26-00-PI-DEC-00001 - 0001 - 0 - Piping General Design

COMPANY: Contract No.
:
QATARGAS OPERATING COMPANY LIMITED LTC/C/NFE/3997/18
PROJECT: Doc. No.:
NORTH FIELD EXPANSION PROJECT EPC-2 26-00-PI-DEC-00001
CONTRACTOR: Rev. 0
SAMSUNG C&T CORPORATION Page 1 of 59
Doc. Title:
PIPING GENERAL DESIGN
CONTRACT TITLE :
Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Commissioning Agreement for Onshore

Offplot Common Lean LNG Storage and Loading Facilities of the NORTH FIELD EXPANSION
PROJECT
TITLE :
SDK / ASM /
0 03/Aug/2021 Approved for Construction KKR
WH KU DH LEE
SDK / ASM /
B 14/Jun/2021 Issued For Review KKR
WH.KU DH.LEE
A 28/Apr/2021 Issued For Inter Discipline Check KKR SDK YSR
Prep’d by Chk’d by App’d by Chk’d by App’d by
Rev. Issue Date Revision Description
CONT. CONT. CONT. COMPANY. COMPANY.
COMPANY
QATARGAS OPERATING COMPANY LIMITED
CONTRACTOR
SAMSUNG C&T CORPORATION
DOCUMENT NO. 26-00-PI-DEC-00001 DOC. CLASS 2

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Table of Contents
DESIGN ............................................................................................................................. 9
4.1 PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE CRITERIA............................................................... 9
4.2 Determination of Wall Thickness ................................................................................... 11
4.3 Branch Connections ...................................................................................................... 13
4.4 Sizing ............................................................................................................................. 14
4.5 Expansion and Flexibility ............................................................................................... 14
4.6 Pipe Supports ................................................................................................................ 14
4.7 Valving ........................................................................................................................... 23
4.8 Vents, Drains, Pump-outs, and Sample Connections .................................................... 26
4.9 Fittings, Bends, and Miters ............................................................................................ 28
4.10 Joints ............................................................................................................................. 29
4.11 Corrugated Expansion Joints......................................................................................... 29
4.12 Blanks ............................................................................................................................ 30
4.13 Strainers ........................................................................................................................ 31
LAYOUT AND ARRANGEMENT .......................................................................................... 32
5.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 32
5.2 Clearances .................................................................................................................... 33
5.3 Valve Accessibility ......................................................................................................... 34
5.4 Underground Piping ....................................................................................................... 40
ROTATING EQUIPMENT PIPING ........................................................................................ 40
6.1 PUMP PIPING ............................................................................................................... 40
6.2 Compressor Piping ........................................................................................................ 44
6.3 Auxiliary Piping .............................................................................................................. 46
STATIC EQUIPMENT PIPING .............................................................................................. 46
7.1 heat exchanger piping ................................................................................................... 46
7.2 Vessel Piping Arrangement ........................................................................................... 48
7.3 Pressure Storage Vessel Piping .................................................................................... 50
7.4 Atmospheric Storage Tank Piping ................................................................................. 50
UTILITY PIPING ................................................................................................................ 50
8.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 50
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8.2 Water Piping .................................................................................................................. 53

RELIEF SYSTEM PIPING ..................................................................................................... 53
BOLTING FOR FLANGE JOINTS........................................................................................... 55
10.1 Selection of Bolting Methods ......................................................................................... 55
10.2 Bolt Load ....................................................................................................................... 56
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1. SCOPE
This Specification provides the basic requirements for the design of piping located within the
North Field Expansion Project Onshore Facilities.
2. REFERENCES
The latest revision of the following specifications and the latest edition, as of Dec. 2017 of the
following Codes and Standards shall form a part of this Specification unless otherwise specified:
API (American Petroleum Institute) Publications
Document No Document Title
[1] Spec 5L Specification for Line Pipe
Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical

[2] RP 500 Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class Ι, Division 1 and
Division 2.
Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical

[3] RP 505 Installation at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class Ι, Zone 0, Zone 1, and
Zone 2.
Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refineries.

[4] RP 520
Part 1- Sizing and Selection.
[5] RP 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems
[6] Std 570 Piping Inspection Code
[7] Std 598 Valve Inspection and Testing
Steel Gate Valves, Flanged and Buttwelding Ends, Bolted and Pressure Seal
[8] Std 600
Bonnets
Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical, and Gas Industry
[9] Std 610
Service
[10] Std 617 Centrifugal Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Service Industries
ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Standards
Document No Document Title
[1] B1.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)
[2] B1.20.1 Pipe Threads, General Purpose (inch)
[3] B16.25 Buttwelding Ends
[4] B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
[5] B16.34 Valves – Flanged, Threaded and Welding End
[6] B16.47 Large Diameter Flanges NPS 26 through NPS 60
[7] B16.48 Steel Line Blanks

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[8] B31.1 Power Piping
[9] B31.3 Process Piping
[10] B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems
Boiler and Pressure Vessel

[11] Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels, Division 1
Code, Section VIII
Boiler and pressure Vessel Code for NPS 62 and larger of class
[12] Section VIII - Division 1
150 and 300 and NPS 26 through NPS 30 of class 1500
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)
Document No. Document Title
[1] A36 Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc Coated,
[2] A53
Welded and Seamless
Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High Temperature
[3] A106
Service
[4] A123 Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) coatings on iron and steel products.
Standard Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low-Carbon Steel Heat

[5] A179
Exchanger and Condenser Tubes
Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for
[6] A193
High-Temperature Service
Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High
[7] A194
Pressure or High Temperature, or Both
Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel

[8] A240
Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications
Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel

[9] A269
Tubing for General Service
Standard Specification for Low- and Intermediate-Tensile Strength Carbon

[10] A283
Steel Plates
Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel, Carbon Steel, Low- and

[11] A285
Intermediate-Tensile Strength
Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Moderate-
[12] A325
and Lower-Temperature Service
Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Moderate-
[13] A516
and Lower-Temperature Service
[14] B75 Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube
[15] B88 Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube
[16] C165 Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties of Thermal Insulation.
[17] D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics.

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[18] D696 Standard Test method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics.
Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced

[19] D790
Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials.
Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity (Relative Density) and Density of
[20] D792
Plastics by Displacement.
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics by Use of Micro tensile
[21] D1708
Specimens.
[22] D2240 Standard Test Method for Rubber Property- Durometer Hardness
NEC (National Electric Code)
[1] NEC 70 National Electrical Code
NEMA (National Electric Manufacturers Association) Code
[1] SM23 Steam Turbines for Mechanical Drive Service
NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) Code
[1] NFPA30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
MSS (Manufacturer’s Standardization Society)
[1] SP-58 Pipe Hangers and Supports - Materials, Design and Manufacture
[2] SP-69 Pipe Hangers and Supports - Selection and Application
PFI (Pipe Fabrication Institute)
[1] Standard ES-3 Fabricating Tolerances
Relative Project Specifications
[1] 26-00-PI-DEC-00002 Piping Materials And Service Classification
[2] 26-00-PI-DEC-00006 Design Philosophy For Small Bore Branch Pipe Support
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Specification Of Assessment For Prevention Of Flow Induced

[3] 26-00-PI-SPC-00059
Vibration On Piping
[4] 26-00-PI-SPC-00001 Piping - Fabrication, Erection, Inspection And Testing
[5] 26-00-PI-SPC-00002 Piping - Color Coding For Material Identification
[6] 26-00-PI-SPC-00003 Piping – Flexibility And Stress Analysis Criteria
[7] 26-00-PI-SPC-00057 Selection And Design Criteria For Strainers
[8] 26-00-SH-SPC-00001 Technical Specification For Fireproofing
[9] 26-91-EL-SPC-00003 Electrical – Design Criteria
[10] 26-00-SH-HDZ-00002 Electrical - Classification Of Hazardous Locations
[11] 26-53-EL-SPC-00001 Instrumentation - Electric Motor Operated Valve
[12] 26-51-IN-SPC-00005 Centrifugal Compressor
[13] 26-51-IN-SPC-00035 Specification For Lube Oil, Control Oil, And Dry Gas Seal Systems
[14] 26-00-ME-SPC-00004 Specification For Pressure Vessels - Design And Fabrication
[15] 26-00-ME-SPC-00005 Specification For Equipment Noise Control
[16] 26-00-ME-SPC-00013 Specification For Acoustic Induced Vibration Control
[17] 26-00-ME-SPC-00016 Process And System Engineering Design Basis
[18] 26-00-PI-SPC-00068 Overpressure Protection, Flare And Vent Philosophy
[19] 26-00-PR-DEC-00002 Emergency Shutdown And Isolation Philosophy
[20] 26-00-PR-DEC-00003 Piping Materials And Service Classification
[21] 26-00-PR-DEC-00005 Design Philosophy For Small Bore Branch Pipe Support
[22] 26-00-PR-DEC-00009 Isolation Philosophy
NFXP2-SSG-QM-PRC- Pressure Containing Equipment-Welding And Weld Inspection.

[23]
00019
[24] 26-71-SH-SPC-00001 Specification For Human Factor
[25] 26-00-PI-SPC-00069 Specification For Thermal Insulation-Hot Service
Specification For Thermal Insulation - Cold Service (Pir Insulation

[26] 26-00-PI-SPC-00060
And Cellular Glass Insulation)
[27] 26-00-PI-SPC-00063 Painting – Manufacturing Facilities
Specification For External Corrosion Protection For Underground

[28] 26-00-PI-SPC-00070
Steel Piping
[29] 26-43-ST-SPC-00002 Specification For Steel Structures Steel
[30] 26-43-ST-SPC-00002 Flange Management Program
NFXP2-SSG-CC-PLN- Pre-Commissioning/Commissioning Execution Plan

[31]
00008
[32] 26-00-PI-PRC-00001 Pneumatic Testing Procedure For Piping Systems

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[33] 26-00-PI-SPC-00004 Specification For Heat Tracing And Jacketed Piping
Piping - Testing Of Valves For Service Temperature 0 Deg C To

[34] 26-00-PI-SPC-00005
Minus 196 Deg Celsius
Technical Specification For Carbon Steel And Impact Tested

[35] 26-00-PI-SPC-00007
Carbon Steel Welded Pipes
[36] 26-00-PI-SPC-00010 Technical Specification For Stainless Steel Welded Pipes

[37] 26-00-PI-SPC-00011
Carbon Steel Seamless Pipes
[38] 26-00-PI-SPC-00013 Technical Specification For Stainless Steel Seamless Pipes
Technical Specification For Cement Mortar Lined Piping

[39] 26-00-PI-SPC-00015
Components
[40] 26-00-PI-SPC-00017 Technical Specification For Aluminized Piping Components
Technical Specification For Copper-Nickel Alloy (Cupro-Nickel)

[41] 26-00-PI-SPC-00018
Piping Components
Technical Specification For Cast Cs And Ltcs Gate, Globe And

[42] 26-00-PI-SPC-00020
Check Valves For High Pressure Service (Class 600 & Over)
Technical Specification For Cast Cs And Ltcs Gate, Globe And

[43] 26-00-PI-SPC-00020
Check Valves For Low Pressure Service (Class 150 & 300)
Technical Specification For Cast Stainless Steel Gate, Globe And

[44] 26-00-PI-SPC-00023
Check Valves For Cryogenic Service
Technical Specification For Cast Stainless Steel Gate, Globe And

[45] 26-00-PI-SPC-00024
Check Valves For Non-Cryogenic Service
Technical Specification For Aluminum Bronze Valves Other Than

[46] 26-00-PI-SPC-00025
Butterfly Valves
Technical Specification For Forged Valves For Non-Cryogenic

[47] 26-00-PI-SPC-00027
Service
[48] 26-00-PI-SPC-00028 Technical Specification For Forged Valves For Cryogenic Service
Technical Specification For Dual Plate Check Valves, Incl. Dual

[49] 26-00-PI-SPC-00030
Plate Non-Slam Check Valve
Technical Specification For Non-Slam Type Check Valves (Axial

[50] 26-00-PI-SPC-00032
Type)
[51] 26-00-PI-SPC-00034 Technical Specification For Bronze Valves
[52] 26-00-PI-SPC-00035 Technical Specification For Ball Valves For Non-Cryogenic Service
[53] 26-00-PI-SPC-00036 Technical Specification For Ball Valves For Cryogenic Service
Technical Specification For Butterfly Valves For Non-Cryogenic

[54] 26-00-PI-SPC-00038
Service
[55] 26-00-PI-SPC-00039 Technical Specification For Butterfly Valves For Cryogenic Service
[56] 26-00-PI-SPC-00040 Technical Specification For Aluminum Bronze Butterfly Valves

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[57] 26-00-PI-SPC-00044
Carbon Steel Flanges
[58] 26-00-PI-SPC-00046 Technical Specification For Stainless Steel Flanges
[59] 26-00-PI-SPC-00048 Technical Specification For Gaskets
[60] 26-00-PI-SPC-00049 Technical Specification For Bolts And Nuts
Technical Specification For Wrought Carbon Steel And Wrought

[61] 26-00-PI-SPC-00051
Impact Tested Carbon Steel Fittings
[62] 26-00-PI-SPC-00053 Technical Specification For Wrought Stainless Steel Fittings
[63] 26-00-PI-SPC-00054 Technical Specification For Forged Steel Fittings
[64] 26-00-PI-SPC-00061 Specification For Zinc Attack Protection
[65] 26-00-PI-SPC-00062 Specification For Painting – General Requirements
[66] 26-00-PI-SPC-00065 Specification For Preservation Of Austenitic Stainless Steel
[67] 26-00-PI-SPC-00066 Specification For Hot - Dip Galvanizing
3. GENERAL
3.1 Piping shall conform to the requirements of this specification and ASME B31.3 except where
superseded by more stringent local codes or regulations. In case of conflict between project
specifications and ASME B31.3, the project specifications shall govern.
3.2 This specification modifies and supplements the requirements of ASME B31.3 (hereinafter
referred to as B31.3).
3.3 Requirements of this specification are supplemented by 26-00-PI-DEC-00002 (Piping Materials
and Service Classification), 26-00-PI-SPC-00001 (Piping - Fabrication, Erection, Inspection and
Testing) and 26-00-PI-SPC-00003 (Piping – Flexibility and Stress Analysis Criteria).
3.4 Drainage and sewer piping shall be in accordance with project specification 26-87-CL-SPC-
00001 (Specification for Plant Drainage and Sewer Systems).
DESIGN
4.1 PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE CRITERIA

