Kongu Engineering College Perundurai Erode 638 060

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Subject Fundamental Questions

S. No. Subject Name Page No.

Design Stream
1. Engineering Mechanics 3
2. Engineering Drawing 9
3. Strength of Materials 11
4. Machine Drawing 14
5. Kinematics of Machinery 15
6. Dynamics of Machinery 17
7. Design of Machine Elements 19
8. Design of Transmission System 26
9. Finite Element Analysis 28
10. Mechatronics & IoT 30
11. Fluid Power System 35
12. CAD / CAM / CIM 36
13. Piping Design 39
14. Design of Jigs, Fixtures and Press Tools 41
15. Mechanics of Composite Materials 42
Manufacturing
16. Manufacturing Technology 46
17. Engineering Materials and Metallurgy 53
18. Material Removal Processes 54
19. Instrumentation and Control 55
20. Unconventional Machining Processes 58
21. Design for Manufacture and Assembly 59
22. CNC Technology 62
23. Additive Manufacturing 64
24. Precision Engineering 66
25. Welding Technology 67
26. Non Destructive Evaluation Techniques 69
Thermal
27. Engineering Thermodynamics 73
28. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines 77
29. Thermal Engineering 79
30. Heat and Mass Transfer 84
31. Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion 88
32. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 90
33. Computational Fluid Dynamics 93
34. Automobile Engineering 94
35. Design of Heat Exchangers 96
36. Hybrid Vehicle Technology 98
37. Power Plant Engineering 99
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 Industrial Engineering
38. Operations Research 102
39. Production Planning and Control 104
40. Total Quality Management 106
41. Project Management 109
42. Quality and Reliability Engineering 110
43. Industrial Engineering and Cost analysis 113
44. Maintenance Engineering 115
45. Industrial Safety Engineering 117

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 Engineering Mechanics Question Bank

UNIT -1
1. Define principle of transmissibility of forces
2. State the lami’s theorem.
3. Define parallelogram law of force
4. Define triangular law of forces
5. Define polygon law of forces
6. What are the classifications of vector?
7. Define free vector
8. Define sliding vector
9. Define bound or fixed vector
10. What are the classification of force system
11. Define force?
12. What are the characteristics of a force
13. What is a coplanar force?
14. What is a concurrent force?
15. Define non-coplanar force?
16. What is a collinear force?
17. Define parallel force?
18. A force of 500N forms angles 60o, 45o and 120o respectively with x, y and z axes.
Write the force in vector form.
19. A force F=700i +1500j is applied to a bolt A. Determine the magnitude of the force
and the angle it forms with the horizontal
20. A force F= 6i-3j-2k acts at a point P (2, 3, 4). Determine the moment of this force about
the point of origin
21. A force of magnitude 750N is directed along AB where A is (0.8, 0, 1.2) m and B is
(1.4, 1.2, 0) m. writes the vector form of the force.
22. The line of action of a 100N force F Passes through the points A(2,5,8)m and
B(7,2,6)m. the direction of the force is from A to B. Express F in terms of the unit
vectors i, j and k
23. Two forces of magnitude 10N and 8N acting at a point. If the angle between the two
force is 60o. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
24. What is the difference between coplanar concurrent force and coplanar non
concurrent force?
25. What is the difference between like collinear coplanar force and unlike collinear coplanar force?
26. What is the difference between like non coplanar concurrent force and non-coplanar
Non-concurrent force?
27. What is resultant force?
28. Define statics
29. Define Dynamics
30. A force of 500N acts at 30o with x axis. Write the force in Cartesian coordinates.
31. State Newton’s law of motion
32. What is Equilibrant?
33. Define Equilibrium
34. What is free body diagram?
35. Write condition of equilibrium for concurrent forces
36. Write condition of equilibrium for non-concurrent forces
37. State the equation of equilibrium of a coplanar system of forces.
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38. Find the resultant of an 800 N force acting towards eastern direction and a 500 N force acting
towards north eastern direction.
39. State varigonon’s theorem.
40. Three couples +16 Nm, -45 Nm and +120 Nm arc acting in the xy, yz and xz planes respectively.
Determine the magnitude of the resultant vector of these three couples.
41. Find the reactions at A and B.Fig-1

Figure-1.

UNIT -2
1. What is stable equilibrium?
2. What is unstable equilibrium?
3. What is neutral equilibrium?
4. What are the characteristics of a couple?
5. Define moment of a force?
6. For what condition the moment of a force will be zero?
7. What is the difference between a moment and a couple?
8. What is the difference between a fixed vector and a free vector?
9. What are the common types of supports used in two dimensions?
10. What are the common types of supports used in three dimensions?
11. What are the common types of loads?
12. What is statically determinate structure?
13. A force of magnitude 200N is acting along the line joining P(2,4,6)m and Q(4,7,10)m.
find the moment of the force about (7,10,15)
14. A force (10i+20j-5k)N applied at A (3,0,2)m is moved to point B(6,3,1)m. Find the
work done by the force.
15. A force F= (3i-5j+7k )N acts at A of coordinates (1, 3, 4). Determine the moment of
this force about the coordinate axes
16. What are the types of couple?
17. What is beam?
18. What is frame?
19. What is a point load?
20. What is a uniformly distributed load?
21. What are the difference between roller support and hinged support?
22. What is support reaction of beam?
23. What is statically indeterminate structure?
24. What is resultant force?
25. What is the difference between action and reaction?
26. Find the unit vector along the force F=2i+3j+5k
27. A position vector and force are 2i-3j+4k and 120i-260j+320k respectively. find the
moment of the force about the origin
28. Define truss.
29. List the assumptions made to resolve the forces in a truss. Also provide the condition to
design a perfect truss.
30. A force of magnitude 200N is acting along the line joining P (2, 4, 6) and Q (4, 7, 10). Find the
moment of the force about R (7, 10, 15).
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31. Give the necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium of a rigid body in three
dimensions.

UNIT -3
1. State parallel axis theorem
2. State perpendicular axis theorem
3. State Polar Moment Of Inertia
4. What is radius of gyration?
5. Define centre of gravity
6. Define centroid
7. Define principal axes and principal moment of inertia
8. Define product of inertia
9. State the location of centroid of semicircle arc whose radius is r with a sketch
10. A semi circular area having radius 100 mm is located in the xy plane such that
its diameteral edge coincides with x y axis. Determine the x coordinate of its
centroid
11. Define centroidal axis
12. Name the axis on a plane laminar, about which sum of moment of elementary
axis equals zero?
13. If an area has an axis of symmetry, the centroidal line lies on the axis of
14. Moment of inertia of triangle about an axis passing through C.G and parallel to base
Is
15. Determine the first moment of inertia of a triangle of base b and height h about
its base is
16. Determine the second moment of area of a triangle of base b and height h about
its base is
17. Define first moment of area
18. Define second moment of area
19. Define mass moment of inertia
20. A quadrant of a circle has 3 cm radius. Locate the centroid of the lamina with
respect to the radii
21. The coordinates of a centroid of an area may be obtained by dividing the first
moment of area by the
22. The radius of gyration of an area about a given axis is defined as the effective
distance where the entire area may be considered to be located with ____________
23. Under what conditions do the following coincide?
A) Centre of mass and centre of gravity
B) Centre of gravity and centroid of area
24. State the relationship between the second moment of area and mass moment of
inertia for a thin uniform plate
25. State perpendicular axis theorem.
26. The irregular area shown in the figure has a moment of inertia about the AA axis of
35 x 106 mm4. If the total area is 12 x 103 mm2, determine the moment of inertia
of the area about the BB axis. The DD axis passes through the centroid C of the
area.

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27. State Pappus- Guildinus area theorem.
28. Locate the Centroid and calculate moment of inertia about centroidal axes of a
semicircular lamina of radius 2 m.
29. State the relationship between area moment of inertia and mass moment of inertia.

UNIT -4
1. What are the types of friction?
2. Define coefficient of friction
3. Define angle of repose
4. What is simple contact friction?
5. Name some applications of simple contact friction
6. What is rolling resistance?
7. What is impending motion?
8. Angle of repose is equal to ________
9. State the laws of dynamic friction
10. State the laws of static friction
11. What is coefficient of rolling resistance?
12. Define angle of friction
13. What is called the coefficient of static friction?
14. What is the condition interms of efficiency for a machine to be self locking?
15. What are the laws of sliding friction?
16. State the coloumb’s laws of dry friction
17. Define Limiting friction
18. What are the applications of simple contact friction
19. What is friction?
20. Define Angle of friction
21. What is Simple contact friction?
22. Define angle of friction () and cone of friction.
23. Draw the free-body diagram of the block which has a weight of 100 N. Then
calculate the frictional force acting at the surface of contact. s = 0.2, k
= 0.1 figure-1.

Figure-1
24. Determine the frictional force developed on the block shown in figure when P = 40N,
µs = 0.3 and µk = 0.25. Also check whether the block is equilibrium.
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25. Limiting frictional force is directly proportional to
26. When P = 80 N, Determine the frictional force developed on the block shown in figure.

27. The rate of change of displacement with respect to time is called______

UNIT -5
1. Explain the difference between Kinematics and Kinetics.
2. Define the term co efficient of restitution.
3. Define Linear momentum and angular momentum
4. State D’ Alembert’s principle.
5. What is meant by instantaneous velocity?
6. A ball is dropped from a height of 1.6m on a floor rebounds to a height of 0.9m.
Find the coefficient of restitution.
7. A block of mass having mass of 50 kg has a velocity of 15m/s horizontally on a
smooth frictionless surface. Determine the value of the horizontal force to be
applied to the block for bringing the block to rest in 5 seconds
8. Determine the position of the particle, whose motion is given by X =t3-3t+12,
when velocity becomes zero.
9. A stone is dropped into a well and the splash is heard 2.5 seconds later,
determine the depth of water assuming that the velocity of the sound is 330
m/s.
10. A car starts from rest with a constant acceleration of 4 m/s2. Determine the
distance travelled in the 7th second.
11. A car moving with uniform acceleration covers 450 m in a 5 second interval and
covers 700 m in the next 5 second interval. Find the acceleration of the car.
12. State the assumptions made in the study of motion of a projectile.
13. An object is projected at an angle of 60° with the horizontal. If the horizontal
range of the object is 2.5 km. calculate velocity of projection.
14. A bullet weighs 0.8 N and is moving with a velocity of 300 m/s hits centrally a
50 N block of wood moving away at 18 m/s and gets embedded in it. Find the
velocity of the bullet after the impact.
15. A tennis ball is dropped on to a plane surface from height 1.0 m. After rebound
the ball rises to 0.64 m height. Find the coefficient of restitution.
16. A pile hammer of 250 kg mass is made to free fall on a pile from a height of 6 m.
Determine the change in moments.
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17. What is meant by general plane motion?
18. A body moves along a straight line so that its displacement from fixed point on
the line
is given by s = 3t2 + 2t. Find the velocity and acceleration at the end of 3 seconds.
19. State the principle of work and Energy.
20. A car runs with an initial velocity of 30 m/s and uniform acceleration of 3m/s2.
Find its velocity after 5 seconds.
21. A particle of mass 10 kg falls vertically from a height of 100 m from ground.
What is the change in potential energy when it has reached a height of 50
m?
22. Define instantaneous centre of rotation.
23. A rigid body rotates about a fixed axis. Write the expression for angular
velocity when the rotation is uniformly accelerated.
24. What is oblique impact ?
25. What is direct impact
26. What is line of impact
27. Define Newton’s law of collision ?
28. What is Period of restitution
29. What is Period of deformation
30. What is Elastic body
31. Define Law of conservation of linear momentum
32. Write Impulse-momentum equation
33. What is Kinetic energy
34. Define Range in projectile motion
35. Define Maximum height attained in projectile motion
36. Define Time of flight in projectile motion.
37. Define Projectile

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 ENGINEERING DRAWING
UNIT-I
PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND PLANES
1. State the assumptions made in orthographic projection.
2. Second and fourth angle projections are not preferred. Why?
3. What are projection, projector and plane of projection?
4. Differentiate first and third angle projection.
5. What is orthographic projection and why it is called so?
6. What is difference between orthographic and pictorial views?
7. Define point, line, plane & solid.
8. List out The Contents of Title Block.
9. What are the standard sizes of drawing sheets according to I.S.I. and which is suitable for
drawing work?
10. Define Engineering Drawing. Why Drawing Is Called Universal Language Of Engineers?
11. What is called as dimensioning? Name the various arrangements of dimensioning.
12. Write different positions of a line with respect to HP and VP.
13. What is true length?
14. A line is parallel to both HP and VP. What will be its true length equal to?
15. Name the methods of finding the true length and true inclinations of a straight line with HP or VP
from its orthographic projections.
16. Define the trace of a line.
17. At what condition a line appears like a point in orthographic projection?
18. What is change of position method?
19. What is meant by AIP and AVP?
UNIT-II
PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

1. Classify solids.
2. Define polyhedron.
3. What do you mean by solids of revolution?
4. What is a regular polyhedron?
5. Differentiate frustum and truncated solids.
6. Give the rules for a solid being suspended from a corner.
7. What is Center of gravity?
8. Define prism and pyramid.
9. What is the difference between right and oblique solids?
10. Define the following terms: 1. Tetrahedron 2. Octahedron.
11. Identify the number of corners, triangular faces and edges in a tetrahedron.
12. State the top and front views of a vertical cylinder of 55 mm diameter and 65 mm altitude

UNIT-III
SECTION OF SOLIDS

1. Define sectioning.
2. What do you mean by sectional view?
3. What do you mean by true shape of section? What is the need for true shape?
4. What is apparent shape of section?
5. Mention the types of section planes.
6. What do you understand by true shape of section?
7. State the purpose of sectioning a solid.
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8. How do you obtain the true shape of section of a solid when the cutting plane is inclined to HP
or VP?
9. A solid cylinder is standing vertical on HP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to VP and
inclined to HP. Name the true shape of the section.
10. When will you get the true shape of section in the top view?
11. Name the true shape obtained, when a cone is cut by a plane parallel to one of its generators.
12. What is the shape of the cut surface of sphere when it is cut by a section plane?
UNIT-IV
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

1. What do you meant by development of surfaces?

2. Name the methods for development of surfaces.
3. Name the solids whose surfaces are developed using parallel line method.
4. What is the shape of the development of the lateral surfaces of a cone?
5. State the underlying principle in all the methods of development of lateral surfaces.
6. Specify any three areas of applications of development of surfaces in engineering.
7. In drawing the development of objects, only true lengths are used. Why?
8. What is the shape of the complete development of a square pyramid of base side’a’ and slant
length ‘l’?

UNIT-IV
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

1. What is isometric projection

2. What is isometric axis.
3. Mention the use of isometric scale.
4. Differentiate isometric view and isomeric projection
5. What are the methods of drawing the isometric projection of a circle?
6. What is the ratio of isometric length to true length? Show how the isometric length of a 33 mm
line is obtained?
7. State any three applications of isometric projection.
8. Mention any three important characteristics of isometric projection.
9. What are the limitations of isometric projection?
10. When do you use box method in isometric projection?
11. State the principle followed in the box method of drawing isometric projection.
12. What is perspective projection?
13. Give the applications of perspective projection.
14. Name the methods used in perspective projection.
15. List the factors influencing the size and position of perspective projection.
16. Compare isometric and perspective projection.
17. List out the important terms used in perspective projection

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 Strength of Materials
Basic Questions for the Technical Interview
1. Define Stress and Stain
2. State Hooks Law
3. State the different types of stress
4. Define the term Factor of safety
5. Mention the importance of factor of safety
6. Compare the Strength and rigidity
7. Compare the toughness and Malleability
8. What is meant by lateral Strain
9. Define Poisson’s Ratio?
10. Write the Relationship Between Modulus Of Elasticity, Modulus Of Rigidity And Poisson’s
Ratio?
11. What id composite bar
12. Write about Thermal Stresses
13. Define the term Coefficient of thermal Expansion.
14. Define Resilience
15. What is thee use of Strain energy?
16. Mention some of the applications of Thermal Stress
17. Define the term Volumetric strain
18. Compare the modulus of resilience and proof resilience
19. Define the shear stress and shear strain
20. Compare the ultimate stress and Yield stress
21. Compare the thin and thick cylinder
22. Name the stresses acting on the thin cylinder
23. Mention the nature of stress in the thin spherical shell
24. Express some examples of thin cylinder
25. Name the stress acting on the thick cylinders
26. At inner surface of the thick cylinder what is the magnitude of the radial stress
27. At outer surface of the thick cylinder what is the magnitude of the radial stress
28. At inner surface of the thick cylinder what is the magnitude of the hoop stress
29. At outer surface of the thick cylinder what is the magnitude of the hoop stress
30. Narrate some assumptions made during the deriving the lames equation
31. Define the term Plane stress and plane strain
32. What do you mean by oblique plane?
33. What is the stress condition at oblique plane?
34. Mention the purpose of Mohr’s circle
35. How do you draw the Mohr’s circle for two mutually perpendicular unlike stresses?
36. Define the term angle of obliquity
37. If two mutually perpendicular like stresses are acting on a component then how to calculate the
radius of Mohr’s circle.
38. What are parameters two axis of the Mohr’s circle represent?
39. Is it possible to determine the principal strains by Mohr’s circle?
40. An angle θ in the physical element is represented by ________ on Mohr’s circle.
41. Define the term beam
42. Name the types of beam with an example
43. Name the types of load acting on the beam
44. Define the term shear force
45. Define the term bending moment
46. What is the condition ,If the shear force diagram is a horizontal line?
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47. If the shear force diagram is a inclined line between two points then what is the load condition in
the beam
48. At a point in a simply supported beam the shear force is zero then what is the bending moment at
the same point.
49. Define the term Point of inflection or point of contraflexure
50. If the bending moment is a parabolic curve between two points, then what is the load condition
between the same points.
51. Say some assumptions made for deriving the Bending equation.
52. Express the Simple bending equation.
53. Define the term Section modulus.
54. State the Parallel axis theorem
55. State the Perpendicular theorem
56. In bending equation “y” parameter represents ______
57. In bending equation “R” parameter represents ______
58. What is the stress at the neutral axis of a beam?
59. Locate the place where the maximum Bending stress occurs.
60. Name the stress acting during the bending of beam .
61. Express the governing equation for the deflection of beams
62. State the Mohr’s theorem-1
63. State the Mohr’s theorem 2
64. Name the various methods for determine the Slope and deflection.
65. What situation Macauley’s method is used?
66. Why Macauley’s method is called singularity function.
67. Define the stiffness of the beam
68. What is the other name of the elastic curve?
69. When the deflection at appoint in a beam is maximum, what about the slope at this point.
70. Define the term flexural rigidity
71. Compare the long column and short column
72. Compare the column and Strut.
73. Define the term equivalent length of the column
74. Name the different end conditions of the column
75. Define the term Slenderness ratio
76. Express the Euler’s Equation for long columns
77. Express the Rankine’s Equation
78. Define the term crippling load or buckling load
79. When the column of length l is hinged at both the end estimate the equivalent length of the
column.
80. What is the slenderness value for the short and long column?
81. List some of the assumptions made for deriving the torsional equation.
82. Express the Torsional Equation
83. In torsional equation J parameter represents
84. Define the polar moment of inertia
85. Define the term torque
86. Compare the average torque and maximum torque.
87. In rotating shafts which quantity decides the shaft strength
88. Define the term torsional rigidity
89. Where the maximum shear stress occurs in a rotating shaft.
90. How do you resist torsion?
91. Define the term Spring
92. Compare the closed coil and open coil spring
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93. Mention some of the industrial applications of Spring
94. What kind of stresses acting on the spring when it is subjected axial load?
95. Compare the spring index and spring constant
96. What is the purpose of Wahl’s factor?
97. Name the load that can carry an open coiled spring
98. Define the term stiffness of the spring
99. Compare the solid and free length of the spring
100. List some of the properties required for the spring material.

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 MACHINE DRAWING
1. What are the parts not usually sectioned?
2. Mention the rules for dimensioning
3. Provide the drawing sheet designation and their sizes as per ISO-A series
4. State any two uses of French curves.
5. Brief First angle projection.
6. Why are second angle projection and fourth angle projections are not in use?
7. Draw symbols for first and third angle methods of projection?
8. List any four types of sectional views.
9. Why tolerances required for machining process?
10. Define fit with respect to a component assembly.
11. What is the purpose of a key?
12. Sketch the conventional representation of
i. Square headed bolt ii. Keys
13. Show the conventional representation of the following materials
i. Wood ii. Lead
14. How are the values of surface roughness indicated in a drawing?
15. Differentiate between “Hole basis system” and “Shaft basis system”.
16. A spindle slides freely in a bush. The basic size of the fit is 50mm. If the tolerances quoted
are 5062 −80
0 for the holes and for the shaft,50−180 , find the upper limit and lower limit of the shaft
and hole.
17. For a particular application, an H 7 fit has been selected for the hole and a K 6 fit for the shaft.
The tolerances quoted are, 2025 18
0 for the hole and for the shaft2012 . Find the upper limit and lower
limit for the hole and also for bush. The basic size of fit is 20mm.
18. A shaft of 25 mm basic size is given as 25 ± 0.02 mm. Find the tolerance.
19. List any four types of nuts.
20. Classify the shaft couplings.
21. What are the different types of machine drawing? Explain major two in detail.
22. Explain First angle and Third angle of projection with appropriate symbols.
23. Explain in brief about any four types of sectioning with suitable diagrams.
24. Represent two views of hexagonal nut and square nut with proportions; take the diameter of the
bolt as 30 mm.
25. Sketch the schematic representation of threaded parts used in Machine Drawing.
a) V-threads b) Square threads c) Acme threads
26. Sketch the conventional representation used in Machine Drawing.
a) Straight Knurling b) Square on shaft c) Screw threads assembly
27. Sketch a lap joint of double riveted type for a plate thickness of 9 mm.
28. Explain hole basis system and shaft basis system with examples
29. With suitable examples, explain Gauge tolerance and Tolerance buildup.
30. Represent two views of hexagonal bolt and square bolt with proportions and diameter of bolt as
30mm.

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 Kinematics of Machinery
1. Define machine.
2. How machines differs from mechanism?
3. What is link? Classify the different types of links.
4. How the motion is transferred with the help of fluid link?
5. Can you differentiate machine and structure?
6. What is meant by kinematic pairs?
7. How the higher pairs are formed?
8. Whether a cycle chain is kinematic chain or not?
9. Why higher pair's are known as higher pair only? Give some examples.
10. Why lower pair's are known as lower pair only? Give some examples.
11. Is spring is a link?
12. What do you mean by completely constrained motion?
13. How the pairs are classified according to the relative motion between the elements?
14. Define inversion.
15. Name the pair if Nut turning on the bolt.
16. What do you meant by closed pair?
17. Define mobility.
18. How the degrees of freedom of a given mechanism is calculated using kutzback criterion?
19. Give the significance of Grashoffs law.
20. What is degree of freedom of screw and nut?
21. How the two parallel shafts which are not coaxial are connected?
22. How many inversions available in four bar mechanism and slider crank mechanism? Name the
inversions.
23. Differentiate Screw pair and cylindrical pair.
24. What do you mean by instantaneous center?
25. What are the different type of instantaneous centers?
26. Difference between fixed and permanent instantaneous center.
27. If the slider slides on the surface then the instantaneous center lies _____________
28. State Kennedy’s Theorem.
29. List out the properties of I centre.
30. What are centrodes?
31. What is the uses of Klien’s construction?
32. Can we use Klien’s construction to find out the velocity of a four link mechanism?
33. What are the graphical methods used to find out the velocity and acceleration of a mechanism?
34. Give the formula used to find velocity using relative velocity method?
35. What are the different types of components used in acceleration analysis?
36. Differentiate centripetal and tangential components of acceleration.
37. If the angular acceleration of the crank is zero then the tangential component of acceleration of
crank is____________.
38. When the links have coriolis component of acceleration?
39. Give the disadvantage of constant velocity cam profile?
40. Define undercutting in cams.
41. Differentiate between knife edge and flat faced follower.
42. What are the methods available to eliminate or reduce the undercutting in cams?
43. When we can prefer roller follower?
44. Classify the cam followers.
45. What are the different follower motions used?
46. How the side thrust in the cam can be reduced?
47. What is meant by offset follower?
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48. How the surface stress in the follower may be reduced?
49. What kind of follower motion used in the high speed cams?
50. What do you meant by symmetrical cam?
51. At what condition radius of base circle and radius of pitch circle will be equal?
52. What will be the radial distance between base circle and prime circle in case of roller follower?
53. What is the radial distance between the prime circle and base circle for a cam with knife edge
flower?
54. Give the applications of cams.
55. "Among cam and follower mechanisms, roller follower is preferred over knife edge follower" -
Justify.
56. How the maximum acceleration of a follower moving with simple harmonic motion is
calculated?
57. Given a roller follower and a flat faced cam, which types is preferred for value opening/closing
in IC engines and justify the selection?
58. List the methods to avoid interference.
59. Distinguish between epicyclic gear train differs from the other types of gear trains?
60. Write the condition for self-locking in screws.
61. Compare slip and creep in belt drive.
62. Why gears are larger in size?
63. Define law of gearing.
64. Why pressure angle of gears cannot be 90 degree?
65. How to decide the common normal for gear and pinion?
66. Methods to avoid interference in gears?
67. Exact condition for interference in gears?
68. Minimum number of Tooth required on Rack to avoid interference?
69. Define addendum
70. What is the radial distance between the addendum circle and the pitch circle?
71. Define module.
72. What is clearance in gears?
73. Define interference and under cutting.
74. What is the relation between the module and number of teeth?
75. Classify the gear trains.
76. Define speed ratio.
77. What is train value?
78. What is reverted gear train? Give its applications.
79. List the applications of epicyclic gear trains.
80. What are the different types of torque involved in the gear trains?
81. What type of manufacturing processes can be suggested for producing cycloidal gears?
82. Compare spur gear and helical gear.
83. Why a differential gear is used in automobiles?
84. What is meant by contact ratio in gear?
85. How to change the direction of rotation of the output gear in simple gear train without changing
the direction of rotation of input gear.
86. List the materials used for gears.
87. How epicyclic gear train differs from the other types of gear trains?
88. In automobile gear box, what type of gear train is used?
89. When do you prefer to use roller follower compared to other cams?
90. Compare involute and cycloidal tooth profile.

