
1 2110 0 0 – 599 1920 18000 18000 – 18599 FDD
2 1930 600 600 - 1199 1850 18600 18600 – 19199 FDD
3 1805 1200 1200 – 1949 1710 19200 19200 – 19949 FDD
4 2110 1950 1950 – 2399 1710 19950 19950 – 20399 FDD
5 869 2400 2400 – 2649 824 20400 20400 – 20649 FDD
6 875 2650 2650 – 2749 830 20650 20650 – 20749 FDD
7 2620 2750 2750 – 3449 2500 20750 20750 – 21449 FDD
8 925 3450 3450 – 3799 880 21450 21450 – 21799 FDD
9 1844.9 3800 3800 – 4149 1749.9 21800 21800 – 22149 FDD
10 2110 4150 4150 – 4749 1710 22150 22150 – 22749 FDD
11 1475.9 4750 4750 – 4949 1427.9 22750 22750 – 22949 FDD
12 729 5010 5010 – 5179 699 23010 23010 – 23179 FDD
13 746 5180 5180 – 5279 777 23180 23180 – 23279 FDD
14 758 5280 5280 – 5379 788 23280 23280 – 23379 FDD
… FDD
17 734 5730 5730 – 5849 704 23730 23730 – 23849 FDD
18 860 5850 5850 – 5999 815 23850 23850 – 23999 FDD
19 875 6000 6000 – 6149 830 24000 24000 – 24149 FDD
20 791 6150 6150 - 6449 832 24150 24150 - 24449 FDD
21 1495.9 6450 6450 – 6599 1447.9 24450 24450 – 24599 FDD
…
33 1900 36000 36000 – 36199 1900 36000 36000 – 36199 TDD
34 2010 36200 36200 – 36349 2010 36200 36200 – 36349 TDD
35 1850 36350 36350 – 36949 1850 36350 36350 – 36949 TDD
36 1930 36950 36950 – 37549 1930 36950 36950 – 37549 TDD
37 1910 37550 37550 – 37749 1910 37550 37550 – 37749 TDD
38 2570 37750 37750 – 38249 2570 37750 37750 – 38249 TDD Protocol：
39 1880 38250 38250 – 38649 1880 38250 38250 – 38649 TDD
36104
40 2300 38650 38650 – 39649 2300 38650 38650 – 39649 TDD
EARFCN Calculation
FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL - NOffs-DL)
eNB
FUL = FUL_low + 0.1(NUL - NOffs-UL)

UE
Example
100kHz Raster
Uplink Downlink
Frequency
1937.4MHz 2127.4MHz
FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL - NOffs-DL)
(FDL - FDL_low)
NDL = + NOffs-DL
0.1
(2127.4 - 2110)
NDL = + 0 = 174
0.1
Contents
LTE Frame Structure Type1-FDD
 Radio frame: 10ms
 Subframe: 1ms
 Slot: 0.5ms
Radio Frame Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10ms

One Slot,Tslot = 15360 x Ts=0.5ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Subframe (1ms) Ts = 1/(15000x2048) = 32.552083ns
LTE Frame Structure Type2-TDD
 Special subframe=DwPTS+GP+UpPTS=1ms
 GP is reserved for downlink to uplink transition.
Type 2 Radio Frame Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10ms
One half-frame, 153600Ts=5ms
Special Subframe Special Subframe
0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
DwPTS
(Downlink Pilot UpPTS (Uplink
GP (Guard
One subframe, 30720Ts=1ms Time Slot) Pilot Time Slot)
Period)
Type 2 Radio Frame Switching Points
 DL/UL Subframe Allocation Item
Switch- Subframe number
DL-UL
point
Configuration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
periodicity
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D
D: Downlink subframe
U: Uplink subframe
S: Special subframe
CP(Cyclic Prefix)
Radio Frame = 10ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Tsymbol
7 OFDM
Symbols 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(Normal CP)
Tsymbol
6 OFDM
Symbols 0 1 2 3 4 5
(Extended CP)
CP
 Extended CP is generally used in cells with extended coverage.
CP Classification and Scenario
DL OFDM CP UL SC-FDMA CP Sub-carrier Symbol of
Configuration
Length of Ts Length of Ts of each RB each slot
Normal 160 for slot #0 160 for slot #0

f=15kHz 7
CP 144 for slot #1~#6 144 for slot #1~#6 12
Extended f=15kHz 512 for slot #0~#5 512 for slot #0~#5 6
CP
f=7.5kHz 1024 for slot #0~#2 NULL 24 (DL only) 3 (DL only)
 Generally, Normal CP is configured.