The design pressure and temperature shall be determined in accordance with this Section and
B31.3.
The design pressure of a piping system shall not be less than:
(a) The maximum pressure which can be attained in service when the pressure is not limited by
a relieving device, except for the allowance for occasional pressure and temperature
variations permitted in B31.3.
(b) The set pressure of the pressure relieving device when a relieving device is installed.
The design of piping should provide for the most severe coincident (occurring at the same time)
condition of temperature, pressure, and loading. The most severe condition is that which results
in the greatest required component thickness and the highest-pressure rating. When two or more
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conditions exist, they should be separately evaluated using design pressure, design temperature,
and loadings applicable to each case.
In determining the operating pressure and temperature of a piping system, variations may be
expected because of operating fluctuations, other than upsets. When establishing maximum
operating conditions, these fluctuations should be considered as well as liquid static head, fluid
friction losses under clean and fouled conditions, pump and compressor head characteristics,
and pressure pulsations.
The B31.3 Code does not require any margin between maximum operating conditions (pressure
and temperature) and design conditions; however, it does not permit continuous operation of a
piping system at conditions exceeding design conditions. Short term (upset) operation above the
design conditions acceptable within the limitations of B31.3
The design pressure of a piping system should not be less than the greater of 10% or 210 kPa
(30 psi) above the maximum anticipated operating pressure. In high pressure systems [over 3450
kPa (500 psi)], each system should be evaluated in order to establish a reasonable design
pressure, rather than arbitrarily setting a fixed percentage over the maximum operating pressure,
since setting the design pressure 10 percent higher than the operating pressure may result in
unjustifiable costs, particularly if higher flange ratings are required. The design pressure of a
centrifugal pump discharge line should be at least equal to the pump shutoff pressure. The
minimum design pressure of any piping system shall be 345 kPa (50 psi).
The design temperature should be the highest or lowest temperature to which the piping system
is subjected, plus a margin to cover uncertainties in temperature prediction. The following are
examples of conditions that may determine the piping system design temperature.
(a) In hot service (above ambient temperature), use the maximum expected operating
temperature plus a minimum of 28°C as a safety factor
(b) For cold service (below ambient temperature), use the minimum expected operating
temperature minus a minimum of 5°C as a safety factor.
(c) A maximum temperature which can occur when bypassing a heat exchanger or cooler for
cleaning.
(d) A high metal temperature on uninsulated pipe due to solar radiation. Solar radiation heat
gain shall use a minimum of 82°C
(e) The lowest temperature that may be caused by auto-refrigeration.
(f) The maximum metal temperature that can occur during steam out (159°C) or decoking
operation.
(g) When flanges, valves and other components are not insulated, the temperature allowance
for uninsulated components described in B31.3 should not be used without COMPANY
APPROVAL.
(Note: Many times, operating plants will decide to insulate these components at some later
date).
Chapter VIII of B31.3, Piping for Category M Fluid service, should not be used. Project
Specifications, HAZOP’s, safety procedures, operating procedures, etc. address the safety
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concerns in much greater detail than the generalized statements and requirements in Chapter
VIII.
Usage of the B31.3 allowances for pressure and temperature variations (Paragraph A302.2.4)
for metallic piping lined with nonmetals without COMPANY APPROVAL is prohibited.
When designing for external pressure (for example, in jacketed piping), the possible absence of
internal pressure in the pipe shall be taken into consideration.
Thermal relief valves shall be used to protect offsite piping when it can be blocked in and over
pressured by solar heat. Consideration should also be given to relieving any possible excessive
pressure in a blocked-in section of piping on a process unit, particularly in systems with Class
150 flanges. Typical causes of pressure rises are solar radiation and heat exchanger lines that
are blocked.
Offsite piping containing liquefied gases (propane, butane, ammonia, and similar products)
should have a design pressure equal to the pressure rating of the flanges in the system. This will
permit setting the thermal relief valves sufficiently high to minimize vaporization of line contents.
Piping downstream of equipment, such as heat exchangers and control valves, shall not be
designed for the lower pressure resulting from pressure drop through the equipment if the
pressure can increase because of downstream fouling or inadvertent closing of a valve. Valves
that are locked or sealed open during operation and closed only for maintenance should not be
used, but if they are installed, closing of such valves need not be considered in determination of
the design pressure.
LNG rundown loading and circulation lines, as well as boil-off gas lines, shall be designed for full
vacuum to enable vacuum drying during commissioning. [Wall thickness may be increased to
avoid the use of stiffeners.] MR and Propane compressor suction lines shall be designed for full
vacuum.
4.2 DETERMINATION OF WALL THICKNESS

Pressure classes, wall thickness, and material selection of pipe and other components should be
determined using design conditions. Where a calculated wall thickness (considering
manufacturers’ under-tolerance) exceeds the nearest commercially available wall thickness by a
few thousandth of an inch, the corrosion allowance may be adjusted subject to COMPANY
APPROVAL.
Pipe is manufactured to nominal wall thickness (pipe schedules). The actual wall thickness of
pipe may be thinner than the nominal thickness by an amount equal to the manufacturers’ mill
tolerance (under-tolerance is generally 12.5 percent or less for seamless pipe, and is dependent
on plate thickness tolerance for welded pipe); therefore, the minimum required wall thickness for
pipe and nipples should be equal to the greater of the following:
Minimum Thickness = [PD/2(SEW+PY) + C] / (1 – mill tolerance*)
* Manufacturer’s minus tolerance, as a percentage.
Where:
P = internal design gage pressure, kPa

D = outside diameter of pipe, mm
E = quality factor from B31.3, table A-1A or A-1B
S = stress value for material from B31.3, Table A-1, kPa
W = weld joint strength reduction factor from B31.3, table 302.3.5
Y = values of coefficient Y for t < D/6 from B31.3, table 304.1.1
for t ≧ D/6 : Y=(d + 2C)/(D + d + 2C)
d = inside diameter of pipe, mm
C = sum of mechanical allowance plus corrosion and erosion allowance, mm
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The thickness of pipe and other components not having specific pressure ratings shall be
determined using the piping design conditions and the formulas in ASME B31.3. The corrosion
allowance (Manufacturer’s under-tolerance and mechanical allowances for thread or groove
depth), when applicable, shall be included in determining minimum required thickness for
pressure containment. See API 570 for additional information on pipe thickness requirements for
pressure containment.
To assure that sufficient mechanical strength remains in the pipe after the specified corrosion
allowance has been expended, pipe wall thickness shall be selected using the following minimum
retirement thickness. Note that the minimum retirement thickness of piping systems is the greater
of that required for either pressure containment (see paragraph 4.2.3) or for mechanical integrity.
Table-1: Mechanical Integrity Considerations
Size Minimum Retirement Thickness
Welded Pipe Threaded Pipe
NPS
(mm) (mm)
1/2 1.65 2.6
3/4 1.80 2.7
1 1.85 3.0
1-1/2 2.00 3.1
2 2.30 3.4
3 2.80 -
4 3.30 -
6 and Larger 3.80 -
The minimum wall thickness shall be in accordance with the requirements specified in the Spec
No. 26-00-PI-DEC-00002 (Piping Materials and Service Classification). Mechanical allowance for
thread or groove depth shall also be included in determining the minimum required thickness of
the piping.
The allowance for corrosion or erosion in piping shall be determined by the intended service and
shall be added to all surfaces exposed to the flowing medium. Unless stated otherwise in Project
Specifications, the minimum values for corrosion allowance shall be as follows:
(a) Process and utility piping of carbon steel, ferritic alloy, and nonferrous alloys of the copper
and aluminum type with an expected corrosion rate less than 0.15 mm per year: 1.2 mm.
(b) Process and utility piping of carbon steel and ferritic alloy in mildly corrosive service with an
expected corrosion rate between 0.15 and 0.25 mm per year: 3 mm.
(c) Process and utility piping of austenitic stainless steel, nickel base alloys, and titanium: zero.
With corrosion allowances in excess of 3 mm, the wall thickness of NPS 1 (NPS = nominal pipe
size, inches) and smaller valves and fittings shall be reviewed for adequacy. Where the corrosion
allowance exceeds 4.0 mm, NPS 3/4 and smaller piping shall not be used.
NPS 1 and smaller ferritic nipples between a header and the first block valve or between
equipment and the first block valve such as instrument take-offs, bleeder and drain / vent
connections shall have a minimum thickness of Schedule 160(for socket welded) and XXS (for
threaded). For these nipples in non-ferritic piping, the minimum thickness shall be Schedule 80
(socket welded) and Schedule 160 (threaded).
With COMPANY APPROVAL, the CONTRACTOR may use plugs and nipples made of materials
with a greater corrosion resistance than the connecting equipment, equipment liner, or connecting
piping. Nipples between equipment and the first block valve shall be made of a material that at
least equals whichever of the following is most corrosion resistant: connected equipment,
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connected equipment liner, or connecting piping. Differential thermal expansion between the two
materials shall be considered when thread-tight connections are used.
The calculated stresses for non-pressure parts should not exceed the basic allowable stresses
for the non-pressure parts at their maximum operating temperatures. The calculated stresses for
non-pressure parts for the erection, test, or short-time conditions, when combined with wind or
seismic loads, should not exceed 1.33 of the basic allowable stresses.
4.3 BRANCH CONNECTIONS

Branch connections shall be in accordance with 26-00-PI-DEC-00002 (Piping Materials and
Service Classification).
Block valves shall be provided for the purpose of isolating all piping connections up to and equal
to NPS 1-1/2 (40 mm) to main headers of any size. Control valves stations are excluded from
this requirement.
When a valve is provided for the purpose of isolating piping connections NPS≦1-1/2 (40 mm),
the valve centerline shall be located within 9 inch (225 mm) of the branch connection, measured
along the branch pipe axis.
In cases where adherence to the 9 inch (225 mm) dimension (pipe wall to valve centerline) is
not practicable, COMPANY shall APPROVE any deviations.
Piping connections NPS ≦2 (50 mm) shall be braced in accordance with 26-00-PI-DEC-00006
(Design Philosophy for Small Bore Branch Pipe Support).
Seal welding threaded connections shall be as followings,
(a) All threaded piping connections including threaded thermowells shall be seal welded.
However, seal welding is not necessary for the following:
(1) Category D fluid services as defined in B31.3.
(2) Instruments or piping components that require periodic removal for maintenance.
(3) Union ring threads.
(4) Plugs and caps for drain and vent valves. Plug and caps for drain vent valves that are
used only for hydrostatic testing and are in dangerous materials service shall be seal
welded.
(5) Miscellaneous other connections identified by COMPANY.
(b) If piping assemblies require post weld heat treatment (PWHT), seal welding shall be given
the necessary heat treatment as well. However, P-1, P-3, P-4, P-5A, and P-9 materials may
be seal welded without subsequent PWHT provided all of the following requirements are met:
(1) Preheat meets the required minimum preheat treatment listed in ASME B31.3.
(2) A temper beading technique is employed for all materials except P-1.
(3) Low hydrogen electrodes or welding processes are used.
(4) For all alloy steels, either low carbon electrodes with matching chemistry (i.e., E8018- B2L)
or high nickel electrodes (i.e., EniCrFe-3) are selected.
(c) Connections requiring seal welding shall be made without the use of sealing compound or
PTFE tape. All cutting oil shall be removed prior to assembly. After the joint has been
tightened to normal thread engagement per ASME B1.20.1 (hand-tight to 4-1/2 – 5 threads),
seal welding shall cover all exposed threads. A minimum of two (2) weld passes is required.
Full-sized or reduced branches at angles other than 90 degrees shall not be employed except
when required because of flow and pressure drop considerations. The following restrictions apply:
(a) The angle between the branch and the run of the header shall not be less than 45 degrees.
It is preferred that the centerlines of the branch intersect the centerline of the header.
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(b) For Class 150 piping systems, it is preferred that integrally forged 45 degree fittings (for
example, sweepolets or vesselets) be used for 45 degree branch connections. For Class 300
and higher systems, all branch intersections shall be at 90 degrees, unless APPROVED by
COMPANY.
Care should be exercised in the detail design of branch connections to prevent mechanical
damage or breakage due to vibration or excessive force.
Flexibility should be provided in branch connections, especially small connections such as drain
and trap lines, instrument lines, and so forth, where piping is subject to large thermal movements.
The preferred location for connections is near anchors or guides where the movements of the
main line are the lowest.
NPS 1/8-tapped hole shall be provided in branch reinforcement pads for pressure testing purposes
and to serve as a telltale hole. For uninsulated lines, the hole should be sealed with suitable plastic
plug or mastic for corrosion protection. Threaded metallic plugs should not be used.
For branch from large diameter thin-wall piping (D/T ratio of 100 and above, T: Nominal Pipe Wall
Thickness), strength at branch shall be verified in accordance with B31.3, paragraph 304.3, and
stress intensity factor shall be defined based on detailed stress analysis.
Branches to be used in risk area of acoustic vibration failure shall be applied in accordance with
26-00-PI-SPC-00068 (Specification for acoustic induced vibration control).
4.4 SIZING
General rules for line sizing shall be as per Table 4 of 26-00-PR-DEC-00002 (Process and
System Engineering Design Basis). The rules should be applicable in most normal situations, but
may not be suitable for all cases. Hydraulic calculations must be performed to confirm the total
pressure drops and pressure balance within the piping system, regardless of whether the lines
meet the allowable pressure drop and velocity criteria given in Table 4 of 26-00-PR-DEC-00002
(Process and System Engineering Design Basis).
The minimum size of piping shall be NPS 3/4 when located aboveground. When buried, the
minimum size of piping shall be NPS 1 for steel, NPS 4 for cast iron, and NPS 2 for nonmetallic
materials. Instrument piping and heat tracing lines shall be NPS 1/2 pipe or 10 mm (3/8 inch.) O.
D. tubing minimum. The maximum tubing size shall be 25 mm (1 inch.) O.D.
Process lines in pipe racks shall be NPS 1-1/2 minimum, unless flow velocity is critical. Utility
lines installed on main pipe racks shall be a minimum of NPS 2, to provide for future takeoffs and
to reduce the need for intermediate supports.
Unless needed to mate with equipment, pipe sizes NPS 3/8, 1-1/4, 2-1/2, 3-1/2 and 5 shall not
be used.
Connections to LNG piping at top of LNG Tanks shall be at least NPS 2 and properly installed.
4.5 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY

Requirements for the calculation of expansion and flexibility stresses and movements shall be in
accordance with 26-00-PI-SPC-00003 (Piping - Flexibility and Stress Analysis Criteria).
4.6 PIPE SUPPORTS