16
 Dynamics of machinery Questions

1. What is inertia?
2. What is the difference between kinematics and dyanmics?
3. Give some examples for dynamic systems.
4. Give some examples for static systems.
5. What are the forces which causes dynamic imbalance even though they are statically balances?
6. What is D’Alemberts principle?
7. What are the conditions for static balancing in a kinematic linkages?
8. Is it possible to obtain a complete balancing of the moving machines? Justify your answer.
9. What are the effects of improper balancing?
10. Consider a thin disc rotating at high speed and heavy disc at low speed, where you will have
balancing effects at the highest. Argument your answer.
11. What is meant by flywheel?
12. What are the balancing effects in flywheel?
13. What are the parameters for the design of flywheels?
14. What is meant by balancing of rotating mass?
15. Is it possible to completely balance the rotating masses in different planes?
16. What is wheel balancing?
17. Under high speed conditions what causes imbalance in the system?
18. Compare balancing of bike engines with respect to car engines.
19. Which one is better inline or V engine for balancing?
20. What is partial balancing?
21. What is primary/secondary couple in balancing of engines?
22. Which conditions should be satisfied for complete balancing of multi-cylinder inline engines?
23. Under what conditions, primary and secondary couples will be maximum?
24. What is a hammer blow?
25. When will the wheels lift off in locomotives?
26. What is the effect on traction due to balancing issues in locomotives?
27. What is meant by governor?
28. What is the function of governor in automobiles?
29. Explain the difference between flywheel and governor.
30. What are types of governors?
31. What is meant by sensitivity of governor?
32. What are classification of governors?
33. What is meant by centrifugal governor?
34. What is meant by inertia governors?
35. What is meant by gyroscope?
36. What is meant by gyroscope couple?
37. Give the uses of gyroscope couple?
38. What causes vibrations?
39. What is meant by natural frequency?
40. What is critical whirling speed of shaft?
41. In which type of vibration system, the amplitude decreases at each cycle?
42. What is transmissibility ratio?
43. Draw the transmissibility curves and explain the features.
44. What is the function of the controller in active vibration isolation systems?
45. Which instruments measure amplitude of a vibrating body?
46. What is meant by node point?
47. What is the effect of damping on phase angle at resonance frequency?
17
48. When frequency ratio (ω/ωn) is greater than unity, what happens to damping system?
49. At which frequency ratio, phase angle increases as damping factor increases?
50. In damped free vibrations, which parameters indicate vibrations?
51. Damping force is opposite to the direction of motion of vibrating body. Why?
52. What is meant by critical damping coefficient?
53. During transverse vibrations, shaft is subjected to which type of stresses?
54. Which type of vibrations are also known as transient vibrations?
55. Under what conditions torsional vibrations do not occur in a three rotor system?
56. When amplification factor increases what happens to the damping factor?
57. What is magnification factor?

18
 DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

UNIT I – STEADY STRESSES AND VARIABLE STRESSES IN MACHINE MEMBERS

1. What are the various phases in design process?

2. How the machine design may be classified?
3. What are the types of loads that can act on machine components?
4. Differentiate between resilience and toughness.
5. Define Creep.
6. Shock resistance of steel is increased by adding _______________.
7. What are the factors affecting selection of material for machine element?
8. What is optimum design?
9. Define factor of safety.
10. Define working stress.
11. What is contact stress?
12. Define bearing (or) crushing stress.
13. List out the factors involved in arriving at factor of safety.
14. Identify the design of the following components whether it is adaptive design or developed or
new design.
15. How the allowable stress is estimated in ductile and brittle materials?
16. What are the types of variable stresses?
17. What are preferred numbers?
18. Differentiate between direct stress and bending stress.
19. The neutral axis of a beam is subjected to ___________ stress.
20. The neutral axis of a section is always passes through its ____________.
21. Define principal stress.
22. Differentiate between repeated stress and reversed stress.
23. State Griffith theory.
24. Define factor of safety for fatigue loading.
25. Define Endurance limit.
26. What are the factors affecting endurance strength of a material?
27. What is S-N curve?
28. For torsional shear stress, it is ________ at the centroid axis and _______ at the outer
surface.
29. Write down the bending equation.
30. Write the applications of curved beam.
31. What is torsional shear stress?
32. What are the assumptions made in torsion equation?
33. Write down the torsion equation.
34. Write down the general expression for the bending stress in a curved beam?
35. What is eccentric load and eccentricity?
36. State different theories of failures.
37. State St.Vanent theory of failure.
38. What are the appropriate theories of failure for ductile and brittle materials?
39. Maximum shear stress developed in a beam of rectrangular section is _________ the average
shear stress.
40. State maximum shear stress theory.
41. Explain reasons for using different theories of failures.
42. Define the term fatigue.
43. Design of a part subjected to bending moment is done on the basis of safe tensile stress.
19
Why?
44. Differentiate between direct shear stresses and torsional shear stress.
45. State any two methods of solving problems involving combined steady or variable stresses.
46. Define Goodman line.
47. What are Gerber curve and Soderberg line?
48. What is stress concentration and stress concentration factor?
49. What are the three important points while designing member for impact loads?
50. What are different methods to reduce stress concentration?
51. State the different failure theories and the type of materials for which these are applicable?
52. Define The Morphology Of Design?
53. Stress Intensity Factor?
54. Define fit and tolerance.
55. Write down the factors influencing machine design.

UNIT II –SHAFTS AND COUPLINGS

1. Define shaft.
2. Differentiate between shaft and axle.
3. What is spindle?
4. What are the materials used for shafts.
5. What are the types of shafts and their importance?
6. What are various types of stresses induced in the shafts?
7. What are standard sizes of transmission shafts?
8. On what basis the shafts are designed.
9. Differentiate the hollow shaft and solid shaft.
10. Give examples for shafts subjected to axial load in addition to torsion and bending loads.
11. What are the desirable properties for the materials for shafts and axles?
12. How the shafts are designed when it is subjected to twisting moment only?
13. Why rotating shaft are generally made with circular cross section?
14. Define Torsional stiffness of shaft.
15. If the shaft is subjected to torsion and bending moment, the shaft diameter can be determined based
on the two theories namely _________
16. What are the ways of improving lateral rigidity of shafts?
17. Define critical speed of a shaft.
18. State any two reasons for preferring hollow shaft over solid shaft.
19. What is column factor?
20. What is key?
21. Name the stresses induced in a taper key.
22. Name the types of keys.
23. How sunk keys are provided?
24. List various types of sunk keys.
26. What is gib head hey? What is the advantages?
27. What is feather key?
28. What is woodruff key? State its application.
29. What are advantages and disadvantages of a woodruff key?
30. What are the two types of saddle keys?
31. What are round keys?
32. What are splines?
33. List the advantages of splines over keys.
34. What are various forces acting on a sunk key?
20
35. List the various purposes of shaft couplings?
36. List out the requirements of a shaft coupling?
37. What is rigid coupling? What are its types?
38. What is flexible coupling? What are its types?
39. What is a flange coupling?
40. What are various types of flange coupling?
41. The taper on a rectangular sunk key is __________
42. The sleeve or muff coupling is designed as a __________
43. What is the difference between rigid and flexible coupling?
44. List any two methods used for manufacturing of shafts.
45. What is the effect of keyway cut into the shaft?
46. What is the difference between coupling and a clutch?
47. What is the mode of failure of the bolts in a flange coupling?
48. When a solid flange coupling is preferred?
49. Indicate what type of coupling is used under following conditions.
a) shafts having collinear axis
b) shafts having intersecting axes
c) shafts having parallel axes with a small distance apart.
50. How couplings are specified?
51. Differentiate between a cotter joint and a knuckle joint.
52. Which type of key is used for mounting shifting gears in gear boxes?
53. What is knuckle joint?
55. Identify the weakest component while designing shaft and hub assembly.
54. What are the various methods of failure of knuckle joint?
56. In a steam engine, the valve rod is connected to an eccentric by means of a ________
57. How hollow shaft are superior to solid shaft?
58. Is what situation flexible coupling are used?
59. What kind of loading is permissible Knuckle Joint?
60. Define Preferred Numbers?
61. Why a hallow shaft has great strength and stiffness then solid shaft of equal weight?
62. What types of stresses are developed in the key?
63. What are the various factors involved in good shaft coupling?

UNIT-III – FASTENERS AND WELDED JOINTS

1. Define pitch and lead of a thread.

2. What are the stresses acts on screw fastening?
3. Give some examples for temporary joints and permanent joints.
4. List the advantages of screwed joints.
5. What are the various forms of screw threads?
6. A bolt of M24 x 2 mean that _________.
7. Define pitch diameter of a screw thread.
8. V thread angle in BSW thread is ____________.
9. How screw threads are formed?
10. What is the difference between a stud and a bolt?
11. Explain why soft material is used for nut in power screws.
12. What do you mean by single start threads?
13. List some locking devices
14. What are the initial stresses induced due to screwing up forces?
15. What is the designation of screw thread?
21
16. What is bolt of uniform strength?
17. What are the ways to produce bolts of uniform strength?
18. What are the advantages of preloading?
19. By what materials threaded fasteners are made of?
20. Define the following terms.
21. In what way coarse thread is differed from fine thread?
22. What is a turn buckle and where it is used?
23. State the relation between pitch and lead for a single start and double start threads.
24. What are the various methods of preventing thread loosening?
25. Enumerate the demerits of screw joints.
26. Define self-locking in power screws.
27. What are the main indications of complete weld symbol?
28. What are the main types of welding?
29. What are various types of welded joints?
30. What are the advantages of welding?
31. State the limitation of welding.
32. Give expression used for calculating strength of single and double fillet and parallel fillet weld.
33. What are eccentrically loaded welded joints/
34. What are stresses induced in eccentrically loaded welded joint?
35. What are the types of eccentrically loaded welded joints?
36. How to find the strength of a weld having combination of single transverse and double parallel fillet
weld.
37. Why are welded joints preferred over riveted joints?
38. What are uncertainties to be considered in design of welds?
39. What are the assumptions made in design of welded joint?
40. What are methods of minimizing welding distortion?
41. Define the theory of bonded joints?
42. What is meant by the efficiency of the riveted joint?
43. What is caulking and fullering?
44. What is the meaning of bolt M24*2?
45. Write down advantages and disadvantages of threaded fasteners?

UNIT-IV – SPRINGS AND LEVER

1. What is spring and where it is employed?

2. By what materials springs can made?
3. What type of spring is used in Rams bottom safety valve?
4. What are functions of the spring?
5. Name various types of springs.
6. What is Spring Index?
7. What are Active and Inactive coils?
8. When the helical spring is cut into two halves, the stiffness of the resulting spring will be
____________.
9. Define the term “Spring Rate”?
10. How will you find whether the given helical spring is a compression spring or tension spring?
11. What material is used for leaf spring?
12. What are the functions a rebound clip and a U clip in a leaf spring?
13. What is nipping of laminated leaf spring? Discuss its roll in spring design.
14. For springs in series, the spring rates (stiffness) add reciprocally - prove.
15. What are the end conditions of springs?
22
16. What is buckling of springs?
17. Why Wahl’s factor is to be considered in the design of helical compression spring?
18. When two concentric springs of stiffness 100 N/mm and 50 N/mm respectively are subjected
to an axial load of 750 N. What will be the deflection of each spring?
19. Why leaf springs are made in layers instead of a single plate?
20. Define solid length of helical spring.
21. Define free length of a helical spring?
22. Why the clearance is provided between adjacent of a helical spring?
23. Define the term spring stiffness (or) spring rate.
24. Define pitch of the spring coil.
25. What are points to be considered in choosing the pitch of spring coils?
26. How to avoid buckling of spring?
27. What are the methods used for elimination of surges in springs?
28. What are disadvantages in Helical springs of non-circular wire?
29. When the concentric springs are preferred for usage?
30. How equalized stress in leaf spring leaves is achieved?
31. What is meant by Initial tension in helical springs?
32. Name few applications of helical torsion springs.
33. What are the purposes of composite springs?
34. What is torsion springs?
35. Two concentric springs with stiffness equal to 100 N/mm and 80 N/mm respectively when
subjected to a load of 900 N. Find deflection.
36. The helical spring rate 10 N/mm is mounted on top of another springs of rate 8 N/mm. Find
the force required to give deflection of 45 mm.
37. How the stiffness of a spring can be increased?
38. What types of stresses are included in the wires of helical compression spring and torsional
spring?
39. What are the stresses induced in helical springs of circular wire.
40. How concentric springs are obtained?
41. Write the advantage of leaf spring over helical springs?
42. Write down the formula for maximum stress and deflection of a cantilever spring.
43. Define camber.
44. Name the spring used in gramophones.
45. ________ springs are used in applications where high spring rates and compact spring units
are required.
46. Why full length leave are used in automobile?
47. What factor should be considered for the design of springs?
48. How the load is made to act concentric with spring axis in helical springs.
49. Define Resilience Of a spring?
50. Where are Belleville spring used?
51. Why are springs used in the machines?
52. Define Resilience Of a spring?
53. Define free length of a spring?
54. What is the function of a spring?
55. State any two important applications of leaf spring?
56. Define lever.
57. Give the section modulus of the following levers.
58. State the general uses of hand levers?
59. What are the uses of foot levers?
60. What are the factors to be considered for designing fulcrum pin of the lever?
23
UNIT V – BEARINGS AND FLYWHEEL

1. What is a bearing?
2. Classify the bearings.
3. What are the types of sliding contact bearings?
4. What are the bearing materials?
5. What is babbit?
6. Give the compassion of gun metal & phosphor bronze.
7. List the desirable properties of learning materials.
8. Define the terms Conformability and Embed ability.
9. What is meant by journal bearing?
10. Differentiate between full journal bearing and partial journal bearing.
11. Define filled bearing.
12. Differentiate between thin film and thick film bearings.
13. What is Hydro static bearing?
14. What are the assumptions made in the theory of hydrodynamic lubricated bearings?
15. What are the important factors to be considered for the formation of thick oil film in hydrodynamic
bearing?
16. What is the preferred angle of contact for partial journal bearing?
17. What is lubricant and why is it employed?
18. Specify the types of lubricant with example.
19. What are the desirable properties of lubricant?
20. Define viscosity and Viscosity Index.
21. What will happen if the velocity of lubricant is very low?
22. What are the materials for non-metallic bearing?
23. What is say bolt universal second?
24. List the terms used in journal bearing.
25. Define Diametral clearance and Diametral clearance ratio.
26. Define eccentricity and attitude.
27. What is minimum oil film thickness?
28. What is long and short bearing.
29. What is meant by square bearing?
30. Expand the following: SAE, AFBMA and SKF.
31. Define bearing characteristic number.
32. Define Bearing modulus.
33. How lubricant oil is designated?
34. Define Summerfield number.
35. Write the formula used to calculate the amount of heat generated and heat dissipated in journal
bearing.
36. Define kinematic viscosity
37. What is critical pressure of the journal bearing?
38. What is the nature of contact involved in bearing element?
39. Define Anti friction bearing.
40. Name a few applications of rolling Contact bearing.
41. Specify the materials by which the rolling contact bearings are made.
42. What are the types of rolling contact bearings?
43. What are the components of rolling contact bearings?
44. Name various ball bearings.
45. What are the types of roller bearings?
24
46. List the factors should be considered when selecting roller bearing.
47. Enumerate the advantages of rolling contact bearing over sliding contact bearing.
48. List the disadvantages of rolling contact bearing.
49. What is nominal life and average life of rolling contact bearing?
50. Indicate the influence of operating temperature on rolling bearing materials.
51. Define basic static load rating.
52. Define Equivalent load.
53. Define dynamic load rating.
54. How are rolling bearings designated?
55. What are modes of failure of rolling contact bearings?
56. Name the assembly methods of rolling elements in the bearings.
57. List the factors contributing to friction in rolling contact bearing.
58. Write down the formula for calculating the reliability of bearing.
59. What are the two types of Taper roller bearings?
60. What is cubic mean load?
61. State the merits of hydrostatic bearing?
62. Name the type of lubricant used in journal bearing?
63. What is the advantage of Teflon which is used for bearing?
64. How do you eliminate the surge in spring?
65. What is the application of thrust bearing?
66. Define flywheel.
67. Write down the function of flywheel.
68. Define coefficient of fluctuation of speed in case flywheels.
69. What are the stresses induced in flywheel arms?
70. What are the stresses induced in a rim flywheel?
71. Write down the formula for the maximum torque that can be transmitted by the flywheel of solid and
hollow shaft?
72. Define the term ‘’fluctuation of energy’’

25
 Design of Transmission Systems

1. Name the four types of belts used for transmission of power.

2. What is wiping? How it can be avoided in belt drive?
3. What are the materials used for V grooved pulleys?
4. When do you prefer a wire rope drive?
5. Write any four wire rope applications.
6. How are wire ropes designated?
7. List out the various stresses induced in the wire ropes.
8. While designing a wire rope drive, always, a larger sleeve diameter is preferred justify the
statement?
9. Give any three applications of chain drives?
10. What is backsliding in chain drives?
11. What is a V flat drive?
12. What do you mean by galling of roller chain?
13. What do you mean by chordal action of chain drive?
14. What is an offset in a roller chain?
15. What type of belt would you prefer if the center distance between the pulleys is small?
16. Define creep and slip in belts.
17. Give some application of wire ropes
18. What do you understand by simplex, duplex and triplex chain?
19. Define module?
20. What are the advantages of toothed gears over the types of transmission system?
21. In a pair of spur gears, the module is 6mm. Determine the circular pitch and the diametral pitch?
22. What are the standard interchangeable tooth profiles?
23. Why is pinion made harder than gear?
24. What are the main types of gear tooth failure?
25. What are the assumptions made in deriving lewis equation?
26. When do you use non-metallic gears?
27. Define pitch circle with reference to spur gears?
28. What are the common forms of fear tooth profile?
29. Define transmission ratio with reference to spur gears?
30. Back lash for spur gears depends on which two factors?
31. What are the non metallics’s used as gears?
32. When do you prefer helical gears than spur gears?
33. What is the major disadvantage of single helical gear? How can you over come that difficulty?
34. What hands of helix are used in parallel helical gears?
35. Define axial pitch of a helical gear?
36. Why is the crossed helical gear drive mostly not used for power transmission?
37. What is Herringbone gear? State its application.
38. Where do we use skew gears?
39. What are the materials used for worm and worm gear?
40. Define normal pitch of a worm gear?
41. What is irreversibility in worm gears?
42. Where do we use worm gears?
43. Under what situation, worm gears are used?
44. For bevel gears, define back cone distance?
45. Under what situation, bevel gears are used?
46. Differentiate a straight bevel gear and spiral bevel gear?
47. What are the advantages of spiral bevel gears over straight bevel gears?
26
48. What is a zero bevel gear?
49. What is the difference between an angular gear and a miter gear?
50. What are the applications of worm and worm gear?
51. Why is the non ferrous material used for worm wheel?
52. Write any two requirements of a speed gear box?
53. Why G.P. series is selected for arranging the speeds in gear box?
54. List any two methods used for changing speeds in gear box?
55. What are preferred numbers?
56. What is step ratio? Or Define progression ratio?
57. What is kinematic arrangement, as applied to gear boxes?
58. What does the ray-diagram of gear box indicate?
59. State any three basic rules to be followed while designing a gear box?
60. What are the possible arrangements to achier 12 speeds from a gear box?
61. What is a speed reducer?
62. What are the main applications of gear box?
63. What are the main functions of gear box cover?
64. List out the possible arrangement to achieve 16 speed gear box?
65. How do you classify the cams?
66. What are the disadvantages of knife-edge follower?
67. What are the different types of follower motions?
68. What is the function of a clutch?
69. Give examples for axial and radial friction clutch?
70. What are the properties required of the material used as a friction surface?
71. Name few commonly used friction materials?
72. Clutches are usually designed on the basic of uniform wear, why?
73. Distinguish between dry and wet operation of clutches?
74. In case clutch semi-cone angle should be greater than 12˚ why?
75. What is the difference between cone and centrifugal clutches?
76. Compare disc clutches and cone clutches?
77. Given the reaction to find temperature rise in clutches?
78. What is the friction of a brake?
79. Differentiate a brake and a clutch?
80. What is a self locking brake?
81. What do you mean by self energizing brakes?

27
 Finite Element Method
1. What is meant by Finite element method?
2. List out the advantages of FEM
3. List out the disadvantages of FEM.
4. Mention the various coordinates in FEM.
5. What are the basic steps in FEM?
6. What is meant by discretization?
7. How meshing helps to solve the complex structures
8. What are the factors governing the selection of finite elements?
9. Define displacement function.
10. Briefly explain a few terminologies used in FEM
11. What are different types of elements used in FEM?
12. What are 1-D elements? Give examples.
13. What are2-D elements? Give examples.
14. What are 3-D elements? Give examples.
15. What are axisymmetric elements?
16. Define Shape function.
17. What are the properties of shape functions?
18. Define aspect ratio.
19. Define Jacobian ratio.
20. Define volumetric skew ratio.
21. Define warping in element
22. What are possible locations for nodes?
23. What are the characteristics of displacement functions?
24. What is meant by plane strain condition?
25. What is meant by plane stress condition?
26. How are finite-element equations formulated?
27. What are the major assumptions in the design of a finite element? What are the
assumptions on displacements between nodes?
28. What is the primary unknown in FEA using the displacement method? What are
the secondary unknowns?
29. What is a nodal degree of freedom or DOF?
30. What is the relation between the total number of degrees of freedom in a model
and the total number of unknowns in the FEA model?
31. Is the total number of DOF in the model equal to the total number of elements, or
to the total number of nodes?
32. What is special about the state in which the total potential energy of the model is
minimized?
33. What are the components of the total potential energy?
34. Write and explain the fundamental equation for FEA.
35. What is the price to pay for replacing a continuum with a set of finite elements?
36. What do you mean by discretization error
37. How did you choose the elements type a why?
38. How did you assess the accuracy of mesh path and size?
39. How did you model loads and constraints?
40. How did you input the material behaviour (linear elastic, plastic, ductile, brittle,
isotropic, temperature dependent, viscous, and so on)?
41. How did you check the convergence and the significatively of results?
42. What is meant by stiffness matrix?
43. What are iso-parametric elements and why do you use them?
28
44. What is hour glassing?
45. What are boundary conditions?
46. What is Gauss quadrature and how do you use it in FE?
47. How do you compute strains and stresses in FEA?
48. Name at least four FEA popular packages
49. Compare between FEM and FDM
50. What Is the Advantage of The Fem Over Finite Difference (fdm) And Finite
Volume (fvm) Methods?