 For MBSFN, Extended CP is configured.
 Extended CP may be configured for the cell with larger radius like wide coverage scenario.
LTE Physical Resource Concept
 RE (Resource Element)
 RB（Resource Block）
 CCE(Control Channel Element)
 TTI (Transmission Time Interval)
BWChannel [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

RE Number/OFDM
72 180 300 600 900 1200
symbol
RBNumber/slot 6 15 25 50 75 100
Resource Grid Structure
Relationship between Channel BW and RB
 For details, please refer to protocol 36.101
Channel bandwidth BWChannel [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Transmission bandwidth
6 15 25 50 75 100
configuration NRB
Channel Bandwidth [MHz]
Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB]
Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]
Channel edge
Channel edge
Resource block
Active Resource Blocks DC carrier (downlink only)
Definition of channel bandwidth and transmission bandwidth configuration for one E-UTRA carrier
Contents
2.3 Carrier frequency and EARFCN
Location of LTE Physical Channels
Logical Logical channels
Channels RLC
indicate the type of
Transport
MAC information transferred.
Channels
PHY Transport channels
describe what typical
configuration the physical
Physical
layer uses to provide
Channels Radio transport services on the
Channel air interface.
Radio channel Physical channels

describe the physical
Radio features of signals, such
Channel as coding and
TDD
modulation.
eNB
FDD
Radio
Channel
UE UE
Function Overview of Physical Channels
 Physical channels are divided into uplink and downlink physical channels.
 Downlink physical channels include:
 PBCH: broadcasts system information.
 PCFICH: indicates the number of symbols PDCCH resources occupy in the time
domain.
 PHICH: indicates the demodulation status on the PUSCH (ACK/NACK).
 PDCCH: indicates user scheduling information (uplink and downlink).
 PDSCH: transmits user DL data.
 Uplink physical channels include:

 PRACH: transmits uplink random access preambles
 PUSCH: transmits user UL data.
 PUCCH: transmits information about downlink data demodulation performance

(ACK/NACK), channel quality measurement results and scheduling requests.
Mapping Relationship between Physical
Channels and Other Channels
Reference Signals
 Reference signal is a special data sequence which is located at specific
location (resource elements) in DL/UL frame which is supposed to be decoded
by UE/eNodeB and taken as a signal for RSRP, RSRQ.
• Cell Specific Reference Signals (non-MBSFN) CRS

DL
• MBSFN Reference Signals(only for MBSFN)
RS
• UE Specific Reference Signals (It is typically used for beamforming)
• Demodulation Reference Signal

 Used for channel estimation to help the demodulation of the control
DMRS
UL and data channels in the eNB.
RS • Sounding Reference Signal

 Provides the eNB with uplink channel quality information(CQI) which SRS
can be used for scheduling.
Cell Specific Reference Signals
One antenna port
It is worth noting that the position of

R0 R0

R0 R0
R0 R0
the reference signals is dependent
l0
R0 R0
l6 l0 l6
on the value of the Physical Cell ID.
R0 R0 R1 R1
Resource element (k,l)
Two antenna
Not used for transmission

ports
R0 R0 R1 R1
on this antenna port
R0 R0 R1 R1
Reference symbols on
this antenna port
R0 R0 R1 R1
l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6
Four antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R1： The RS of NO.1 antenna

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 port
port
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
port
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
port
l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3
Contents
2.6.1 Cell Selection
2.6.2 Random Access Procedure
LTE Cell Search Procedure
Uplink
Synchronization
Complete
Cell PLMN/Cell RACH
Power On
Search Selection Process
Downlink
Synchronization
Complete
Synchronization Channel: Cell Search and
Downlink Synchronization
Frame - 10ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5MHz (25
Resource
Blocks)
PSS
SSS
PBCH
Extended CP 0 1 2 3 4 5
PSS (Primary
Bandwidth Synchronization
Sequence)
Normal CP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 72
Subcarriers
Bandwidth
SSS (Secondary
Synchronization
Sequence)
Slots 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Radio Frame
Repeated in
slots 0 and 10
PSS and SSS Location for FDD
Extended CP 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Bandwidth
DwPTS
Normal CP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 DL
GP
UL
subframe #0 subframe #2
SSS PSS RS/Control UpPTS
Data
Bandwidth
Slots 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Radio Frame
PSS and SSS Location for TDD
n Signals
chro nizatio
nk Syn
Downli
(1) (2) eNB
Ncell
ID = 3NID + NID
Where: NID(1) = 0,…..167

UE NID(2) = 0, 1, or 2
SSS - One of 168

Group Identities
eNB eNB
eNB
504 Unique Cell
Identities PSS - One of 3 Identities
PLMN Selection
PLMN Selection Order
Stored in UE Last RPLMN PLMN Select
When UE
Switch On
Set in SIM HPLMN & EHPLMN
User Controlled PLMN Selector The Timer of

