ASSIGNMENT IN CRIM.

509
SCIENCE OF CRIMINALISTICS

1. What is your thought about this passage from Paul Brouardel?

“ If the law has made you a witness, remain a man of science, you have no victim to avenge, no guilty or
innocent person to ruin or save. You must bear testimony within the limits of science”
- Paul Brouardel

Reflection:
The quote by Paul Brouardel emphasizes the importance of impartiality and objectivity when it
comes to being a witness in a legal matter. Brouardel suggests that a witness should remain focused on
the facts of the case and the limits of science, rather than personal biases or agendas. This means that a
witness should not seek avenge or punish anyone, nor should they try to save someone they believed to be
innocent. Instead, their role is to bear testimony within the limits of what is scientifically verifiable.
This quote highlights the importance of remaining objective and truthful in legal proceedings.
Witness have a duty to provide accurate and reliable information that can help to establish the truth of .a
matter. By emphasizing the role of science in this subject process, Brouardel suggests that witnesses must
rely on facts and evidence, rather than speculations or personal opinions, in order to ensure justice is
served.
PIONEERS IN CRIMINALISTICS

Name: Dr. Paul L. Kirk

Born: May 9, 1902, Colorado Springs, Colorado United
States
Died: June 5, 1970, Alameda, California, United States
Education: The Ohio State University, University of
California, Berkeley
Paul Leland Kirk is a leader in establishing criminology as an academic
discipline. He worked as a professor at the University of California, Berkeley
(UCB), for forty-three years, making advances to the university's program and
conducting important research in the field. Kirk also wrote the groundbreaking
textbook Crime Investigation. In addition, he consulted on many criminal cases, including the well-
known murder trial of Sam Sheppard.

Some of Paul Kirk's most notable contributions to criminology include:

Forensic anthropology: Kirk was one of the first forensic scientists to use skeletal remains to identify
victims and suspects in criminal investigations. He developed new techniques for analyzing bones and
other human remains, which helped investigators to determine the age, sex, and race of victims and
suspects.

Blood spatter analysis: Kirk was one of the first scientists to develop methods for analyzing blood spatter
patterns at crime scenes. He developed techniques for determining the angle and velocity of blood drops,
which helped investigators to reconstruct the events of a crime.

Written works: Kirk authored several influential books on forensic science, including "Crime
Investigation: Physical Evidence and the Police Laboratory," which became a standard reference for
forensic scientists and criminal investigators.

Expert testimony: Kirk was called upon to provide expert testimony in many high-profile criminal cases,
including the trial of Sam Sheppard, who was accused of murdering his wife. Kirk's testimony helped to
establish the use of physical evidence in criminal trials and his methods and techniques have been widely
adopted by forensic scientists and criminal investigators. encyclopedia.com paul kirk. (n.d.).
 NAME: Hans Gustav Adolf Gross
Born: December 26, 1847 GRAZ, AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
Died : December 9, 1915 (aged 67) GRAZ, AUSTRIAN
– HUNGARIAN EMPIRE
Occupation: Criminal Jurist
Hans Gross made his mark in the world as a criminologist. He is associated with
being the creator of the field of criminology after establishing the study at the
Institute of Criminology in Graz.[1] Throughout his life, he assisted in advancing
the crime investigation world, especially in 1893 when the practice of
criminology became more widespread.[2] Introducing new investigation and
observation techniques, such as crime scene photography and
examining fingerprints, changed how the justice system functioned.[2] His book, Handbuch für
Untersuchungsrichter als System der Kriminalistik, contains revolutionary methods and ideas that greatly
broadened criminal science. One of New York's famous Detective Agencies is named after him the Gross
Investigation Bureau

Some of Hans Gross's most notable contributions to criminology include:

Criminalistics: Gross developed the concept of "criminalistics," which refers to the use of scientific
methods and techniques to investigate and solve crimes. He believed that criminal investigation should be based on
empirical evidence, rather than intuition or guesswork.

Forensic science: Gross was one of the pioneers of forensic science, and he developed many of the
techniques and methods used in modern forensic investigations. He was particularly interested in the use of physical
evidence, such as fingerprints, footprints, and other trace evidence, to identify suspects and link them to crimes.

Criminal profiling: Gross was one of the first criminologists to use criminal profiling to help solve crimes.
He believed that by analyzing crime scenes and evidence, investigators could gain insight into the personality,
motivations, and behavior of the offender.

Written works: Gross authored several influential books on criminology and criminal investigation,
including "Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter," which was translated into English as "Criminal Investigation: A
Practical Handbook for Magistrates, Police Officers and Lawyers." This book became a standard reference for criminal
investigators and forensic scientists around the world. wikepedia hans gross. (n.d.).