29
 Mechatronics and IoT
1. Define Mechatronics.
2. What is a system? Give an example.
3. What is a measurement system?
4. Write about the sensor and give an example.
5. Write about the signal conditioner?
6. What are the two basic forms of the control system?
7. What are the elements of the closed loop control system?
8. What are the two types of feedback loop?
9. What are the types of control elements?
10. What are the various elements of a closed loop system for a person controlling the temperature?
11. Write about the Mechatronics approach in a micro-processor – controlled washing machine?
12. What is the larger scale application of Mechatronics?
13. List some of the applications of Mechatronics?
14. What are the components of Mechatronics System?
15. What is meant by a system in Mechatronics?
16. What are the main applications of mechatronics?
17. Draw the block diagram of measurement system.
18. Obtain the basic functions of control systems.
19. What are the types of control system?
20. List down the requirements of control systems.
21. Give an example for open loop system and closed loop systems.
22. Compare open loop control system and closed loop control system.
23. What are the basic elements of feedback system?
24. What is meant by sequential control what are the two modes in it?
25. Give an example for event-based and time–based sequential control.
26. What is the purpose of a sensor?
27. Define transducer?
28. What are the terms that define the performance of the transducers?
29. Define static characteristics?
30. Define dynamic characteristics?
31. What are the terms that you can find from the dynamic characteristics?
32. What is a displacement sensor?
33. What is a position sensor?
34. What is a proximity sensor?
35. What are the two basic types of the displacement and the position
36. transducers?
37. Write about the strain – gauged element?
38. Define gauge factor.
39. Write about the gauge factors for different types of strain gauges?
40. What is the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor?
41. Define LVDT?
42. Determine the working Principle of LVDT?
43. What are the uses of LVDT?
44. Write about inductive proximity switch?
45. What is an encoder?
46. What are the two types of position encoders?
47. What is an incremental encoder?
48. Write about absolute encoder?
49. What are the uses of photosensitive devices?
30
50. Write about Hall effect sensors?
51. What is Hall co-efficient?
52. What are digital signals?
53. Why the signal conditioning is required?
54. Define Actuator.
55. Classify actuator based on motion.
56. When is cascade control Needed?
57. Write down the principles of cascade control.
58. Mention the various components of a hydraulic system.
59. What is called a pneumatic system?
60. List down the components of pneumatic system.
61. What is the purpose of using filters in the hydraulic systems?
62. What are the types of pumps used as energy source in a hydraulic system?
63. What are the factors to be considered for selecting compressors?
64. What are the uses of air receiver?
65. State the purpose of providing air dryers.
66. State the function of a control valve.
67. List the different control valves.
68. Define the term degrees of freedom.
69. Define kinematic pair.
70. When is cascade control needed?
71. List the features of synchronous motor.
72. What is stepper motor?
73. What is servomotor?
74. What is synchro?
75. At what conditions SPDT, DPST an DPDT switches are used?
76. What are the factors to be considered for selecting solenoids?
77. What is the principle of relay?
78. What is zener voltage?
79. Name three output characteristics of transistor configuration.
80. What is a microprocessor?
81. What are the four components of a programmable machine?
82. Define the terms. a) Bus b) RAM c) ROM.
83. What the types of languages used?
84. What is a machine language?
85. What is a assembly language?
86. What is low – level language?
87. What is a high – level language?
88. Differentiate a compiler and an interpreter?
89. What are the two parts of an instruction?
90. What are the types of bus?
91. Define the term , Data Bus, Address bus, Control Bus
92. Write about the 16 – bit register of a 8085 microprocessor?
93. What are the two types of memories?
94. Write about the SRAM?
95. What are the advantages of DRAM?
96. What are the disadvantages of DRAM?
97. What is flash memory?
98. What are the interfacing devices?
99. Write about buffer?
31
100. Define looping?
101. What are the types of loops?
102. Write about the continuous loop?
103. Write about the conditional loop?
104. What are the instructions of a 8085 instruction set for data transfer from memory to the
microprocessor?
105. What are the instructions of a 8085 instruction set for data transfer from microprocessor to the
memory?
106. What are the opcodes related to rotating the accumulator bits?
107. What is dynamic debugging?
108. What are the tools used for dynamic debugging?
109. Write about single step?
110. What are the advantages of single step?
111. Write about register examine?
112. Write about the break point?
113. What are the advantages of the break point?
114. How will you interface the I/O devices?
115. Write about peripheral mapped I/O?
116. Write about memory – mapped I/O?
117. What is A/D and D/A converter?
118. What are the types of D/A converters?
119. Write about the three types of D/A converters?
120. What are the elements required for D/A converter?
121. What are the two techniques involved in A/D conversion?
122. What are the applications of A/D converters?
123. What are the functions of a microprocessor to be interfaced with an A/D converter?
124. What is a PLC?
125. What is main advantage of PLC?
126. What are the features of PLC as a controller?
127. Write about the architecture of a PLC?
128. What is ladder programming?
129. How are programs entered?
130. Write about the input / output channels?
131. Write about the relay?
132. What are opto isolators?
133. What are the methods used for input / output processing?
134. What is continuous updating?
135. What is the disadvantage of continuous updating?
136. Write about the mass input/output copying?
137. What is a LATCH circuit?
138. Define the term point and delay–on?
139. Write about timer circuit?
140. Write about internal relays?
141. Write about counters?
142. What is an up counter?
143. What is a down counter?
144. Write about shift register?
145. What are the inputs of shift register?
146. What the operations that are carried out with a PLC on data words?
147. What is the criteria need for the selection of a PLC?
32
148. What are the numbers of stages in the design process?
149. What are the advantages of the microprocessor controlled system?
150. What is the advantage of using PLC solution over mechanical solution?
151. What are the axes of a pick and place robot?
152. How do the movements of robot take place?
153. What is the use of PLC in automatic car park system?
154. How does a car park barrier works?
155. Write about the engine speed sensor?
156. How is the voltage produced by the oxygen sensor?
157. Give some applications of microprocessor.
158. What is an IOT?
159. What is the difference between IOT devices and embedded devices?
160. Does the internet is always needed for any IOT devices?
161. What is an Arduino?
162. How to write instructions or programs for Arduino boards?
163. What are the hardware communication interfaces present in the Arduino board?
164. What is a Raspberry Pi?
165. Difference between Arduino and Raspberry Pi?
166. What is the operating voltage for both Arduino and Raspberry Pi?
167. What are the hardware communication interfaces present in the Raspberry Pi?
168. What is the latest Raspberry Pi release?
169. How many GPIO pins are there in Raspberry Pi?
170. What are Interrupts in Arduino?
171. List a few operating systems that Raspberry Pi supports?
172. How do you run Raspberry pi in headless mode?
173. What are the available wireless communications boards present in Raspberry Pi?
174. What Python libraries used in Raspberry Pi to control GPIO pins?
175. Can node JS be used in Raspberry Pi to control GPIO pins?
176. What is the syntax to read analog and digital data from a sensor in Arduino?
177. What is Arduino Shields?
178. Examples of MEMS sensor?
179. What is PWM?
180. List some applications of PWM in IOT?
181. What sensor and actuator are used to control any home appliances from any IOT devices in
wired mode?
182. What is ZigBee protocol?
183. Name some of the sectors where IOT played a major role?
184. What are the challenges in IOT?
185. Can IOT take over human mind?
186. What is the scope of IOT devices in the future?
187. What is the big IOT implementation so far?
188. What are Android things?
189. What are the most used sensors types in iot?
190. How did you detect fire, which sensor is suitable?
191. How did you meaure the voltage using sensors?
192. How the Thermocouples work?
193. What are the sensors can be used in Agriculture?
194. What is purpose of Airflow sensors?
195. How to did you make small radar? is it possible?
196. How did you check the quality of water?
33
197. can you list out some of water sensors?
198. Do you have better idea for the saving electricity ?
199. What are suitable databases for Iot?
200. What is the features of influxDB
201. What is mean by arduino ?
202. What is mean by Raspberry pi?
203. Difference between Arduino and Raspberry pi?
204. What is mean by Raspberry pi zero?
205. Mostly used protocols in IOT?
206. What is role of publishers in IOT?
207. How did you program the Arduino?
208. If its possible to controll the keyboard using Arduino?
209. What is mean by libary in Arduino?
210. How did you install new library in Arduino?
211. What are the available models in Raspberry pi?
212. Real Time usage of Raspberry pi?
213. What is default operating system of Raspberry pi, May i use any other operating systems?
214. Is windows support for Raspberry pi?
215. List some Advance IOT projects?
216. Which Latest model of Raspberry pi now? and its features?
217. What is the keyfeatures of IoT?
218. Advantages of IOT?
219. Disadvantages of IOT?
220. What is IOT Sensors?
221. Wearable Devices in IOT?
222. What is data collection in IoT?
223. How bluetooth technology supports IoT?
224. How Low energy wireless helps the IoT?
225. What is Radio Protocol?
226. What is common uses of IoT?
227. What is application of IoT in Environmental Monitoring?
228. What is application of IoT in Transportation?
229. What is application of IoT in Government?
230. What is application of IoT in Law enforcement?
231. What is IoT Thingworx?
232. Who coined the term net( of Things (IoT) and when?
233. What is IoT Cloud?
234. What impacts will the Internet of Things (IoT) have on Energy Sector?
235. What impacts will the Internet of Things (IoT) have on Agriculture Sector?
236. What are the IoT Softwares?
237. Is Mobile phone IoT device?
238. What are the critical parts that exist in the Internet of Things?
239. What is the contrast between the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine to Machine (M2M)?

34
 FLUID POWER SYSTEM- BASIC QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by fluid?
2. Differentiate pneumatics from hydraulics.
3. Define Pascal’s law?
4. Name any five application of hydraulics.
5. Name any five application of pneumatics.
6. Point out the advantage of hydraulics over pneumatic system
7. Point out the advantage of pneumatic over hydraulics system
8. List out the desired properties of fluids
9. Define viscosity?
10. List the different types of viscosity
11. Define mass density
12. Define specific gravity
13. Explain absolute viscosity.
14. Explain dynamic viscosity.
15. What are the undesirable results when an oil viscosity is too high?
16. What are the undesirable results when an oil viscosity is too low?
17. What is Viscosity Index and Give is its significance?
18. What is demulsibility?
19. Define turbulent flow
20. What is meant by laminar flow
21. Illustrate the importance of Reynolds number
22. Recall the purpose of accumulator in hydraulic unit.
23. What is meant by FLR in context with pneumatic circuit
24. Draw 3/2 valve
25. Illustrate the working of solenoid valve
26. What do you mean by logic control?
27. Point out the application of by cascading circuit.
28. Draw any three flow control valve and explain its operation
29. List the different types of the pumps used for lifting hydraulic fluids.
30. Explain the working of gear and vane pump with neat sketch.
31. How we can calculate the actual discharge.
32. Recall the basic working principle of pump
33. Point out the different types of compressors
34. Compare the characteristics of single stage and double stage compressor.
35. Recall the purpose of accumulator.

35
 CAD/CAM/CIM
1. What are the functions of a Graphics package?
2. Define translation type of transformation.
3. Write down the major applications of CAD.
4. What are the common facilities available in a solid modelling package?
5. How to select the machining origin?
6. What are the common interpolation techniques?
7. How does a canned cycle reduce programme length?
8. What are the four statements used in APT language?
9. Compare variant and generative process planning methodologies.
10. What is the need for FMC?
11. List the commonly used network topologies.
12. List any two advantages of CAD.
13. What is meant by clipping?
14. Classify the various colour models used in typical CAD system.
15. Write the various visibility techniques used in hidden line removal.
16. Distinguish between CNC and DNC systems.
17. How does an interpolator function?
18. Name any two important applications of CAM in manufacturing planning.
19. Write the functions of the codes G33 and M30.
20. List any two commercially available retrieval CAPP systems.
21. Present the limitations of GT.
22. Mention the methods for solving the problem in part family.
23. Whether Intuitive color models are superior than RGB model? Justify your answer.
24. Compare parametric and vibrational modeling?
25. Write the 2D rotation matrix.
26. Interpret concatenation in transformation.
27. List the steps involved in programming a CNC lathe.
28. Define canned cycles.
29. Give the general form of an APT geometry statement.
30. Classify the types of interpolation.
31. Suggest any four suitable products which can be manufactured by cellular manufacturing
32. Mention the components of FMS.
33. Sketch hybrid network topologies drawing.
34. Draw the basic geometric primitives.
35. Write the parametric equation of a line.
36. Specify the meaning of RGB and HSV with one example
37. List any six important components of a CNC machine.
38. Write the format of 'a CNC programming block and name the each term.
39. Name any four solid modeling Software packages.
40. Draw the CIM wheel.
41. Present the data of a part needed in a shop floor control.
42. Give any four types for usage of Bar-Code technology.
43. What is rendering? What are the different stages of rendering an image?
44. Elate window with view port.
45. Choose any four algorithms available for hidden line removal.
46. Specify the advantage of parametric programming in designing curves and surfaces.
47. Compare open and closed loop systems.
48. Recall the importance of canned cycle in part program.
49. What is a CL Data file and illustrate its use in code generation?
36
50. Choose the factors to be considered for selecting a coding system for a component's
representation.
51. List out the methods available for parts classification and coding in group technology.
52. How is an FMS optimized?
53. Write a C program to implement Bresenham’s circle algorithm.
54. Differentiate Between window and view port.
55. What is homogeneous transformation?
56. What is concatenated matrix?
57. What is rendering? What are the different stages of rendering an image?
58. What is ant aliasing? Discuss the techniques used for ant aliasing.
59. How do you classify modeling package?
60. Compare 2D and 3D wire frame models.
61. What are the comments and their sequence to create 2D and 3D wire frame models of the
following components?
62. How will be set the dimension variables for
63. How do you create a block?
64. How do you redefine a block in a drawing?
65. Write a short note on the advantages of customizing a software.
66. What is meant by configuring a software?
67. How dose CAD help drawing office management?
68. How will you create bill of material from CAD file?
69. What is the parametric programming in designing curves and surfaces?
70. What is the advantage of parametric programming in design in a surface modeling software?
71. How does automotive industry use simulation to design manufacturing systems?
72. Compare hydraulic and pneumatic automation systems.
73. What are the essential elements of a PLC system?
74. What are roles of a PLC in a CNC machine?
75. What is the principle of operation of a linear motor?
76. How is the turret of a CNC lathe indexed?
77. What is a bi-directional turret?
78. Why is a poly V belt preferred for main drive?
79. What is advantage of using a linear transducer for feedback measuring?
80. What is advantage of using an absolute measuring system?
81. What is advantage of using an analog measuring system?
82. What is a digital Read Out(DRO)?
83. What type of microprocessors are used in modern CNC systems?
84. What is the purpose of a tool pre-setter?
85. Compare CORE and GKS graphics standards.
86. What are salient features of GKS?
87. Compare different CIM models with particular reference to the flow of information.
88. How are jobs scheduled in FMS?
89. How is NC program management effected in a FMS?
90. Compare the merits and demerits of a RGV and an AGV.
91. What are the major types of data collection system?
92. What are the devices used for shop floor data collection?
93. How does a bar code reader work?
94. State the need for networking in manufacturing.
95. List the different FMS Layouts.
96. Define Group technology.
97. Functions of different G Codes.
37
98. Functions of different M codes.
99. List some of tool holding devices of CNC machine
100. List some work holding devices of CNC machine.

38
 Piping Design Interview Questions
1. What are the Steps to be followed in Selection of Valve?
2. What are the available Two Types of Ball Valve?
3. What are the available Ball Valve Body Types?
4. Why Ball Valves are Normally Flanged?
5. What are Butterfly Valve Types?
6. What are Types of Check Valve?
7. What are Non-slam Check Valves?
8. Where Stop Check Valve is used?
9. Where Diaphragm Valves are used?
10. What is Bar Stock Valve?
11. What is Bleed Valve?
12. What is Breather Valve?
13. What is Vacuum Breaker?
14. What is Foot Valve?
15. What are Uses of Four Way Valve?
16. What is Preferred Location for Drain?
17. What are the Steps in Selection of Valve?
18. What are Functions of Valves?
19. What are Isolating Valves?
20. What are Regulating Valves?
21. What are Non-return Valves?
22. What are Special Valves?
23. What Materials are used for Construction of Valves?
24. What is Trim?
25. Which Standard Specifies Trim Numbers for Valve?
26. What are Wetted Parts of Valve?
27. What SS Wire Drawing?
28. What is straight through Valve?
29. What Pressure Tests is Carried Out on Valves?
30. What are available Valve Operators?
31. What is the Full Form of ASME?
32. Which Piping Code is used for Power Piping and Which Code is used for Process Piping
Design?
33. What are the Main Differences between ASME B 31.1 and ASME B 31.3?
34. How to Calculate the Basic allowable Stress for a Material?
35. What are the Main Difference between Constant and Variable Spring Hanger? When to use these
Hangers?
36. What do you mean by Variability? What is the Industry Approved Limit for Variability?
37. What is the Major Parameters you must Address While Making a Spring Data-sheet?
38. How to Calculate the Height of a Variable Spring Hanger?
39. Can you select a Proper Spring Hanger if you do not make it Program Defined in Your
Software? What is The Procedure?
40. What is the Software Available for Performing Piping Stress Analysis?
41. How Can Flanges be Classified based on Pipe Attachment?
42. How Can Flanges be Classified based on Facing?
43. How the Serration on Flanges is specified?
44. Where the Concentric Serration is insisted for Face Finish?
45. How the Gaskets are classified based on the type of Construction?
46. What is the Most Commonly Used Material for Gasket?
39
47. Which type of Gasket is recommended for High Temperature & High-pressure Application?
48. What are the Criteria for Selection Of MOC of Spiral Wound Metallic Gasket Winding
Material?
49. What is Centering Ring in Connection to Spiral Wound Gasket?
50. Up to what temperature limits the Low Strength Carbon Steel Bolts Should not be used for
Flanged Joints?
51. Up to what Temperature the Carbon Steel Materials Shall be Used?
52. Which Material is used for Temperature above 426°C?
53. Which Type of Material Is Used For Corrosive Fluid?
54. Which Type of Piping Materials are Used for Drinking Water, Instrument Air Etc?
55. What is the Difference between Pipe and Tube?
56. What should be the Radius of Short Radius Elbow?
57. From which Side of Pipe Will you take a Branch Connection?
58. Why do we Provide High Point Vent (hpv) and Low Point Drain (lpd) In Piping?
59. What do you mean by Jacketed Piping?
60. What is Weld Let and Socket? And Where they are Used?

40
 Jig and Fixture design placement questions:
1. Compare Jig with Fixture.
2. Differentiate locators with clamps.
3. Classify the types locating schemes.
4. Why 3-2-1 locating scheme is mainly used?
5. What are the two types of press fit bushes?
6. Distinguish between the channel and box jigs.
7. What are the different types of jigs?
8. What are the standard work holding devices in lathe?
9. Mention any four essential features made on milling fixtures.
10. List out the various locators used in fixtures.
11. What are the important elements of inspection fixtures?
12. What are boring fixtures? How do you classify them?
13. State Number of degrees of freedom of a workpiece in space?
14. Identify materials used for making fixtures.
15. How fixture design can be simplified?
16. What do you mean by N-2-1 locating scheme?
17. Compare standard and dedicative fixtures.
18. How complicated components can be fixed during machining?
19. Identify any three internal machining processes.
20. Recollect any two types of jigs available with special machines in our laboratory.

41
 Composite Materials and Structures
1 What is mean by composites?
2. List the types of Glass Fibers
3. List the polymeric matrix.
4. Properties of Composites.
5. Classification and characteristics of composites.
6. Particulate composite.
7. Homogeneous material.
8. What are fiber factors contribute to the mechanical performance of a composite?
9. List the types of Fibers
10. List the types of Synthetic Fibers
11. Types of polymeric matrix.
12. What is the function of matrix?
13. List the type of composites manufacturing.
14. What is rule of mixture?
15. How are composites classified?
16. What are the drawbacks of polymer matrix composites?
17. Why the epoxy is the most common type of matrix material.
18. What is prepregs?
19. How do calculate the density of the composites.
20. List the composite deformation process.
21. Longitudinal stress-strain curves for unidirectional composites with ductile and brittle fibers and a
typical ductile matrix
22. List the methods of predicating composite stiffness using elasticity principles.
23. What is stress concentration factor?
24. How do determine the composite transverse modulus in micromechanics analyses?
25. What is meant by strength-reduction factor?
26. List the internal materials failures.
27. List three modes of failure of unidirectional composite under longitudinal.
28. List the failure modes for composites subjected to longitudinal compressive load.
29. Failure mode of composites
30. Failure of unidirectional composite under transverse tensile load.
31. Shear failure of unidirectional composite subjected to transverse compressive load.
32. Failure of a unidirectional composite subjected to in-plane shear load.
33. Write the simple expressions for the longitudinal and transverse coefficients of thermal
expansion.
34. List the short fiber reinforced composites with manufacturing method.
35. Write the relationship for finding the composites modulus.
36. What is ply or lamina?
37. What is a laminate?
38. What is balanced orthotropic lamina?
39. What are the elements of the standard laminate codes?
40. List the conditions to meet the construction of a quasi-isotropic laminate.
41. Give the laminate stress analysis procedure
42. what is Isotropic material?
43. What is orthotropic material?
44. What is Macro mechanics?
45. What is Micromechanics?
46. What is Materials utilization factor?
47. Write the Monoclinic materials constants matrix?
42
48. Write the Anisotropic material constants matrix?
49. What is Isotropic material constants matrix?
50. What is Orthotropic material constants matrix?
51. What is Transversely isotropic constants matrix?
52. What is unidirectional, bidirectional and quasi-isotropic fibers.
53. What is Laminate?
54. What is Matrix?
55. What is vacuum bag molding?
56. List the features of composites.
57. What Adhesive?
58. What is Cross ply?
59. What is Porosity?
60. What is Shelf life?
61. Volume fraction of voids.
62. Graph between stress and strain.
63. Single layered continuous.
64. Major constituents of composite materials.
65. Coupling agents and coatings.
66. Single layered discontinuous.
67. Multilayered composites.
68. Polyester properties.
69. Phenolic properties.
70. Epoxy properties.
71. Types of honeycombs.
72. Prepreg Manufacturing process
73. Failure in Sandwich structure.
74. Roll – forming process.
75. What are the factors consider while designing sandwich structures?
76. Different types core materials used in sandwich constructions.
77. Advantages of sandwich construction.
78. Face material used in sandwich constructions.
79. Different ways in sandwich fabrication.
80. Stress strain behaviors of various materials.
81. Characteristics of composite laminate.
82. Flake composite.
83. What are the drawbacks of polymer matrix composite?
84. What are various types of polymers used in the advanced polymer composites?
85. Applications of composite in transportation.
86. What is application of ceramic matrix?
87. What are carbon carbon composites?
88. What are applications of carbon carbon composites?
89. What type’s process used for recycling of composites?
90. Why recycling is complex.
91. What are various steps in mechanical recycling of short fiber reinforced composites?
92. Which chemical process shows most promise?
93. What is Hybrid laminate?
94. What are types of hybrid laminate?
95. What is a non-homogeneous body?
96. What are four elastic moduli of a unidirectional lamina?
97. Failure of unidirectional ply under longitudinal tensile load.
43
98. Total volume of composite.
99. Actual volume of composites
100. Theoretical volume of composite
101. Weight of composites.
102. The volume of composites.
103. Classification of adhesives
104. Advantages of bonded structures.
105. Shelf life.
106. What are adhesives?
107. What are adhesive bonded joints? Lap joint, Butt joint, Angle joint, Corner joint
108. List the Continuous process.
109. Open mold process.
110. Close mold process.
111. Advantages of open mold process.
112. Disadvantages of open mold process.
113. Advantages of spray lay-up.
114. Plastic foams.
115. Thermoplastics.
116. Specific flexural rigidity.
117. Disadvantages of filament winding.
118. Theory of fiber strengthening. Ec = EfVf+EmVm
119. Open mold process.
120. Continuous process.
121. What are adhesive bonded joints?
122. What are types of hybrid laminate?
123. What are the aircraft structural components made of composite materials?
124. Explain the difference between isotropic and anisotropic materials.
125. What is meant by orthogonally isotropic material? Give an example.
126. Distinguish between long fibers and short fibers.
127. What is a particulate composite?
128. What is an anisotropic material?
129. What are the assumptions made in the strength of materials approach model?
130. Define micro mechanics.
131. Distinguish between natural axis and arbitrary axis.
132. What is macro mechanics?
133. Define material axes or local axes.
134. What is elasticity approach?
135. What is major poisson’s ratio?
136. Write the general characteristics of composite materials.
137. What are the assumptions made in micro mechanics?
138. What is fiber reinforced plastic (FRP)?
139. Distinguish between symmetric cross ply laminate and symmetric angle ply laminate.
140. Give an example of a laminate with zero coupling stiffness matrix, Symmetric laminates
141. What are the merits and demerits of Tsai-hill failure theory?
142. Give examples of anti-symmetric angle ply and symmetric cross ply laminates.
143. Define cross ply laminate and angle ply laminate.
144. What are the assumptions made in classical small deformation theory for a laminate?
145. Define inter laminar stresses with causes.
146. Define: Laminate code.
147. Define: Quasi-isotropic laminate.
44
148. What is inter laminar shear?
149. Define the term: Balanced laminate.
150. What are the transverse equations for laminated plates?
151. What is maximum strain failure theory?
152. What are the types of hybrid laminates? Interply hybrid laminates
153. What is maximum stress failure theory?
154. The strength ratio is defined as
155. What is ‘failure envelopes?
156. List down the materials used for sandwich construction. Face material
157. What are the three elements in a structural sandwich? A pair of thin and strong facing.
158. List down the modes of failure in a sandwich structure.
159. What are the needs of design guide lines in sandwich construction?
160. What is the property of toughness?
161. Define: Foam.
162. What are the types of honeycombs?
163. Distinguish between open mold and close mold processes.
164. What is vacuum bag molding?
165. Define: Roving.
166. What is meant by knitting?
167. State the process of injection moulding.
168. Give brief notes on: filament winding.
169. State the definition of fiber glass.