Design Requirements for Pipe Supports
(a) The layout and design of piping and its supporting elements should meet the objectives of
ASME B31.3, Paragraph 321. Suggested pipe support spacing tables are listed in Appendix
I. If CONTRACTOR's tables are used, they should be submitted to COMPANY for Approval.
The support spacing not shown in Appendix I shall be decided by calculation subject to
COMPANY APPROVAL. For thin wall large diameter piping for liquid service, the span shall
be confirmed by evaluation of both longitudinal and local stresses.
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(b) Piping shall be supported, anchored and guided to prevent undue line deflection, stresses,
and excessive vibration, and to protect piping and connected equipment from excessive
loadings and expansion stresses.
(c) Supports should be designed so that:
(1) They will not be disengaged by the movement of the supported pipe or structure.
(2) They withstand the added load resulting from testing and erection.
(d) Piping supports shall be designed for any loading combination including transient loads
developed during testing, commissioning, operation and shutdown. The design of structures
anchoring more than one line shall accommodate the most stringent combination of forces
and moments acting concurrently.
(e) Supports for piping near equipment should be designed so that excessive forces and
moments caused by temperature changes will not be transmitted to the equipment. Piping
entering vessels should be supported from brackets attached to the vessel if vertical
expansion of either the vessel or the pipe and weight of piping will cause excessive loads on
the vessel nozzle.
(f) Spacing for overhead pipe supports should be based on the piping size mix to secure
maximum economy. Where support spacing exceeds allowable spans for small lines (NPS
2 and smaller), the lines should be grouped (when feasible) to simplify supporting methods.
To eliminate an intermediate support for a small line, it may be economical to increase line
size.
(g) Small lines should not be supported from larger lines. When such support is necessary, the
operating temperature of the supporting lines should not exceed 100°C, and the designer
should verify that the strength of the supporting lines is adequate for the additional weight of
the smaller lines. Small lines shall not be supported from cold insulated lines.
(h) Pipe supports shall be constructed with standard structural steel shapes, plate, steel pipe, or
concrete.
(i) Piping sections requiring frequent dismantling for maintenance, such as for installation of
blanks, should be provided with permanent supports for the dismantled condition to maintain
proper alignment.
(j) Process and auxiliary piping should be arranged and supported such that a minimum number
of joints would have to be disconnected (when removing equipment or components), so that
temporary supports are not required. Areas of particular concern are:
(1) Auxiliary piping at pumps (arranged to facilitate removal of rotating elements)
(2) Burner piping
(3) Piping at control valves
(4) Piping connected to exchanger channels.
(k) MSS SP-58 support types 1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 28, 29, 30, 41, 43 and
49 shall not be used. Guidance for the selection and application of pipe hangers and supports
is contained in MSS SP-58.
(l) Support standard will be based from previous COMPANY project and shall be submitted for
COMPANY approval.
Hanger rods less than 13 mm in diameter, clamps less than 4.5 mm thickness and similar
thin support components that do not provide an adequate corrosion allowance shall not be
used.
Use of U-bolt supports for vertical lines is limited to NPS 18 and smaller lines with design
temperature of -29°C to 149°C. If such supports are used for NPS 1-1/2 to NPS 18 vertical
lines, a lug (of the same nominal material as the pipe) with down stopper(s) shall be welded
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to the pipe to prevent slippage. U-bolts shall not be used as anchors. When U-bolts are
used as guides, they shall be double nutted to maintain a minimum of 2 mm clearance
between pipe and U-bolt. U-bolt supports for horizontal piping clamped to the side of
structural members are limited to NPS 1-1/2 and smaller.
(m) The base plate of sliding columnar pipe supports (maximum height 1000 mm) may rest
directly on the concrete slab or deck of a process unit. If, however, the base plate is bolted
down, it shall be elevated 25 mm above the deck and the space between the base plate and
the deck shall be filled with grout. Pipe stanchions and column supports exceeding 2 m in
height should have footings and should not be anchored directly to the grade surface.
(n) Where bellows expansion joints are approved for use, anchors and guides shall be provided
to force the expansion movement into the joint. These anchors shall be designed to withstand
the pressure thrust, spring force and friction forces by movements developed by the joint.
(o) Dummy pipe extensions or structural members from elbows may be used to reach beams or
brackets beyond the turn. Extended dead-end-tees shall not be substituted for these elbows.
Dummy supports shall be attached to the pipe with a continuous full-penetration weld, and a
6 mm drain (weep) hole shall be provided in the bottom of the trunnion.
(p) Dummy supports shall have end plates. Dummy supports for cold insulated piping shall have
a minimum length of four (4) times the pipe insulation thickness, plus 150 mm.
(q) Piping, regardless of operating temperature, shall not be used to support electrical conduits.
Piping may be used to support instrument piping only to the limited extent permitted in Project
Specification No. 26-51-IN-SPC-00005 (Instrumentation - Instrument Piping and Tubing).
(r) Fireproofing of supports and the provision of emergency support beams shall conform to
Project Specification No. 26-00-SH-SPC-00001 (Technical Specification for Fireproofing).
The design of all pipe supports and pipe supporting elements shall assume that the piping
will be subjected to hydrostatic testing. Supports for certain large lines (for example, flare
lines) may be designed for pneumatic testing when APPROVED by COMPANY; however,
special consideration shall be given to large diameter vapor lines which are attached to
vessels and towers and which are subject to water washing and flushing for process
purposes.
(s) Lines on pipe racks shall have guides for lateral restraint.
(t) Clamps shall not be used for axial restraints.
(u) Where the environment makes a galvanic cell possible, insulating material is required
between dissimilar clamp-type supports and the pipe (for example, carbon steel clamps, and
cupronickel pipe).
(v) Welding of galvanized steel to stainless steel piping is not permitted. Galvanized steel (for
example, pipe clamps) shall not be in direct contact with stainless steel piping. Additionally,
galvanized steel placed overhead of uninsulated stainless-steel piping should be avoided.
(w) For steel pipe lined with a nonmetallic material, attachments, shall not be welded to the pipe
without COMPANY APPROVAL.
(x) Self-extinguishing cross laminated wooden blocks (Permali or equivalent) may be used as
insulation blocks, particularly as components of pipe supports for low temperature
uninsulated lines and dual temperature lines.
(y) Where grade-level fixed pipe supports, including guides and anchors, are required at pumps,
compressors, or turbines, they shall be anchored on integral extensions of the equipment
foundations. Pipe supports shall not be anchored to equipment baseplates or soleplates.
Resting Type Supports
(a) Wherever possible, pipe shall be supported by resting type supports instead of hanging type
supports.
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(b) Pipe shoes or hangers (see paragraph 4.6.3 shall be used on all insulated piping NPS 1½
and larger. All sliding shoes shall be at least 450 mm long. Slide shoes with different lengths
may be used if APPROVED by COMPANY. The portion of the shoe welded to the pipe shall
be of the same nominal material as the pipe. Shoe-to-pipe weld shall be a continuous all-
around weld, to prevent gaps and crevices that might be subject to corrosion. The bearing
surfaces of all shoes shall be outside the insulation.
(c) Reinforcing pad saddles to prevent deformation at points of support shall be considered for
uninsulated lines NPS 18 and larger not supported on shoes. Bare piping shall not rest
directly on concrete.
(d) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or graphite-lubricated slide plates for sliding shoes shall not
be used without COMPANY APPROVAL. Friction coefficient for such slide pates shall be in
accordance with Project Specification 26-00-PI-SPC-00003 (Piping - Flexibility and Stress
Analysis Criteria).
(e) If shims are required under pipe or pipe shoes, the shims shall be welded to the support
beams to ensure they remain in position.
Hanging Type Supports
(a) Hanging type supports (hangers) shall be used only at locations where it is not practical to
install resting type supports. When used, the need for emergency support beams or
fireproofing of supports shall be evaluated. Refer to project Specification 26-00-SH-SPC-
00001 (Technical Specification for Fireproofing).
(b) If hangers are used, welded trunnions and lugs are preferred to bolted clamps, especially for
uninsulated lines where corrosion is a concern and for insulated lines above 260°C where
the clamps tend to loosen with temperature cycles. Attachments welded to the pipe (for
example, lugs) shall be of the same nominal material as the pipe.
Spring Type Supports
(a) When it is anticipated that a line will deflect vertically as a result of thermal expansion or
contraction (which could thereby unload some supports and overload others), spring
supports should be provided as option.
(b) Variable and constant spring supports shall be calibrated and preset by Manufacturer. They
shall be provided with upper and lower limit stops that preset the spring to the installed load.
Stops shall be fastened to the spring support using stainless steel braided wire to be available
for re-use after commissioning.
(c) Spring supports shall be provided with stops capable of accommodating hydrotest loads up
to twice the normal operating load. For hydrotest loads greater than twice the operating load,
additional temporary supports are required.
(d) All spring supports shall be hot-dip galvanized, except that the spring coil shall be neoprene
coated for corrosion protection. They shall be enclosed by steel housing with provisions for
visual inspection of internal parts. The construction of the housing and internals shall include
measures to prevent the complete release of spring load in case of spring coil failure.
Supports shall be provided with a position indicator and load scale marked with the installed
and operating loads, Manufacturer's name and series number, and CONTRACTOR's mark
number. Load scale shall be marked in N (Newton) and mm.
(e) The sizing of spring supports should be based upon normal operating conditions.
(f) The maximum allowable variation in supporting effect (load) for variable spring supports shall
be 25% of the total vertical travel between hot and cold positions. When the variable type
supports are not available to keep the variation within 25%, constant-spring supports shall
be considered.
(g) Turnbuckles, when furnished as part of the spring unit, shall be designed to permit inspection
for thread engagement.
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(h) The fabrication of spring units shall be in accordance with MSS SP 58.
(i) Spring hangers (including the constant support type) and counterweights shall be checked
for proper adjustment of travel and correctly positioned for the cold condition at erection.
Factory- set hangers shall be located according to support identification number, and travel
position shall be checked after installation. Travel stops in vapor line spring hangers shall not
be removed until hydrotesting and flushing are completed.
(j) The installation heights of base-type spring units shall be factory preset to the dimensions
specified on the drawings without encroaching on normal plus or minus tolerances for field
adjustment. All base springs shall be furnished with load flanges.
Low temperature insulated piping:
(a) Insulated piping operating below 0°C shall be supported as required by Project Specification
No. 26-00-PI-SPC-00060 (Specification for Thermal Insulation - Cold Service (PIR Insulation
and Cellular Glass Insulation).
(b) The pipe supports for all cold insulated piping, regardless of size, shall be office engineered
and procured by CONTRACTOR, and not field designed.
(c) Cold pipe supports shall be designed to prevent heat leakage, ingress of moisture, exposure
of members outside the insulation to temperatures below 0°C, and the formation of frost on
metal parts inside and outside of the insulation.
(d) Cold pipe shoes shall have pre-formed high-density polyurethane cradles. The polyurethane
cradles shall be made of self-extinguishing high density polyurethane foam, in accordance
with Project Specification 26-00-PI-SPC-00060 (Specification for Thermal Insulation - Cold
Service (PIR Insulation and Cellular Glass Insulation)). The minimum core density of load
bearing polyurethane cradles shall be 160kg/mз for pipe size NPS ½. through NPS 6, and
320 kg/mз for sizes NPS 8 and above.
(e) Bearing plate shall be hot dipped galvanized in accordance with the requirements of
Paragraph 4.6.6 (a) after welding. The material for the bearing plate shall be as specified on
the support drawings. Stainless steel bearing plates shall not be galvanized.
(f) Laminated anchor insulation blocks shall be "Permali" blocks or equivalent and shall be of
cross laminated type.
(g) The protective coating applied to all exposed surfaces of polyurethane foam (PUF) cradles
shall be in accordance with Project Specification 26-00-PI-SPC-00060 (Specification for
Thermal Insulation - Cold Service (PIR Insulation and Cellular Glass Insulation)).
(h) All edges between polyurethane and bearing plates shall be sealed with suitable and
compatible mastic.
(i) All bolting shall be hot dipped galvanized
(j) All of the above materials are subject to APPROVED by COMPANY
Materials and Corrosion Protection
(a) Pipe support materials shall conform to the requirements of MSS SP-58 unless otherwise
noted on pipe support drawings, or in this Specification. Spacers, small plates, lugs, and
similar small items not to be welded to pipe, may be of commercial quality carbon steel
material.
(b) The materials of construction for pipe supporting elements (for example, clamps, turnbuckles,
U- bolts, saddles, etc.) shall be restricted by the following limitations:
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Table-2: Temperature Range of Pipe Support Materials

Materials Temperature Range
Carbon steel -29°C to 343°C

Cast Iron (see Paragraph 4.6.6 b) -29°C to 205°C
Ductile and malleable Iron -29°C to 205°C
1-1/4 Cr-1/2 Mo -29°C to 650°C
304 or 316 stainless steel -198°C to 760°C
Impact Tested Carbon Steel (ITCS) A516 GR 65 -45°C to 343°C
(c) Cast iron should not be used for pipe clamps, beam clamps, hanger flanges, clips, brackets,
and swivel rings. Cast iron supporting elements are also not permitted for use in any piping
system that may be subjected to impact-type loading resulting from pulsation or vibration.
(d) Pipe support elements that are welded directly to the pipe (for example, pipe shoes, saddles,
trunnions, etc.) shall be of the same material grade as the pipe. Recommended material
selections for pipe supports are shown in Table-3.
(e) Materials and dimensions of commercially procurable items, e.g. clamps or clevises, shall be
in accordance with MSS SP-58
(f) Materials subject to welding shall be of weldable quality with less than 0.23% carbon content.
(g) Threading on bolts and nuts shall conform to ASME B1.1 unless otherwise noted.
(h) All stainless steel pipe support components will not require any surface coating.
(i) High strength bolts and nuts (ASTM A325, Type 3) shall be galvanized.
(j) All supports not listed above are to be coated in accordance with Specification 26-00-PI-
SPC-00063 (Painting - Manufacturing Facilities), except spring supports and bearing plates
for cold shoes that shall be galvanized.
(k) Galvanized coatings shall conform the requirements of ASTM A123 with the following
exceptions:
(1) The weight of zinc coating shall not average less than 0.7 kg/m²
(2) No individual specimen shall show less than 0.6 kg/m² of zinc coating.
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Table-3: Recommended Material Selection for Pipe Support

MATERIAL
DESIGN RUN PIPE
POSITION MEMBER RUN PIPE
TEMPERATURE RUN PIPE AUSTENITIC
ALLOY STEEL
CARBON STEEL STAINLESS
1.25 Cr-0.5Mo
STEEL
Pipe Not Applicable Not Applicable *1

Directly
-200° welded to pipe
to Plate Not Applicable Not Applicable A240 Type 304L
-45°C
Direct contact
Plate Not Applicable Not Applicable A240 Type 304L
with pipe
Pipe *1 Not Applicable *1

Directly
to Plate A516 Gr65**(IT CS) Not Applicable A240 Type 304L
-29°C
Direct contact
Plate A516 Gr65**(IT CS) Not Applicable A240 Type 304L
with pipe
Pipe *1 *1 *1
Directly
to Plate A285 GrC A36 1.25 Cr-0.5Mo A240 Type 304L
350°C
Direct contact
Plate A283 GrC A283 GrC A36 A240 Type 304L
with pipe
Pipe *1 *1 *1
Directly
351° welded to pipe
to Plate A283 GrC 1.25 Cr-0.5Mo A240 Type 304L
427C
Direct contact
Plate A283 GrC A283 GrC A240 Type 304L
with pipe
Pipe Not Applicable *1 *1

Directly
428° welded to pipe
to Plate Not Applicable 1.25 Cr-0.5Mo A240 Type 304L
550°C
Direct contact
Plate Not Applicable 1.25 Cr-0.5Mo A240 Type 304L
with pipe
Note:*1 : Same material as the pipe to be supported

**ITCS : Impact Tested Carbon Steel
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Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Slide Plates

(a) When the use of PTFE Slide Plates is APPROVED by COMPANY, Qualification Testing shall
be carried out in accordance with the following procedure;
(b) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PTFE SHEET
PTFE Slide Plates shall have the physical properties shown below, based on ASTM test
methods listed below
Table-4 : Physical Properties of PTFE Sheet
ASTM Direction of Perpendicular to
Physical Properties
Spec Molding Direction of Molding
Tensile Strength [Kg/cm2] D1708 130 140
Elongation [%] D1708 180 200
Compressive Strength (0.2% offset ) [Kg/cm2] D695 110 80
Compressive Modulus of Electricity [Kg/cm2] D695 8260 7000
Bending Strength (0.2% offset) [Kg/cm2] D790 - 70
Bending Modulus of Elasticity D790 - 6930
Hardness (Shore D) D2240 60-70 58-68
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion [1/℃] D696 12X10-5 7X10-5
Specific Gravity D792 2.2 2.2
Slide plate CONTRACTOR may submit certification of compliance to the above listed
properties from the PTFE Manufacturer for COMPANY REVIEW. Any deviations from the
above listed values require COMPANY APPROVAL
(c) Qualification Test
The Slide plate CONTRACTOR shall carry out qualification tests witnessed by
COMPANY's inspector. The tests shall be in accordance with the criteria defined in c-1
through c-5.
c-1 General Visual Inspection
The configuration and dimensions shall conform to the drawing provided by
CONTRACTOR. The contact surface of stainless steel / PTFE to PTFE shall be flat and
finished smoothly and should contact each other evenly. The metal plate surface that will
be bonded to the PTFE shall be flat and free from foreign material such as oil, dust and
rust. The adhesive shall be applied evenly and cover all the bonding surface. After bonding,
sufficient curing of the adhesive shall be done. The slide plate assemblies shall be sent to
the construction site for the project use provided that qualification test / requirements per
section ii-1 through section ii-5 are satisfactorily met.
c-2 Allowable Contact Pressure
Slide plates shall not deform more than 0.05 mm under a 140Kg/cm2 static load test at the
ambient temperature. The slide plate CONTRACTOR shall submit a procedure for testing
the contact pressure to COMPANY for APPROVAL.
c-3 Friction Coefficient
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Slide plates shall have the static friction coefficient of 0.10 under the contact pressure of 5
Kg/cm² - 140 Kg/cm² at the ambient temperature. The slide plate Contractor shall submit a
procedure for testing the friction coefficient to COMPANY for APPROVAL.
c-4 Bonding Strength
Bonding Strength of the PTFE Sheet to the steel plate shall be higher than 110 Kg/cm2 at
the ambient temperature. The slide plate CONTRACTOR shall submit a procedure for
testing the bonding strength to COMPANY for APPROVAL prior to commencing the test.
c-5 Stainless Steel Surface Finish
Stainless Steel surfaces to be in sliding contact with PTFE shall be polished to mirror finish
surface according to ASTM A480 No. 2B.
(d) Steps shall be taken by the slide plate CONTRACTOR to protect the PTFE surfaces from
the intrusion of foreign matter during shipment.
Pipe Support Classification and Type
(a) Pipe Support for Cold Insulated Piping
Cold shoe supports for cold lines shall be of high-density polyurethane foam material
(PUF). Each cold shoe shall consist of two (2) 180' segments clamped together securely
with galvanized carbon steel bearing plate and galvanized high strength bolts.
Cold shoe supports shall be fixed to the pipe such that pipe and shoe move as an integral
unit. PTFE slide plates shall be used at point of support of cold shoes for line sizes NPS 26
and larger. Additional PTFE slide plates may be required on lines smaller than NPS 26
depending on specific design requirements (e.g. LNG Rundown lines). CONTRACTOR
shall assure that the supports move with the pipe as an integral unit considering the effect
of clamp tension relaxation due to differential thermal contraction between various
components (such as pipe and PUF, etc.).
Polyurethane material as used in cold shoe cradles shall not be used if it is exposed to
temperatures above its limit. [See Specification No. 26-00-PI-SPC-00060 (Specification for
Thermal Insulation - Cold Service (PIR Insulation and Cellular Glass Insulation)]
(b) Pipe Support for Un-insulated Cold Piping
Pipe support for this application shall employ a stainless steel clamped-on shoe with
isolation material (Permali or equal) applied at the bottom of the shoe. A bolted connection
shall be used. For temperatures above - 45°C Permali block may not be required if
calculations established that no icing will result at the point of support. PTFE slide plates
shall be applied at all cold shoe support locations for pipe size NPS 12" and larger using
isolation block type pipe shoes.
(c) Axial Stop for Cold Insulated and Un-insulated Pipe
Axial stops for cold insulated and un-insulated lines shall be capable of withstanding
combined piping loads without overstressing the pipe. Shop welded trunnion attachments
shall be used for axial stops provided proper design requirements are observed.
(d) Pipe Support for Dual Temperature Service
Pipe support for dual temperature service shall be designed so that the piping is supported
properly in any piping deflection depending on the different temperature in each operation
mode such as normal, depressuring and defrost operation. Shifting of the load sustaining
points due to changing thermal movements shall be taken into account for location,
construction and strength of supports.
Shoe Support for Acoustic Insulated Piping
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Supports for acoustic insulated piping (insulation Class 3C/3D, 4C/4D and 8C/8D ) shall be
provided with attenuation pads at the contact face to steel structures or supports except
that cold shoes and Permali Block shall be supported directly on these members.
(e) Pipe Support for Insulated Hot Piping
Large thermal movements at supports and large reaction forces at restraint supports shall
be reflected to pipe supports including pipe shoes, guides, stoppers and anchors. Support-
material inside hot insulation shall be the equivalent material as run pipe.
(f) Pipe Support for Un-insulated Piping
Un-insulated piping may rest directly on the supporting members. For austenitic stainless
steel and copper-nickel piping, direct contact with carbon steel supports shall be avoided.
Stainless steel shim plate or shape shall be used on pipe supports or supporting structure
beams for resting or restraint.
(g) Pad at Supports for Piping in AIV Risk Area
Fully encircled reinforcement pad shall be provided for installation of each welding type
pipe supports for both piping in extent of AIV risk area.
4.7 VALVING
General
(a) Two block valves are required for applications that can be open to the atmosphere (for
example, blanking locations and drains), in compliance with 26-00-PR-DEC-00009 (Isolation
Philosophy). The drain and vent valves that are blinded, and will not be opened during unit
operations, do not require two block valves. For instrument take-offs, the following valving
shall be applied.
Single valve is required for;
- Orifice / Venturi taps.
- Level Instrument – DP Type
- Pressure Transmitter Connections
- Diaphragm type Level / Pressure Transmitter
Double valves are required for;