Name: Luke S. May (1886-1965)

“America’s Sherlock Holmes”
Considered one of the first American criminalists, Luke S. May had a long
career as a detective dedicated to the advancement of scientific method in
relation to crime investigation. He pioneered striation analysis in tool mark
comparison, and invented the Revelarescope. In addition, May was a
 regular contributor to the popular magazine True Detective Mysteries, and wrote many books on forensic
science topics.

May cultivated an interest in criminology as a young man, reading works by authors as diverse
as Arthur Conan Doyle and Hans Gross . At the age of seventeen, he began working as a private
detective in Salt Lake City, Utah. A few years later, he opened Revelare International Secret Service, an
independent detective agency, with noted forensic experts J. Clark Sellers and John L. Harris. With an
emphasis on scientific method and forensic specialties like fingerprint identification , May and his
colleagues were able to provide lab services to law enforcement officials before the officials had these
capabilities on their own.

In 1919, May moved to Seattle, Washington, and opened Scientific Detective Laboratories, parting way
with Sellers and Harris. It is here that May invented his best-known forensic tool, the Revelarescope, in
1922. The instrument, a comparison magnascope, featured two lenses that projected a split image on a
ground glass screen. May's invention was used in a high-profile child abduction case in Washington, one
that produced a ground-breaking decision in the use of tool mark identification. At this time, May also
intensified his role as an educator, allowing criminology students to study with him at his laboratory. He
later served as an instructor in the law programs at the University of Washington, University of Oregon,
and Willamette University.

May was well-known as an ongoing contributor to the popular true crime magazine, True Detective
Mysteries. He collaborated with writers to create a number of case articles for the magazine, and also
wrote a question-and-answer column regarding investigation techniques. In 1936, May wrote Crime's
Nemesis, a book in which he outlines the details of some of his most unusual cases. May also wrote two
crime investigation handbooks, Scientific Murder Investigation and Field Manual of Detective Science, in
1933. encyclopedia.cpm. (n.d.).

Name: Edmond Locard

Born: December 13, 1877 Saint-Chamond,
Loire, French Third Republic
Died: May 4, 1966 ( aged 88) Lyon, France
Nationality : French
Citizenry: French
Known for : First police Laboratory, Locard’s
exchange principle, Sherlock Holmes of France

Dr. Edmond Locard (13 December 1877 – 4 May 1966) was

a French criminologist, the pioneer in forensic science who
became known as the "Sherlock Holmes of France". He
formulated the basic principle of forensic science: "Every contact leaves a trace". This became known
as Locard's exchange principle.

Locard was born in Saint-Chamond, France on December 13, 1877, although some records claim he was
born in 1872. He studied medicine and law at Lyon, France, eventually becoming the assistant
of Alexandre Lacassagne, a criminologist and professor. He held this post until 1910, when he began the
foundation of his criminal laboratory. His lab, located in Lyon, was the first forensic lab in Europe.[6]
In 1910, Locard succeeded in persuading the Police Department of Lyon to give him two attic rooms and
two assistants, to start what became the first police forensic laboratory.
Locard's daughter Denise would be born on November 18, 1917 in Paris.
Locard produced a monumental, seven-volume work, Traité de Criminalistique. He also was first to
codify Galton points, fingerprint characteristics meant for identification.
Locard continued his research in Lyon until his death in 1966.
The young Georges Simenon, later to become a well-known detective writer, is known to have attended
some Locard lectures in 1919 or 1920.[citation needed]
Locard is considered to be the father of modern forensic science. His Exchange Principle is the basis of
all forensic work; the principle stipulates that when any two objects come into contact, there is always a
transference of material between each object.[4][13]
In November 2012, he was nominated to the French Forensic Science Hall of Fame of the Association
Québécoise de Criminalistique.
Some of Edmond Locard's most notable contributions to criminology include:
Locard's Exchange Principle: This principle, also known as the Locard's principle, states that every
contact between two objects leaves a trace, and that these traces can be used to identify the objects and
the individuals involved. This principle is still a fundamental concept in modern forensic science and is
used in the analysis of physical evidence.
Forensic laboratory: In 1910, Locard established the first forensic laboratory in the world in Lyon,
France. This laboratory served as a model for many other forensic laboratories around the world and
played a crucial role in the development of modern forensic techniques

Forensic techniques: Locard developed many of the techniques used in modern forensic investigations,
including the use of microscopy, chemical analysis, and fingerprint analysis. He also pioneered the use of
ballistics and questioned document examination in criminal investigations. (Wikepedia, n.d.)