45
 Manufacturing Technology - Technical Interview Questions
CASTING
1. What is mean by casting?
2. Define Molding?
3. What are the different kinds of molding sands?
4. List the constituents of Molding Sand?
5. Name the characteristics of Molding sand?
6. What is mean by pattern?
7. List some of the pattern materials?
8. Tell me the various allowances in pattern?
9. Name the various types of pattern?
10. What is mean by core?
11. List out the purpose of runner and riser?
12. What are the different types of core materials?
13. Differentiate between Laddle and Crucible?
14. What is centrifugal casting? State some of its applications.
15. What is the purpose of strike-off bar?
16. Tell me the significant of plasticity in molding sand?
17. How can you classify the centrifugal casting?
18. What is the need of Draw spikes?
19. List out some of the casting defects.
20. What do you mean by Mismatch?
21. Define Gas porosity?
22. State the cause of hot tears?
23. List out some of the tests to verify the quality of molding sands?
24. What is an investment casting?
25. What is mean by permanent mold casting?
26. State the effect of cooling rate on properties of casting?
27. List out the types of furnace?
28. What is mean by cupola?
29. Name the factors affecting the selection of pattern.
30. What are the functions of pouring basin?
31. List out the different types of Die casting machine?
32. What is mean by expandable pattern casting? What is the other name for it?
33. What is mean by plaster mold?
34. Under what condition Shell molding is preferred?
35. What is the use of drag and cope box?
36. Define Pit molding.
37. State Chvorinov’s rule and its expression?
38. What is the need of gating system?
39. List the types of gate?
40. Define Gate ratio?
41. What are the requirements of an ideal gating system?
42. Define Mushy zone.
43. Compare the solidification of pure metals and alloys.
44. List the casting defects which caused by shrinkage?
45. What is mean by chills? Tell its purpose?
46. What will happen if the riser is not designed properly?
47. Tell the effect of more moisture content in green sand?
48. State the purpose of skim-bob.
46
49. Distinguish between top riser and side riser?
50. What is jamming of cupola and how can it be avoided?

WELDING

1. Explain the basic principle of arc-welding process?

2. What is fusion welding?
3. What are the oxyacetylene flames used in oxyfuel-gas welding?
4. what is oxyfuel-gas welding
5. what are filler metals
6. What is purpose of flux
7. What is difference between MIG and TIG welding?
8. Why flux is not needed in gas-tungsten arc welding?
9. What is gas tungsten-arc welding?
10. What is shielded metal-arc welding
11. What is electron beam welding?
12. What is laser beam welding?
13. Differentiate straight polarity and reverse polarity?
14. Explain about heat affected zone
15. Tell some major discontinuous affect wield quality
16. How is weldability defined
17. Explain why some joints may have to preheated prior to welding
18. What are the differences between consumable and non-consumable welding?
19. Why welding electrode is generally coated?
20. What is diffusion welding?
21. What is cold welding?
22. What is ultrasonic welding
23. Explain about friction welding
24. What is the principle of resistance welding?
25. Explain about spot welding
26. What is meant by solid state welding?
27. What are faying surfaces in solid state welding
28. What is the principle of diffusion bonding?
29. Explain linear and inertia friction welding
30. Explain about seam welding
31. How high frequency resistance welding is different from seam welding
32. What is flash butt welding
33. What is the principle of explosion welding?
34. What type of products is suitable for stud welding?
35. What types of destructive and non-destructive tests are performed in welded joints?
36. Explain weld nugget
37. What type of welding is used in rail tracks and why?
38. What are technique used in gas welding
39. Why AC is used over DC equipment in arc welding?
40. Why is flux used in brazing and soldering?
41. What is the difference between brazing and braze welding?
42. Why soldering is applied to thinner components
43. What is the principle of wave and reflow soldering?
44. Define weaving in welding process
45. Define projection welding process
47
46. What is difference between welding and soldering
47. What is brazing?
48. Explain soldering process.
49. What are the different types of welding joint?
50. What is fillet weld?

FORGING

1) Define Forging.
2) What are the types of Forging?
3) Write the advantage of open die Forging?
4) Write the advantage of closed die Forging?
5) Write the advantage of blocker Forging?
6) Write the advantage of conventional Forging?
7) Write the advantage of precision Forging?
8) Write the limitation of open die Forging?
9) Write the limitation of closed die Forging?
10) Write the limitation of blocker Forging?
11) Write the limitation of conventional Forging?
12) Write the limitation of precision Forging?
13) What are the typical parts made by forging and related process?
14) Define coining.
15) Define heading.
16) Define piercing.
17) What is the forging force in open die forging?
18) What is the friction hill in open die forging?
19) List the various types of forging operation?
20) What are the general requirements of die materials?
21) Define die features.
22) Define pre-shaping.
23) Write four points on die failure in manufacturing?
24) What are the types of forging machine
25) Define die cost
26) Define mechanical presses
27) Define screw presses
28) Define hydraulic presses
29) Define hammers
30) Define drop hammers
31) Define counter blow hammer
32) Define servo presses
33) Define economics forging
34) Define hubbing
35) Define orbital forging
36) Define incremental forging
37) Define isothermal forging
38) Define rotary swaging
39) Define tube swaging
40) Define forgeability of metal
41) Define upset forging
42) What is horizontal upset?
48
43) What is die closing swaging machine?
44) Define draft angle
45) Define parting line
46) What are the typical speed range of forging equipment
47) Explain drop forging?
48) Explain cracks develop in ribs
49) Define crank
50) Explain blocked forging?

WIRE DRAWING

1) What is wire drawing?

2) Types of wire drawing?
3) What is the principle?
4) What is the wire drawing powder?
5) What are the process variables?
6) What is wire drawing efficiency?
7) Which of the metal is used in the wire drawing process in die making?
8) What is the maximum reduction in wire drawing?
9) What size can wires can be used?
10) Dies for wire drawing are generally made of?
11) For hot drawing which type of die used?
12) Why cast steel dies used in hot drawing?
13) What is the basic difference between bar drawing and wire drawing?
14) In wire drawing each drum can be called as?
15) Three modes of wire cooling are used in commercial operations?
16) What is the advantage?
17) What are applications?
18) What is the working principle of drawing dies?
19) What is tandem wire drawing?
20) Types of lubrication?
21) What is the importance of plc in wire drawing works?
22) What is draft in wire drawing?
23) How do you make a wire drawing die?
24) Define area reduction?
25) What is wire drawing effect?
26) How do you draw metal wires?
27) What is electric wire drawing?
28) What is continous wire drawing?
29) What is copper wire drawing?
30) What is the elementary principle of wire drawing?
31) What is wire die?
32) What is wet drawing?
33) What is dry drawing?
34) What is metal drawing?
35) How do you draw in manufacturing?
36) What are the three types of wire?
37) What is the purpose of wire drawing?
38) What wire is used for outlets?
49
39) What is the advantage of wire drawing?
40) What is the disadvantage of wire drawing?
41) Difference between the wire drawing and tube drawing?
42) What is bull block?
43) Which force is used in wire drawing?
44) What is back tension in wire drawing?
45) What is drawing ratio?
46) How do you calculate reduction in wire drawing?
47) How do you make wires?
48) What is redundant work in wire drawing?
49) What is a drawing die?
50) What is die punch?

PLASTIC FORMING

1) Define plastics
2) What are the types of plastics?
3) What are the advantages of plastics over metals?
4) What are the disadvantages of plastics ?
5) What are the input factor in design of plastics parts
6) What is MSI in plastics?
7) What are characteristics of thermosetting plastics?
8) Give some example of thermosetting plastics?
9) What are the types of injection moulding?
10) What is extrusion?
11) List the parts used in the transfer mouldings
12) What is calendaring?
13) What is parison?
14) List the types of joining of plastics
15) Define solvent welding?
16) How mould tool is classified based upon the injection method?
17) Define core and cavity?
18) What is parting line?
19) What the types of plastics grades?
20) Factors affecting the selection of plastics for injection moulding?
21) What are the types of gates used injection moulds?
22) What is ejector pins?
23) Why fillers and additives are used in injection molds?
24) What is the cooling medium used in injection molding.
25) What is clamping force in injection molding?
26) How to classify plastics?
27) What are metal release agents?
28) What you meant by nozzle?
29) Define drooling?
30) What is injection pressure?
31) What is injection rate or injection velocity?
32) What is mold?
33) What are the types of molds?
34) Explain about injection molding
35) What is impression?
50
36) What is gate?
37) What is runner?
38) What is register ring?
39) What is spure brish?
40) Explain vaccum moulding.
41) What is maximum daylight?
42) What is Abs?
43) What is ca?
44) What is over moulding?
45) What are the common injection moulding defects?
46) What do you meant by cavity?
47) What is extrusion in plastics?
48) What are types of injection moulding?
49) What is the principle of injection moulding?
50) What are the stages of injection moulding?

POWDER METALLURGY

1. What is Powder Metallurgy?

2. What are the steps in powder metallurgy?
3. What is Atomization?
4. What is Blending?
5. What is Carbonyls?
6. What is Diffusion?
7. Explain Compaction.
8. Describe the methods used in metal powder compaction.
9. What is the magnitude of stresses and forces involved in powder compaction?
10. What is Commination?
11. What is Electrolytic deposition?
12. What is Green compact?
13. What is apparent density?
14. Explain tape casting process.
15. What is Hot Isostatic pressing?
16. What is Cold Isostatic pressing?
17. Advantages and Limitations of Hot and Cold isostatic pressing.
18. What is Impregnation?
19. What is Infiltration?
20. Difference between Impregnation and Infiltration.
21. What are the methods of Powder production and explain the types of powder produced?
22. Explain why metal powders are blended.
23. How the metal powders are characterized.
24. Tell me the dimensional accuracy in Powder metallurgy?
25. What is the range of particle size in Powder metallurgy?
26. What are the desirable characteristics of blinders?
27. Tell me the application of powder rolling.
28. What is Injection molding?
29. What is Mechanical alloying?
30. What is Metal injection molding?
31. Explain powder injection molding.
32. What are the steps involved in making Powder metallurgy parts?
51
33. Why is there density variation in the compacting of powders? How is it reduced?
34. Explain why the mechanical and physical properties depend on their density.
35. What is pressing?
36. What is Pressureless compaction?
37. What is Reduction?
38. What is Screening?
39. Explain Shape Factor.
40. Why powder injection molding is an important process?
41 What is Sintering?
42. Explain the stages of solid state sintering.
43. Describe rapid Sintering methods.
44. Explain what occurs to metal powder sintering.
45. What is Spark sintering?
46. Explain powder extrusion process.
47. What are the effects of different shapes and sizes of metal particles in PM processing?
48. What is powder blending?
49. What is difference between mixing and blending?
50. Explain sampling methods.

52
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND METALLURGY

1. What are solid solutions?

2. What is substitutional solid solution?
3. What is the effect of alloying addition of chromium with steel?
4. Draw Iron carbide equilibrium diagram and describe the phases.
5. What is the percentage of carbon in cast iron & percentage of carbon in steel?
6. List some two tool steels used as cutting tool.
7. Name some steel alloys used for high temperature service.
8. List different types of tool steels and related applications.
9. Why is gray cast iron used for machine beds
10. Define eutectic and eutectorial reactions.
11. What are ferrite and austenite?
12. Name the different types of stainless steels.
13. Which cast irons have nodular graphite?
14. What is a phase diagram?
15. List the applications of cast iron.
16. Iron is allotropic in nature – justify.
17. Specify the effect of nickel and chromium in austenitic stainless steel.
18. Distinguish between hypoeutectoid and hypereutectoid steels.
19. Give the composition of 18–4–1 high speed steel.
20. Give an example for an isomorphous system.
21. Give clear insights on TTT diagram.
22. Differentiae case hardening and surface hardening.
23. Differentiate normalizing and annealing.
24. Define Martensite.
25. What is meant by CCR?
26. Define the term ‘Polymer’
27. How thermoplastics differs from thermosets
28. What are ceramic materials, write the properties of ceramics?
29. Define composite materials.
30. Name any four common engineering polymers.
31. Name the two polymers used as pipe materials.
32. Give two examples of fibers used in FR composites.
33. Give the applications of ceramics in engineering.
34. What are PMMA and PTFE?
35. What is endurance limit?
36. What is polymerization?
37. Write any two application of PVC.
38. What is Bakelite?
39. Give a ceramic used in grinding wheel.
40. List any four fiber materials used in composites.
41. Draw Stress strain curve of cast iron.
42. Draw Stress strain curve of steel.
43. Draw stress strain curve of aluminium.
44. Draw Stress strain curve of rubber.
45. Compare the stress-strain relationship of brittle – ductile materials
46. Name few bio materials/bio polymers that are used as implants.
47. Mention the scale of nanometer.
48. Give few examples of nano structured materials.
53
 Material Removal Processes
Questions
1. Draw the nomenclature of single point cutting tool.
2. Draw the nomenclature of milling tool.
3. Draw the nomenclature of drilling tool.
4. List the different types of chips.
5. What is meant by primary and secondary shear zone?
6. Which type of chips form while machining of brittle materials?
7. When continuous chips are formed during metal cutting operation?
8. Define built up- edge.
9. What is the purpose of chip breakers?
10. Draw Merchant circle.
11. What is meant by tool wear?
12. Mention different heat zones in machining.
13. List the major parts of lathe.
14. Give the function of lead screw.
15. Provide the types of work holding and tool holding devices in lathe.
16. How taper turning can be done by different methods?
17. List different lathe operations.
18. Provide the types of work holding and tool holding devices in drilling.
19. Provide the types of work holding and tool holding devices in milling.
20. List different drilling operations.
21. Differentiate drilling, boring, counter boring, counter sinking, reaming and tapping.
22. Define broach.
23. Draw broach tool.
24. Draw the specification of grinding wheel.
25. Explain dressing, turning and loading.
26. State the several finishing operations.
27. Differentiate cylindrical and centre less grinding.
28. Differentiate jigs and fixtures.
29. Mention the purpose of jig in lathe.
30. List few drilling jigs.
31. List two broaching fixtures.
32. List few milling fixtures.
33. What is the need for unconventional machining process?
34. Classify UCM based on nature of energy.
35. What is meant by standoff distance?
36. What is the source for AJM?
37. What is the source for AJWM?
38. Mention the principal of ultrasonic machining?
39. Differentiate ECM and EDM.
40. What is meant by plasma arc machining?

54
 Instrumentation and Control System

1. What is Range of measurement?:

2. . What is Resolution?
3. Differentiate between sensitivity and range with suitable
4. Deflne system error and correction.
5. Define: Measurand.
6. Define Metrology.
7. Define over damped and under damped system
8. Give any four methods of measurement
9. Give classification of measuring instruments.
10 .Define True size:
11. Define Actual size
12. What is Hysteresis
13. Differentiate accuracy and Uncertainty with example
14.Define Span:
15 Differentiate between precision and accuracy.
16. What is Scale interval:
17.What is Response time:
18. Define Repeatability:
19. Explain the term magniftication:
20. Classify the Absolute error.
21. What is Relative error.
22. Classify the errors
23. What is the basic Principle of measurement:
24. What are the applications of Legal metrology
24. What is the need of inspection
25. What are the important elements of measurments?
26. What is LEGAL METROLOGY
27.What are the considerations while manufactureing the slip gauges?
28. How do you calibrate the slip gauges?
29. List the various linear measurements?
30.What are the various types of linear measuring instruments?
31.List out any four angular measuring instrument used in metrology
32.What is comparators?
33.Classify the comparator according to the principles usedfor obtaining magnification.
34. How the mechanical comparator works?
35. State the best example of a mechanical comparator.
36. Define least count and mention the least count of a mechanical comparator.
37. How the mechanical comparator is used? State with any one example.
38. State any four advantages of reed type mechanical comparator
39. Mention any two disadvantages of reed type mechanical comparator.
40. What are the major types of on electrical comparator?
41. On what basis the transducer works?
42. How is the accuracy of an electrical comparator checked?
43. State the working principle of an electronic comparator.
44. Mention the important parts of an electronic comparator.
45. Classify pneumatic comparators.
46. What are the advantages of electrical and electronic comparator?
55
47. What are the disadvantages of electrical and electronic comparator?
48. List the various parts of an optical comparator
48. What are the advantages of pneumatic comparator?
49. Name the various types of pitch errors found in screw?
50. Name the various methods of measuring the minor diameter of the thread.
51.Name the various methods used for measuring the major diameter
52. Name the various methods for measuring effective diameter.
53. Name the various methods for measuring pitch diameter.
54. Name the two corrections are to be applied in the measurement of effective diameter
55. What is best size of wire?
56. Define. Drunken thread
57. What is the effect of flank angle error?
58. What are the applications of toolmaker's microscope?
59. Define: Periodic error.
60. What are the commonly used forms of gear teeth?
61. What are the types of gears?
62. Define: Module
63. Define: Lead angle
64. What are the various methods used for measuring the gear tooth thickness?
65. Name four gear errors.
66. Name the method used for checking the pitch of the gear
67. What are the direct angular measurements methods?
68. Define : constant chord
69. Give the formula for measuring radius of circle.
70. What are the two methods used in measuring radius of concave surface
71. What are the factors affecting surface roughness?
72. What are the methods used for evaluating the surface finish?
73. Define fullness and emptiness in form factor.
74 What are the methods used for measuring surface roughness?
75. What are the stylus probe instruments?
76. Define: Straightness of a line in two planes.
77. Define: Roundness
78. Name the devices used for measurement of roundness.
79. Define : lay
80. What is runout?
81 What is interferometer?
82 Name the different types of interferometer?
83 Name the common source of light used for interferometer
84 What is crest and trough
85. What is wavelength?
86. What is meant by alignment test on machine tools?
87. List the various geometrical checks made on machine tools.
88. Distinguish between geometrical test and practical test on a machine tool
89. What are the main spindle errors?
90. Write the various tests conducted on any machine tools
91. Why the laser is used in alignment testing?
.92. Classify the machine tool test.
93. What are the different types of geometrical tests conducted on machine tools?
94. What is the principle of laser.
95.What is CMM?
56
96. Define axial length measuring accuracy
98. Explain CNC, CMM briefly.
99.Write some features of CMM software.
100. Define machine vision.
101. What are thefour basic types of machine, vision system?
102. Write the advantages of machine vision system.
103. Define grayscale analysis.
104 Mention the advantages of CMM.
105. Mention the disadvantages of CMM.
106. Mention the application of CMM.
107. Describe the features of a flexible inspection system.
108. What is thermopile?
109. Explain briefly the three important fields of machine vision system
110.What are load cells?
111. State any four inferential type of flowmeters
112. Mention the principle involved in bimetallic strip.
113. What is thermocouple?
114.What is meant by System?
115. What is meant by Control System?
116. What are the types of control system?
117. What is open loop and control loop systems?
118. What is open loop and control loop systems?
119. What is transfer function ?
120.What are the advantages and disadvantages of open loop closed system?
121.What are the advantages and disadvantages of closed loop closed system?
122.What are the necessary components of feed back control system?
123.What is gain margin?
124.What is signal flow graph
125.What is Masons Gain formula?
126.What is the basic rule of block diagram reduction technique?
127.What is an order of a system?
128.What is the effect of positive feed back on the stability of the system?
129.What is a Servomechanisn?
130. Where is Servomechanism used?
131.How many types of instrument cables are there
132.What is cut off rate?
134.What is an automatic controller?
135.What is control action

57
 Unconventional Machining Processes
1. What is the need for unconventional machining processes
2. What is the reason for using unconventional machining process?
3. Which of the unconventional machining process comes under the mechanical machining?
4. with which features you will recommend the Non-Traditional machining
5. What is unconventional machining?
6. What are the characteristics of UCM processes?
7. Differentiate the conventional and unconventional machining processes in terms of principles.
8. What are the various types of energy sources used in non-traditional machining techniques? Give
examples for each.
9. Classify the different types of unconventional machining processes based on the mechanical
energy.
10. Identify the mechanism of material removal, transfer media and energy source for EDM.
11. Identify the mechanism of material removal, transfer media and energy source for ECM.
12. Identify the mechanism of material removal, transfer media and energy source for EBM.
13. Identify the mechanism of material removal, transfer media and energy source for LBM.
14. Identify the mechanism of material removal, transfer media and energy source for PAM.
15. Identify the mechanism of material removal, transfer media and energy source for USM.
16. Identify the mechanism of material removal, transfer media and energy source for AJM.
17. Identify the mechanism of material removal, transfer media and energy source for WJM.
18. What are all the industries, where Non-traditional machining methods play an important role?
19. What are all the Different classifications of Non-traditional machining based on source of
energy?
20. How the material is removed by mechanical machining?
21. In which way the Material in thermal machining is removed?
22. List out the mechanical process comes under machining
23. What are the surface defects that will occur during thermal machining
24. Name the sources which is required in thermal machining process
25. In which machining process vacuum medium is used
26. How the material is removed by chemical machining process
27. State the applications for hybrid machining process
28. Who discovered Ultrasonic machining process (USM)
29. By which method the USM removes the material
30. What is the Frequency of tool’s oscillation in USM process
31. Differentiate the Ruby laser and Alcohol laser.
32. Say what the working process of penetration welding is.
33. What is meant by Zero feed rate.
34. How the wire cut is used in machining process.
35. Mention the acoustic need in machining process.
36. What is meant by feed rate.
37. How plasma arc machining is done.
38. Explain the energy equation
39. Say what is lumped heat capacity analysis
40. Define mass transfer rate.