- Level Gages
- Displacer Type Level Instrument
- Pressure Point / Pressure Gage
(b) Where segregation is essential, for example to isolate equipment that has a spare or may be
bypassed temporarily if it is probable a single block valve will become corroded, eroded, or
fouled such that the installation of a blind would be difficult, two block valves with a bleeder
between them shall be provided. An acceptable alternative is a double-seated single valve
designed to seal upstream and downstream with an internal bleeder.
Double block valves, or single valve alternatives with double block capability, shall be
provided for on-Stream equipment isolation, at process battery limits, storage tanks and
vessels, control valve stations (excluding bypass valves), and at pressure relief valves in
compliance with Appendix 1 of 26-00-PR-DEC-00009 (Isolation Philosophy). Single valves
alternatives include special gate, ball, and plug valve designs. These valves shall be closure
tested for double block and bleed per API STD 598. COMPANY or CONTRACTOR shall
specify the test pressure.
Double block valves shall be used when a single block valves may be rendered inoperable
due to auto-Refrigeration of a volatile liquid. The valves shall be separated by at least six
inches of pipe. A bleeder is not required in this case because there is always one valve open.
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Figure-1: Double Block Valve for Auto-Refrigeration Liquid Service
When double valves are required, two valves separated by a short spool piece fitted with a
bleeder shall be provided; alternatively, two valves bolted together with an intervening
bleeder installed (on either valve) in position C or D per ASME B16.34 is acceptable. No
connection other than the bleeder shall be made between the valves (spacer rings are not
acceptable). Refer to 26-00-PR-DEC-00009 (Isolation Philosophy).
(c) A globe type bypass valve conforming to the same piping classification as the main valve
shall be installed on main block valves under the following conditions:
(1) Where balancing the pressure on both sides of the main valve significantly facilitates the
operation of the main valve (for example, Class 600 and higher).
(2) Where slow warm-up of a system would require the main valve to be "cracked" for a
period of time during which seating surfaces could be damaged.
The minimum size of the bypass valve shall be:
- NPS 1/2 for valves NPS 4 and smaller.
- NPS 3/4 for valves NPS 6 and 8.
- NPS 1 for valves NPS 10 and larger.
(d) Check valves shall not be installed in vertical lines with downward flow. Check valves on
process pump discharge lines shall be oriented for access from grade / platform.
(e) Wafer check valves and butterfly valves, interference of valve disc with internal of next valves
or equipment shall be avoided.
(f) Refer to 26-00-PI-DEC-00002 (Piping Materials and Service Classification) for additional
requirements and recommendations relating to valve selection.
(g) Bypass valves around control valves shall be accessible from grade / platform.
(h) Valve stems and handles shall not project into passageways or be installed with the stem
inclined below the horizontal plane except for gate valve used for isolating the line
discharging to the flare header, the valve stem shall be installed on or below the horizontal.
(i) Gate, globe, ball and butterfly valves in the low temperature services shall be installed in
horizontal lines within maximum stem inclined of the following limitation in order to maintain
gas cap which protects the valve against malfunctioning due to freezing.
Unless otherwise approved by COMPANY for special consideration, valves in low
temperature liquid and cryogenic liquid service shall not be installed in vertical lines.
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- Low Temperature Service (down to -46 deg. C) : 60 degrees from vertical

- Cryogenic Service (-46 to -196 deg. C) : 30 degrees from vertical
However, valves in no-flow connections (such as vents and pressure gauges), where trapped
gas bubble protects the valve packing from too low temperature, can be installed at an angle
to 90 degrees from vertical or can be installed in vertical lines.
(j) Valves in low temperature and cryogenic service piping shall be positioned in direction of the
thermal relief as shown in P&ID.
Emergency Isolation Valves for Compressor
(a) Requirements for emergency isolation valves at compressors are as per 26-00-PR-DEC-
00005 (Emergency Shutdown and Isolation Philosophy).
(b) Compressors under 1000 horsepower may have hand-operated emergency isolation valves
in sizes up to and including NPS 8.
(c) The valves shall be remotely operated for Compressors above 1000 horsepower and larger,
or they are NPS 10 and larger, or if they are required by 26-00-PI-DEC-00002 (Piping
Materials and Service Classification) to have a gear operator. The valve location shall be as
per Paragraph 5.3 (f).
(d) A pushbutton station with a position indicator shall be located in the area of the compressor,
at least 15 m (50 ft) away and in a readily accessible location not expected to be exposed to
fire. A second control station shall be installed in the control room unless waived by the
project specifications.
(e) Fireproofing of remote-control emergency valve assemblies shall be in accordance with 26-
00-SH-SPC-00001 (Technical specification for Fireproofing).
(f) Interlocks for reciprocating or centrifugal compressors shall be necessary. If a remote-
operated emergency block valve is installed in either the suction or discharge piping of a
reciprocating or centrifugal compressor, the control station shall incorporate controls for
tripping off the compressor and closing the valves with a single pushbutton. To avoid damage
to reciprocating or centrifugal compressors, the valve closing time shall be a minimum of 30
seconds. A time delay shall be incorporated into the circuit of centrifugal compressors when
needed to ensure that valve closing is not complete until the compressor has slowed
sufficiently to prevent compressor damage should surge occur during the coast down period.
Where steam turbine drivers would be damaged by a sudden and complete shutdown,
arrangements shall be made to provide for idling cooldown.
(g) A control valve shall satisfy the requirements for an emergency block valve if the following
conditions are met:
(1) It is not equipped with a stop to prevent full closure.
(2) It meets the accessibility requirements of Paragraph 5.3 (g).
(3) It meets the fire resistance requirements of Paragraph 4.7.3 (d) or is designed to close
on power failure
(4) It will close on failure of the air supply.
(5) It will provide a tight shutoff
(h) An emergency isolation valve in a single discharge line to equipment that consumes all of
the gas flowing to it (such as fuel for a gas turbine engine) may not be required as long as a
significant quantity of gas cannot backflow to the compressor from the discharge piping
system or if the consuming equipment is in close proximity to the compressor. If enough gas
is available to backflow for 15 minutes or more, an isolation valve shall be warranted.
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Emergency Shutdown Valves for Vessel

(a) Requirements for emergency shutdown valves at vessels are as per 26-00-PR-DEC-00005
(Emergency Shutdown and Isolation Philosophy)
(b) The valve location shall be as per Paragraph 5.3 (f). But the total pipe length from the nozzle
to the valve shall not exceed 15 m (50 ft)
(c) Valves NPS 8 and smaller may be manually operated. They may also be fitted with extension
spindles or angle drives to fulfil the criteria of operability from grade as per paragraph 5.3.
(d) Valves NPS 10 and larger shall be power-operated. Their controls shall be located in a place
at grade safe from fire exposure. Protective devices (such as for overloads), that will trip if
exposed to fire shall not be enclosed in the power operator. Electric cables, motor operators,
diaphragm valve operators, pistons, and pilots on piston-operated valves shall be fireproofed
in accordance with 26-00-SH-SPC-00001 (Technical specification for Fireproofing).
Stainless steel tubing shall be used in this service and need not be fireproofed.
(e) A control valve shall satisfy the requirements for an emergency block valve as paragraph
4.7.2 (g).
(f) The pipe material and wall thickness from the vessel to the emergency block valve shall
provide a corrosion resistance no less than that of the vessel or vessel liner.
(g) Emergency shutoff valves need not be installed in thermo-syphon reboiler circuits provided
the corrosion resistance of the piping is not less than that of the vessel.
(h) Where a vessel outlet falls within the scope of 26-00-PR-DEC-00005 (Emergency Shutdown
and Isolation Philosophy), and is divided into a manifold system of branches (each with a
valve), the following shall apply:
(1) An emergency block valve is not required if no more than two valves, meeting the
requirements of 5.3 (g) / (h), are normally open.
(2) An emergency block valve is required upstream of the manifold if three or more valves
are normally open.
4.8 VENTS, DRAINS, PUMP-OUTS, AND SAMPLE CONNECTIONS

Valved vent connections shall be installed at trapped high points of all piping. High-point vents
that are only used for hydrostatic testing purposes for NPS 2 and above are an exception and
should be provided with a seal-welded solid plug but no valve. Valved drain connections shall be
installed at low points of all above grade lines, on each side of control valves, and on all lines at
battery limit block valves (on the unit side).
When a valve is installed in vertical steam piping in such a manner that condensate can collect
above the valve, a valved and trapped drain connected above the valve seat shall be provided.
The drain may be connected to the shutoff valve body.
Vents and sample connections in piping shall be NPS 3/4 minimum, except NPS 1/2 lines shall
have full line size connections.
Minimum drain sizes shall be NPS 3/4 for NPS 14 and smaller pipe, and NPS 1 for NPS 16 and
larger pipe. Larger drains shall be provided where needed because of special considerations,
such as flushing, cleaning, and vessel draining.
Vents, drains, and sample connections that could be opened to the atmosphere during unit
operation, for example, at blinding locations, shall be equipped with a single block valve in
Classes 150 and 300 and with two block valves in Classes 600 and higher (for exception, see
Paragraph 4.7.1 (a). The outboard end of these valves shall be either blinded or plugged.
Drains in liquid hydrocarbon services that are subject to auto-refrigeration (such as butane and
propane) shall be equipped with two block valves if the drains will be used to de-pressure the line
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to the atmosphere. The first valve shall be a ball valve and the second valve shall be a globe
valve with a threaded plug on the downstream end. The valves shall be spaced at least 600 mm
apart. Adequate support shall be provided for both valves. Drains that will not be used to
depressure such lines shall be provided with valve(s) in accordance with Paragraph 4.8.5.
Drains, vents, and pump-outs for piping and equipment that are connected to a closed drain
system shall be blanked during operation. A drain shall be provided between block and check
valves where fluid could be trapped. And a block valve shall be located between the check valve
and the process piping or equipment being protected (upstream of the check valve) as indicated
in Figure-2.
In all liquid hydrocarbon services in which the liquid is pentane or heavier, valved drains shall be
installed directly above the seat of check valves in vertical lines. Drain connections may be
installed in a spool piece downstream (above) NPS 2 and smaller check valves. NPS 3 and larger
check valves, excluding wafer checks, should have the body drilled and tapped for drain. These
drains shall be provided with funnels and piping to the oily water drainage system.
Vent, drain, and sample branch connection valves shall be supported as per 26-00-PI-DEC-
00006 (Design Philosophy for Small Bore Branch Pipe Support).
Drain valves to the atmosphere shall be located so that discharge may be observed. Hydrocarbon,
steam, condensate, and chemical drains used as a part of process operations shall be piped to
the appropriate drainage system. Drain and pump-out connections to closed systems shall be
provided with two block valves, check valve and a bleed connection, or sight drain, between the
valves as indicated in Figure-2.
(1)
Note :
(1) In lieu of a spectacle blind or blind, a breakaway connection may be used.
Figure-2: Closed Drain Connections
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Sample connections shall be installed in the side of pipe rather than the top or bottom and shall
be installed upstream of control valves on product lines to tanks. Where feasible, sample
connections shall be located close to the drain hubs. Valves for sample connections in hazardous
service shall be equipped with spring return ('deadman') operators.
Sample coolers shall be provided for all sampling connections from piping or equipment when
the service temperature is 77oC (170oF) or higher. Sample lines shall be as short as feasible and
braced to protect them from mechanical damage.
Hydrocarbon sample lines through process areas to analyzer shelters shall be tubed, without
flanged or press-lock joints.
No connections should be installed between vessels and ESDV. If a low point drain in the line
between vessels and ESDV must be provided, it is at least NPS 3.
The number of openings, especially tapped openings, in process equipment (such as pumps,
exchangers, and valves) shall be kept to a minimum.
Connections for sampling, draining, venting, purging, steaming washing, and testing shall be
furnished as required by the Piping & Instrument Diagrams (P&IDs). Consideration shall be given
to minimizing and combining these connections, as DIRECTED by COMPANY.
4.9 FITTINGS, BENDS, AND MITERS

Butt-weld fittings shall be used in piping NPS 2 and larger. Substitution of pipe bends (bend radius
equal to or greater than standard long radius elbow) or flanged elbows for butt-welding elbows
requires COMPANY APPROVAL except as stated below:
(a) Pipe bends or dead-end tees shall be used for piping that conveys erosive fluids (such as
catalyst) or abrasive solids suspended in gas. Dead-end tees arranged so that the flow will
impinge against the dead end should be used only if the system can be designed to take
care of the resulting increase in pressure drop and decrease in piping flexibility.
(b) Pipe bends shall be considered in piping systems, which require the use of intelligent, or
other types, of pigs.
(c) Pipe bends may be considered for reciprocating compressor suction and discharge piping
and relief valve discharge piping.
Pipe bends shall only be made from the pipe specified for the service in 26-00-PI-DEC-00002
(Piping Materials and Service Classification). Moreover, such pipe shall only be seamless pipe or
EFW (electric fusion welded) pipe that has undergone 100% radiographic or ultrasonic inspection
of the longitudinal seam and has a joint efficiency factor (Ej =1.0).
The minimum bend radius for lines required to accommodate intelligent pigs shall be the greater
of 5 times the nominal pipe diameter or as required for internal pipe wall inspection.
Contoured insert branch fittings (for example, Sweepolet or Vesselet) that have been qualified in
accordance with B31.3 may be used in place of tees or laterals if the weld attaching the fitting to
the run is examined as a circumferential butt-weld in accordance with 26-00-PI-SPC-00001
(Piping - Fabrication, Erection, Inspection and Testing).
The distance between the centerlines of adjacent branch connections shall not be less than 1-
1/2 times their average outside diameter.
The use of an angular offset greater than 3 degrees shall be considered a miter joint. The use of
angular offsets of 1 to 3 degrees is limited to Class 150.
Except for Category D service, mitered elbows shall not be used without COMPANY APPROVAL
Three-weld (90 degree) and two-weld (45 degree) mitered elbows may be used in Category D
fluid services, as follows:
(a) At temperatures of 0oC to 38oC, all sizes.
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(b) At temperatures of 39oC to 185oC, NPS 26 and larger.