NAME: PAUL CAMILLE HIPPOLYTE BROUARDEL

Born: FEBRUARY 13, 1837 Saint-quentin, aisne
Died: July 23, 1906
 was a French pathologist, hygienist, and member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine.
In 1858 he became an externe at the Hôpital Cochin in Paris, and in 1865 earned his medical
doctorate. In 1873 he became director of medical services at the Hôpital Saint-Antoine and la
Pitié. In 1879 he became a professor of forensics at the Faculté de Médecine de Paris, and
succeeded Auguste Ambroise Tardieu (1818–1879) as doyen of French forensic medicine. From
1884 to 1904 he was chair of the Consultative Committee of Hygiene, and in 1899 was elected
president of the French Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AFAS).
Brouardel was a leading authority of French forensic medicine, and was also a passionate
advocate concerning all aspects of public health and hygiene. He was at the forefront of issues
such as food safety, tuberculosis, venereal disease, child abuse, alcoholism and public decency.
Brouardel was a major influence on the career of neurologist Georges Gilles de la
Tourette (1857–1904).
With physician Ernest Mosny (1861–1918), he was co-author of the multi-volume Traité
d'hygiène,[2] and with Augustin Nicolas Gilbert (1858–1927) and Joseph Girode, he published the
10-volume Traité de médecine et de Thérapeutique (1895–1902).
Some of Paul Brouardel's most notable contributions to criminology include:

Forensic pathology: Brouardel was one of the first physicians to use scientific methods to investigate the
causes of death in criminal cases. He developed new techniques for examining dead bodies and analyzing the injuries
and wounds that they sustained, which helped investigators to determine the cause and manner of death.

Medical jurisprudence: Brouardel made significant contributions to the field of medical jurisprudence,
which is the study of the legal implications of medical practices. He developed guidelines for medical practitioners
who were called upon to provide evidence in legal cases and helped to establish the use of medical evidence in
criminal trials.

Written works: Brouardel authored several influential books on forensic medicine and medical
jurisprudence, including "Manuel de médecine légale," which became a standard reference for forensic pathologists
and medical practitioners.

Institutional reform: Brouardel played a key role in the reform of the French legal and medical systems.
He advocated for the use of scientific methods in criminal investigations and pushed for the establishment
of forensic laboratories and the training of forensic scientists and medical practitioners. WIKIPEDIA
PAUL BROUARDEL. (n.d.).

NAME: ALPHONSE BERTILLON

BORN : April 22, 1853 Paris, France

Died : February 13, 1914 (Aged 60 ) Paris , France

 Occupation: Law enforcement officer and Biometrics researcher

Parent: Louis Bertillion (Father)

was a French police officer and biometrics researcher who applied the anthropological technique
of anthropometry to law enforcement creating an identification system based on physical measurements.
Anthropometry was the first scientific system used by police to identify criminals. Before that time,
criminals could only be identified by name or photograph. The method was eventually supplanted
by fingerprinting.
He is also the inventor of the mug shot. Photographing of criminals began in the 1840s only a few years
after the invention of photography, but it was not until 1888 that Bertillon standardized the process.
His flawed evidence was used to wrongly convict Alfred Dreyfus in the infamous Dreyfus affair.
Bertillon was born in Paris.[2] He was a son of statistician Louis-Adolphe Bertillon and younger brother of
the statistician and demographer Jacques Bertillon.
After being expelled from the Imperial Lycée of Versailles, Bertillon drifted through a number of jobs in
England and France, before being conscripted into the French army in 1875. Several years later, he was
discharged from the army with no real higher education, so his father arranged for his employment in a
low-level clerical job at the Prefecture of Police in Paris. Thus, Bertillon began his police career on 15
March 1879 as a department copyist.
Being an orderly man, he was dissatisfied with the ad hoc methods used to identify the increasing number
of captured criminals who had been arrested before. This, together with the steadily rising recidivism rate
in France since 1870, motivated his invention of anthropometrics. He did his measurements in his spare
time. He used the famous La Santé Prison in Paris for his activities, facing jeers from the prison inmates
as well as police officers.
Frontispiece from Bertillon's Identification anthropométrique (1893), demonstrating the measurements needed for
his anthropometric identification system.
Bertillon also created many other forensics techniques, including the use of galvanoplastic compounds to
preserve footprints, ballistics, and the dynamometer, used to determine the degree of force used
in breaking and entering.
The nearly 100-year-old standard of comparing 16 ridge characteristics to identify latent prints at crime
scenes against criminal records of fingerprint impressions was based on claims in a 1912 paper Bertillon
published in France.
Bertillon died 13 February 1914 in Paris.
 Name: Eugène-François Vidocq
Born : July 24, 1775 Arras, France
Died: May 11, 1857 ( aged 81)
Paris, France
Known for: Innovations in
Criminology

was a French criminal turned criminalist, whose life story

inspired several writers, including Victor Hugo, Edgar Allan
Poe and Honoré de Balzac. The former criminal became the
founder and first director of France's first criminal
investigative agency, the Sûreté nationale, as well as the head of the first known private detective agency.
Vidocq is considered to be the father of modern criminology and of the French national police force. He
is also regarded as the first private detective.
The Sûreté (1811–1832)
At the end of 1811, Vidocq informally organized a plainclothes unit,, the Brigade de Sûreté ("Security
Brigade"). The police department recognized the value of these civil agents, and in October 1812, the
experiment was officially converted to a security police unit under the Prefecture of Police. Vidocq was
appointed its leader. On 17 December 1813, Emperor Napoleon I signed a decree that made the brigade a state
security police force. From this day on, it was called the Sûreté Nationale.