58
 Design for Manufacture and Assembly
1. What is meant by GD&T?
2. Describe how you go about calculating feeds and speeds and how you determine cut depths and cut widths
for a particular operation?
3. Why is GD&T and Why it is Important?
4. What is Form Control in GD&T?
5. When to use GD&T?
6. What is Profile Control of GD&T?
7. What is meant by TERMINOLOGY REVIEW of GD&T?
8. What is Tolerance in GD&T?
9. What is Limits of Size of GD&T?
10. What is meant by Datum in GD&T?
11. What are Characteristics & Symbols cont’d in GD&T?
Maximum Material Condition MMC.
12. What is Geometric Tolerance?
13. What is Feature Control Frame?
14. What is Bilateral Tolerance?
15. What is Unilateral Tolerance?
16. Explain LMC, MMC, & RFS. Give its symbol (GD&T)
17. What is Bonus Tolerance
18. What is the difference between concentricity and circular run out?
19. Define Ductility?
20. Define Fatigue?
21. Define Factor Of Safety?
22. Define Endurance Limit?
23. What is Impact Load?
24. What are the Various Phases of Design Process?
25. What are the Different Types of loads That Can Act on Machine Components?
26. What are the Factors Affecting Endurance Strength?
27. What are the Types of Variable Stresses?
28. Differentiate Between Repeated Stress and Reversed Stress?
29. What are the Types of Fracture?
30. Distinguish Between Brittle Fracture and Ductile Fracture?
31. Define Stress Concentration and Stress Concentration Factor?
32. Explain Size Factor in Endurance Strength?
33. Explain Griffith Theory. (or) State The Condition For Crack Growth?
34. What are the Modes of Fracture?
35. What Are The Factors To Be Considered In The Selection Of Materials For A Machine Element?
36. What are the Various Theories of Failure?
37. List out The Factors Involved in Arriving at Factor of Safety?
38. Give Some Methods of Reducing Stress Concentration?
39. Explain Notch Sensitivity. State The Relation Between Stress Concentration Factor And Notch
Sensitivity?
40. What are the Factors That Affect Notch Sensitivity?
41. What is the use of Goodman & Soderberg Diagrams?
42. Define Machinability?
43. What is an S-n Curve?
44. What is Curved Beam?
45. Give Some Example for Curved Beam?
46. What is Principle Stress and Principle Plane?
59
47. Write the Bending Equation?
48. Write the Torsion Equation?
49. What are the Common Profiles Used for Splines in Machine Elements?
50. What Type of Threads are used for Pressure Tight Joints and for Power Transmission?
51. Why Slenderness Ratio is considered in Design of Members?
52. What Do You Mean by Allowance in Limits and Fits?
53. A Wire Rope is designated as 6 X 19 Standard Hoisting. What Do The Numbers 6 X 19 Represent?
54. Why A Sleeve is fitted on a Ball Bearing?
55. What is the Constant Factor In Case of R-10 Series of Preferred Numbers?
56. On What Basis A Transmission Shaft Subjected To Bending Loads Must Be Designed?
57. In Designing A Clutch Plate, What Assumption Is Made?
58. The Critical Speed Of Rotating Shaft Depends Upon What?
59. What Is The Empirical Formula Used To Give The Number Of Bolts In Flange Coupling?
60. How The Size Of The Gears Usually Specified?
61. While Taking A Turn, What Action Differential Makes?
62. Rankine’s And Guest’s Theory of Failure Are Applicable for What Materials?
63. What is the Main Purpose of a Gear Box in a Vehicle?
64. What is Endurance Limit?
65. For Tight Leakage Joints, Which Type of Thread Is Best Suited?
66. A Bench Vice Has Which Type of Thread?
67. What is plastic processing?
68. Define injection moulding
69. State the two units of a ram type of injection moulding process
70. What is the use of rotational moulding?
71. Define cycle time
72. What is the press tonnage of compression moulding?
73. What is called positive mould?
74. What are the main advantages of thermoforming?
75. Classify extrusion die.
76. State common impregnation liquids
77. What are the elements considered for the construction of an injection mould?
78. Mention the function of runner.
79. What do gate systems do?
80. Classify cavity and core
81. What are the types of cavity and core inserts?
82. List down the types of layouts followed in multiple impression moulds.
83. What is a bolster?
84. Mention the types of bolsters.
85. What is gate in injection moulding?
86. List down the advantages of ejector pin.
87. What Do you know about Casting ?
88. What is draft allowance? How is it provided for patterns?
89. What are the common allowances provided on pattern?
90. Is pattern differ from casting?
91. Name the various pattern materials.
92. What are the different types of patterns used in foundries?
93. What are the uses of runner and riser?
94. What are chaplets?
95. Name four different casting defects.
96. What function of core ?
60
97. Explain the term fettling.
98. Classify moulding Machines.
99. What are the advantages of using aluminium as pattern material?
100. List out the various moulding tools

61
 CNC TECHNOLOGY

1. What is CNC Machining?

2. What are the different types of metal chips?
3. Why sometimes metal chips appeared in colored form?
4. What is oblique cutting?
5. Mention the difference between orthogonal and oblique cutting?
6. What do you mean by tool life?
7. What are the consideration done to improve tool life?
8. How much important surface finish?
9. What are the components of feed drive?
10. What is the function of slide ways in CNC?
11. What are the feed drives used in CNC machine tools?
12. How does a recirculating ball screw work?
13. What is the difference between ball screw and lead screw?
14. How is CNC backlash measured?
15. How do you compensate backlash error?
16. What are the advantages of linear motion guide ways?
17. What are the Parts of a CNC Lathe Machine?
18. What is the Difference Between CNC Turning Centers and CNC lathes?
19. What is the difference between NC, DNC and CNC?
20. Which materials are used in CNC Machining?
21. What are the Machine Axes in CNC Turning Center?
22. What is the difference between CNC milling and CNC lathe?
23. What is the M code in CNC machines?
24. What is the G code in CNC machines?
25. What are functions of CNC?
26. Which code is auxiliary function in CNC machine?
27. List out any 4 merits of CNC.
28. What do you mean by machining center?
29. What is Slide and Slide ways?
30. Explain the term “stick-up”
31. What is a Part Program?
32. Write the order of the instructions in a part program.
33. What is meant by manual part programming?
34. Give a brief note on Canned Cycle.
35. What is tool length offset?
36. What is preparatory function?
37. What is APT language?
38. Classify statements in APT
39. Define Check surface.
40. Write general form of Motion Statement
41. Mention any 4 Post processor statement in APT
42. What is modular fixturing?
43. How Quick change tool holder systems improve your profits?
44. How to select a right tool for CNC?
45. What do you mean by automatic tool changer?
46. How many maximum tools can ATC hold?
47. Say difference between Auto Tool Changer (ATC) & Automatic Pallet Changer (APC).
48. Mention factors influencing selection of CNC Machines.
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49. What Determines CNC Machining Cost?
50. How to Reduce CNC Machining Cost?
51. How CNC benefits small and medium industries?
52. What is machine retrofitting?
53. Mention the advantage of retrofitting.

63
 Additive Manufacturing
1. What is additive manufacturing?
2. What is STL file?
3. What are the advantages of RP?
4. Write a note on product development by AM?
5. What is Rapid Tooling?
6. What are the applications of AM?
7. What is the need of Am in current Scenario?
8. What is AM process chain?
9. What is Rapid Prototyping?
10. What is a 3D printer?
11. What is Virtual prototyping?
12. What are the benefits of AM?
13. Classify the AM process?
14. Write the merits of virtual prototyping.
15. What are basic requirements of product development?
16. What are the merits of product development?
17. What are the inputs required for product development?
18. What are the benefits of rapid tooling?
19. What are the applications of rapid tooling?
20. What are the limitations of AM?
21. What is reverse engineering?
22. What is geometric modeling?
23. What is model reconstruction?
24. What is additive manufacturing?
25. What is data processing?
26. Classify the digitization techniques
27. What is wire frame modeling?
28. Mention few data formats
29. What is data interfacing?
30. Brief about part orientation?
31. Why support generation, is needed?
32. Brief about Support structure design?
33. What is Model Slicing?
34. What are the softwares used for Tool path generation
35. What are the softwares currently used for AM?
36. What are the limitations of Tool path generation?
37. What are the advantages of Part orientation?
38. What is surface modeling?
39. What is solid modeling?
40. Mention the applications of modeling.
41. What is SLA?
42. Why pre-build process is required in SLA?
43. What are part-building steps in SLA?
44. What are the steps in post-build processes?
45. What is photo polymerization in SLA?
46. What is the role of process planning in SLA?
47. What is Solid Ground Curing (SGC)?
48. What are the strengths of SGC?
49. What are the weaknesses of SGC?
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50. What are the applications of SGC?
51. What is FDM?
52. Brief the FDM process.
53. What are process variables in FDM?
54. Mention the products of FDM?
55. What are the limitations of FDM?
56. What is LOM?
57. Brief the LOM process.
58. What are the limitations of FDM?
59. What are the recoating issues in SLA?
60. What are the applications of FDM?
61. What is Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS)?
62. What are the materials used in LENS?
63. What is SLS?
64. What are the advantages and limitations of LENS?
65. What are the advantages and limitations of SLS?
66. What are the materials used in SLS?
67. Brief the post processing types of SLS.
68. Why surface deviation occurs in SLS?
69. Why is accuracy important in SLS
70. What are the applications of SLS?
71. Brief the post processing types of LENS.
72. Why surface deviation occurs in LENS?
73. Why is accuracy important in LENS?
74. What are the applications of LENS?
75. Why case studies are analyzed for sintering?
76. What is direct SLS?
77. What is indirect SLS?
78. Mention the merits of direct SLS.
79. Mention the merits of indirect SLS.
80. What are the applications of direct SLS
81. Brief the material system of 3DP.
82. Brief solid, liquid and powder based system of 3DP.
83. What is Shape Deposition Manufacturing (SDM)?
84. What is 3DP?
85. What is the principle of 3DP?
86. What are the strength and weakness of 3DP?
87. What are the applications of 3DP?
88. What is Ballistic particle manufacturing (BPM)?
89. What is EBM?
90. What is SLM?
91. Brief the physics of 3DP.
92. What are the types of 3DP?
93. Brief the process capabilities of 3DP.
94. What are the applications of EDM, SDM?
95. What are the merits of EDM?
96. What are the merits of SLM?
97. What are the demerits of EDM?
98. What are the demerits of SDM?
99. What are the merits of 3DP.
65
 PRECEISION ENGINEERING
1. Define tolerance
2. Define allowance
3. Define fits
4. Difference between accuracy and precision.
5. What is the difference unilateral and bilateral system of tolerance? . Discuss the least count of a
vernier caliper?
6. Find out the least count of a vernier caliper when its main scale graduation is 49 mm and the
vernier scale is divided in to 50 equal parts?
7. What are the reasons behind false reading on vernier caliper while taking measurements?
8. Difference between error and unncertainity.
9. Name the various parts of a vernier caliper?
10. What are the purposes of vernier height gauge?
11. What is the use of of vernier bevel protractor?
12. What is the function of a vernier depth gauge?
13. Why micrometer carries a ratchet stop?
14. What are the reasons behind false reading on micrometer while taking measurements?
15. Define zero reading of a micrometer?
16. Specify the term backlash of a micrometer?
17. Mention the features of a universal bevel protractor?
18. State the uses of a dial test indicator?
19. What are the functions of a comparator?
20. What is the difference between workshop gauges and inspection gauges?
21. what are the precautions to be taken while using slip gauges?
22. What is sine bar, and why it is called as sine bar?
23. What is the necessity of giving tolerance?
24. How many classifications are there in indian standard system for fits?
25. What is the necessity of lapping?
26. Why micrometer carries a ratchet stop?
27. State the uses of a dial test indicator?

66
 WELDING TECHNOLOGY
1. What is welding?
2. How will you prescribe the source of heating for welding activity?
3. When did the arc source begin to use?
4. Which was the first metal that was welded?
5. In which welding process flammable gases are used?
6. How many types of flammable/fule gases are used in gas welding?
7. Explain the gas welding process?
8. How many types of welding processes are being used, except gas welding?
9. What are the different types of welding flame and their temperature in the oxy-acetylene
process?
10. What is the main difference between gas welding and arc welding?
11. How will you define the arc welding process?
12. Why do you have to leave a hole or some part of the welding while welding the pipe trunion for
the pipe/reinforcement pad?
13. How will you calculate the current required for welding?
14. Define the common welding defects?
15. Why post-heating is done on some pipe after the welding is over?
16. Define the heat treatment in welding operation?
17. What is the test condition for welding in plate and pipe?
18. What is GTAW welding?
19. Name any two limitations of the GTAW welding process?
20. Name any three limitations of the MMAW welding process?
21. In tungsten arc welding, how should the welding arc be initiated without contact between the
electrode and parent metal?
22. How many types of welding joints are used in welding operation?
23. What is the difference between TIG and MIG?
24. Why carbon dioxide is used as a shielding gas as it dissociates during welding and may
contaminate the weld?
25. How does seam welding is differing from spot welding?
26. What is fusion welding?
27. What are the main factors affecting the welding design?
28. What are the different reasons for welding defects?
29. What is the difference between SMAW and MIG?
30. What do you mean by cold welding?
31. What is the meaning of slag when welding?
32. What is Friction Stir Welding (FSW)?
33. What is Friction Stir Welding used for?
34. What is a pin tool in Friction Stir Welding?
35. What are the advantages of using Friction Stir Welding?
36. What is the maximum frequency used in ultrasonic welding?
37. What is the maximum thickness that can be welded in ultrasonic welding?
38. How gas heating in gas laser is controlled?
39. How many categories are there of CO2 laser?
40. What is Roll Welding?
41. What is diffusion bonding?
42. What is Explosive welding?
43. In atomic hydrogen welding the electrode is made of?
44. What are the advantages of electron beam welding?
45. What are the difficulties encountered in underwater welding?
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46. Why do underwater welders not get shocked?
47. What are the basic welding symbols?
48. How do you calculate weld size?
49. What are the weld tests?
50. What is non-destructive testing of weldments?
51. How are welded joints tested?
52. What is the hardest welding test?
53. What is the easiest welding position?
54. What is the highest welding certification?
55. What are the two classes of weld testing?
56. What are the advantages of automated welding?
57. What qualifications do welders need?
58. What is welder qualification test?
59. Why does a welder need qualification?
60. What is the purpose of establishing the welding codes and standards?

68
 NDT
1. What is the basic principle Liquid penetrant testing?
2. When a small diameter tube is placed in a glass of water, water rises in the tube to a level above
the adjacent surface. This is called:
3. How is the size of a liquid penetrant indication usually related to the discontinuity it represents
4. A penetrant that is self-emulsifying is called
5. A penetrant process which employs an emulsifier as a separate step in the penetrant removal
process is called
6. A penetrant process in which excess penetrant is removed with an organic solvent is called
7. A wire brush should be used for pre-cleaning
8. A hydrometer is used to measure
9. Visible, solvent removable penetrants are most advantageous for
10. For adequate test results, the black light used in fluorescent penetrant examination should
provide what minimum black light intensity at the test surface?
11. What minimum warm-up time is required for acceptable performance of a mercury Vapour arc
black light?
12. What is the function of an emulsifier?
13. An oil based emulsifier is called
14. A water based emulsifier is called
15. What type of solvent removers may be used with a solvent removable penetrant?
16. What is the likely result of incomplete removal of all excess penetrant from the test piece
surface?
17. What is the preferred pre-cleaning process for removal of oil and grease
18. What is the danger associated with using a wire brush during pre-cleaning?
19. What is the preferred method of removing paint prior to performing a penetrant testing?
20. What additional surface preparation or cleaning must be performed on a machined or ground
aluminium casting prior to penetrant testing?
21. The time period during which penetrant remains on the surface of the test piece is called
22. Excess penetrant removal is a two step process with which of the following penetrant methods?
23. Typical ranges of emulsifier dwell times are
24. The colour of fluorescent penetrant under the presence of a UV light is
25. During the water rinse step of the water washable penetrant process, what is the desired angle of
the spray to the surface?
26. Which type of emulsifier is designed to be used as a ‘scrubber’?
27. What is a disadvantage of using the fluorescent penetrant process?
28. What is a disadvantage of the solvent removable penetrant process?
29. What is the causes of non relevant indications?
30. What is the advantages of using a visible solvent removable penetrant versus a post emulsified
fluorescent penetrant?
31. Magnetic particles testing is most likely to find subsurface discontinuities
32. The most effective NDT method for locating surface cracks in ferromagnetic materials
33. Pipe would be classified as what type of discontinuity?
34. A seam would be classified as what type of discontinuity?
35. A lamination in steel plate would be classified as what type of discontinuity?
36. The reverse magnetising force necessary to remove a residual magnetic field from a test piece
after it has been magnetically saturated is called:
37. Magnetic flux density is zero at:
38. When using prods, arc burns may be caused by which of the following?
39. The formula, NI = 45000/(L/D), is used to calculate the proper magnetising current for

69
40. What is the magnetic field strength at the surface of a 100 mm diameter bar as compared to that
at the surface of a 50 mm diameter bar, each carrying 1000 amps of current?
41. How is the magnetic field strength at the surface of a magnetic conductor having permeability, µ,
related to the magnetic field strength, F, at the surface of a nonmagnetic conductor carrying the same
current?
42. Selection of magnetic particle colour is based on
43. Highest sensitivity to fine surface cracks would be obtained by which of the following
techniques?
44. A residual field is always less than a continuous field because?
45. Where possible, circular magnetisation is preferable to longitudinal magnetization?
46. An inspection for surface and subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic welds would best be
accomplished by which of the following techniques?
47. When the orientation of likely discontinuities is unknown, what is the minimum number of
magnetising operations required to perform an adequate test?
48. The primary reason for using water rather than oil as a suspension medium for wet method baths
is that
49. A prod method would be most sensitive to cracks how?
50. Retentivity:
51. Demagnetisation:
52. What rule describes the direction of current flow (+ to -) when lines of magnetic force surround a
conductor?
53. What method provides greater sensitivity, particularly in locating subsurface discontinuities?:
54. What equipment is used to determine if a part has been demagnetised?
55. Applying the theory of the ‘Right Hand Rule’, a longitudinal surface defect in a round bar is
detected by ‘current passing in a direction parallel to the direction of expected defects’ because:
56. Why are magnetic particles available in different colours?
57. Why are magnetic particles available in different colours?
58. Why should one avoid using a high velocity flow of a wet testing media over the test area
59. What are the three causes of non-relevant indications?
60. When preparing a bath it is important to have the bath strength at a proper level, as too many
particles can result
61. Which of the following types of intensifying screens are not used in industrial radiography?
62. One half value layer of lead for Iridium-192 is approximately:
63. The film processing step in which the undeveloped silver bromide is removed from the film
emulsion is called:
64. What is the most important factor in determining the archival quality of radiographic film?
65. Cobalt-60 is produced by
66. Which type of film would exhibit the coarsest grain?
67. A casting flaw which is formed when two masses of molten metal flowing from different
directions flow together, but fail to fuse,
68. How is the wavelength of scattered radiation compared to the primary beam?
69. Approximately what energy X ray machine would be required to have penetrating power
equivalent to a Cobalt-60 source
70. What is the minimum age in years at which a person may perform radiography?
71. Explain the difference between X and gamma rays?
72. Which type of gamma ray source would be used to radiograph a weld in 150 mm thick steel
plate?
73. How is the wavelength of scattered radiation related to the primary beam?
74. A linear accelerator is used to produce X rays in what range?
75. An expression which is used to describe the slope of a film characteristic curve
70
76. The amount of radioactivity which corresponds to 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations per second is
called:
77. Almost all gamma radiography today is done with artificially activated:
78. A Curie (37 gigabecquerel)of radioactive material will disintegrate at the rate of
79. Lead screens act as intensifiers at voltage above
80. When using a radioactive isotope in making a radiograph, we can express the equation for
exposure as Ci × T. In this equation , Ci stands?
81. After the step wedge radiographs have been made, the ____________ of the image of each step
is recorded on chart:
82. What governs the penetrating ability of an X ray beam?
83. Photoelectric effect’ refers to:
84. When a tissue cell in human body is damaged by radiation
85. The effects of scattered radiation may be lessened by:
86. The primary effect of an increase in the kilovoltage at which a X ray tube is being operated
would be to
87. What is the most desirable temperature for manual developer solutions?
88. What is effect of Increasing the kV setting on an X ray machine ?
89. A dark crescent shaped spot, clearly in the base metal adjacent to a weld would probably be
90. How does radiation intensity change with increasing distance from the source?
91. When a longitudinal wave is incident upon an inclined interface between zero degrees and the
first critical angle
92. When a longitudinal wave is incident upon an inclined interface and is refracted at ninety
degrees, the angle of the incident longitudinal wave is called
93. When a longitudinal wave sound beam passes through an acoustic interface at some angle other
than zero degrees
94. A noisy base line, or hash may result in
95. Which type(s) of sound wave modes will propagate through liquids?
96. When the motion of the particles of a medium is transverse to the direction of propagation, the
wave being transmitted is called a:
97. Sound waves of a frequency beyond the hearing range of the human ear are referred to as
ultrasonic waves or vibrations, and the term embraces all vibrational waves of frequency greater than
approximately what?
98. When a sound beam is reflected?
99. The formula Sin A/Sin B = VA/VB is known as
100. Sound velocity is described by which of the following relationships?
101. Acoustic impedance is defined by which of the following relations?
102. The ability to separate echos from reflectors close together in depth is called:
103. Spurious indications might be caused by which of the following?
104. An ultrasonic test using a straight beam contact search unit is being conducted through the
thickness of a flat part such as a plate. This test should detect:
105. Most commercial ultrasonic testing is accomplished using frequencies between
106. When a vertical indication has reached the maximum signal height which can be displayed or
viewed on the CRT of an ultrasonic instrument, the indication is said to have reached its:
107. Piezoelectric ability is the property of a material to
108. When a longitudinal wave sound beam passes through an acoustic interface at some angle other
than zero degrees:
109. The purpose of the couplant is to:
110. Sound beam intensity decreases expontentially with distance in the area called:
111. The ability to detect echoes from small reflectors is called:

71
112. A display which shows the initial pulse and the front surface echo superimposed would be
considered:
113. When conducting an immersion test, the water path distance must be controlled so that:
114. Most commercial ultrasonic testing is performed at frequencies between:
115. Snell's law is used to calculate:
116. The most important requirement for paintbrush transducer is:
117. When comparing discontinuity echoes to equivalent flat bottom hole echoes in materials with
similar impedance, surface finish and attenuation
118. When variations are noticed in the front surface reflection, the test piece should be inspected for
possible near surface discontinuities by:
119. When inspecting a long bar with a longitudinal wave from one end, a series of additional echoes
are seen immediately after the bottom surface reflection. these are most likely:
120. When a probe is coupled to a solid, strong surface waves may be produced
121. What is Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)?
122. What are the major 5 NDT methods?
123. The sense or direction of a magnetic field around a conductor is most commonly determined
using
124. Tesla or Webers per square metre (Wb/m2) are units of
125. If the electric current in a coil is doubled the magnetic flux density
126. Lenz's Law states
127. An eddy current test system closely approximates a transformer. In this approximation, what
would the "secondary coil" be represented by?
128. By convention, the direction of a magnetic line of force is represented by an arrow on a line. The
arrow would point in the direction
129. The relationship between electric current flow, electromotive force and resistance to electric
current flow is described by
130. When an eddy current probe is brought near a conductive sample the net magnetic flux in the
system
131. Eddy current density in a sample is
132. When inspecting a rod with an encircling coil the eddy current density at the centre of the rod is
zero for
133. Why are eddy current coils not made using iron wire?
134. Why are eddy current coils not made using iron wire?
135. The transmit-receive or transformer style probe provides
136. In what acoustic frequency range works AE testing usually?
137. In what acoustic frequency range works AE testing usually?
138. How many transducers are used to record the acoustic waves
139. What kind of signal is generated by a crack
140. What is a guard sensor
141. What did Hsu-Nielsen invent?
142. What can AE not be used for?
143. What is an important wave mode in AE testing?

72
 Engineering Thermodynamics
UNIT 1: FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

1. Define the term thermodynamics.

2. What is meant by thermodynamic system?
3. What is meant by closed system? Give an example.
4. Define a open system, Give an example.
5. Define an isolated system
6. Define: Specific heat capacity at constant pressure.
7. Define: Specific heat capacity at constant volume.
8. What is meant by surroundings?
9. What is boundary?
10. What is meant by thermodynamic property?
11. Differentiate Intensive and Extensive properties .
12. What is meant by thermodynamic equilibrium?
13. State the First law of thermodynamics applied to a cycle.
14. Define: PMM of first kind
15. Define the term process
16. Define the term Cycle:
17. What is meant by reversible and irreversible process?
18. What is meant by Point and Path function?
19. What is Quasi – Static process?
20. Explain Zeroth Law of thermodynamics?
21. Define the term enthalpy?
22. Define the term internal energy
23. What is meant by thermodynamic work?
24. Define Heat.
25. Define an isentropic process.
26. Explain the throttling process.
27. Define free expansion process.
28. Write down the characteristic gas equation.
29. What is meant by steady flow process?
30. What is the difference between steady flow and non – flow process?
31. What is meant by “Perpetual motion Machine of first kind”?
32. What is Quasi-static process?
33. Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy.
34. What is an adiabatic system ?
35. Distinguish classical (macroscopic ) and statistical (microscopic ) thermodynamics .
36. Define Irreversible process and give examples .
37. Discuss external and internal irreversibilities with examples.
38. Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy.

73
UNIT 2 : SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

1. State the Kelvin – Plank statement of second law of thermodynamics.

2. State Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics.
3. State Carnot’s theorem.
4. What are the Corollaries of Carnot theorem.
5. Define – PMM of second kind.
6. What is the difference between a heat pump and a refrigerator?
7. What is meant by heat engine?
8. Define the term COP?
9. Write the expression for COP of a heat pump and a refrigerator?
10. Why Carnot cycle cannot be realized in practical?
11. Name two alternative methods by which the efficiency of a Carnot cycle can be increased.
12. When will be the Carnot cycle efficiency is maximum?
13. What are the processes involved in Carnot cycle.
14. State carnot theorem?
15. Define PMM of second kind?
16. Define the term absolute entropy?
17. Define Entropy .
18. Define the terms source, sink, and heat reservoir.
19. Define entropy according to statistical thermodynamics?
20. Is the second law is independent of first law? Explain.
21. Define change of entropy. How is entropy compared with heat transfer and absolute temperature?
22. State corollaries of carnot theorem?
23. Can entropy of universe ever decrease ? why?
24. Why the performances of refrigerator and heat pump are given in terms of C.O.P and not in terms
of efficiency?
25. Comment on the statement “The entropy of universe tends to be maximum”?
26. For compression process between same states, which will consume more work reversible or
irreversible.
27. What are the assumptions made in working of Carnot Engine ?
28. What are the conditions to be satisfied for a reversible process ?
29. Why reversible processes are preferred ?
30. Write the equation for Clausius inequality
31. What are the various causes of irreversibility ?
32. What are internal and external irreversibilities ?
33. Define an internally reversible process .
34. State Clausius inequality
35. What is available energy ?
36. What is unavailable energy ?
37. Define irreversibility.