Two-weld (90 degree) and one-weld (45 degree) mitered elbows may be used for atmospheric
air compressor intake lines and air vent lines to atmosphere. Single-weld (90 degree) mitered
elbows shall not be used except for manhole vent piping.
4.10 JOINTS
Welded construction (butt-welded or socket-welded) shall be used for pipe and fittings, except for
certain services where threaded fittings and slip-on flanges are permitted in accordance with 26-
00-PI-DEC-00002 (Piping Materials and Service Classification).
The junction of piping of different pressure classes shall be made only at a valve that conforms
to the specifications of the higher-pressure class. The junction of piping of the same pressure
class, but of different materials, should be made at a flanged joint (preferably) or a butt - weld.
Pipe unions and other piping joints involving straight threads, shall not be used in severe cyclic
service or at reciprocating equipment. NPS 2 and smaller joints of this type may be used in
Category D fluid service. In Non-Category D service, their use shall be restricted to NPS 1 and
smaller.
Proprietary joints, such as Dresser and Victaulic couplings, shall not be used in flammable or
toxic service. In nonflammable, non-toxic service they shall not be used above 65oC or above
1034 kPa gauge. They shall not be used to absorb axial expansion in any service.
No proprietary or special joints shall be used without COMPANY APPROVAL. Proprietary joints,
such as the Grayloc type connector, may be considered as alternatives to ASME B16.5 flanges
for Classes 1500 and higher.
Use of tubing fittings other than bite-type compression fittings requires COMPANY APPROVAL.
The design and use of swivel joints in piping systems requires COMPANY APPROVAL.
4.11 CORRUGATED EXPANSION JOINTS

Material
Bellows material for expansion joints will be specified at time of inquiry in the appropriate project
Data Sheets.
Design
(a) The design life (N) shall be specified by the COMPANY Engineer. 1000 cycles minimum shall
be specified for piping.
(b) The bellows design shall consider the design pressure coincident with the full fluid design
temperature.
(c) The bellows thickness before forming shall not be less than 0.035 inch. (0.9 mm).
(d) If two-ply construction is specified, each ply shall be designed for the full design pressure at
the fluid design temperature. A provision shall be made for leak detection and testing
between the plies.
(e) “Flanged only," as per BPVC Section VIII Division 1, Appendix 5 or similar type expansion
joints shall not be used.
(f) The bellows assembly of expansion joints in piping systems shall be equipped with a
removable external steel cover designed to protect the bellows from external mechanical
damage. The cover shall not disturb the required thermal movements of the joint. The cover
shall be equipped with an indicating device to measure axial, lateral and angular joint
movements. If the joint is internally insulated, the cover shall be vented as necessary to limit
bellows metal temperature to the design value.
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Fabrication
(a) Except for piping in Category D service, austenitic stainless steel or nickel alloy bellows shall
be subject to solution annealing and thermal stabilization after cold forming, followed by rapid
air cooling if the fluid design temperature exceeds 1000°F (538°C).
(b) Except for piping in Category D service, all cold formed materials other than austenitic
stainless steel or nickel alloy shall be stress relieved after forming.
Examination and Testing
(a) All butt welded joints shall be 100% radiographed. All other welds shall be examined 100%
by the following methods, as applicable.
- Ferritic alloys—Wet magnetic particle method. A magnetization procedure that will
avoid arc strikes shall be used.
- Austenitic and nonferrous alloys—Liquid penetrant method.
(b) Examination method and acceptance criteria for 100% radiography shall be per ASME BPVC
Section V, Article 2. Fluorescent intensifying screens, such as calcium tungstate, shall not
be used.
(c) Magnetic particle examination and acceptance criteria shall be per ASME BPVC Section V,
Article 7.
(d) Liquid penetrant examination and the acceptance criteria shall be per ASME BPVC Section
V, Article 6.
(e) Following final forming, the entire surface of the expansion joint shall be visually examined
for defects. The maximum allowable depth of surface irregularities, such as scratches, shall
be 0.002 inch. (0.05 mm) or 5% of the nominal metal thickness, whichever is greater.
PMI testing of bellows material shall not be done by instruments producing arc strikes.
(f) The requirements for the applicable materials, design, fabrication, inspection, and testing of
corrugated expansion joints, contained in ExxonMobil GP03-08-01 which is supplement of
Standards of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association, (EJMA, 25N. Broadway,
Terrytown, NY 10591) shall be followed unless CONTRACTOR of the specific joint directs
otherwise.
Lifting lugs shall be provided or slinging arrangements shall be indicated on joints for handling
and installation.
4.12 BLANKS
Blanking (blinding) locations, consisting of a pair of flanges (one of which may be on a valve or
other equipment), shall be provided as follows:
(a) At battery limits in all process, utility, relief, and blow-down lines. Platforms shall be provided
for easy installation and removal of battery limit blanks.
(b) As required for inspection, maintenance, testing, or alternative operation of equipment such
as vessels or exchangers.
(c) For segregation of fluids, when frequent use is required, the use of block and bleed valves
should be considered as an alternative to blanking (see Paragraph 4.7.1 (b)).
Valved vent and / or drain connections shall be installed at blanking locations, except for lines in
Category D fluid service. The connections shall be located so the line can be drained or
depressurized prior to removing or installing the line blank.
Blanks shall be located in horizontal lines as possible. Do not use blanks in vertical water and
steam lines where the possibility of freezing exists. Blanks shall be accessible from the ground
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or from permanent platforms. Flanges for maintenance and process blanks shall be located so
that faces are vertical for all blanks weighing more than 34 kg.
Blanks for rotating equipment and the tube-side of shell-and-tube heat exchangers shall not be
located at the equipment flanges.
Piping at blanks shall be arranged (with spool pieces if necessary) to permit removal of the
studbolts and swinging of the blanks.
Operating blanks shall conform to ASME B.16.48. Permanent blanks shall be of the spectacle
blind type or the paddle type with a spacer. NPS 8 and smaller for class 150, 300, and 600, NPS
4 and smaller for class 900 and 1500 line blanks shall be spectacle blind types, and unless
otherwise shall be separate paddle types with spacers. However, in selecting the appropriate
type, factors such as weight and accessibility shall also be considered. For cryogenic service,
only paddle blind and spacer shall be used regardless of the sizes. If a blank is needed for
pressures or temperatures above the limits given in ASME B.16.48, in a size not listed in ASME
B.16.48, or in a non-listed material, it shall conform to the requirements of B31.3. The lower
temperature limit for ASME B16.48 blanks shall be the lower temperature limit specified in B31.3
for the material involved.
Thin plate blanks (maintenance isolation blanks) should be used only for lines that are not under
pressure and which must be sealed off to permit inspection or welding during shutdown.
Supports to maintain joint alignment during blanking are required when heavy piping components,
such as valves, are located at or near the blanking location.
Permanent handling equipment shall be provided for all blanks weighing more than 45 kg unless
mobile lifting equipment can be used.
4.13 STRAINERS
Strainers or filters shall be provided for equipment below as per 26-00-PI-SPC-00057 (Selection
and Design Criteria for Strainers).
Maximum Clear
Equipment
Opening (mm)
Air supply to pneumatically
0.5
actuated equipment
Upstream of restriction orifices in
1.5
bleed services
Energizing fluid to ejectors 6
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LAYOUT AND ARRANGEMENT
5.1 GENERAL
Lines shall be located in as neat and orderly manner (in groups or banks when feasible) as is
consistent with economical design, pressure loss considerations, and satisfactory supporting
arrangements. Unit areas shall not be cluttered with scattered pipe support columns supporting
randomly placed overhead lines.
When designing new pipeways (piperacks), ensure that adequate space (corridors) is allocated
for the following, where appropriate:
(1) Cable trays
(2) Firewater piping
(3) Ducting
(4) Access platforms
(5) Operator and maintenance access ways.
Onplot Pipe Rack shall be designed with 5% future space for future expansion except the layers
where flare line is located on. When calculating the future space, effective width of Pipe Rack
shall be considered.
In process units where the layout requires that main unit pipe racks intersect, different elevations
shall be established for lines running north-south and east-west. Pipes should change elevations
where entering or leaving the pipeway and, where feasible, at each change of direction of the
piping to avoid interference with the routing of future lines or additions to the pipeway. Changes
in elevation should be made with 90 degree elbows and vertical legs. 45 degree elbows should
not be used if their use interferes with the routing of future lines.
Piping shall be arranged to allow the removal of equipment without removing the block valves
adjacent to the equipment and large quantities of associated equipment or piping.
Pockets shall be avoided in lines carrying caustic, acid, or materials that may congeal or freeze
or in lines containing solids that may settle out (especially in flare lines and in lines where water
can accumulate and subsequently be flashed to steam when the unit is brought onstream).
Pockets shall also be avoided in piping in which corrosive condensate may form.
Insulated lines passing through earth firewalls / dikes Insulated with the appropriate insulation and
covered with a moisture proof jacketing, such as stainless steel or fiberglass reinforced pipe (FRP).
If a pipe sleeve is not used, the stress analysis of the piping system shall consider the earth dike
a fixed point in the system
Both insulated and un-insulated lines passing through earth firewalls / dikes / concrete such as
walls, decks, and paving shall be installed in sleeves. Both the pipe and sleeve shall be coated
for corrosion protection. Each end of the sleeve shall be sealed with a material having the
appropriate fire rating (for example, Thunderline Link Seals, lean mortar mixture, or stainless
steel bellows).
Equipment subject to damage by heat, such as motor-operated valves, should not be located
where heat can exceed the design temperature of the equipment. Avoid routing lines containing
cold high-vapor pressure fluid near uninsulated hot lines or equipment, especially suction lines to
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pumps handling such fluids. Provision venting blocked-in fluids shall be made for suction lines to
pumps.
Avoid routing lines with flanged joints, threaded connections, high radiant heat, or high pressures
near instrument / electrical cable trays.
The piping layout should consider the need for symmetrical piping around equipment for flow and
mechanical considerations.
Piping shall be designed with sufficient random length and field welds, especially at rotating
equipment, to permit the efficient installation of spool pieces and completion of the tie-ins without
strain to equipment or piping.
Application criteria of galvanize carbon steel piping is as follows,
- NPS 2 & below: Galvanized Carbon Steel
- NPS 3 & above: Hot Dip Galvanize
Piping arrangement shall consider the spool fabrication for hot dip galvanize (e.g. Spool length,
flange break, threaded connection, etc.)
Elevated platform should be connected as much as possible considering ease operation. Platform
layout shall be reviewed and approved by COMPANY.
For flange connection which tensioning to be applied as per paragraph 10.1, bolt length must be
increased at least one bolt diameter in order to add the extra nut needed for the tensioning
equipment to "glab".
Pipelines with expansion/contraction loops grouped together shall be provided adequate spacing.
Construction accessibility, insulation thickness and thermal displacement shall be considered on
the spacing.
Platform gratings where pipe penetrates shall be removable type.
5.2 CLEARANCES
In laying out piping, consideration shall be given to access for maintenance equipment such as
forklifts, cranes, bundle pullers for heat exchangers, and clear lifts required to pick up equipment
such as pumps and drivers. Suitable clearance, both vertically and horizontally, shall be provided
for maintenance of equipment. For minimum clearances, see Table-5.
The nipple between a header and a branch valve shall be of sufficient length to ensure that the
valve handwheel (or handle) has 50 mm clearance beyond any insulation. A minimum nipple
length of 75 mm is recommended to ensure access to the nipple for inspection.
The minimum clearance between the bottom of a drain valve and grade or platform, shall be
150mm.
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TABLE-5: CLEARANCES
Minimum
Item
Clearances*
Roads, accessways and craneways (truck or mobile):
Headroom for primary access road (where major maintenance vehicles are 6.4 m
expected to pass)
Pump maintenance access-way headroom 3.7 m
Process area crane-way headroom 5.3 m
Pump Maintenance accessway horizontal clearance, not necessarily in a straight
3.0 m
line
Clearance from edge of road to platforms, equipment, pipe, etc 1.5 m
Railroads (subject to local regulations):
6.5 m
Headroom from top of rail
Horizontal clearance from track centerline to obstruction 2.6 m
Maintenance passageways and walkways:
0.76 m**
Horizontal clearance, not necessarily in a straight line
Horizontal clearance at valves 0.76 m**
Headroom [at piping, support beams, insulation, valves over walk way and platform] 2.00 m
Pipe on sleepers:
Clearance, bottom of pipe to finished grade, unless otherwise specified in project 0.4 m
specifications
Pipe (aboveground):
Clearance between outside diameter of flange, and the outside diameter of pipe 25 mm
insulation ***
Clearance between outside diameter of flange, pipe, or insulation and structural
25 mm
member***
*Clearance is defined as the clear space between extreme projections

**If valves or instruments requiring working space are located in an escape route, minimum
clearance shall be in accordance with 26-71-SH-SPC-00001 (Specification for Human Factors).
***The minimum clearance listed is in addition to the clearance required for thermal
displacement of the piping.
5.3 VALVE ACCESSIBILITY

All piping equipment, especially valves, requiring regular attention by the operating and
maintenance personnel shall be accessible from grade or platform. Motor-operated valves and
emergency isolation valves, battery limit valves, and relief valves shall be accessible from
permanent platforms or grade.
Control valves shall be located at grade or at a permanent platform. Locations at grade should
be along pipe rack columns, at tower bases, or adjacent to equipment, so as not to interfere with
the operation or maintenance of other equipment. Sufficient clearance, both vertically and
horizontally, shall be provided for maintenance of the control valve.
Motor operated valves shall be located so that they are accessible for operations and handling of
the actuator and the instrument from grade or platform.
Extent of valve access shall be as per the valve criticality analysis
Provide the following minimum maintenance access space to line flanges and valve bonnets for
operators and for the use of tools (not applicable to lines in pipe racks).
Horizontal lines
Minimum spacing (outside of flange

Line Diameter
to nearest obstruction)
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1 </= 2-inch 150mm (one side)
2 3-4 inch 200mm (one side)
3 6-8 inch 375mm (one side)
4 >/= 10 inch 760mm (both sides)
For horizontal lines less than 10-inches in diameter, access to one side will be a minimum of
760mm while minimum access space to the other side is given above.
For vertical lines, access space to one side will be a minimum of 760mm, while minimum
access space to the other side is given above. Maximum distance required between all adjacent
flanges for vertical lines is 375mm.
The principal is that the valve or flange needs to be accessed from one side only. The narrower
dimension is only to provide space for the use of tools. When two lines of different diameters
are adjacent, the spacing for the larger diameter line will apply.
If flange is small and has only four bolts, spacing between adjacent flanges in a set of lines or
between flange and the nearest obstruction can be narrower than 150mm as long as the
following conditions are met:
Case-1. Horizontal Sets of lines:
(A). For a horizontal set of lines that has access to only one side:
(1) Access to one outside line must be 760mm or greater (for human access).
(2) Spacing between the other outside flange and the nearest obstruction must be 150mm or
greater toward a minimum of 90 degrees radial angle from each bolt (for wrench turning).
(3) The total width of the set of lines should not exceed 600mm (for reach from one side human
access).
(4) Access both above and below each line in the set must be at least 150mm (for arm access
and wrench turning).
(B). For a horizontal set of lines that has access to both sides:
(1) Access to the outside line must be 760mm on both sides of the set (for human access).
(2) The total width of the set of lines should not exceed 1000mm (for reach from either side
human access).
(3) Access both above and below each line in the set must be at least 150mm (for arm access
and wrench turning).
Case-2. Vertical Sets of lines:
(A). For a vertical set of lines that has access to the front and two sides (right and left) of the
set:
(1) Spacing between the back of each flange and the nearest obstruction must be at least
150mm (for arm access and wrench turning).
(2) Access to three sides of the set (front, right and left side) must be 760mm (for human
access).
(3) The total width of the set of lines should not exceed 1000mm (for reach from either side
human access).
(B). For a vertical set of lines that has access to the front and one side (right (or left)) of the set:
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(1) Spacing between the back of each flange and the nearest obstruction must be at least
150mm (for arm access and wrench turning).
(2) Access to two sides of the set (front and right (or left)) must be 760mm (for human access).
(3) Spacing between the other outside (left (or right)) flange and the nearest obstruction must
be 150mm or greater toward a minimum of 90 degrees radial angle from each bolt (for
wrench turning).
(4) The total width of the set of lines should not exceed 600mm (for reach from one side
human access).
(C). For a vertical set of lines that has 760mm access to both front and back:
(1) The total width of the set is unlimited as long as there is 760mm spacing on all front and
back sides of the set (for human access).
(2) Spacing between the other outsides (right and left) flange and the nearest obstruction
must be 150mm or greater toward a minimum of 90 degrees radial angle from each bolt
(for wrench turning).
Figure-3: Space around valve set