Criminal investigations: Vidocq was one of the first detectives to use scientific methods to investigate criminal
cases. He developed new techniques for gathering evidence and analyzing crime scenes, and he used these
methods to solve some of the most notorious crimes of his time.
Criminal identification: Vidocq also developed new methods for identifying criminals based on their
physical characteristics and behavioral patterns. He was a pioneer in the use of facial composites and
developed the first known record of criminal photographs, which he used to identify repeat offenders.
Organized crime: Vidocq was a key figure in the fight against organized crime in France. He founded the
first private detective agency, the Bureau des Renseignements, which was tasked with investigating
organized crime networks and apprehending their leaders.

Written works: Vidocq authored several influential books on the subject of criminal investigations and
forensic science, including "Memoirs of Vidocq" and "The Art of Crime Detection." These books became
standard reference works for law enforcement agencies around the
world. (wikipedia eugene vidocq. )(n.d.).

NAME: ALEXANDRE LACASSAGNE (August 17, 1843 –

September 24, 1924) was a French physician and criminologist who
was a native of Cahors. He was the founder of the Lacassagne school
of criminology, based in Lyon and influential from 1885 to 1914, and the main rival to Lombroso's Italian
school.

Lacassagne studied at the military school in Strasbourg, and for a period of time worked at Val-de-
Grâce military hospital in Paris. Later he attained the chair of Médecine Légale de la Faculté de
Lyon (Forensic medicine of the Lyon Faculty), and was also founder of the journal Archives de
l'Anthropologie Criminelle. Among his assistants was famed forensics scientist Edmund Locard (1877–
1966).
Lacassagne was a principal founder in the fields of medical jurisprudence and criminal anthropology. He
was a specialist in the field of toxicology, and was a pioneer regarding bloodstain pattern analysis and the
research of bullet markings and their relationship to specific weapons. While he didn't come up with a
system to classify these markings, Lacassagne's research and study is considered the beginning of the
science of ballistics.
He had a keen interest in sociology and psychology, and the correlation of these disciplines to criminal
and "deviant" behaviour. He considered an individual's biological predisposition and social environment
to be important factors in criminal behaviour.
Lacassagne became famous because of his expertise in various criminal affairs, including the "malle à
Gouffé" in 1889, The assassination of President Sadi Carnot, stabbed in 1894 by the Italian
anarchist Caserio, and the case of Joseph Vacher (1869–1898), one of the first known French serial
killers.
Politically, Lacassagne supported the initiative of his friend Léon Gambetta, an Opportunist Republican,
in favour of the 27 May 1885 Act establishing penal colonies, dubbed "Law on relegation of recidivists"
(the bill had been introduced by Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau and Martin Feuillée). He also opposed the
abolition of death penalty, proposed in 1906 by an alliance of Radicals and Socialists and rejected in
1908, as he considered that some criminals were unredeemable.
In 1877, with Apollinaire Bouchardat and Émile Vallin, he was a founding member of the "Société de
Médecine publique et d'Hygiène professionnelle"
Lacassagne died in Lyon.
The concept of criminal anthropology: Lacassagne believed that criminals had specific physical and
mental characteristics that could be studied scientifically. He was one of the first criminologists to use the
term "criminal anthropology" to describe this approach.

The study of crime scenes: Lacassagne was one of the pioneers of forensic science and believed that
analyzing crime scenes could provide valuable information about the criminal and the crime. He stressed
the importance of collecting and preserving evidence and using scientific methods to analyze it.

The role of environment in criminal behavior: Lacassagne recognized the importance of environmental
factors, such as poverty, social inequality, and urbanization, in contributing to criminal behavior. He
believed that addressing these social issues could help prevent crime.

The study of serial killers: Lacassagne studied several notorious serial killers, such as Jack the Ripper and
Henri Désiré Landru, and tried to understand the psychological and social factors that led them to commit
their crimes. He was one of the first criminologists to study this phenomenon.

The multidisciplinary approach to criminology: Lacassagne believed that studying crime required a
multidisciplinary approach that combined the fields of medicine, psychology, sociology, and law. He
emphasized the importance of using rigorous research methods and collecting empirical data to
understand criminal behavior. WIKIPEDIA ALEXADRE LACASSAGNE. (n.d.).