UNIT 3. PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE

1. Define latent heat of ice?

2. Define Sensible heat of water .
3. Define Latent heat or hidden heat of water .
4. Define Dryness fraction (x).
5. What is pure substance?
6. What is saturation temperature and saturation pressure?
74
7. Define latent heat of vaporization?
8. Define the terms “boiling point” and “melting point”
9. Define sensible heat of water?
10. Define the term “superheat enthalpy”.
11. Define wet steam and dry steam?
12. What is meant by superheated steam? And indicate its use.
13. Define triple point and critical point for pure substance?
14. Explain the terms: Degree of superheat, Degree of subcooling.
15. Define Saturation temperature and saturation pressre
16. What is Compressed liquid ?
17. What is Saturated liquid ?
18. What is Dry (saturated) vapour , wet vapour and superheated vapour ?
19. State phase rule of pure substances?
20. When saturation pressure increases, what happens to saturation temperature and freezing point?

UNIT 4 : IDEAL AND REAL GASES AND THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS

1. Write the Maxwell’s Equation

2. What is an ideal gas?
3. State Boyle’s law.
4. State Charle’s law.
5. State Joule’s law
6. Mention the assumptions used in ideal gas equation
7. Write the Van der Waals’ equation (for a real gas) .
8. What are the limitations of Van der Waals’ Equation
9. State the virial equation of state.
10. Mention where virial equation can be used.
11. Mention where Beattie-Bridgeman equation can be used.
12. What do you mean by reduced properties.
13. State law of corresponding states.
14. State Dalton’s law.
15. What is partial pressure?
16. State Avogadro’s law
17. What is Clapeyron equation?
18. What is Joule-Thomson coefficient?
19. What is the significance of Joule-Thomson coefficient?
20. What is inversion line and inversion temperature?
21. State Dalton’s law of partial pressures.
22. State Amagat’s law of additive volumes.

UNIT 5 : PSYCHROMETRY

1. Define psychrometry and psychrometrics .

2. Define Dry-bulb temperature (DBT).
3. Define Wet-bulb temperature (WBT).
4. Define adiabatic saturation temperature.
5. Define Wet bulb depression.
6. Define Dew point temperature.
7. What is Dew point depression.
8. What is Specific humidity (Humidity ratio).
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9. What is Relative humidity ?
10. What is Sensible heat?
11. What is Latent heat?
12. What is Enthalpy.
13. State Dalton’s law of partial pressure
14. What is a psychrometer?
15. What do you understand by sensible heating.
16. Define the term by-pass factor (BF).
17. What is evaporative cooling?
18. What is meant by saturating or humidifying efficiency ?
19. What are psychrometric processes and mention a few of them.

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 FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES
1. Define fluid.
2. Define density of fluid.
3. Define specific weight of fluid.
4. Define specific volume of fluid.
5. Define specific gravity of fluid.
6. Express specific gravity of fluid for mercury and water.
7. Define viscosity of fluid.
8. Define kinematic viscosity of fluid.
9. State Newton’s law of viscosity.
10. When temperature of fluid increases, what happens to viscosity of fluid?
11. When temperature of gas increases, what happens to viscosity of fluid?
12. Differentiate Newtonian and Non-newtonian fluid.
13. Define compressibility and bulk modulus.
14. Define surface tension.
15. What is capillarity effect?
16. What is vapour pressure?
17. Define pressure.
18. State Pascal’s law of fluid.
19. State Hydrostatic law.
20. State absolute pressure, gauge pressure and vaccum pressure.
21. Express the relationship between absolute pressure, gauge pressure and vaccum pressure.
22. List out the pressure measurement devices used in fluid.
23. Differentiate U-tube manometer and differential U-tube manometer.
24. Define Buoyancy.
25. Define Centre of Buoyancy.
26. State Meta-Centre.
27. State Meat-Centric Height.
28. Express the conditions of equilibrium of floating bodies.
29. Differentiate Steady flow and Unsteady flow.
30. Differentiate Uniform flow and Non-uniform flow.
31. Differentiate Laminar flow and Turbulent flow.
32. Differentiate Compressible flow and Incompressible flow.
33. List an example of compressible fluid and incompressible fluid.
34. Differentiate Rotational flow and Irrotational flow.
35. Express continuity equation for compressible fluid.
36. Express continuity equation for incompressible fluid.
37. State velocity potential function.
38. State stream function.
39. State Reynolds equation of motion.
40. State Navier-strokes equation.
41. State Eulers equation of motion.
42. Express Bernoulli’s equation of motion.
43. List the assumptions made while deriving Bernoulli’s equation of motion.
44. List the applications of Bernoulli’s equation of motion.
45. What is the use of venturimeter and orificemeter.
46. What is the use of pitot tube.
47. Define coefficient of discharge of fluid.
48. Define Reynolds number.
49. Based on Reynolds number, Identify the type flow, How?
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50. Express Hagen Poiseuilles equation.
51. Define the terms: Velocity gradient and pressure gradient.
52. Define viscous flow.
53. List the factors that causes Major energy losses.
54. List the factor that causes Minor energy losses.
55. Express Darcy-Weisbach formula and Chezys formula.
56. Express loss of head due to sudden contraction.
57. Express loss of head due to sudden expansion.
58. Express loss of head due to bend in pipe.
59. Define the term Hydraulic gradient line.
60. Define the term Total energy line.
61. Define the term turbine.
62. Compare turbine and pump.
63. Define Hydraulic efficiency of turbine.
64. Define Mechanical efficiency of turbine.
65. Define overall efficiency of turbine.
66. Define volumetric efficiency of turbine.
67. Differentiate Impulse turbine and Reaction turbine.
68. List out an example of tangential flow turbine, axial flow turbine and mixed flow turbine.
69. List out an example of high head turbine, medium head turbine and low head turbine.
70. What is the use of draft tube in turbine?
71. Define specific speed of turbine.
72. List out an example of positive displacement and non-positive displacement pump.
73. Define manometric efficiency of pump.
74. Define specific speed of pump.
75. Define the term priming.
76. Define the term cavitation.
77. List the effects of cavitation in pumps.
78. Define slip of the pump.
79. Define negative slip of the pump.
80. What is the use of indicator diagram in pumps?

78
 Thermal Engineering

Internal Combustion Engines

1. What is meant by engine?
2. How will you classify engine?
3. Define the term combustion.
4. Differentiate internal combustion (IC) and external combustion (EC) engine.
5. Say few examples of IC and EC engine.
6. Which thermodynamic law is suitable for IC engine?
7. How will you classify IC engine?
8. Give the types of IC engine based on nature of 1. No of cylinders, 2. Arrangement of cylinder, 3.
Types of lubrication, 4. Types of cooling system, 5. No of strokes, 6. Types of fuel used, 7. Type of
ignition.
9. Name the different parts of an IC engine.
10. State the functions of piston, connecting rod, crank shaft, piston rings, valves, valve springs,
camshaft, flywheel and timing chain of an engine.
11. How many piston rings are attached in the piston?
12. State the role of compression and oil piston rings.
13. List out the accessories systems attached with an engine.
14. State the advantages of CI engine over SI engine.
15. Compare two stroke and four stroke engines.
16. Compare petrol and four diesel engines.
17. State the advantages of CRDI and MPFI systems.
18. List the advantages of CRDI system over the conventional injection system.
19. List the advantages of MPFI system over the conventional injection system.
20. List the advantages of fuel injection system over the conventional carburetor system.
21. Name the type of cooling and lubrication system involved in conventional automobiles.
22. Give the types of lubrication system and cooling system.
23. List out the types of ignition systems used in SI engine.
24. Compare battery coil and magneto coil ignition system, stare merits and demerits over them.
25. Name the type of ignition system used in conventional automobiles.
26. Define brake power, indicated power and frictional power of an engine.
27. What is the difference between fuel consumption and specific fuel consumption?
28. what is the unit of fuel consumption and specific fuel consumption?
29. Define brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency of an
engine.
30. What is mean by mean effective pressure of an engine?
31. Define brake by mean effective pressure and by indicated mean effective pressure of an engine.
32. How to calculate the frictional power of an engine?
33. What is the necessity of plotting a heat balance sheet of an IC engine?
34. What about the unaccounted loss of an engine while increasing a load?
35. State the relation between speed and torque of an engine.
36. List out the pollution control norms followed in India?
37. What is the difference between BS4 and BS6 emission standards?
38. List of the reasons that accepted from the automobile.
39. State the role of catalytic converter in automobile.
40. List of the catalyst used in the catalytic converter.
41. State the role of SCR in engine exhaust.
42. Say the name of catalyst that injected in SCR.
43. What is the role of palladium in catalytic converter?
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44. what is mean by DOC and DPF in engine exhaust system?
45. State the role of DOC and DPF in engine exhaust system.

Gas and Vapour Power Cycles

1. What is mean by Gas Power cycle?
2. What is mean by Vapour Power cycle?
3. Compare Gas Power cycle and vapour power cycle.
4. Name the type of gas power cycles.
5. Which type of gas power cycle employed in petrol and diesel engines?
6. Which type of gas power cycle employed in gas turbine engines?
7. What is the other name of Otto cycle and diesel cycle?
8. Name the process involved in Otto cycle.
9. Name the process involved in diesel cycle.
10. For otto, diesel and dual cycle, which cycle having greater air standard efficiency for same
compression ratio.
11. Name the process involved in dual cycle.
12. How many heats addition process involved in the dual cycle.
13. Define mean effective pressure of gas cycle.
14. What is meant by compression ratio in otto cycle?
15. what is meant by pressure ratio and cut-off ratio in diesel cycle?
16. Name the process involved in the Brayton cycle.
17. What is the other name of Brayton cycle?
18. Give the components involved in the Brayton cycle.
19. List out the process involved in the Rankine cycle.
20. Name the methods to improve the efficiency of the Rankine cycle.
21. Define the efficiency of the Rankine cycle
22. What is meant by overlapping period in four stroke IC engine?
23. Define scavenging period in 2 stroke IC engine.
24. Name the process that has larger crank angle rotation in four stroke IC engine.
25. Specify the period where overlapping occurs?
26. Specify the period where scavenging occurs?
27. Why overlapping is needed in four stroke IC engine?
28. Why scavenging is needed in two stroke IC engine?
29. In an IC engine, suction and delivery process takes place with reference to which pressure.
30. What happens the volume of air-fuel mixture, during the compression and expansion process of
an engine.

Steam Boilers, Nozzles and Turbines

1. What is meant by a boiler?
2. Name the energy conversion process that takes place in boiler.
3. How will you classify the boiler?
4. Compare fire tube and water tube boiler.
5. Classify the boiler based on mode of firing.
6. Classify the boiler based on the pressure level.
7. State the advantages of high-pressure boiler over low pressure boiler.
8. Give a few examples of low pressure and high-pressure boilers.
9. List the essential parameter to be a good boiler.
10. What is meant by supercritical boiler?
11. List out a few mountings of a boiler.
12. What are the factors to be considered before selecting a suitable boiler?
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13. List out few accessories for boiler.
14. Compare mounting and accessories of a boiler.
15. Mention the devices that uses an exhaust heat from the boiler.
16. Give the types of supercritical boiler.
17. Specify the advantages of supercritical boiler over conventional boiler.
18. Give the limitations of high-pressure boiler.
19. What is mean by nozzle?
20. Give the types of nozzles.
21. Compare convergent and convergent divergent nozzle.
22. What process that takes place in a nozzle?
23. Specify the different portions of nozzle.
24. Define critical pressure ratio of the nozzle.
25. Define nozzle efficiency.
26. Define velocity coefficient of a nozzle.
27. In a frictionless nozzle, the gain in kinetic energy is equal to
28. Give the value of “n” for a nozzle, if a steam is in a saturated and superheated state.
29. List out the few applications of a nozzle.
30. What is mean by steam turbine?
31. Give the classification of steam turbines.
32. How will you classify the steam turbines?
33. State the advantages of steam turbine over the steam engine.
34. Compare impulse and reaction turbine.
35. What is meant by compounding in a steam turbine?
36. Name the compounding mechanism used in steam turbine.
37. What is mean by stage efficiency of a turbine?
38. What is mean by blade efficiency of a turbine?
39. State the merits and demerits of impulse turbine over a reaction turbine.
40. What is the need of governing in a steam turbine?
41. Name the types of governing used in steam turbines.
42. Compare throttle controlled and nozzle-controlled steam turbines.
43. Name the energy conversion process that takes place in steam turbines.
44. Give the other name of blade efficiency of a s team turbine.
45. Define diagram efficiency of a steam turbine.
46. What are the methods used for reducing the speed of the turbine rotor?
47. State the few applications of steam turbine.
Air Compressor
1. What is mean by an air-compressor?
2. State a few applications of an air compressor.
3. How will you classify an air compressor?
4. List of the parts of an air compressor.
5. Compare a single acting and double acting air compressor.
6. Compare single stage and multistage air compressor.
7. State the advantages of multistage compressor over single stage compressor.
8. Give the benefits of multistage compression.
9. Define isothermal efficiency of an air compressor.
10. Define volumetric efficiency of an air compressor.
11. Name the type of compression process by level in air compressor.
12. Define adiabatic efficiency of an air compressor.
13. In which compression process work gone is minimum?
14. What is mean by swept volume and effective swept volume of an air compressor?
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15. What is mean by clearance volume of an air compressor?
16. what is mean by clearance ratio of an air compressor?
17. How to improve a volumetric efficiency of an air compressor?
18. What is the need of an intercooling in an air compressor?
19. State the advantages of an intercooling in an air compressor?
20. What are the methods available to improve isothermal efficiency of an air compressor?
21. What is mean by perfect intercooling in an air compressor?
22. Compare perfect intercooling and imperfect intercooling of an air compressor
23. Define mechanical efficiency of an air compressor.
24. Define free air delivered of an air compressor.
25. Mention the factors influencing the performance of an air compressor.
26. In an air compressor, where intercooler is placed?
27. How will you classify rotary air compressor?
28. Give the types of displacement type air compressor.
29. State the advantage centrifugal air compressor over axial air compressor.
30. What is mean by displacement (positive) air compressor?
31. What is mean by non-positive displacement air compressor?
32. Compare centrifugal and reciprocating air compressors.
33. Compare reciprocating and rotary air compressors.

Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning

1. Define tonne of refrigeration.

2. What are the components involved in vapour compression refrigeration system?
3. Vapour compression refrigeration system follows which thermodynamic cycle?
4. What is the role of compressor, condenser, evaporator and expansion valve of vapour
compression refrigeration system?
5. Vapour compression refrigeration system works on the principle of which cycle?
6. What is meant by vapor compression refrigeration system?
7. Name the process involved in vapor compression refrigeration system.
8. Define coefficient of performance of vapor compression refrigeration system.
9. What is meant by vapor absorption refrigeration system?
10. Compare vapor absorption refrigeration system and vapor compression refrigeration system.
11. State the merits of VAR over VCR system.
12. What are the components involved in vapour absorption refrigeration system?
13. What is the role of generator and absorber of vapour absorption refrigeration system?
14. State a few applications of vapor compression refrigeration.
15. What are methods to improve the coefficient of performance of vapor compression refrigeration
system?
16. Identify the refrigerant and absorbent of NH3-H2O and LiBr-H2O VAR systems.
17. State the role of absorbent in VAR system.
18. How will you classify air conditioning systems?
19. Give the types of air conditioning system.
20. List out the components involved in air conditioning systems.
21. List out the components involved in air handing unit (AHU).
22. Define RSHF, GSHF and ESHF.
23. What is meant by by-pass factor?
24. What is meant by apparatus dew point temperature?
25. What about cooling coil outlet temperature if bypass factor is zero?
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26. List the contributing factor responsible for room sensible heat.
27. List the contributing factor responsible for room latent heat.
28. Compare summer and winter air conditioning.
29. State the nature of psychrometric process involved in summer and winter air conditioning?
30. Compare refrigerators and air conditioners.
31. How will you differentiate air-cooler from air-conditioners?
32. List out the components involved in household refrigerators.
33. What is the desirable condition for human comfort?
34. What is the exact condition of alignment circle in psychrometric chart?
35. One tonne of refrigeration is equal to how much kJ/min and kW?

83
 Heat and Mass Transfer

Conduction heat transfer

1. What is heat conduction?

2. In which mode heat travels from one end of a copper rod to the other when one end is heated?
3. State Fourier law of heat conduction
4. What is thermal conductivity?
5. Is thermal conductivity a material property?
6. What are the parameters, which affects the thermal conductivity of a material?
7. Metals are good heat conductors. Why?
8. What is the value of thermal conductivity of copper, aluminum, brass, and steel?
9. Name few insulators.
10. What do you mean by critical radius of insulation?
11. Name the insulators used in latest refrigerator doors.
12. Thermal conductivity of metals decreases with increase in temperature: True / False, why?
13. Thermal conductivity of insulators normally increases with increase in temperature: True / False,
why?
14. During heat conduction, there is no bulk physical movement of atoms / molecules. If so, how do you
measure the thermal conductivity of liquids / gases?
15. Thermal conductivity of gases increases with increase in temperature: True / False, why?
16. Why thermal conductivity of gases is significantly lower than that of metals?
17. What is the unit of thermal conductivity?
18. With increase in pressure of gases, the thermal conductivity increases: True / False, why?
19. What are the various measuring instruments used, their operating principle and accuracy of
temperature measurement?
20. What are the various aspects incorporated to ensure accuracy of thermal conductivity measurement?

Fins or Extended Surface Heat transfer

21. What is a fin?

22. What is the general classification of fins?
23. How do you classify the fins based on the fin cross-section?
24. What are the major applications of fins?
25. Fins are generally used in gas applications: True / False, Justify your answer.
26. What is fin efficiency?
27. What is fin effectiveness?
28. If fin effectiveness less than one, the heat transfer rate decreases due to the addition of fin: True /
False, Justify your answer.
29. What is the base surface & extended surface?
30. What is base temperature and its significance?
31. Circumferential fins are variable cross-sectional area fins: True / False, Justify your answer.
32. What are the various end boundary conditions used with fin problems and where are they justifiable?
33. End (of the fin) insulated assumption can be used if the fin surface area is significantly larger than
the end surface: True / False, Justify your answer.
34. For very thin fins with significantly larger length by thickness ratio, End (of the fin) insulated
assumption can be used: True / False, Justify your answer.
35. Fins are generally recommended when the convective heat transfer coefficients (h) are lower. Why
not for larger convective heat transfer coefficient situations?

84
36. Same fin has more effectiveness in natural convection mode than in forced convection mode: True
/ False, Justify your answer
37. Same fin has more efficiency in natural convection mode than in forced convection mode: True /
False, Justify your answer
38. Fin efficiency is 100 % when the fin material thermal conductivity is infinite: True / False, Justify
your answer.
39. If we make the length of the fin as infinite, what will be the fin tip temperature?
40. Which side the fins are normally used in liquid-gas heat exchange applications? Why?
41. Name at least 10 applications where the fins are used and the type of fin employed.
42. Give examples of constant and variable cross-section area fins.
43. Increase in air velocity decreases the fin effectiveness: True / False, Justify your answer.
44. Increase in air velocity decreases the fin efficiency: True / False, Justify your answer.

Convection heat transfer

45. What is convective heat transfer?

46. What is the difference between forced and free convection heat transfer?
47. Define Reynolds number, Prandtl number and Nusselt number. What is the significance of these
non-dimensional numbers?
48. Give few examples for forced convention heat transfer.
49. Define convective heat transfer coefficient. What is its unit?
50. What is Newton’s law of cooling.
51. Give typical range of heat transfer coefficient values for liquid and gas applications.
52. Under similar flow conditions, ‘h’ for gas applications are lower that ‘h’ for liquid applications: True
/ False, Justify your answer.
53. In convective heat transfer, at the solid surface, heat transfer takes place between the surface and the
fluid only by conduction: True / False, Justify your answer.
54. Define hydrodynamic boundary layer and thermal boundary layer?
55. Lower the thermal boundary layer thickness, rate of heat transfer is larger: True / False, Justify your
answer.
56. Increase in air velocity increases the rate of heat transfer: True / False, Justify your answer.
57. Increase in air velocity increases the pressure drop: True / False, Justify your answer.
58. Distinguish between the developing flow and fully developed flow during flow inside tube with
sketches.
59. What are the major parameters, which govern the magnitude of forced convection heat transfer?
60. In turbulent flow, the rate of heat transfer is better: True / False, Justify your answer.
61. What is Natural convection?
62. What are the parameters that affect natural convection heat transfer?
63. What are the major applications of natural convection heat transfer?
64. Heat transfer coefficient values for natural convection mode is lower than the forced convection
mode: True / False, Justify your answer.
65. No external force is used for fluid flow in natural convection heat: True / False, Justify your answer.
66. How natural convection heat transfer problems are classified?
67. Orientation of the geometry with gravity significantly affects the natural convection heat transfer:
True / False, Justify your answer.
68. Heat transfer from a vertical flat surface is more when compared the horizontal flat surface of same
dimensions in natural convection heat transfer: True / False, Justify your answer
69. Natural convection heat transfer coefficient for liquids are higher than that for gases under similar
conditions: True / False, Justify your answer
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70. What are the forces which aid and retard fluid motion in natural convection heat transfer?

Radiation heat transfer

71. What is thermal radiation?

72. In which mode heat travels from the sun to the earth?
73. What are the important radiation properties of surfaces?
74. Define absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity.
75. Define emissivity.
76. What are black and grey surfaces?
77. State Kirchoff’s law of radiation.
78. What are opaque surfaces and give examples?
79. State the Plank theory of radiation.
80. What does Wein’s Displacement law say?
81. For any surface spectral emissivity = spectral absorptivity: True / False.
82. Does the radiation properties of surfaces depend on temperature?
83. What are selective surfaces? Where are they used?
84. Glasses are transparent to short wave length: true / false.
85. For better performance of Solar collectors, the collector surface requires low emissivity and high
absorptivity: true / false.
86. What are radiation shields? Where are they used? What will be typical value of emissivity preferred
for such shields?
87. What is shape factor?
88. What is reciprocity theorem?
89. What is a green house?
90. What are the gases, which exhibit the green house effect?
91. What do you mean by global warming?

Heat Exchangers

92. What is a heat exchanger?

93. What is the general classification of heat exchanger?
94. How do you classify the heat exchangers based on flow arrangement?
95. Shell and tube heat exchanger occupies more than 50 % share among other types. True / False,
Justify your answer.
96. What is LMTD?
97. What is the overall heat transfer coefficient?
98. Overall heat transfer coefficient values are always less than the individual side heat transfer
coefficient values. True / False, Justify your answer.
99. What is fouling? Where does it apply?
100. More fouling fluid is generally made to flow inside the tubes. True / False, Justify your answer.
101. What are the approaches to solve the heat exchanger problems?
102. Among the 6 variables (two flow rates & four temperatures), we need to know at least 5 variables
while using LMTD method. If not, what will you do?
103. Among the 6 variables (two flow rates & four temperatures), what is the minimum number of
variables know – NTU method?
104. Double pipe heat exchangers are generally recommended up the surface area requirements of 10 m2.
Why not for larger areas?
105. What is heat exchanger effectiveness? What is the range of heat exchanger effectiveness values?
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106. Among the various flow arrangements, for a given heat exchanger, effectiveness of parallel flow is
the lowest and counter flow is the highest. Others fall in between. True / False, Justify your answer.
107. If we make the heat exchanger length infinite, what will be the value of effectiveness of counter
flow heat exchanger?
108. Which type of heat exchanger is normally used for liquid-liquid heat exchange applications? Why?
109. Name at least 10 heat exchanger application and the type of heat exchanger employed.
110. Give two examples of direct contact heat exchangers.
111. Is geyser a heat exchanger? How?
112. What is the type of heat exchanger used in lap-top computers to cool its CPU?

Mass Transfer

113. What is mass transfer?

114. How diffusion mass transfer differs from convective mass transfer?
115. What is evaporation in a column? List few applications
116. What are the applications of diffusion mass transfer and convective mass transfer?
117. Define mass diffusivity? What is its unit?
118. What is Schmidt number? What is its significance?
119. What are Lewis number and its significance?
120. What are Sherwood number and its significance?
121. What is Fick’s law of diffusion?