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Figure-3: Space around valve set – Cont’d

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Figure-4: Space for tightening loosing of flange bolts

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Emergency shut down valves (ESDV) shall be located based on the purposes of the valves as
follows.
(a) For zone shut-down: Minimum 16 m from upstream and downstream equipment.
(b) For equipment isolation: Maximum horizontally 9 m and 16 m in developed length to
equipment to be isolated. Hand-operated emergency valves shall be located at least 9 m (30
ft) horizontally from the equipment. Remote-operated emergency shutoff valves may be
located closer than 9 m (30 ft); however, the control shall be installed at least 15 m (50 ft)
from the compressor.
For both (a) and (b), the valves shall not be located within 15 m from fired heater.
Emergency shutoff valves shall be operable from grade or platforms as follows:
Access to a manually operated valve shall be considered adequate if it can be operated from a
platform no more than 6 m (20 ft) above grade and access to the platforms is by stairway.
Access to the platform by ladder shall not be permitted.
Valves NPS 10 and larger shall be power-operated. Their controls shall be located in a place at
grade safe from fire exposure. Protective devices (such as for overloads), that will trip if exposed
to fire shall not be enclosed in the power operator. Electric cables, motor operators, diaphragm
valve operators, pistons, and pilots on piston-operated valves shall be fireproofed in accordance
with 26-00-SH-SPC-00001 (Technical specification for Fireproofing). Stainless steel tubing shall
be used in this service and need not be fireproofed.
To the extent possible, manually operated valves shall be located so that handwheels are
operable from a platform or grade level. If handwheels are more than 1.8 m above a platform or
grade level, or are otherwise inaccessible, the valves shall be equipped with extension stems, gear
operators, or chain operators. The application of chain operators requires COMPANY
APPROVAL. The following restrictions apply to chain operators.
(a) Chain operators for screwed-end valves should be avoided. Use extension stems instead. In
no case should chain operators be used on screwed-end valves unless the ends of the valve
are seal welded or the valve is in a vertical line.
(b) Chain operators for NPS 1-1/2 and smaller valves should be avoided. NPS 1-1/2 and smaller
valves, which are not frequently used, may be accessed from a fixed ladder.
(c) Valves with chain operators shall be located or have their stems turned so that chains do not
hang in passageways or interfere with other equipment. Provision should be made for
hooking chains to columns or walls in order to maintain proper headroom clearance.
(d) Chains shall extend to within one meter of the operating level.
(e) The centerline of all valves with chain operators shall not be more than 5.5 m above an
operating level.
(f) Chain wheel operators shall be made of ductile or malleable iron and shall be hot dip
galvanized. Chains, and all bolting for attaching operator to handwheel, shall be 316 stainless
steel.
Where possible, locating valves at elevations 0.6 m to 1.0 m for vertical stems, 1.0 m to 1.2 m for
horizontal stems and 0.6 m to 1.2 m for angled stems above an operating level. Horizontal stem
in face / head hazard zone should be avoided.
Unit isolating valves shall be grouped together at battery limits (Battery Limit Valves) and provided
with a permanent platform for access to the valves and for blanking. All battery limit block valves
shall be operable either directly or with the use of permanent extension stems from the battery
limit platform.
Branch connections in utility lines shall be valved. The first valves off utility header shall be located
near the edge of the pipe rack for accessibility. For gases and vapors, including steam and steam
condensate, the connection shall be to the top of the header. Branch connections for liquid lines in
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pipe racks, including cooling water headers, should be to the bottom of the header for NPS 2 and
larger branch, to the top of the header for NPS 1-1/2 and smaller branch.
Where vales are operated from ladder, set maximum reach to a valve from ladder center line
within 890 mm. And the valves shall be mounted so that they move toward or away from ladder
user’s body, not parallel to it.
Valves located underground shall be provided with extension stems or post indicator operators:
however, such handwheels shall not be located in walkways or aisles. Additional requirements
are:
(a) NRS (non-rising stem) and ISRS (inside screw rising stem) gate valves, along with ball and
butterfly valves not in open trenches, but located below grade, shall be provided with service
boxes and extension stems which extend a minimum of 1.0 m above grade or above access
platform.
(b) OS&Y (outside screw and yoke) gate and globe valves not in open trenches, but located
below grade, shall be provided with concrete valve boxes or equivalent means to protect the
stem threads, packing gland bolts, and flange bolting.
5.4 UNDERGROUND PIPING

Generally, hydrocarbon and chemical piping shall be placed above grade. When they must be
buried, signs spaced along the route of the line shall mark their location. Additionally, local
regulations, such as secondary containment (if required), shall be followed.
Lines under railroad tracks or roadways shall be installed in steel pipe sleeves. The sleeves for
these lines shall be vented and shall conform to the requirements of local regulations. However,
the sleeves shall not be applied when strength of lines under railroad tracks or roadways is
verified by CONTRACTOR.
All steel lines and pipe sleeves located underground shall be coated for external corrosion
protection in accordance with 26-00-PI-SPC-00070 (Specification for External Corrosion
Protection for Underground Steel Piping).
Underground and earth contact carbon steel piping including pipe support shall be cathodically
protected as per 26-53-EL-SPC-00001 (Cathodic Protection).
Underground carbon steel pipeline under construction (prior to commissioning of the permanent
impressed current system) shall be protected by the installation of a temporary system consisting
of sacrificial anodes without ground beds provided that anodes are installed at the pipeline soil
level and in line with temporary installation period.
ROTATING EQUIPMENT PIPING
6.1 PUMP PIPING

General
(a) Unless otherwise APPROVED by COMPANY, block valves shall be provided in the suction
and discharge lines of pumps. The valves shall be located within 3 m (10 ft) of the pump
nozzles. Connections for vents, drains, and pressure gages shall be located inside these
block valves.
(b) Expansion joints may be installed adjacent to cast iron water pumps. Expansion joints are
usually needed for such pumps taking suction from a cooling tower basin or raw-water
storage tank. Expansion joints are usually not needed at the discharge of such pumps if the
piping contains at least one 90-degree elbow before going underground. Other requirement
of expansion joint shall be as per 26-00-PI-SPC-00003 (Piping – Flexibility and Stress
Analysis Criteria).
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(c) For pump with vertical nozzles and connecting large bore piping, overhead steel shall be
provided to facilitate support of the piping, and blinding of the pump, without blocking
maintenance access
Suction Piping
(a) Suction piping for pumps shall be arranged so that the flow is as smooth (nonturbulent) as
possible at the pump suction nozzle. Suction piping shall be designed to avoid pocketing
vapor or gas. Discharge and suction valves shall be arranged per Figure-5 and 6. Check
valve installation in the pump discharge line shall be per Figure-5 and 6, and the following:
(1) A single check valve shall be installed if there is any possibility of a reversal of flow.
(2) Two check valves are required in a hydrocarbon service when the pump differential
pressure exceeds 1000 psig (6900 kPa).
Notes
1) A low point drain is not required if the check valve is drilled and a casing drain is provided.
2) Temporary or Permanent Strainer. Alternative location for Permanent Strainer, as required,
shall be specified.
3) PR Valve location, if required for pump casing or mechanical seal protection.
Figure-5: Typical Piping and Valve Arrangement Schematic
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Notes
Detail A & B:
1) Line flexibility shall be provided for thermal expansion between pump lines and warm-up and
bypass lines.
2) Flow restrictors sized to provided a flow of 3 to 5% of normal pump flow, but not less than
1/4 in. diameter. Multiple 1/4 in. diameter restrictors in series or choke tube may be applied.
Detail B only:
1) Lines sized for a maximum velocity of 6 ft/sec, but not less than NPS 1
2) Flow Restrictor sized to provide a flow as specified.
Figure-6: Detail schematics for Figure-5
Table-6: Conversions for Figures 5 and 6

Acceptable Metric Equivalents
in. NPS 1/2 NPS 3/4 NPS 1 1/4 dia 6 ft/sec 0.1 lb/gal
mm 15 20 25 6.3 1.8 m/s 11.98 kg/m3
(b) Suction piping for double suction centrifugal pumps shall have a straight run between the
pump suction nozzle and 1st elbow as followings,
(1) Side nozzle type pump

-
Any position other than elbow in the plane at right angle with the pump shaft :
Minimum 5 times the pump suction nozzle diameter
- Elbow in the plane at right angle with the pump shaft : Minimum 3 times the pump
suction nozzle diameter
(2) Top nozzle type pump
- Any position other than elbow in the plane at right angle with the pump shaft :
Minimum 5 times the pump suction nozzle diameter
- Elbow in the plane at right angle with the pump shaft : Minimum 3 times the pump
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suction nozzle diameter

When reducer is installed between the pump suction nozzle and 1st elbow, the straight
run shall be 2D (based on the larger pipe diameter) between the reducer and 1st elbow
and 3D (based on the smaller pipe diameter) between the pump suction nozzle and
the reducer. Amount of straight run shall be finalized based on clarification with pump
vendor.
(c) Temporary and permanent strainers for suction lines shall be as per 26-00-PI-SPC-00057
(Selection and Design Criteria for Strainers).
(d) Connections for installing a pressure differential gauge shall be provided at upstream and
downstream of the strainer.
(e) Suction piping block valves shall be same size with line size. However, where a centrifugal
pump's suction nozzle is smaller than the suction line size, the block valve may be the same
size, as the pump suction nozzle if pressure drop considerations permit and the velocity
through the valve does not exceed 3 m/s (10 ft/s).
Discharge Piping
(a) Unless otherwise APPROVED by COMPANY, a check valve shall be installed in the
discharge line of each centrifugal or rotary pump. (Check valves may not be needed for
reciprocating pumps that have internal valving that prevents backflow or for those that do not
discharge into vapor or mixed-phase process conditions.) The check valve shall be located
between the pump and the block valve. If pressure drop considerations permit, the block and
check valves may be smaller than discharge line size, but not smaller than the pump
discharge nozzle.
(b) When the discharge line contains a quick-closing block valve (< 10 sec), the necessity for
shock-absorbing equipment should be investigated
(c) A drain shall be provided between the block and check valves, and in lines containing highly
corrosive or toxic fluids, such as phenol, caustic, or acid, it shall be connected to the closed
drain systems. For maximum drainage, the drain connection shall be on the check valve body.
(d) All multistage pumps shall be equipped with a minimum flow line back to the point of suction,
unless otherwise APPROVED by COMPANY. Also, if a single-stage pump is expected to
operate for extended periods at flowrates lower than the manufacturer's recommended
minimum flowrate, it shall be equipped with either a flow-actuated recirculation line back to
point of suction or a flow-actuated shutdown switch. The minimum size of the recirculating
line should be NPS 3/4. The line shall be equipped with at least one gate valve and an orifice
sized to restrict flow to the recommended minimum flowrate of the pump.
(e) Pumps that may be idle during plant operation and that have to start quickly shall be provided
with warm-up lines if the pump design temperature exceeds 232°C (450°F) or if the process
fluid will solidify at ambient temperature. Cooldown lines shall be provided for pumps
operating at design temperatures less than 0°C (32°F). A warm-up line shall consist of an
NPS 1 (minimum) valved bypass around the pump discharge block and check valves. The
warm-up lines shall be heat traced if the process fluid will solidify or congeal at ambient
temperature.
(f) A relief valve shall be provided upstream of the first valve on the discharge line of positive
displacement pumps. However, this relief valve can be eliminated if it is demonstrated in
writing to the COMPANY that the pump and the equipment downstream of the pump are
designed to withstand the shutoff or stalling pressure. Normally, the relief valve shall
discharge into the pump suction line. In services where a serious heat buildup may occur at
the pump during blocked discharge, or where the pressure breakdown will liberate gas, the
relief valve discharge line shall be installed to relieve to an unblocked suction source, such
as a tank or an accumulator.
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6.2 COMPRESSOR PIPING

General
(a) Special precaution is necessary in the design of the piping at and near compressors to
reduce fatigue failures. The piping shall have the minimum of overhanging weight. Braces
shall be provided for small bore connection as needed to reduce vibration. Buttwelding fittings
shall be used wherever feasible.
(b) Suction piping shall conform to the following:
(1) Knockout drums shall be provided upstream of all compressors, except those handling
gases with no possibility of condensate (most air compressors, for example).
Compressor suction piping between the knockout vessel and the compressor shall be
designed with a straight length equal to or exceeding that required by the
manufacturer, and also designed to prevent trapping and/or collecting liquid. If this is
not feasible, additional knockout equipment or drip leg shall be installed subject to
COMPANY APPROVAL. Piping shall have no pocket from the knockout vessel to the
compressor suction connection.
(2) The intake filter-silencer for an air compressor shall be located in a position that
prevents the entrance of dust, moisture, or corrosive gases.
(3) Air compressor suction piping between the filter-silencer and compressor connection
shall be either epoxy-coated steel, hot-dip galvanized steel, or stainless steel. Other
permanent, corrosion-resistant materials may be used subject to COMPANY
APPROVAL. A suction line valve (usually a butterfly valve) shall be provided as part of
the compressor package for startup purposes on all centrifugal air compressors.
(4) Temporary and permanent strainers for suction lines shall be as per 26-00-PI-SPC-
00057 (Selection and Design Criteria for Strainers).
(5) Pressure differential transmitter shall be provided upstream and downstream of the
strainer for commissioning.
(c) Compressor piping shall be cleaned in accordance with NFXP2-SSG-CC-PLN-00008 (Pre-
commissioning/Commissioning Excecution Plan).
(d) Unless otherwise APPROVED by COMPANY, block valves shall be provided in all non-air
compressor suction and discharge lines. Paragraph 4.7.2 contains requirements for these
valves when they are designated "emergency isolation valves."
Reciprocating and Positive Displacement Compressors
(a) An isometric drawing of all compressor piping shall be prepared to enable COMPANY and
the compressor vendor to carry out an analysis of piping pulsation. The piping shown shall
extend from the knockout vessel to the compressor suction, and from the discharge through
any cooler to the next major vessel. The piping shall include relief valves, bypasses, and
recirculating lines. The drawing shall be fully dimensioned and show all supports, guides,
and anchors.
(b) A digital pulsation analysis shall be performed on the piping described in paragraph 6.3.2 (a)
and this analysis shall be subjected to review and APPROVED by COMPANY. The use of
restrictions in the piping to reduce pressure pulsation (for example, restriction orifices) shall
be subject to COMPANY APPROVAL. Normally these restrictions should be used only as a
last resort; properly designed bottles and dampers are preferred.
(c) The suction and discharge piping of reciprocating compressors, shall be securely restricted
to control vibration as per NFE-60-00-MP-RP-NA-007 (Specification of Assessment for
Prevention of Flow Induced Vibration on Piping).
(d) If suction valve unloaders have not been provided for compressor startup, a valved bypass
shall be installed from suction to discharge within the suction and discharge block valves. If
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required by the project specifications, bypass valves shall be manually operated and used
only after maintenance for initial run-in at no load. The configuration of the bypass piping and
valve location shall prevent the collection of liquid with the valve closed.
(e) As a minimum, the suction line immediately upstream and adjacent to the suction pulsation
damper for compressors handling gas at or near its dew point shall be steam jacketed or
heat traced for approximately 6 or 8 diameters to vaporize liquid traveling on pipewall. Rotary
compressors in similar service but not requiring suction pulsation damper equipment shall
be provided with liquid removal facilities immediately adjacent to the compressor suction
connection. In freezing climates, heat tracing of the suction piping in such service shall be
required from the knockout drum up to and including the pulsation dampers.
(f) Relief valves shall be provided upstream of the first valve on the discharge line of positive
displacement compressors where necessary to prevent excessive pressure or stalling if
either may be harmful to the equipment. The discharge from relief valves shall not be
returned to the suction line or suction drum.
(g) Pipe supports shall have staggered spans to prevent harmonic vibration.
(h) Spiral wound gaskets which are used on flanged joints in the piping to reciprocating
compressors shall have internal retaining rings, regardless of flange size or pressure class.
Centrifugal Compressor Piping
(a) Bottom-connected compressor suction lines shall contain a sump or boot with a gage glass
and drain located at the low point in the line below and as close to the compressor as feasible.
(b) A quick-response check valve with center-of-percussion stop shall be installed in the
discharge of each centrifugal compressor. Installation shall be as close to the nozzle as
feasible to reduce possible damage to the compressor during surge conditions and to prevent
backflow during an emergency.
If silencers are required they shall be installed in the suction and discharge piping as close
to the compressor nozzles as feasible but downstream of the check valve on the discharge
side. In order to optimize the layout, the silencers may be arranged with side or end
connections. The configuration is subject to COMPANY APPROVAL. Silencer shells and
flanges shall conform to the appropriate piping classifications. Interconnecting oil piping
between the compressor, turbine, and lube console shall comply with the piping
specifications for the console as required by 26-00-ME-SPC-00004 (Centrifugal
Compressor). No elastomeric or metal hose shall be used for lube or seal oil piping.
(c) The flow characteristics of centrifugal compressors shall be investigated to determine if
facilities are required to prevent surging during startup and operation. If needed, the antisurge
discharge connection shall be upstream of the compressor discharge check valve and
isolation valve. It shall also be equipped with a quick-response check valve, with center-of-
percussion stop, located as close to the compressor nozzle as feasible.
(d) Low points in the discharge line from an oil-lubricated air compressor shall be avoided to
eliminate the possibility of lube oil being trapped and subsequently ignited. lf low points are
unavoidable, they shall be provided with drains.
(e) Connections for temperature and pressure indicators shall be provided in the suction and
discharge piping of centrifugal compressors
(f) The requirements for auxiliary piping contained in Paragraph 6.5 shall also be applicable to
centrifugal compressors.
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6.3 AUXILIARY PIPING