Set in UE with Access Technology HPLMN Reselection
is Saved in SIM Card
(no less 6 min)
Set in SIM Operator Controlled PLMN Selector
with Access Technology
Suggested PLMN List in SIM

card: The PLMN with signals of high
 PLMN + E-UTRAN
received quality

PLMN + UTRAN

PLMN + GSM
Other PLMN Based On Wireless
Quality
Customized PLMN/Frequency List in SIM card, UE Prefers to Camp on LTE Network
Cell Initial Selection
Qrxlevmeas
Qqualmeas
Qrxlevmeas
Qqualmeas
Qrxlevmeas
Qqualmeas
Criteria for cell selection are based on Srxlev

and Squal
Srxlev > 0 and Squal > 0
Random Access Procedure Overview
 Purpose:
 A user accesses the network and acquires a UE ID used by the
eNodeB to identify the UE.
 The UE is time-synchronized in the uplink.
 Random Access Scenarios

 Initial access
 Handover between cells
 The UE is out of synchronization in the uplink.
 An error has occurred in the downlink and the UE re-establishes the

link.
Random Access Procedure
UE eNB
PRACH Preamble Sequence The UE
RACH
sends its
s-TMSI.
MAC Scheduling Grant
MAC
RRC Connection Request Contention
UL-SCH
The UE identifies Resolution
RRC Connection Setup
whether it is DL-SCH The eNodeB
chosen basing on transmits the
its own s-TMSI. UL-SCH RRC Connection Setup Complete s-TMSI to the UEs.
Signalling Radio Bearer

(RRC Connected) If two UEs send their
s-TMSIs simultaneously,
the eNodeB needs to
choose a UE to connect.
Uplink Syn. in Random Access Procedure
 Uplink synchronization means the time when data reaches the eNodeB is the same as that when the eNodeB
receives it.Uplink time deviation exists because of transmission latency. The distances between the UEs and
the eNodeB are different.
 Resolutions:
 Generally, the eNodeB obtains the timing information by detecting the uplink reference signal (periodic
SRS or DMRS) sent by the UE in the uplink.
 The eNodeB transmits the TA (Time Alignment) to the UE on the PDSCH. In random access:
 eNodeB obtains the uplink timing information by measuring preamble signals.
 eNodeB sends the uplink timing information to the UE on the RA channel.
 The eNodeB and UE maintain the same timer to update TA to ensure that the UE keeps uplink
synchronized when it is in the connected state.
Contents
Background of Multi-Antenna Technology
 50 years ago, Shannon formula gives the maximum efficiency of time-frequency
communication system.
 S
C  B  log 2 1  bit / s 
 N
 The spectrum efficiency of channel C is proportional to signal power and signal
bandwidth. However, with the increase in signal power and signal bandwidth, the
spectrum efficiency increases more slowly, so new technologies need to be introduced
in order to effectively improve the spectrum efficiency.
 Therefore, MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology came into being.
The Classification of Multi-antenna Technology
Tx diversity
• Including time diversity, space
Diversity diversity and frequency diversity.
Multiplex channels
combining • Improve reception reliability and
transmit same
enhance coverage.
information
• It is suitable to the scenario which
need to ensure reliability or coverage.
Spatial multiplexing (sometimes also call MIMO)
MMSE or • Theoretically doubling the peak rate.

Multiplex channels
serial • Suitable for dense urban areas with
transmit different
interference more signal scattering, not suitable for
information
cancellation the case of direct signal
Beamforming
• Through accurate estimate of the
Multiple antenna channel and form a beam, reduce
array beamforming Maximum interference between users
single signal ratio • Improve coverage while reducing
transmission combining intra-cell interference, improve system
throughput
MIMO Overview
 MIMO is the key technology of LTE system, it relates to the use of
multiple antennas at both the transmitter (Multiple Input) and receiver
(Multiple Output).
 Theoretically, the channel capacity can be increased linearly by the

number of transmitter and receiver, so the channel capacity in MIMO
mode is larger than in single antenna mode.
Date stream MIMO channel
Radio Channel Access Mode
Transmitting Physical Receiving
 Traditional antenna antenna channel antenna
SISO
mode
 Diversity transmitting
MISO
mode
 Diversity receiving
SIMO
mode
MIMO
 MIMO mode
SU-MIMO/MU-MIMO Introduction
After Precoding, the two

data streams mixed in
different transmit
antennas with different
transmit power and •Uplink
phase •Downlink
Two different •Uplink