87
 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion
1. What is meant by gas dynamics?
2. What is the basic difference between compressible and incompressible flows?
3. Distinguish between nozzle and diffuser.
4. Zone of silence is absent in subsonic flow. Why?
5. What is the cross section of the nozzle required to increase the velocity of compressible fluid from
(i) subsonic to supersonic (ii) subsonic to sonic
6. Define Mach number.
7. Express the stagnation enthalpy in terms of static enthalpy and velocity of flow.
8. What is Mach Cone?
9. What is Fanno flow?
10. Give assumptions made on Rayleigh flow
11. Differentiate between Rayleigh and Fanno flow
12. Differentiate between Isothermal and Fanno flow
13. Differentiate between adiabatic and diabatic flow.
14. What is oblique shock?
15. What is Prandtl-Meyer relation?
16. What is the use of pitot tube in supersonic flow?
17. Shock waves cannot develop in subsonic flow? Why?
18. What is the properties change across a normal shock?
19. What do you meant by strong and weak wave?
20. Difference between normal and oblique shock
21. Define propulsive efficiency
22. What is the type of compressor used in turbo jet?
23. What is thrust or drag?
24. Why ramjet engine does not require a compressor and a turbine?
25. What are the benefits of thrust augmentation in a turbojet engine?
26. What is a bypass engine and define bypass ratio.
27. Briefly explain thrust augmentation and any two methods of achieving it.
28. What is after burning in turbojet engines?
29. What is ram effect?
30. How is turbo fan engine different from turbo prop engine?
31. What is Scram Jet?
32. What is turbojet?
33. Define the mach number in terms of bulk modulus of elasticity.
34. Explain the meaning of stagnation state with example.
35. Define mach angle and mach wedge.
36. What is meant by isentropic flow with variable area?
37. What is impulse function and give its uses?
38. What is chocked flow? State the necessary conditions for this flow to occur in a nozzle.
39. Give the important difference between nozzle and venture.
40. Shock waves cannot develop in subsonic flow? State the reason.
41. Define isothermal flow with friction. Give the applications.
42. Define the term “Rayleigh flow”.
43. Define Rayleigh line.
44. Give the assumptions made in Rayleigh flow.
45. What is meant by a jet propulsion system?
46. How will you classify propulsive engines?
47. What is the difference between shaft propulsion and jet propulsion?
88
48. Define the principle of Ram jet engine.
49. What is specific impulse?
50. Explain specific thrust as applied to jet engines.
51. What is “thrust augmentation”?
52. Why after burners are used in turbojet engine?
53. Why a ram jet engine does not require a compressor and a turbine?
54. Define thrust for a rocket engine and how it is produced.
55. Compare solid and liquid propellant rockets.
56. What are the types of liquid propellants used in rocket engines?
57. What is mono-propellants? Give example
58. Name some oxidizers used in rockets.
59. What is inhibitors?
60. Give the important requirements of rocket engine fuels.
61. What is meant by restricted burning in rockets?
62. Define velocity of sound. What is the velocity of sound in air at 27oC?
63. What are the different regions of compressible flow?
64. Define stagnation state and stagnation enthalpy.
65. Define stagnation pressure and stagnation density.

89
 Refrigeration and Air-conditioning

Unit – I
1. State first law of thermodynamics.
2. State second law of thermodynamics.
3. What is a heat engine?
4. Differentiate heat pump and refrigerator.
5. Define the term COP.
6. Show that (COP)Heat Pump = 1+(COP)Refrigerator.
7. Define refrigeration.
8. How are refrigeration system classified?
9. What is the unit used to represent the capacity of refrigerator?
10. Define Tonne of Refrigeration (TR).
11. List the thermodynamic processes involved in a reversed Carnot cycle.
12. Plot the p-v and T-s diagrams of Bellcoleman cycle.
13. Name any two merits of Bellcoleman cycle.
14. Indicate any two demerits of Bellcoleman cycle.
15. What is the working principle followed in steam jet refrigeration system?
16. Write the components of ejector refrigeration system.
17. Recall any two advantages and disadvantages of steam jet refrigeration system.
18. State the working principle of vortex tube refrigeration system.
19. List the applications of vortex tube refrigeration system.
20. State the working principle of pulse tube refrigeration system.

Unit – II
1. List the main components of simple vapour compression refrigeration system.
2. State the functions of compressor and condenser in simple vapour compression refrigeration
system.
3. Name the functions of expansion device and evaporator in simple vapour compression
refrigeration system.
4. Differentiate wet compression and dry compression.
5. What is the use of Pressure-Enthalpy (p-h) diagram the refrigeration cycle?
6. Show the simple vapour compression refrigeration cycle in (p-h) diagram.
7. Indicate the methods used to improve the performance of simple vapour compression
refrigeration cycle.
8. Write the effect of subcooling and superheating on the performance of simple vapour
compression refrigeration cycle.
9. How actual vapour compression refrigeration cycle differs with theoretical vapour compression
refrigeration cycle.
10. Define volumetric efficiency of the compressor.
11. Plot the simple vapour compression refrigeration cycle in T-s diagram.
12. List the factors affecting the performance of simple vapour compression refrigeration system.
13. Name the merits of cascade refrigeration system.
14. Write the benefits of multi-evaporator system.
15. Recall the main components of vapour absorption refrigeration system.
16. State the function of generator and absorber in vapour absorption refrigeration system.
17. Mention the required properties of refrigerant in vapour absorption refrigeration system.
18. Point out the required properties of absorbent in vapour absorption refrigeration system.
19. Compare vapour compression and vapour absorption refrigeration systems.
20. What are the practical applications of thermo electric refrigeration system?
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 Unit – III
1. What is a refrigerant?
2. Differentiate between primary and secondary refrigerants.
3. How are refrigerants designated?
4. Can water be used as a refrigerant?
5. Write down the chemical formulae of R134a and R22.
6. State the effects and causes of moisture in refrigeration systems.
7. How can moisture to be removed from a refrigeration system?
8. List the required thermodynamic properties of a refrigerant.
9. What are the required physical properties of a refrigerant?
10. Name the desired chemical properties of a refrigerant.
11. Write down the environmental impacts of refrigerants.
12. Why eco-friendly refrigerants are required?
13. List the impacts of refrigerants on ODP and GWP.
14. State the role of vacuum pump in refrigeration system.
15. Mention the factors considered while selecting the compressor in a refrigeration system.
16. How are condenser classified in refrigeration system?
17. Compare air cooled and water cooled condensers.
18. Recall the factors which affect the heat transfer capacity of an evaporator.
19. Why safety devices are required in refrigeration system and name any two safety devices?
20. Name the different methods of defrosting used in refrigeration system.
Unit – IV
1. Define the term relative humidity and specific humidity.
2. When DBT, WBT and DPT will be equal?
3. Compare latent and sensible heat.
4. State Dalton’s law of partial pressure.
5. Plot the sensible heating and humidification process in psychrometric chart.
6. Draw the sensible cooling and dehumidification process in psychrometric chart.
7. Define Sensible Heat Factor (SHF).
8. What is an alignment circle?
9. List the factors considered while selecting a air-conditioning system for domestic application.
10. Name the applications of an air-conditioning system.
11. State the functions of duct system in air-conditioning.
12. Identify the materials used for duct fabrication in air-conditioning system
13. Write the dynamic losses related to ducts in an air-conditioning system.
14. What is the role of Moody chart in an air-conditioning system design?
15. Recall the various elements of air-handling unit.
16. Define aspect ratio.
17. What are the methods used to determine the size of the ducts?
18. State the merits and demerits of constant pressure loss method.
19. How the arrangement of duct can be carried out in air-conditioning system?
20. List the various control elements in air-conditioning system.

Unit – V
1. Name the factors affecting the human comfort in air-conditioning system.
2. List the factors governing optimum effective temperature in air-conditioning system.
3. Sketch the comfort chart and show on it the “comfort zone”.
4. State the working principle of summer air-conditioning system.
5. What is the working principle of winter air-conditioning system?
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6. Recall the salient features of central air-conditioning system.
7. Compare central air-conditioning system and packaged air-conditioning system.
8. Mention the merits of unitary air-conditioning system.
9. List the main components of split air-conditioning system.
10. Define Grand Room Sensible Heat Factor (GSHF).
11. Define Effective Room Sensible Heat Factor (ESHF).
12. What are the variables involved in estimation of load in air-conditioning system?
13. How infiltration can be calculated in air-conditioning system.
14. Define energy efficiency ratio.
15. List the loads related to room sensible heat.
16. List the loads related to room latent heat.
17. What is mean by Chimney of Stack effect?
18. How indoor air quality will be monitored in an air-conditioning system.
19. Why recirculation of air is considered while designing a air-conditioning system?
20. Recall the electrical loads which are to be considered while designing an air-conditioning system
for computer centre.

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 Computational Fluid Dynamics
1. What does Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) mean?
2. What are the three stages of a CFD software?
3. What do you understand about of κ -ε model?
4. How do you classify boundary conditions?
5. What are the limitations of CFD?
6. What are the Navier-Stokes Equations?
7. What are the two methods used to find the type of PDEs?
8. How the type of PDE is identified using Cramer’s rule?
9. What are the Cramer’s solutions equated to while using Cramer’s method of classifying a PDE?
10. What is the Cramer’s numerator when the solution is the derivative of dependent variables?
11. Differentiate between structured and unstructured mesh
12. What are the methods available for grid generation?
13. Define convergence.
14. Define control volume?
15. Define Well-Posed Problems?
16. Define grid point?
17. What are error influence numerical solutions the PDE?
18. Define Discretization error?
19. Define Round-off error?
20. Write the Disadvantage of the explicit approach.
21. Write the advantage of implicit approach.
22. Write the advantages of adaptive grid?
23. Define finite element method?
24. What is the basis of finite volume method?

93
 Automobile Engineering

1. What is Automobile Engineering?

2. What is a Internal Combustion Engine?
3. List some advantages of internal combustion engines?
4. What are limitations of internal combustion engines
5. What is Compression ratio of I.C. engine?
6. What is Clearance volume, Stroke volume and Compression ratio?
7. What is carburettor in I.C. engine?
8. What are Engine Pistons?
9. List types of internal combustion engine?
10. What is valve timing diagram?
11. Explain Spark ignition engines?
12. What is the purpose of spark plug?
13. What is Crankshaft?
14. Explain the function of Fly wheel?
15. What is scavenging?
16. What is indicator diagram?
17. What is flame front?
18. What is ignition lag in SI Engine?
19. What is 2-stroke IC Engine?
20. Name the fuel used by IC Engines?
21. What are the differences between Flywheel and Governor?
22. List the applications of I.C. engines?
23. How will you differentiate between two stroke engine and four stroke engines?
24. What is the range of engine efficiency in case of two stroke engine?
25. Definition of Octane number & Cetane number
26. What do you understand by CC of engine?
27. If we use gasoline in diesel engine, what will happen?
28. Explain the significance of governor in automobiles?
29. What is an automotive differential and how does it work?
30. What is oil grade SAE stands for?
31. By mixing oil in fuel of four stroke bike will it damage engine, performance? If not than what
happen?
32. What Is Bhp? How Can You Measure Bhp?
33. What is the necessity of cooling in IC engine?
34. What are the different types of cooling in IC engines?
35. What are the purposes of lubrication in IC engines?
36. What is the range of compression ratio for SI and diesel engine?
37. Which cycle is more efficient for the same compression ratio and heat input, Otto cycle or Diesel
cycle?
38. Why petrol engines are preferred for two wheelers?
39. Define chassis, frame, body and suspension
40. What is chassis? How its design is related to vehicle aerodynamics?
41. List of the forces acting on a chassis frame.
42. What are the functions of frame?
43. Why is the frame narrow at front?
44. What are the stresses to which the frame members are subjected to?
45. What are the types of frames?
46. State the requirements of bodies for various types of vehicles.
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47. Differentiate between Coupe and Sedan car body types.
48. Name the different kind of resistances to vehicle motion
49. State the factors that affect the rolling resistance of a vehicle.
50. What is the need for gearbox in an automobile?
51. State the function of a clutch.
52. What is the material used for construction of piston and piston ring.
53. State the function of flywheel.
54. Sate the difference between carburetor and fuel injector.
55. State the working principle of magneto coil ignition system
56. Differentiate between battery and magneto ignition system
57. What is the advantage of CRDi system
58. State the advantage of electronic ignition system
59. What are the different types of electronic ignition system,
60. State the advantage of distributor less ignition system
61. Why do we need to use superchargers in engines?
62. State the difference between turbocharger and supercharger.
63. What are the different types of clutches?
64. Write the main function of gear box.
65. What are the functions of universal joint?
66. State the function of differential unit.
67. What is meant by differential lock?
68. What is a fluid coupling?
69. What is a hybrid vehicle?
70. What are the advantages of an electric car?
71. What are the advantages of hybrid system?
72. Distinguish between disc brake with drum brake.
73. What are the benefits of anti -lock brake system?
74. State the importance of E vehicles.
75. Give comparison between E vehicles and hybrid vehicles.

95
 Design of Heat Exchangers
1. Many types of heat exchangers have been developed to meet the widely varying applications
Suggest with an example.
2. Classification of heat exchangers according to heat transfer process.
3. Define overall heat transfer coefficient and give the unit expression.
4. Define effectiveness of a heat exchanger.
5. Which of the arrangement of heat exchangers (HEX) is better, (i) parallel flow,(ii) Counter flow.
Explain the reasons.
6. The outlet temperature of a cold fluid is higher in a counter or parallel flow heat exchanger.
Comment with reasons.
7. What Is Meant By Direct Heat Exchanger [or] Open Heat Exchanger?
8. What Is Meant By Indirect Contact Heat Exchanger?
9. What Is Meant By Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger?
10. What Is Meant By LMTD?
11. What do you mean by NTU?
12. What is fouling factor in heat exchangers?
13. If in a double pipe heat exchanger, we require to have a constant wall temperature, we use it in a
counter-flow direction.Say True or False.
14. Give an expression for effectiveness by NTU method for the cases
15. List the common failures in heat exchangers
16. What are the parameters affecting fouling in HE?
17. List the properties to be considered while selecting the material for HE
18. What are the methods are used to minimize the fouling?
19. What are the factors need to be considered for the overall heat transfer coefficient?
20. Fouling is otherwise called as?
21. What do you mean by hairpin heat exchangers?
22. Suggest some examples for compact heat exchangers.
23. Define temperature ratio.
24. Reasons behind a finned double-pipe exchanger has fins on the outside of the inner tube(s).
25. A single-pass crossflow arrangement is used for?
26. How can you identify the multipass exchanger ?
27. Suggest some major design considerations in a heat exchangers.
28. Pressure drop in a heat exchanger is directly proportional to ?
29. What is the value of R and Cmax in condenser and evaporators for a parallel and counter flow
arrangements?
30. Define capacity ratio?
31. What are the assumptions employed in MTD ?
32. Pressure drop is more critical and must be allocated carefully for ?
33. In which type of Heat exchangers are ideally designed to have a significantly higher pressure drop
in inlet and outlet headers than in the core?
34. The pressure drop constraint is more important for fluids having ?
35. In fully developed turbulent flow in a circular tube, the velocity profile is?
36. In a tubular heat exchanger with an inline arrangement, the following geometric characteristics are
of interest for in-tube heat exchanger calculations?
37. What type of surface area components are needed to evaluate primary surface area in a plate-fin
heat exchanger?
38. The total number of tubes in a shell-and-tube exchanger is dependent on the _______.
39. In a no-tubes-in-window segmental baffle exchanger, the area of the window zone is ________.
40. For sizing of a gas-to-gas plate-fin counterflow exchanger, we can determine the physical size of
the exchanger (with no constraints imposed on the dimensions) such that ________.
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41. Suggest any one type of industrial heat exchangers, we can always meet both the heat transfer and
pressure drop requirements on at least one fluid side during the design process.
42. What happens if huge leakage and bypass streams takes place on the shell side
43. Identify type of heat exchanger if liquid-to-gas exchangers, the commonly used exchanger
constructions are as ?
44. In general, all shell-and-tube exchangers have transverse plate baffles except for the TEMA shell
?
45. What are the consequences occurs if using the transverse plate baffles in HE?
46. What is the necessity of applying Double tube sheets in shell-and-tube exchangers ?

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 HYBRID VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
Basic Questions:
1. What is the difference between conventional vehicle and electric vehicle?
2. What is the difference between Electric Vehicle and Hybrid Vehicle?
3. Types of batteries available for hybrid vehicle?
4. Types of hybrid vehicle?
5. What is the name of the first EV in India?
6. What is the name of the latest EV?
7. Who is the leading manufacturer of EV in India/ World?
8. What is charging station?
9. Is there any hybrid two-wheeler, if yes name it?
10. Difference between maintenance free batteries and other batteries
11. Types of motors used in both EV and Hybrid
12. Which type of battery is recommended for EV/ Hybrid?
13. Which type of electrical motor id preferred for Hybrid Vehicle?
14. Acronyms of BEV, PHEV, PEV, FCV, EREV, AER
15. What are the architectures available for hybrid vehicles?
16. Which type of hybrid vehicle architecture is recognized as Electric Vehicle and why?
17. What is the other name for power split architecture?
18. What infrastructure is required for implementation of Electric Vehicle?
19. What is Fuel Cell and explain its working principles?
20. What is battery swapping?
Questions for Area of Interest as “Automobile/ Thermal”
1. How SPCS will be cost effective for hybrid vehicle operation?
2. Name the standards that govern the charging station construction and operation
3. What is VELA battery, how it is different from other batteries?
4. Thermal Management of batteries comment on this topic
5. Materials used for cathode and anode of batteries
6. What are the legal requirements of RESS?
7. Mobility of EV charging station – state the advantages and disadvantages
8. Types of fuel cell according to its construction
9. How heat sinks are effective in batteries of EV?
10. How the speed control of Electric vehicle is performed?
11. What is the difference between speed coupling and torque coupling in parallel HEV?
12. Classify the electric motor drives for EV and HEV applications
13. What is mild HEV drive train?
14. Why mild HEV drive train is preferred than other drive train?
15. What is the difference in construction of mild HEV drive train and other HEV drive train?
16. What is ultra capacitors and explain its application?
17. What is regenerative braking how it differs from normal breaking?
18. What is series brake and parallel brake in HEV?
19. Define cryogenics?
20. Name the types of fuel cells according to the working fluid?

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 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

1. Name the four major circuits in steam power plant and its principle.
2. What consists of air and flue gas circuit?
3. What consists of feed water and steam flow circuit in steam power?
4. What consists of cooling water circuit and coal & ash circuit in steam power plant?
5. What is the main purpose of the reservoir?
6. What is the main purpose of the dam?
7. Why trash rack is used?
8. What is the use of surge tank?
9. What is the function of Fore bay?
10. Explain about penstock?
11. What is the use of spill Ways?
12. Write about prime movers?
13. What are the uses of air filter and superchargers in diesel engine power plant?
14. What is the use of draft tube?
15. What is the function of cooling system in Diesel power plant?
16. What consists of lubrication system in diesel engine power plant?
17. What is the purpose of intercooler in gas turbine power plant?
18. Name two combined power cycles?
19. Define turbo charging in combined gas turbine and diesel cycles?
20. What is the main purpose of high-pressure boilers?
21. State important advantages of high-pressure boilers?
22. Name important high pressure boilers?
23. Write about La Mont boiler? What is the major disadvantage of La Mont boiler?
24. Write about Benson boiler? State some important advantages of Benson boiler?
25. Write about Loeffler boiler?
26. Explain Reheat cycle?
27. What are the important advantages of Re heating?
28. Name different methods of reheating?
29. Define bleeding in steam power plant?
30. Explain the term Regeneration?
31. State some advantages of Regeneration cycle?
32. Name different methods used to extract steam for heating the feed water?
33. Define the term waste heat recovery?
34. What are the waste materials, which can be used for fuel for power generation?
35 About waste heat boilers?
36. Write about fluidised bed boilers?
37. State some advantages of fluidised bed boilers?
38. Name the two types of coal handling?
39. Write about out plant handling?
40. Write about inplant handling of coal?
41. Why the preparation of coal is necessary?
42. Name the different types of coal transforming equipments?
43. What is the use of belt conveyors?
44. Write about screw conveyor and bucket conveyors?
45. Define draught, what is the use of draught in thermal power plants?
46. Write about classification of draught?
47. Define the term Natural draught and what are the advantages of natural draught system?
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48. Write about artificial draught?
49. Write about forced draught system?
50. What are the advantages of forced draught system
51. How the induced draught is working?
52. Why the balanced draught system is preferred than other system?
53. What is the difference between stocker firing and pulverised fuel firing?
54. What are the different types of stockers?
55. What is the use of pulveriser and name different types of pulverising mills?
56. Name the two methods of pulverised fuel firing system?
57. What are advantages of unit (or) direct system of pulverised fuel firing?
58. How the ash handling system is classified?
59. Why ash handling system is’ needed?
60. Name different types of dust collectors?
61. What is the main purpose of chimney?
62. What are the different types of load act on the chimney?
63. Name different types of chimney?
64. Define forced draft and induced draft cooling towers
65. What are the advantages of induced draft cooling tower over forced draft cooling tower?
66. What are the advantages of hyperbolic natural-draft cooling towers?
67. What are the factors that affect the rate of evaporation of water in cooling towers?
68. What is the working principle of Cooling Towers?
69. Name different types of cooling towers?
70. How the atmospheric (or) natural draught cooling towers are classified?
71. How mechanical draft cooling towers are classified?
72. How the dry type cooling towers are classified?
73. What are the methods to reduce the effects of particulates?
74. What are the equipments used for ash collection?
75. What is meant by ‘Desulphurisation’ and name the methods adopted for desulphurisation?
76. What are the methods adopted to remove’ S02 flue gases?
77. Write about C02 recorders?
78. Name some of the automatic controlling methods for feed water?
79. What is the purpose of automatic, combustion c61ritrol?
80. What are the appliances known as boiler accessories?
81. What are the methods adopted to remove SO2 from due gases?
82. Write about C02 recorders?
83. What is the necessity of Automatic controls for feed water?.
84. Name some of the automatic controlling methods for feed water?
85. What is the purpose of automatic combustion control?
86 What is the use of air preheater?
87. Write about boiler mountings?
88. What is meant by boiler trial?
89. State the objective of boiler trial?
90. Define demand factor?
91. Define load curve?
92. Define load factor?
93. What includes fixed cost?
94. What includes operating cost?
95. What is the need of depreciation cost?
96. Write about atomic number?
97. Write about isotopes of an element?
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98. What are the requirements to sustain fission process?
99. Define multiplication factor of a fission process.
100. Define fertile materials and breeding in reactors
101. What are the desirable properties of a good moderator?
102. What are the desirable properties of a coolant?
103. Name few types of reactors.
104. What are the advantages using CO2 as coolant?
105. What are the advantages of breeder reactors?
106. What are the demerits of breeder reactor?
107. What are the advantages of Sodium in fast-breeder reactors?
108. Name the different types of MHD generators
109. What is the working principle of magneto hydrodynamic power plant?
110. What is the purpose of control rods?
111. What are the different types of load acting on the chimney?
112. What is meant by Nuclear fission?
113. Name the different components of nuclear reactor?
114. State some advantages of Pressurized Water reactor?
115. What are the advantages of gas cooled reactor nuclear power plant?
116. What is breeding in nuclear reactor?
117. Name the coolants commonly used for fast breeder reactors?
118. What is the necessity of Automatic controls for feed water?
119. What is ampere (amp)?
120. What is photovoltaic (PV)?
121. Can a solar water heater replace an electric or gas water heater?
122. What is direct insolation?
123. What is solar constant?
124. what is an Inverter?
125. What is watt (W)?
126. What is tracking array?
127. What is volt (V)?
128. What is direct current (DC)?
129. What is photovoltaic efficiency?
130. What is voltage?
131. What is electric circuit?
132. What is altitude?
133. How does a solar water-heating system work?
134. What is energy?
135. What is kilowatt-hour (kWh)?
136. What is transformer?
137. What is azimuth?

101
 Operation Research Question Bank

1. List the application of Operations Research in functional areas of management.

2. When can the dual Simplex method be applied?
3. What is meant by degeneracy in a transportation model?
4. What is an unbalanced case in an Assignment model?
5. What is a mixed integer programming problem?
6. Define Saddle point
7. What is a quantity discount model?
8. What criteria in decision making under risk deals with maximizing profit?
9. List the application of queueing theory.
10. What is the significance of ‘r’ in a replacement model?
11. List the scope of applications of OR techniques.
12. What is sensitivity analysis?
13. List the methods used to arrive at an initial basic feasible solution in a transportation model.
14. How does a travelling salesman problem differ from a routine assignment model?
15. Define Operations Research.
16. Distinguish between breakdown maintenance and preventive maintenance.
17. Define unbalanced transportation problem.
18. Define travelling salesman problem
19. What is a replacement model?
20. What is a queue?
21. Distinguish between transportation problem and assignment problem.
22. What is meant by group replacement model?
23. List the components of a queuing system.
24. List down the variants in Simplex method.
25. What are the conditions to be satisfied for proceeding with optimality test in a transporting problem?
26. Explain Hungarian algorithm.
27. Explain the application of dynamic programming in inventory problems with an example.
28. When is it necessary to place an order in an no replenishment inventory?
29. How much is to be ordered in each replenishment?
30. How is degeneracy handled in MODI method?
31. List some application of the assignment model.
32. How does integer programming differ from linear programming?
33. What is game theory?