General
(a) Auxiliary piping shall conform to the applicable line class specification (See 26-00-PI-DEC-
00002 (Piping Materials and Service Classification)) and shall be arranged and valved to
permit easy removal and maintenance of equipment.
(b) All lube oil and seal oil piping for gears and for compressors and their drivers shall meet the
requirements of 26-00-ME-SPC-00005 (Lube and Seal Oil Systems). No hose shall be used
in this piping.
Auxiliary Piping for Pumps
(a) Block valves shall be provided at the pump in cooling water piping. In freezing climates, a
valved bypass shall be provided so that a flow can be maintained when the block valves are
closed.
(b) Pump spill pans, casing drains, and vents shall be piped to the appropriate drainage or flare
system, and cooling water which is not returned to the cooling tower. Vents on vacuum
service pumps, however, shall be piped to the vapor space on the vacuum vessel. Fluids
shall not be discharged onto pump bases.
(c) If a pump is steam traced or steam jacketed, the trap and trap piping shall be so located that
they do not interfere with pump maintenance.
STATIC EQUIPMENT PIPING
7.1 HEAT EXCHANGER PIPING

Shell-and-Tube Exchanger Piping
(a) A backwash connection shall be provided in the cooling water inlet piping to each exchanger
or group of exchangers operating in series. The connection shall be line size, but not greater
than NPS 6. It shall be equipped with a lug-style or double-flanged butterfly valve and a blind
flange, and shall be located between the exchanger and the inlet block valve. (These
connections are not required for tempered-water, closed-loop systems.)
(b) Flanged chemical cleaning connections shall be provided between the block valve and the
exchanger nozzles when indicated on the P&IDs. These connections shall be NPS 3 for
exchangers with an inside diameter (ID) of 700 mm (28 in.) and larger, and NPS 2 for smaller
exchangers. When provided, these connections shall be equipped with a blind flange. It is
permissible to combine chemical cleaning and backwash connections, provided the larger
size is used.
(c) On any exchanger that will be taken out of service for cleaning or repair while the unit is
running, all piping connections shall be equipped with a block valve and a blanking location.
Full-size bypass piping should also be considered so that unit rates may be maintained. For
NPS 6 and larger piping, spectacle blind or spacers shall be provided. The cold side of all
exchangers with block valves shall be provided with thermal relief valves if shown on the
P&IDs. Process and water piping to shell-and-tube units shall be arranged to permit easy
removal of shell covers, channels covers, channels, and bundles. This shall be accomplished
by providing a removable section of piping (other than at the block valve and blanking location)
(d) For single-shell heat exchangers, all vent and drain connections shall be provided with valves
equipped with plugs or blanks. Funnels and pipe shall be provided to drain oil and chemicals
to appropriate sewers. For self-draining, stacked exchanger installations, drain valves shall
be installed in the piping below the lowest exchanger.
(e) Requirements for water lines shall be as follows:
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(1) Where practical, piping shall be arranged or check valves shall be properly located to
permit water to remain in all units upon the water line supply.
(2) In areas where freezing can occur, provision shall be made for draining all water from
a blocked exchanger, and an NPS 1 valved bypass shall be installed to maintain flow
in the water lines. The distance from the freeze protection bypass to the exchanger
block valve shall be minimized. Drains shall be located as close as feasible to the
block valves to obtain maximum drainage of the exchangers and piping. If feasible,
backwash and drain connections shall be combined.
(f) Thermowell and pressure gage connections shall normally be provided by Manufacture in
the exchanger nozzles. They shall, however, be installed in the piping adjacent to the nozzles
and shall meet the requirements of when the exchanger nozzles are smaller than NPS 4 for
thermowells and smaller than NPS 3 for pressure gage connections.
(g) Symmetrical piping shall be used to keep the pressure drop equal in lines to and from
exchangers operating in parallel.
(h) It is preferred that all streams to be heated enter at the bottom of the exchanger and all
streams to be cooled enter at the top of the exchanger.
(i) Condenser piping shall be sized to provide sufficient velocity to carry condensate along with
the vapors. Pockets shall be avoided in these lines.
(j) A check valve shall be provided in the steam supply line to an exchanger if the steam side
of the exchanger has a lower pressure than the other side.
(k) Height of shell-and-tube exchangers shall be minimized as much as possible but still provide
bottom clearance for drain valve installation on the piping connected to the downward
nozzles.
Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger Piping
(a) Header arrangements for air-cooled heat exchangers shall be as follows:
(1) Inlet piping to heat exchanger units made up of eight or more bays and with incoming
two phase fluids in flow regimes other than the dispersed or bubble flow region shall
have a symmetrical piping arrangement consisting of multiple cascading headers to
equalize the flow to each bundle (see Figure-7). The header arrangement shall be
subject to COMPANY APPROVAL.
Figure-7: Cascade Arrangement for Header
(2) Headers for single-phase flows may be arranged as a simple rake- or comb-shaped
manifold (see Figure-8) if the pressure drop (△Px) from the header inlet to the most
distant nozzle of the last heat exchanger in the row is not greater than approximately
one-ninth of the pressure drop (△Py) through that exchanger, including the branch
piping.
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Figure-8: Rake Arrangement for Header
(3) Other header arrangements shall require COMPANY APPROVAL prior to use.
(4) Inlet and outlet headers shall not be located over or under the tube areas.
(5) Branch piping between the headers and the exchanger header boxes shall
accommodate the thermal expansion of the headers. The piping design shall be
coordinated with the exchanger designer.
(6) The branches to exchanger bays which may be removed from service for repair or
cleaning while the unit is operating shall be provided with valves and spacers (or
spectacle blind). Access to these valves and blanking locations shall be provided. The
layout of headers and branches shall allow the removal of any header bundle or
cleaning in place.
(b) If Water wash is specified on the P&IDs for air-cooled heat exchangers, the requirements of
Paragraph 7.2.3 shall apply.
(c) Piping connections to split header bundles shall incorporate enough flexibility to
accommodate the anticipated motion produced by differential temperatures within the bundle.
Plate Heat Exchanger Piping
(a) If any connection to a plate exchanger is located on the removable cover plate, flanged piping
sections shall be provided to allow cleaning.
(b) Self-cleaning filters shall be provided in the inlet piping if the size of solid particles cannot be
accommodated by the plate heat exchanger.
7.2 VESSEL PIPING ARRANGEMENT

Arrangement
(a) Piping at vessel nozzles shall be arranged so that blanks can be readily installed and valves
easily removed for maintenance. Blanks weighting more than 34 kg (75 lb) shall be installed
in the vertical plane.
(b) For economy and ease of support, piping at towers should run parallel to and as close as
feasible to the vessel.
(c) The piping designer should coordinate piping requirements with the designers of the
instruments, structures, and vessels to achieve the optimum nozzle location so that valves,
instruments, and blanks are accessible from grade or platforms and do not obstruct
passageways.
(d) Process requirements usually govern the location of the valves in vessel piping. However,
block valves shall generally be provided at vessel nozzles for all piping connections, except
as follows:
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(1) Connections for vapor and reboiler lines (unless the reboilers are in parallel and need
to be cleaned onstream).
(2) Connections for sidestream drawoff lines (except water drawoffs).
(3) Connections for safety and relief valves (except as allowed by Section VIII of the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code).
(4) Furnace transfer lines to vacuum vessels.
Connections to lines containing block valves located within 9 m (30 ft) in a horizontal direction
from the vessel nozzle
There is yet another consideration in determining where valves are needed: Where the
rupture of a line connected below the vessel's liquid level would drain the vessel unless there
is an emergency valve at or near the vessel nozzle. Paragraph 4.7.3 contains the
requirement for such emergency valves.
(e) Valves, flanged joints, and threaded joints shall not be located inside vessel skirts.
(f) Piping connections shall not be made to manway covers.
(g) If at all feasible, strainers shall not be placed in vessels.
Vents and drains
(a) Atmospheric vents from vessels shall be equipped with plugged or blinded block valves.
(b) All vessel drains discharging into a sewer or open drain shall have permanent piping
arranged to permit the visual observation of flow (if permitted by environmental rules). Drains
shall be sized to provide vessel-emptying. times in accordance with 26-00-ME-SPC-00013
(Specification for Pressure Vessels - Design and Fabrication).
(c) Drains used only during shutdown periods shall be provided with plugs or blanks. Vents and
drains tied into closed drain systems shared with equipment of a higher working pressure
shall be equipped with check valves. Vents and drains from equipment containing water or
water vapor shall not be tied into low-temperature or LPG/LNG vent or drain systems. Subject
to COMPANY APPROVAL, small drain lines may be disconnected from valves when not in
use and the valves plugged. Drain valves shall conform to the piping classification
appropriate for the vessel service [see 26-00-PI-DEC-00002 (Piping Materials and Service
Classification)].
(d) Vent and drain connections shall be sized so that the water used for a hydraulic test or for
flushing may be drained without pulling a vacuum.
(e) Vessel drain lines shall not be used for steam out connections
Water Wash
When required by the service, means shall be available for filling process equipment with
water for washout. Normally, vessels shall not be permanently connected to a source of water.
If a permanent connection is made, it shall be at the bottom of the vessel and shall be blanked
off when the vessel is in operation.
Pumpout
(a) Pumpout piping shall be provided for all vessels in accordance with the P&IDs. Where
feasible, process pumps and lines shall be used for pumpout.
(b) The pumpout header shall have a classification covering the highest temperature and
pressure encountered in any branch connection and shall be run at an elevation to permit
gravity drainage from the vessel.
PROJECT: Doc. No.:
CONTRACTOR: Rev. 0
Doc. Title:
Relief Valve Piping

(a) Relief valve piping shall meet the requirements of Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code.
(b) Three typical locations where the need for spare relief valves exists are: crude unit
fractionation towers, the fractionator on catalytic cracking units, and LNG units. Other
locations may also exist. These locations shall be provided with a sufficient number of relief
valves so that, in the event of relief valve leakage, it will be possible to shut off the defective
valve and replace it while the vessel is in service and still retain full calculated relieving
capacity. To make such a replacement possible, it is necessary to provide a block valve
upstream of each relief valve (and downstream, too, if connected to a closed flare system).
Block valves shall be gate valves and shall be equipped with a padlock and chain or
interlocking device.
7.3 PRESSURE STORAGE VESSEL PIPING

Flanged joints shall be minimized under the storage vessel. Atmospheric vents and drains shall
be located or piped so that, if they leak and ignite, the flames will not impinge on the storage
vessel.
Fill and suction lines shall be provided with remotely operated shutoff valves, and these shutoffs
shall have locally operated emergency overrides.
Unless otherwise APPROVED by COMPANY, all butane and propane storage vessels shall be
provided with a sufficient number of relief valves so that, in the event of relief valve leakage, it will
be possible to shut off the defective valve and replace it while the vessel is in service and still
retain full calculated relieving capacity. Each relief valve shall be provided with an upstream block
valve (Orbit or equivalent tight shutoff), and a downstream block valve, too, if connected to a
closed system. Each block valve shall be equipped with a padlock and chain or interlocking device.
7.4 ATMOSPHERIC STORAGE TANK PIPING

All storage tank nozzles below the roof line shall be equipped with a steel block valve, unless
otherwise approved by COMPANY. Filling shall always be from the bottom of tanks shall always
be grounded to prevent fires caused by static electricity.
The layout of water drawoff piping shall be self-draining without pockets. Piping components shall
be in accordance with 26-00-PI-DEC-00002 (Piping Materials and Service Classification).
Storage tank piping shall be designed to accommodate any expected tank settlement, buldging
by static head, thermal expansion, and seismic load without overstressing the tank or the piping.
UTILITY PIPING
8.1 GENERAL
Air, nitrogen, and water connections into process piping or process equipment shall be temporary
unless they serve as part of the process and are shown as permanent connections in the P&IDs.
Temporary station shall be as indicated in Figure-9, and blanked with plug or blind flange. The
block valve shall be located between the check valve and the process piping or equipment. Both
valves shall conform to the specification of the more severe service. If a hose is used to connect
to a temporary connection, the hose shall be suitable for the more severe service.
Utility station shall have an isolation valve, a check valve, a bleeder, and end with a hose
connector, which shall be different type for each service to prevent misuse.
When a permanent air, nitrogen, or water connection into process piping or process equipment
is needed, a check valve (single or double), an NPS 3/4 bleeders, and a blank shall be provided,
PROJECT: Doc. No.:
CONTRACTOR: Rev. 0
Doc. Title:
as indicated in Figure-10. The block valve shall be located between the check valve and the
process piping or equipment, and the bleeder shall be located between the two valves.
When an air line is connected to acid or caustic piping, two block valves, a check valve, and a
bleeder shall be provided. Consideration shall be given to providing an easily dismantled section
of piping in the air line so that the line can be plugged or blanked when not in use.
Nitrogen, and air headers, including instrument air, shall be arranged to allow free blowing
through a full-size opening prior to system commissioning.
NOTES:
(1) This valve must be readily accessible and shall not be more than 50ft(15m) from the
connection to the process line or equipment.
(2) Block and check valve shall be located adjacent to the process line or equipment. If
operator access to the connective point in not provided, the block and check valve
shall be located at the closest position where access exists. This alternative location
shall be approved by the COMPANY. Unions, couplings, or other fittings that are
potential leak sources are not permitted between this block valve and the process line
or equipment nozzle.
(3) This valve used to test for back-flow through the check valve.
(4) Bleeder valves shall remain closed and plugged, capped, or blinded except when
checking for leaking check or block valve.
(5) Single check valve is required if utility supply is normally no flow. Two dissimilar type
check valves and a bleeder between them are required if utility supply is normally
flowing.
Figure-9: Permanently Piped Utility Connections
Utility station will be provided at operating and maintenance area as followings,

