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    Chapter02 2-1

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    Ahmed Try
    The document discusses number systems including binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. It defines the different number types and explains positional notation and how to convert between number bases. The importance of binary to computing is discussed as well as arithmetic operations in binary.

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    Chapter02 2-1

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Try
    5 views29 pages
    The document discusses number systems including binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. It defines the different number types and explains positional notation and how to convert between number bases. The importance of binary to computing is discussed as well as arithmetic operations in binary.

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document discusses number systems including binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. It defines the different number types and explains positional notation and how to convert between number bases. The importance of binary to computing is discussed as well as arithmetic operations in binary.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views29 pages

    Chapter02 2-1

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Try
    The document discusses number systems including binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. It defines the different number types and explains positional notation and how to convert between number bases. The importance of binary to computing is discussed as well as arithmetic operations in binary.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 29

    Chapter 2

    Binary Values and Number Systems


    [email protected]

    *
    Chapter Goals

    • Distinguish among categories of numbers


    • Describe positional notation
    • Convert numbers in other bases to base 10
    • Convert base-10 numbers to numbers in other
    bases
    • Describe the relationship between bases 2, 8,
    and 16
    • Explain the importance to computing of bases
    that are powers of 2

    *
    24
    6
    Numbers

    Natural Numbers
    Zero and any number obtained by repeatedly adding
    one to it.

    Examples: 100, 0, 45645, 32

    Negative Numbers
    A value less than 0, with a – sign

    Examples: -24, -1, -45645, -32

    *
    2
    Numbers

    Integers
    A natural number, a negative number, zero

    Examples: 249, 0, - 45645, - 32

    Rational Numbers
    An integer or the quotient of two integers

    Examples: -249, -1, 0, 3/7, -2/5

    *
    3
    Natural Numbers

    How many ones are there in 642?

    600 + 40 + 2 ?
    Or is it
    384 + 32 + 2 ?
    Or maybe…
    1536 + 64 + 2 ?

    *
    4
    Natural Numbers

    Aha!

    642 is 600 + 40 + 2 in BASE 10

    The base of a number determines the number


    of digits and the value of digit positions

    *
    5
    Positional Notation

    Continuing with our example…


    642 in base 10 positional notation is:

    6 x 102 = 6 x 100 = 600


    + 4 x 101 = 4 x 10 = 40
    + 2 x 10º = 2 x 1 = 2 = 642 in base 10

    The power indicates


    the position of
    This number is in the number
    base 10
    *
    6
    Positional Notation
    R is the base
    of the number
    As a formula: 83

    dn * Rn-1 + dn-1 * Rn-2 + ... + d2 * R + d1

    n is the number of d is the digit in the


    digits in the number ith position
    in the number

    642 is 63 * 102 + 42 * 10 + 21
    *
    7
    Positional Notation

    What if 642 has the base of 13?

    + 6 x 132 = 6 x 169 = 1014


    + 4 x 131 = 4 x 13 = 52
    + 2 x 13º = 2 x 1 = 2
    = 1068 in base 10

    642 in base 13 is equivalent to 1068


    in base 10

    *
    8
    6
    Binary

    Decimal is base 10 and has 10 digits:


    0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

    Binary is base 2 and has 2 digits:


    0,1
    For a number to exist in a given base, it can only contain the
    digits in that base, which range from 0 up to (but not including)
    the base.

    What bases can these numbers be in? 122, 198, 178, G1A4

    *
    9
    Bases Higher than 10

    How are digits in bases higher than 10


    represented?

    With distinct symbols for 10 and above.

    Base 16 has 16 digits:


    0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E, and F

    *
    10
    Converting Octal to Decimal

    What is the decimal equivalent of the octal


    number 642?

    6 x 82 = 6 x 64 = 384
    + 4 x 81 = 4 x 8 = 32
    + 2 x 8º = 2 x 1 = 2
    = 418 in base 10

    *
    11
    Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal

    What is the decimal equivalent of the


    hexadecimal number DEF?

    D x 162 = 13 x 256 = 3328


    + E x 161 = 14 x 16 = 224
    + F x 16º = 15 x 1 = 15
    = 3567 in base 10

    Remember, the digits in base 16 are


    0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
    *
    Converting Binary to Decimal

    What is the decimal equivalent of the binary


    number 1101110?
    1 x 26 = 1 x 64 = 64
    + 1 x 25 = 1 x 32 = 32
    + 0 x 24 = 0 x 16 =0
    + 1 x 23 = 1x8 =8
    + 1 x 22 = 1x4 =4
    + 1 x 21 = 1x2 =2
    + 0 x 2º = 0x1 =0
    = 110 in base 10

    *
    13
    Arithmetic in Binary

    Remember that there are only 2 digits in binary,


    0 and 1

    1 + 1 is 0 with a carry

    Carry Values
    111111
    1010111
    +1 0 0 1 0 1 1
    10100010

    *
    14
    Subtracting Binary Numbers

    Remember borrowing? Apply that concept


    here:

    12
    202
    1010111
    - 111011
    0011100

    *
    15
    a) Hexadecimal to decimal
    101
    A0C

    a)Binary Arithmetic
    111 + 101
    1001 - 11
    Counting in Binary/Octal/Decimal

    *
    Converting Binary to Octal

    • Mark groups of three (from right)


    • Convert each group

    10101011 10 101 011


    2 5 3

    10101011 is 253 in base 8

    *
    17
    Converting Binary to Hexadecimal

    • Mark groups of four (from right)


    • Convert each group

    10101011 1010 1011


    A B

    10101011 is AB in base 16

    *
    18
    Converting Decimal to Octal

    Try some!

    *
    Abacus

    *
    Converting Decimal to Other Bases

    Algorithm for converting number in base


    10 to other bases

    While (the quotient is not zero)


    Divide the decimal number by the new base
    Make the remainder the next digit to the left in the answer
    Replace the original decimal number with the quotient

    *
    19
    Converting Decimal to Octal

    What is 1988 (base 10) in base 8?

    Try it!

    *
    Converting Decimal to Octal

    248 31 3 0
    8 1988 8 248 8 31 8 3
    16 24 24 0
    38 08 7 3
    32 8
    68 0
    64
    4

    Answer is : 3 7 0 4

    *
    Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal

    What is 3567 (base 10) in base 16?

    Try it!

    *
    20
    Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal

    222 13 0
    16 3567 16 222 16 13
    32 16 0
    36 62 13
    32 48
    47 14
    32
    15
    DEF

    *
    21
    Binary Numbers and Computers

    Computers have storage units called binary digits or


    bits

    Low Voltage = 0
    High Voltage = 1 all bits have 0 or 1

    *
    22
    Binary and Computers

    Byte
    8 bits

    The number of bits in a word determines the word


    length of the computer, but it is usually a multiple
    of 8

    • 32-bit machines
    • 64-bit machines etc.

    *
    23

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