102
34. What are the basic elements in queueing?
35. What are the special cases of linear programming problem?
36. What are the major assumptions of linear programming?
37. What are the classifications of linear programming?
38. What are the basic reasons for replacement?
39. What is degeneracy in the transportation problem?
40. What are the behaviors of customer in a queueing model?

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 Production Planning and Control
(Fundamental Questions)
1 What is meant by production control?
2 What are the Phases of PPC?
3 Can you list the various functions/activities of PPC?
4 Can you differentiate between routing and scheduling?
5 What is production system?
6 How can you classify the production system?
7 What do you mean by batch production?
8 Can you differentiate between intermittent and continuous production systems?
10 What do you mean by design manufacture and design for assembly?
11 What do you understand by product standardization?
12 What do you understand by break-even analysis?
13 What is work study? can you list the objective of work study
14 Can you differentiate between operation and inspection?
15 What is a process chart? Mention its types?
16 Can you differentiate between outline process chart and flow process chart?
17 Can you distinguish between flow diagram and string diagram?
18 Define time study?
19 Why the job is divided into elements?
20 Define the terms basic time and standard time?
21 What is PMTS?
22 Define Cumulative timing?
23 What is product planning?
24 What is the purpose of feasibility study in relation to product planning?
25 What is value analysis?
26 How can you increase the value of a product?
27 Can you differentiate between primary and secondary functions with respect to value
analysis
28 Can you distinguished between value analysis an value engineering?
29 List the various phases of value analysis?
30 What is meant by process planning?
31 What are the factors affecting process planning?
32 What is scheduling? What are its objectives?
33 What are Gantt charts?
34 What is master scheduling?
35 What is priority sequencing?
36 What are the dispatching rules?
37 What is meant by EBQ scheduling?
38 What is the use of objective chart and progress chart?
39 What do you mean by dispatching?
40 What do you mean by expediting?
41 What are the Scheduling techniques?
42 Can you explain the Sequencing rules?
43 Define term inventory and inventory control.
44 Can you mention at least four reasons for keeping an inventory.
45 What is Just In Time?
46 What are the objectives of JIT?
47 Can you differentiate between Pull system and Push system
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48 Can you differentiate between anticipation and fluctuation inventories
49 What are inventory costs?
50 What do you mean by inventory carrying costs?

105
 Total Quality Management
Short Questions
1. Express quality through a mathematical relation. Given: Quality (Q), Performance (P),
Expectations (E).
2. List any four characteristics/dimensions to define a product quality.
3. Distinguish between service quality and product quality.
4. Name the quality characteristics of (i). Good institution, (ii). Good teacher, (iii). Good student and
(iv). Good text book.
5. List out the various factors that constitute the framework of TQM
6. Define the tools required to implement KAIZEN in a manufacturing system.
7. How do the customers need and requirements are are documented?
8. What is a vision statement? What should it reflect?
9. Distinguish between a vision statement and a mission statement.
10. A machine is working to meet a specification of 15+/-0.07 mm. The standard deviation is 0.22
mm. Is the machine capable of meeting the specification limit? Justify your answer.
11. What are the benefits of 5S?
12. What are the problems in benchmarking a direct competitor?
13. What does DMAIC convey in six sigma?
14. How do you calculate process capability index?
15. What is a PDCA cycle?
16. What do you mean by equipment effectiveness?
17. What is benchmarking?
18. Distinguish between process and product benchmarking.
19. Identify the elements of the documentation pyramid of ISO.
20. Distinguish quality from producer’s and customer’s perspective.
21. “Quality is a perception”- Justify.
22. Cost of a helmet is Rs.1000. What is the cost of poor quality for not using the helmet on a two
wheeler ride?
23. State any four critical reasons for the failure of ISO in smaller organizations.
24. How can quality be quantified?
25. What are the benefits of TQM?
26. What are the important habits of quality leader?
27. Mention the barriers involved in TQM implementation.
28. Specify the objectives of Quality policy
29. What are the objectives of ISO 9000 standards.
30. The specifications are 10+2 for particular quality characteristics. The average repair cost is Rs
200, find the loss function. Also find the loss at y =11.
31. Distinguish between Quality Control and Quality Assurance?
32. What are the key elements of quality planning?
33. Compare continuous improvement with breakthrough improvement.
34. Who is an unsatisfied customer? How do you measure customer satisfaction?
35. In what way do the strategic planning helps in TQM?
36. What are the 7 deadly diseases acting against TQM as perceived by Deming?
37. What are delight factors of customer satisfaction in an educational institution?
38. Why do the employees need to be empowered?
39. Give the characteristics of kaizen.
40. Name a few barriers to Team’s progress.
41. What are the benefits of Benchmarking?
42. Name some new management tools.
43. How can QFD be deployed?
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44. What is the formula for measuring equipment effectiveness?
45. What are the general requirements of quality management system?
46. Give an example of Win-Win strategy in your day to day life.
47. Give an example of Win-Loss strategy in your day to day life.
48. What is sharpening the saw?
49. Should a leader need to have empathy or to be stern? Justify.
50. For smaller the better condition of a steel shaft whose diameter values for eight shafts are 0.05,
0.04, 0.04, 0.03, 0.04, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.03 m. If average is 0.03 m and Rs 15, what is the loss function?
Find the loss at 0.05 m and also the average loss.
51. Illustrate the importance of management commitment for TQM.
52. How significant is retention of an existing customer compared to adding a customer?
53. Distinguish between employee recognition and reward.
54. Define process capability.
55. Draw the Taguchi’s loss function and indicate loss to the society indicating also the formula used
to calculate loss.
56. Failure rate () = 0.005/hr. Find the probability of survival after 50 hrs. You want to recognize
your subordinates for their contributions. How will you do it?
57. How a “Balanced Score Card” does help a TQM organization?
58. You want to recognize your subordinates for their contributions. How will you do it?
59. Compare product and service quality characteristics of a product.
60. When is product quality characteristics dominate over service quality?
61. What is the significant contribution to Quality by quality guru Deming?
62. Name the important tools used in quality control
63. Contrast quality planning from quality control.
64. State the dimensions of product quality of a refrigerator
65. List the service quality characteristics of an automobile.
66. You are empowered with the task of Quality Assurance in making tubeless tyres.How will you
satisfy your customer on this?
67. State the significance of “Total” in TQM.
68. Outline the importance of sustaining of quality level.
69. Distinguish between cost of quality and cost of poor quality.
70. How can you control the failure cost of a rocket?
71. Justify the investment in Prevention and Appraisal aspects as part of cost of quality.
72. Indicate external failure costs of mobile phones.
73. What is overflowing quality
74. What if a delighted customer?
75. Differentiate ISO 9000 and ISO 14001 standards.
76. Outline the functions of quality council?
77. State the purpose of going for ISO 14000 in addition to ISO 9000 system.
78. Who is responsible for developing ISO 9000 standards in an organization?
79. Mention the features of quality audits
80. What do you want to convey by quality statement?
81. State the major 8 elements of ISO 9001:2000 standard
82. List the underlying principles of ISO 9000 standards
83. How do you ensure traceability of manufactured parts?
84. How will you control the double payment of money for the same bill?
85. In a foundry, the castings manufactured are inspected with respect to the four defects namely,
blow holes, core shifts, honey combing and hot tear design. Design a check sheet to gather data on the
total number of castings found defectives due to the respective above defects.
86. Indicate any two strengths and weakness of benchmarking technique.
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87. If the specifications are 10 +/- 2 for a particular quality characteristic and the average repair cost
is Rs. 200, determine the loss function. Determine the loss functionat y=11.
88. Draw the model of process based quality management system given in ISO 9001: 2000.
89. Why is customer complaint necessary?
90. Define customer retention?
91. Make use of kaizen and suggest steps for project work of students?
92. How will you empower the employee of an organization?
93. What is the significance of process capability?
94. Distinguish three sigma and six sigma level of quality?
95. Mention the objective of TPM
96. What is the Reason to Benchmark?
97. Mention the benefits of FMEA
98. Write down the philosophy of quality loss function
99. Mention the advantages of having a documented quality system
100. List down the barriers of TQM implementation
101. How will you carry out supplier rating?
102. List out various measurements of dispersion in SPC.
103. List down the pillars of TPM.
104. Distinguish between proactive action and reactive action in the content of TQM
105. What, according to Crosby, are the five symptoms of a problem in the organization?
106. What do you mean by “Quality Centered Strategic Planning Process”?
107. Difference between statistical process control and statistical quality control
108. What are the benefits of implementing design of experiments technique?
109. How do the standardization of parts will improve the maintainability of the parts?
110. Define Poka – yoke.
111. What do you understand by the term “Taguchi’s Robust Design”?
112. Distinguish between kaizen and reengineering.
113. Mention the various measurements of dispersion.
114. List down the types of FMEA.
115. What do you understand by NCR?

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 PROJECT MANAGEMENT
1. How do you define an ideal project?
2. Work from home has become the new normal in the post-COVID-19-world. How well are you
prepared to manage a remote team?
3. What is your strategy for prioritizing the tasks?
4. What is the most desired skill that is required to become a successful project manager, according to
your experience? Please give us a couple of examples regarding your past projects.
5. Tell us about the most challenging projects you have managed so far? What were the steps you have
taken to tackle the challenges?
6. Suppose the project has gone off the rails. What steps would you take to get it back on track?
7. Which was one of the biggest mistakes you have committed in your past projects? How has it
impacted your approach to work?
8. Can you tell us an example of a failed project? Have you had any such experiences?
9. Suppose the customer is not happy about the quality of the project outcomes. How do you handle the
situation? What is your way of handling an unhappy stakeholder?
10. What is your strategy to deal with internal conflicts among the team members?
11. Define processes and process groups in a project management framework.
12. Can you explain the differences between risk and issues? Also, name a few types of risks you may
encounter in a project.
13. Explain the concept of RAID in project management.
14. What are the techniques you may use to define the scope of a project?
15. Describe the team forming process you follow in project management.
16. What are the three key challenges for our industry today, and how can these be tackled effectively?
17. What were the communication challenges on your last project?
18. What is your communication style with your team?
19. How do you communicate bad news?
20. How have you handled disgruntled employees?
21. What are some examples of times you’ve kept your promise even when that might have been
difficult?
22. How do you ensure you and your team deliver or exceed customer expectations?
23. What are some best practices you’ve used to develop excellent customer relationships?
24. How do you go about managing the performance of your team?
25. How do you motivate team members?
26. What are some of the tools and resources you’ve used to develop your team?
27. What is your delegation style?
28. How easily do you delegate responsibility?
29. How do you monitor and review the delegated responsibilities?
30. What are your career and project goals for the next six months?
31. How do you set goals for your team? And how do you track these goals?
32. Describe two areas in your current project, where there is a high level of uncertainty. How do you
tackle these uncertainties?
33. How do you control changes to your project?
34. How do you ensure that your project is always on track?
35. What tools do you use as a manager to plan your activities as well as that of your team?
36. Give a few examples of proactive decision-making in your past projects and your life in general.
37. Can you give me a few examples of a time when you made a tough decision, and it backfired?

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 Quality and Reliability Engineering
1. State Total Quality
2. Define Quality
3. What are the Dimensions of Quality?
4. Give the Basic Concepts of TQM
5. Give the Principles of TQM
6. Give the Obstacles associated with TQM Implementation
7. Give the Analysis Techniques for Quality Costs
8. Define Quality Costs
9. Give the primary categories of Quality cost
10. Give the typical cost bases
11. How will you determine the optimum cost
12. State the Quality Improvement Strategy
13. Define Quality Planning
14. Give the Objectives of TQM
15. What is needed for a leader to be effective?
16. What is the important role of senior management?
17. What are the general duties of a quality council?
18. What does a typical meeting agenda contain after establishing the TQM?
19. What are the various quality statements?
5.20. What is a quality policy?
21. What is a mission statement?
22. What is a vision statement?
23. What are the important factors that influenced purchases?
24. Give the need for a feedback in an organization?
25. List the tools used for feedback? •Comment cards
26. What are the activities to be done using customer complaints?
27. What are the elements of customer service?
28. Define Customer Retention?
29. Define Employee Involvement?
30. State Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
31. State Frederick Herzberg’s Two-factor theory?
32. What does an employee want?
33. What are the concepts to achieve a motivated work force?
34. What are the three conditions necessary to create the empowered environment?
35. What are the types of teams?
36. What are the characteristics of successful teams?
37. What are the decision-making methods?
38. What are the stages of team development?
39. Give some common team problems?
6.40. What are the common barriers to team progress?
41. Analysis the significance of QFD
7.42. Give the steps involved in training process?
8.43. Define Recognition and Reward?
9.44. What are the types of appraisal formats?
10.45. What are the benefits of employee involvement?
11.46. What are the three components of the Juran Trilogy?
12.47. What are the steps in the PDSA cycle?
48. What are the phases of a Continuous Process Improvement Cycle?
49. Name 5S
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50. What is a Kaizen?
51. What are the three key elements to a partnering relationship?
52. What are the three types of sourcing?
53. What are the ten conditions for the selection and evaluation of suppliers?
54. What are the characteristics used to measure the performance of a particular process?
55. Give the usage of an effective recognition and reward system
13.56. How will you improve the performance appraisal system?
14.57. What are the typical measurements frequently asked by managers and teams?
58. Define Statistics
59. What is a measure of central tendency?
60. What is Measures of dispersion?
61. What is a normal curve?
62. What is the use of the control chart?
63. Give the objectives of the attribute charts
64. Define Six Sigma Problem Solving Method
65. What are the new seven management tools?
66. Give the seven tools of quality
67. Give the usage of C&E diagrams
68. Define Six Sigma
69. What are the various histogram shapes?
70. Differentiate Population & Sample?
71. Give the sources of variation
72. Define Run chart
73. Define Control chart
74. What are the various patterns of scatter diagrams?
75. What is the procedure for constructing the tree diagram?
76. Give at least five standard formats of matrix diagram? L- shaped
77. What are the benefits of an activity network diagram? A
78. Define Benchmarking
79. Cite the steps to benchmark
80. What are the types of benchmarking?
81. What is a QFD?
82. What are the benefits of QFD?
83. What are the steps required to construct an affinity diagram?
84. What are the parts of house of quality?
85. How will you build a house of quality?
86. Define FMEA
87. What are the stages of FMEA?
88. What are the goals of TPM?
89. Give the seven basic steps to get an organization started toward TPM?
90. What are the major loss areas?
91. What are the generic steps for the development and execution of action plans in benchmarking?
92. What are the phases of QFD process?
93. What are the several types of FMEA?
94. Define TPM
95. Give the ISO 9000 Series of Standards?
96. What is the need for ISO 9000?
97. Give some other quality systems?
98. Give the objectives of the internal audit?
99. What are the requirements of ISO 14001?
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100. What are the benefits of ISO 14000? a.
101. What are the four elements for the checking & corrective action of ISO 14001?
102. What are the seven elements for the implementation & operations of ISO 14001?
103. What are the four elements for the planning of ISO 14001?
104. Give the types of Organizational Evaluation Standards?
105. Give the types of Product Evaluation Standards?
106. Define Quality Audits?
107. Analyze TQM?
108. What are the benefits of ISO?
15.109. What are the methods of actual audit?
16.110. Distinguish between quality assurance and quality control.
17.111. Name any four quality tools used in statistical quality control.
18.112. Distinguish between chance and assignable causes.
19.113. What is process capability index?. Explain its significance.
20.114. Define the terms AQL and LTPD.
21.115. What is the effect of sample size on the OC curve?
22.116. What is OPL listing?
23.117. What is shape parameters? State its effect on the failure rate.
24.118. Define the term reliability?
25.119. What is the term MTTF?.
26.120. State k-out-of-m system redundancy?
27.121. What is mixed redundancy?
28.122. Represent the static model for constant strength and load
29.123. What is a tie and cut set?
30.124. What is ARINC method?
31.125. Define system effectiveness?
32.126. State inherent availability
33.127. What is MTBF?
34.128. Three lamps are connected in parallel to produce light in a hall. The reliabilities are 0.92,
0.95 and 0.96.
35.129. Find the reliability of the total lamp system. If the systems are connected in series,
determine the reliability of the system.
130. An electronic system has a MTBF of 1000 hours and a MTTR of 40 hours. Determine its
availability.

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 IECA descriptive questions
1. What is the role of industrial Engineer in an industry?
2. Explain the system approach of production system?
3. Define system?
4. Define productivity?
5. What is the difference between productivity and production?
6. Name the different types of productivity measures
7. List the few factors influencing productivity.
8. List the few productivity improvement techniques
9. What are the different types of production system in existence and on what basis the proper
system is selected?
10. What is the advantage of continuous production over batch production?
11. What are the limitations of batch production?
12. Define work study.
13. Define method study.
14. Define work measurement.
15. What is the difference between method study and work measurement?
16. Why work measurement should be followed by method study?
17. What is the importance of method study?
18. Name the steps involved in method study?
19. On what basis project for method study would be selected.
20. List the symbols used in process chart?
21. What is the difference between flow process chart and operation process chart?
22. What is the use of string diagram?
23. What is the difference between string diagram and flow diagram?
24. Classify the different recording techniques employed in method study?
25. What is the difference between simo chart and two handed process chart?
26. What is the use of multiple activity chart?
27. What is mean by therbligs?
28. On what basis the best among the proposed method is selected for installation?
29. What is the necessity for documentation work in method study?
30. On what basis the project for work measurement is selected?
31. What is the necessity to break the job into elements?
32. What are the different types of work elements?
33. What is the relation between normal time and observed time?
34. What are the tools/equipment needed to carry out time study?
35. Compare the cumulative time study over fly back method.
36. Define qualified worker.
37. Define performance rating?
38. List the few factors affecting performance rating.
39. What is the necessity for providing allowances in time study.
40. How standard time is computed?
41. List the various techniques of work measurement.
42. Define work sampling.
43. List the advantage of work sampling over time study?
44. What is meant by predetermined motion time analysis and how it is useful?
45. What do you mean by `Make or Buy Decisions?
46. What are the different approaches followed in make or buy decision?
47. What is mean by value analysis/value engineering?
48. What do you mean by value of a product?
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49. What are the different types of values?
50. What are the various functions of a product?
51. Write any four objectives of value analysis.
52. List any four advantage of value engineering.
53. Define forecasting.
54. How forecasting differs from prediction?
55. State the advantage of exponential smoothing method
56. Give few examples of job shop production.
57. Which type of production is suitable for ship building?
58. What is the use of BOM in MRP I.
59. How MRP II differs from MRP I
60. Why do we need to maintain Inventory?
61. What is the risk of holding Inventory?
62. Define ABC analysis.
63. Define Economic order quantity.
64. What is the necessity for deriving supplier rating?
65. What is time value of money? How is it useful in taking investment related decision?
66. Compute the present value of Rs.1, 000 receivable 6 years hence if the rate of discount is
10%.
67. Draw a break even chart and explain its components.
68. List the advantages of Just In time production.
69. Differentiate Pull and Push Production system.
70. What is the use of master production schedule?
71. List the inputs of MRP I.
72. List the inputs of MRP II.
73. What is meant by extended ERP?
74. What is the role of capacity planning in MRP II.
75. What is mean by aggregateplanning?

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 MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING
1. Which of the following is not a primary function of maintenance department?
2. Name the component not involved in maintenance function.
3. Define maintenance?
4. Define reliability?
5. State the benefits of reliability analysis in industries
6. Define Maintenance Action Rate
7. Give the types of maintenance organization
8. What is meant by maintenance planning?
9. What are the objectives of maintenance?
10. What are the principles of planned maintenance activity
11. What are the benefits of sound maintenance system
12. What is Mean Time between Failures (MTBF)
13. Define Mean Time to Repair (MTTR)
14. Define maintainability
15. State the components of maintenance cost?
16. Define availability?
17. State the role of maintenance budget
18. List the types of maintenance approach
19. Classify various planned maintenance approach.
20. Define the term Preventive Maintenance
21. Define the term Predictive Maintenance
22. What is meant by Breakdown maintenance
23. Define the term computerized maintenance management system (CMMS)
Computerized
24. State the objectives of CMMS
25. State the advantages of CMMS.
26. Define corrective maintenance approach
27. What is meant by preventive maintenance approach?
28. List the objectives of corrective maintenance
29. Define the term condition based maintenance
30. Give the merits of condition based maintenance.
31. Name the various stakeholders of maintenance scheduling.
32. What is TPM?
33. Give the eight pillars of TPM
34. Name the five S principles used for implementations of TPM
35. List out some condition based monitoring techniques
36. What is equipment health monitoring
37. List down the factors for increasing the demand condition monitoring
38. Write down the basic steps in condition monitoring.
39. Give the types of condition monitoring
40. Mention the various costs involved in costing of condition monitoring
41. State the methods of measuring vibration
42. What are the causes of vibration?
43. Write two main types of infrared thermography
44. What are the limitations of ultrasonic test?
45. Mention th effect of X-rays to human body?
46. Name some of the methods of leakage monitoring.
47. Define see back effect
48. Differentiate on load testing and off load testing.
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49. Define the term failure.
50. List the various possible causes for a failure
51. Define failure analysis
52. Name the three types of failure models
53. What are predictable failures?
54. What are Unpredictable Failures?
55. Define Fault tree diagrams
56. Write down the capabilities of Fault Tree Diagram
57. Define Event tree Analysis
58. Define Root cause analysis?
59. What do you mean by \Risk Priority Number(RPN)?
60. Define FMEA
61. Name the factors influence the performance of sleeve bearings
62. List some of the inspection performed on gears
63. Define failure rate
64. What is Mean Failure Rate
65. Define Mean Time to Failure.
66. Define Safety in maintenance
67. What are the 5 elements of safety?
68. What is safety and risk?
69. What is safety in risk management?
70. Name the 3 E's of safety
71. Write the safety methods
72. Write the safety rules during maintenance.
73. List the type of Hazards
74. What is Hazard
75. How do you quantify safety?

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 Industrial safety growth.

1. What is incident?
2. What is an accident?
3. How incidents and accidents are related?
4. What is risk?
5. What is safety policy?
6. What is safety tag?
7. Cause of accidents in manual handling?
8. What are the duties of a supervisor?
9. What are hazards and injuries in manual handling?
10. What precautions are needed to avoid accidents in manhandling?
11. What precautions are necessary in electrical work?
12. What are the general precautions in construction?
13. What are the different types of inspections?
14. What is safety audit?
15. Why do you want this industrial safety officer job?
16. What are the challenges are you looking for the industrial safety officer job?
17. How do you manage hazardous materials?
18. What are the inspection methods are available to find the hazardous materials?
19. What are the toxic gases majorly affects the human health?
20. What are the initial steps should take while toxic poisonous gases leaked?
21. Why should mirrors not be placed over fireplaces?
22. What colour should a fire exit sign be?
23. If you discover a fire what action should you take?
24. What are the types of fire extinguishing agent currently used in industries?
25. What action do you take if a person’s clothes catch fire?
26. What kind of fire extinguishing agents that are recommended for use on electrical fires?
27. What type of extinguisher is best suited to free-flowing liquid fires?
28. What is the need of safety, stop, pressure relief and feed check valves in boilers?
29. Why boiler blow down is required?
30. Why water treatment is essential for the boiler feed water?
31. What are the advantages in good housekeeping?
32. What are the precautions the operator should follows to avoid the welding accidents?
33. What are the precautions the operator should follows to handle the power tools?
34. What is personal protective equipment?
35. How to investigate an accident?
36. How to report an accident?
37. Give any example for human factors causing accidents?
38. How many classifications are available in the fire?
39. What are the objectives of safety management?
40. How to control the chemical hazards?
41. What general precautions are necessary while driving?
42. Why ventilation is necessary in the workspace?
43. What do the 5 s’s stand for?
44. Where can 5s be used?
45. How does 5s help the business to grow?
46. Why boiler explode and how to prevent explosion?
47. What is the importance of fusible plug-in high temperature pressure vessels?
48. In domestic pressure cooker what kind of safety system is used?
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49. How air pollution is related to industrial safety?
50. What is your opinion about the company investing in developing safety measures?

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