(a) Ground Level
Utility stations will be provided so that the whole operating areas as covered by 15m radius
circles (by a 15m hose) from each station.
(b) Platform on Columns and Tall Vessels
Utility stations will be provided on platform where manhole (man ways) is installed on the
columns or tall vessels. Where manholes are in close proximity (within 7.5m in elevation), a
PROJECT: Doc. No.:
CONTRACTOR: Rev. 0
Doc. Title:
utility station will be provided at the upper manhole, allowing the hose length to cover the
lower manhole.
(c) Top of Pipe Racks and Equipment Structures
Utility station shall be provided within a 15m radius on top of pipe racks and on all levels of
equipment structure, control valves, anti-surge valves, PRVs and sample connections etc.
are located. This includes top level of all major and sub-pipe rack in all areas and all levels
of equipment structures.
NOTES:
(1) This valve must be readily accessible and shall not be more than 50ft(15m) from the
connection to the process line or equipment.
(2) Block and check valve shall be located adjacent to the process line or equipment. If
operator access to the connective point in not provided, the block and check valve
shall be located at the closest position where access exists. This alternative location
shall be approved by the COMPANY. Unions, couplings, or other fittings that are
potential leak sources are not permitted between this block valve and the process line
or equipment nozzle.
(3) This valve used to test for back-flow through the check valve.
(4) Bleeder valves shall remain closed and plugged, capped, or blinded except when
checking for leaking check or block valve.
(5) Single check valve is required if utility supply is normally no flow. Two dissimilar type
check valves and a bleeder between them are required if utility supply is normally
flowing.
Figure-10: Temporary (Breakaway) Utility Connections
PROJECT: Doc. No.:
CONTRACTOR: Rev. 0
Doc. Title:
- Off plot Area
Required Services
Location
SW SA N
Ground Level O O O
Platform / Operating Stage O O
Platform & Equipment Structure O O
Air Fin Cooler Area O O O
Pipe Rack Other Areas (Control valve, antisurge valve,
O O
PRVs, etc.)
- General Note for All Area

For EASI DRIVE Valve Location - Air only if dedicated station for frequently-operated valve.
Other Areas - Air and Nitrogen as minimum, additional steam and water as process /
equipment conditions dictate.
8.2 WATER PIPING

A vent should be provided for each high point between block valves on large water mains. These
vents should be protected from mechanical damage as required.
Provision should be made to ensure that potable water is available for sanitary facilities, safety
showers, and eyewash fountains during unit shutdowns.
Each branch line off main should have its own isolation valve.
RELIEF SYSTEM PIPING

(a) Relief valve discharge piping shall be designed and restrained to accommodate axial and
lateral reaction forces due to discharge. The angle between the relief valve discharge lines
and the run of the closed system header shall be 45 degree except for small bore branch
line.
(b) The relief system header piping shall provide with expansion loops as required to
accommodate thermal expansion or contraction.
(c) Relief valve discharge piping shall be designed to accommodate the thermal effects of
discharge, such as auto-refrigeration of expanding liquefied gases or sudden heating during
high-temperature release.
(d) The following requirements shall apply to flare lines if there is a possibility that the line will
be subjected to condensed liquids during upset conditions.
(1) Both static and slug flow analyses at upset conditions shall be conducted to determine
the resultant hydraulic forces, displacements, and stresses.
(2) At support points near each change in direction (for example, near elbows and tees)
the flare line shall be "boxed in" with structural members on each side and above the
line. The structural members shall be designed for the loads calculated in Item 9.1.1
above. There should be a minimum clearance between the pipe and structural
members of 50 mm, in addition to the clearance required for thermal displacements of
the piping.
(e) Block valves and valved pressure bleeds shall be provided around pressure relief valves for
maintenance.
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(f) Atmospheric vents shall be in accordance with 26-00-PR-DEC-00003 (Overpressure

Protection, Flare and Vent Philosophy) and followings, Open end shall of the discharge piping
shall be located at least as follows;
(1) Flammable Gas Service
- 3m above grade
- 3m higher than the tallest operating platform on equipment or structure within a
periphery of 15.0m
(2) Non Flammable Gas Service
- 3m above grade
- 3m higher than the tallest operating platform on equipment or structure within a
periphery of 8.0m
(g) The bonnet venting system for relief valves shall be as shown in Figure 1A through 1D of 26-
00-PR-DEC-00003 (Overpressure Protection, Flare and Vent Philosophy).
PROJECT: Doc. No.:
CONTRACTOR: Rev. 0
Doc. Title:
BOLTING FOR FLANGE JOINTS
10.1 SELECTION OF BOLTING METHODS

All flange bolts shall be tightened by manual tightening, torquing or tensioning based on the
services and bolt sizes as shown in 26-00-PI-SPC-00001 (Piping - Fabrication, Erection,
Inspection and Testing). Coarse threads of bolts are complied with ASME B1.1, UNC series for
bolts 1 inch and below, and 8UN series for bolts 1-1/8 inch and above.
Torquing shall be applied as per 26-43-ST-SPC-00002 (Flange Management Program) for the
following services of bolts in combination with spiral-wound gaskets, expanded graphite gasket,
PTFE deformable gasket and non-asbestos sheet gasket
Table-7: Torquing Application Items
NPS 46 to 82 (Bolt Size 1-1/8 to 1-7/8) for class 150
1) Low Temperature Service
Piping
NPS 3 to 10 (Bolt Size 1-1/8 to 1-7/8) for class1500
Bolt Size 1-1/8 to 1-7/8 inch for all classes, except for NPS 18
2) Cryogenic Service Piping
to 24 for Class 150
3) Severe Cyclic Service Piping Bolt Size 1-1/8 to 1-1/4 inch for all classes
4) HHP Steam Piping Bolt Size 1-1/8 (Line Size 4” & 6”) for class 900
5) Fresh and Sea Cooling
Water Lines, when lines will Bolt Size 1 to 1-7/8 inch
be subject to In- Service Test
6) Liquid LNG Piping <Service All Size shall be applied torquing irrespective of bolt size and P-
Code: LG> T rating
7) LPG Containing Piping
(butane, propane, ethane) All Size shall be applied torquing irrespective of bolt size and
<Service Code: ET, LP, PP, P-T rating
MR, PR>
8) Toxic Gas and Toxic Liquid All Size shall be applied torquing irrespective of bolt size and P-
Containing Piping T rating
Bolt Size 1-1/2 to 1-7/8 inch for class 600 &below
9) Other Service Piping NPS 4 to 18 (Bolt Size 1-1/4 to 1-7/8 inch) for class 900
NPS 3 to 10(Bolt Size 1-1/8 to 1-7/8 inch) for class 1500
Tensioning shall be applied as per 26-43-ST-SPC-00002 (Flange Management Program) for the
following services of bolts in combination with spiral – wound and PTFE deformable gaskets
Table-8: Tensioning Application Items

1) Low Temperature Service
Bolt Size 2 inch & above
Piping
2) Cryogenic Service Piping Bolt Size 2 inch & above
3) Severe Cyclic Service Piping Bolt Size 1-3/8 inch & above
Bolt Size 1-3/8 inch & above (NPS 8 &

4) HHP Steam Piping
above) for class 900
5) Other Service Piping Bolt Size 2 inch & above

PROJECT: Doc. No.:
CONTRACTOR: Rev. 0
Doc. Title:
10.2 BOLT LOAD

Bolt load is decided based on bolt size and material, flange material and dimensions, and
gasket types in accordance with ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Division 1.
Bolt load shall be the value between minimum calculated bolt load and maximum calculated bolt
load and unified for the same size and service of bolts as possible. Those values are subject to
COMPANY APPROVAL.
Where recommended bolt loads for tightening flange bolts at equipment nozzle or on the
relevant piping are given by equipment Vendors, the recommended loads shall be applied.
Minimum Bolt Load
Minimum calculated bolt load to avoid the leakage from FBC (Flange Bolt Component) is taken
from the largest value Wm1 or Wm2 given from Appendix 2 of ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel
Code Sec. VIII Div. 1.
Maximum Bolt Load
(a) The increment of bolt load is normally limited by yielding bolt, flange and gasket. Since the
allowable sealing stress of spiral wound gasket is very high, the following limitation are taken
for the determination of the maximum bolt load.
(1) For flange joints complied with ASME B16.5 and B16.47:
Maximum bolt load from bolt strength (40% of yield strength of bolt)
(2) For flange joints complied with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Sec. VIII Div.1
as shown in Section 2 and flange joints with soft gaskets such as expanded graphite,
non- asbestos sheet and PTFE deformable sheet:
Maximum bolt load from flange strength (90% of yield strength of flange) Maximum
bolt load from bolt strength (50% of yield stress of bolt) Maximum bolt load from gasket
strength
(3) Maximum bolt load shall be applied a high bolt load compared with (1) and (2) above
mentioned.
(4) Maximum bolt load for alloy steel bolts (A193-B7 and A320-L7) to be used for stainless
steel flanges (Type F304L and F316L) shall be based on (2) above-mentioned.
(5) Cold Section joints as specified in QCS-RC-CR/QR-0207: Maximum bolt load from bolt
strength (48% of yield strength of bolt.)
(b) Maximum allowable variation is within 20% of the specified values stated in paragraph 10.2
above.
Bolt Torque
Bolt torque for each combination of bolt size and material, flange material and dimensions, and
gasket type is calculated based on bolt load in the basis of nut factor of 0.16. Bolt Torque value
is subject to COMPANY APPROVAL.
PROJECT: Doc. No.:
CONTRACTOR: Rev. 0
Doc. Title:
Appendix I: Pipe Support Spacing

Maximum Pipe span Horizontal Pipe Spans for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Pipe
Bare Pipe Bare Pipe
Insulated Vapor Line Insulated Liquid Line
Vapor Line Liquid Line
C.A 315°C to Up to 315°C to
Up to 315°C Up to 315°C Up to 315°C
NPS SCH 399°C 315°C 399°C
Span Span Span Span Span Span
mm m m m m m m
1/2 XXS 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.4 2.1
3/4 160 2.5 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7
1 160 2.5 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.0
1-1/2 80 2.5 4.9 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.0
2 80 2.5 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.9
3 40 2.5 7.0 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.1 5.5
4 40 2.5 7.9 7.3 7.3 7.0 6.7 6.7
6 40 2.5 10.0 8.8 9.5 9.1 8.5 8.2
8 30 2.5 11.6 9.8 10.7 10.0 9.5 9.1
10 30 2.5 12.8 11.0 12.2 11.6 10.7 10.1
12 30 2.5 14.3 11.9 13.4 12.8 11.3 11.0
14 20 2.5 14.9 11.9 13.7 13.4 11.6 11.3
16 20 2.5 15.8 12.5 14.9 14.3 12.2 11.6
18 20 2.5 16.5 13.1 15.9 15.2 12.8 1.9
20 STD 2.5 18.0 14.3 17.1 16.8 14.0 13.4
24 STD 2.5 19.8 15.2 18.9 18.2 14.9 14.0
Note: Pipe spans are based upon the following assumptions:
1. Corrosion allowances (C. A.) are as shown above (Use of pipe with a higher corrosion allowance
would require shorter spans).
2. Pipe schedules (SCH) are as shown above (Use of lower schedules would require shorter
spans).
3. Maximum deflection is 19 mm or 1/2 of Nominal Pipe Diameter (NPS), whichever is smaller.
4. Liquid specific gravity is 1.0
5. Insulation is calcium silicate with density of 208 kg/m3
PROJECT: Doc. No.:
CONTRACTOR: Rev. 0
Doc. Title:
Appendix I: Pipe Support Spacing - Cont'd

Maximum Horizontal Pipe Spans for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Pipe
Bare Pipe Bare Pipe
NPS SCH 399°C 315°C 399°C
mm m m m m m m
1/2 80 2.5 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
3/4 80 2.5 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4
1 80 2.5 3.7 3.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
1-1/2 80 2.5 4.9 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.0
2 STD 2.5 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.0 4.3 3.7
3 STD 2.5 7.0 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.1 5.5
4 STD 2.5 7.9 7.3 7.3 7.0 6.7 6.7
6 STD 2.5 10.1 8.8 9.5 9.1 8.5 8.2
8 STD 2.5 11.6 10.1 11.0 10.4 9.8 9.5
10 STD 2.5 13.1 11.3 12.5 11.9 11.0 10.7
12 STD 2.5 14.3 12.2 13.4 13.1 11.6 11.6
14 STD 2.5 14.9 12.5 14.3 13.7 12.2 11.9
16 STD 2.5 16.2 13.1 15.2 14.9 12.8 12.5
18 STD 2.5 17.1 13.7 16.2 15.0 13.4 13.1
20 STD 2.5 18.0 14.3 17.1 16.8 14.0 13.4
24 STD 2.5 19.8 15.2 18.9 18.3 14.9 14.0
1. Corrosion allowances (C. A.) are as shown above (Use of pipe with a higher corrosion allowance
spans).
5. Insulation is calcium silicate with density of 208 kg/m3.
PROJECT: Doc. No.:
CONTRACTOR: Rev. 0
Doc. Title:
Appendix I: Pipe Support Spacing - Cont'd

Maximum Horizontal Pipe Spans Stainless Steel Pipe
Bare Pipe Bare Pipe

NPS SCH 399°C 315°C 399°C
mm m m m m m m
1/2 80S 1.3 2.7 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
3/4 40S 1.3 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.7 2.4
1 40S 1.3 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.0
1-1/2 40S 1.3 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.3
2 40S 1.3 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.9
3 10S 1.3 7.0 6.1 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.2
4 10S 1.3 7.9 6.7 6.7 6.4 6.1 5.8
6 10S 1.3 9.8 7.9 8.5 8.2 7.3 7.3
8 10S 1.3 11.3 8.8 10.0 9.8 8.5 8.2
10 5S 1.3 12.5 9.1 11.3 10.7 8.8 8.2
12 5S 1.3 14.0 10.4 12.5 11.9 9.8 9.5
14 5S 1.3 14.6 10.7 13.1 12.5 10.1 9.8
16 5S 1.3 15.9 11.3 14.0 13.7 10.7 10.4
18 5S 1.3 16.8 11.6 14.9 14.6 11.0 10.4
20 5S 1.3 18.0 12.5 16.2 15.9 11.9 11.6
24 5S 1.3 19.8 13.7 18.2 17.7 13.4 12.8
1. Corrosion allowances (C. A) are as shown above (Use of pipe with a higher corrosion allowance
spans).
5. Insulation is calcium silicate with density of 208 kg/m3

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COMPANY: Contract No.

Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Commissioning Agreement for Onshore

PIPING GENERAL DESIGN

QATARGAS OPERATING COMPANY LIMITED

SAMSUNG C&T CORPORATION

DOCUMENT NO. 26-00-PI-DEC-00001 DOC. CLASS 2

8.2 Water Piping .................................................................................................................. 53

Document No Document Title

[1] Spec 5L Specification for Line Pipe

Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical

Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical

Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refineries.

[5] RP 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems

[6] Std 570 Piping Inspection Code

[7] Std 598 Valve Inspection and Testing

ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Standards

Document No Document Title

[2] B1.20.1 Pipe Threads, General Purpose (inch)

[3] B16.25 Buttwelding Ends

[4] B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

[5] B16.34 Valves – Flanged, Threaded and Welding End

[6] B16.47 Large Diameter Flanges NPS 26 through NPS 60

[7] B16.48 Steel Line Blanks

[8] B31.1 Power Piping

[9] B31.3 Process Piping

[10] B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems

Boiler and Pressure Vessel

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)

Document No. Document Title

[1] A36 Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel

Standard Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low-Carbon Steel Heat

Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel

Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel

Standard Specification for Low- and Intermediate-Tensile Strength Carbon

Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel, Carbon Steel, Low- and

[14] B75 Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube

[15] B88 Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube

[17] D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics.

Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced

NEC (National Electric Code)

Document No. Document Title

[1] NEC 70 National Electrical Code

NEMA (National Electric Manufacturers Association) Code

Document No. Document Title

[1] SM23 Steam Turbines for Mechanical Drive Service

NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) Code

Document No. Document Title

[1] NFPA30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code

MSS (Manufacturer’s Standardization Society)

Document No. Document Title

[2] SP-69 Pipe Hangers and Supports - Selection and Application

PFI (Pipe Fabrication Institute)

Document No. Document Title

[1] Standard ES-3 Fabricating Tolerances

Relative Project Specifications

Document No. Document Title

[1] 26-00-PI-DEC-00002 Piping Materials And Service Classification

Specification Of Assessment For Prevention Of Flow Induced

[4] 26-00-PI-SPC-00001 Piping - Fabrication, Erection, Inspection And Testing

Pipe 1 Not Applicable 1

Pipe Not Applicable 1 1