data streams
The Advantage of MIMO
 Array gain Improve system
Improves the average coverage
SINR of the combined
signal, and obtains the
performance gain
 Diversity gain
Reduce the fading range
Improve
of combined signal and
obtain performance gain
Improve system
spectrum
capacity
 Multiplexing gain efficiency
Increase the number of
spatial channel and
obtain throughput gain
 Interference
cancellation gain Improve peak
Obtain the gain on
interference scenarios
throughput
Contents
Questions
 True / False. A cyclic prefix is used to combat multipath delays.
a. True.
b. False.
Questions
 How many symbols are there in a slot when a normal CP is
used?
a. 5.
b. 6.
c. 7.
d. 8.
Questions
 Which of the following are downlink transport channels?
a. BCH.
b. PCH.
c. RACH.
d. UL-SCH.
e. DL-SCH.
Contents
Contents
3 eNodeB Product Overview
3.1 The Huawei eNB Family Overview
3.2 Operations and Maintenance
Versatile Site solutions for Diversified Deployment Scenarios
Distributed eNodeB Outdoor
Indoor eNodeB DBS3900 eNodeB
BTS3900
BTS 3900AL
Micro- eNodeB
BTS3202E
Outdoor eNodeB
BTS3900A
Indoor
eNodeB
BTS 3900L
RFU RRU All-in-one design.

Compact, light
weight. Support on
Multimodal RRU Multimodal BBU
• CDMA/WCDMA/LTE, or • 2U 19-in rack mount design wall / on pole
• GSM/UMTS//LTE • Simultaneous 2G/3G/4G operation
BBU installation.
• Huawei SingleBTS Base Stations meet diversified MBB Site Scenarios.
• Three standardized modules shared by all eNodeB portfolio
BTS3900 LTE
RF Antenna
Cabinets
BBU3900 LRFU
(BaseBand control Unit) CPRI (LTE Radio Frequency
Unit)
DBS3900 LTE
RF Antenna
BBU3900 RRU3201
(BaseBand control Unit) CPRI (Radio Remote Unit)
Auxiliary Devices
APM30H / IBBS200D&T / TMC11H
Contents
3 eNB Product Overview
3.1 The Huawei eNB Family Overview
3.2 Operations and Maintenance
Structure of Operation and
Maintenance System
M2000
Remote Maintenance Client
Local Maintenance
LMT
eNodeB M2000 Server
Functions of Operation and Maintenance
System
 Configuration Management
 Fault Management
 Performance Management
 Security Management
 Software Management
 Deployment Management
 Equipment / Inventory Management
Questions
 The BTS3900 LTE is comprised of which elements?
a. BBU3900.
b. RRU.
c. LRFU.
d. TMC11H.
Questions
 Which of the following comprise an O&M function?
a. Configuration Management.
b. Performance Management.
c. RF Management.
d. Deployment Management.
e. Access Control Management..
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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LTE System Overview

Copyright © 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

2. Air Interface Principles

3. eNodeB Product Overview

1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks

1.3 E-UTRAN Protocol Stack Structure

AMPS GSM UMTS LTE

50xSmall Cell Per

HomoNet HetNet Fusion-Net

3GPP creates a new generation of wireless communication systems, with wireless

1.2 EPS Architecture

UE E-UTRAN EPC SGW PDN-GW

Maximum Throughput Support for 64QAM in

MME Serving Gateway PDN Gateway

1.2 EPS Architecture

1.3 E-UTRAN Protocol Stack Structure

L3 & NAS UE eNB RRC RRC

PDCP PDCP PDCP PDCP

RLC RLC RLC RLC

L1 PHY PHY PHY PHY

 RRC_IDLE: A UE is in RRC_IDLE state when the UE does not have

 RRC_CONNECTED: A UE is in RRC_CONNECTED when an RRC

Control Plane User Plane

Transport Transport Network Transport Network

2. Air Interface Principles

3. eNodeB Product Overview

2.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies

2.3 Carrier Frequency and EARFCN

2.4 LTE Frame Structure

2.5 LTE Physical Channel

2.6 Physical Procedures

2.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output

 for example：sampling rate fs =1/Ts =N ·f

 For bandwidth 20MHz, N=2048, f＝15kHz，sampling rate＝30.72MHz

Attitude The previous symbol The next symbol

Symbol Period T(s) Time

Frequencies not used

 Solution: Use frequency synchronization to solve the frequency offset.

Solution: Use high-performance PA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink.

2.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies

2.3 Carrier Frequency and EARFCN

2.4 LTE Frame Structure

2.5 LTE Physical Channel

2.6 Physical Procedures

2.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output

Code Time Time Time

matter whether DS DS DS DS DS2

Multiplex data streams mapping to different users separately

Time Code Time Time

Traditional FDM Spectrum Traditional FDM Frequency Traditional FDMA Frequency

High spectrum efficiency

Time and frequency resources allocated to user 1

Time and frequency resources allocated to user 2

Time Sub-frequency band: 12 subcarriers

Time and frequency resources allocated to user 1

Time and frequency resources allocated to user 2

Time Domain Frequency Domain Time Domain

Different input sequence

Time Second N Symbols

 Increase the efficiency of PA