ADBU Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (AJEEE) | Volume 4, Issue 2 | November 2021

Microstrip Patch Antenna for MIMO based WLAN

Application: A Review
Faizan Yasin Bhat1, Monika Mehra2
1,2 RIMT University, Punjab, India.
[email protected]*, [email protected]

Abstract: In today’s life, wireless communication is an emerging means of data

transmission. The application such as mobile, satellite, government as well as commercial
required low profile, high performance with minimum cost antenna. The antenna is the
intermediate between the device and the people for the data transmission and reception
process. The data might be available in any form i.e., audio, video, or image form. Mobile
broadcasting of LTE digital stream is directly related to new 4G developments. Taking a 3G
network for analysis, one can find that its data transfer rate is 11 times lower than 5G.
Nevertheless, the speed of both receiving and broadcasting LTE data is often of poor quality.
This is due to a lack of power or signal strength that the 5G LTE modem receives from the
station. 5G MIMO antennas are being introduced to significantly improve the quality of
information distribution. MIMO is the distribution of several streams of information at once
through just one channel, followed by their passage through a pair or more antennas before
reaching independent receiving devices for broadcasting radio waves. Presently, the use of
wireless communication is increasing very rapidly in human’s day to day life as well as in
any industry. The applications such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Bluetooth, Wi-
Fi, WIMAX and ISM are the few applications, which are the foremost need of any electronic
system operated by radio means. The antenna developers aim to design a compact, low profile,
low-cost high-performance antenna. This paper aims to survey the existing work performed
by many researchers using different configurations and technical aspects to obtain a high-
performance WLAN antenna.

Keywords: Bluetooth; DGS; ISM; Microstrip Patch Antenna; MIMO; WLAN; WiMAX;
Slotting Technique.

Open Access. Copyright ©Authors(s). Distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY).
Article history- Received: 1 March 2021 and Accepted: 6 August 2021.

1. Introduction
In today’s life, wireless communication is an
emerging means of data transmission. Application
such as mobile, satellite, government as well as a
commercial requires antenna with a low profile,
high performance with minimum cost [1]. The
antenna is the intermediator between the device and
the people for the data transmission and reception
process. The data might be available in any form i.e.,
audio, video, or image form [2]. In the last couple of Fig. 1: General structure of Patch Antenna
years, the growth in the wireless local area networks
(WLAN) shows one of the foremost interests in the A simple patch antenna might be of any
field of information and communication. Presently, shape, circular, square, rectangular an example of
the need of communication industries is that the rectangular patch antenna is shown in Fig. 2 along
antenna should operate at a different band with with the general shapes depicted in Figure 2 [4].
lightweight, low cost and high-performance rate.
The general structure of the patch antenna is shown
in Fig. 1 [3].

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was planned to increase the range of antennas. As

the name suggests, in a multi-antenna configuration,
more than one antenna may be used to reap the
advantages of a multi-track configuration as
opposed to the old design's single antenna system.
When talking about multi-antenna systems, we can
increase efficiency and achieve better results in
multi-track situations. If there are a number of paths
are available between the transmitter and receiver,
the diversion has been observed [10]. Generally,
there are three main techniques are available to
implement the manifold antenna systems:

i. Diversity Schemes
ii. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
Systems
iii. Smart Antenna Systems (SAS)

Fig. 2: Different shapes of Patch Antenna 2.2 Antenna Diversity Schemes

2. Antenna Design The diversity technique is used assuming the

likelihood of fading is very low in many statistically
distinct fading networks. This results in output loss
Before starting the design of the patch antenna,
due to the multi-track blurring process. By making
select the operating frequency, the dielectric
sure that at least one of the multiple roads is better
constant of the substrate with height. Then calculate
than other roads, the efficiency can be enhanced and
the width of the patch from the formula written in
thus efficient contact is achieved.
equation 1:
𝑐 2
𝑤= √𝜀 …………… (1) The first criterion can be accomplished by
2𝑓𝑟 𝑟 +1 the use of two forms of diversity, such as diversity
transition and diversity reception. Diversity is
Here, w, c, and 𝜀𝑟 are the width, velocity of light and usually determined between two antennas, and each
dielectric constant respectively. has its own path. The base station and the service
station antenna are both antenna types. The base
𝜀𝑟 +1 𝜀𝑟 −1 ℎ −1/2 antenna is responsible for receiving the information
𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = + [1 + 12 ] … (2)
2 2 𝑤 from the transmitting antenna as well as for storing
the data. The sending and receiving stations may
Here, 𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 represents the effective have a lot of antennas though [11].
dielectric constant.
Here is the way by which diversity gain can
Due to the fringing effect, the length of the patch be accomplished as discussed below:
might be increased by ∆𝐿 on both sides. To measure
the value of ∆𝐿 the following formula has been used • Time diversity: This type of variation can be
[5-7]. accomplished by repeatedly sending identical
information on sufficiently different time slots,
𝑤
(𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 +0.3)×( +0.264) or repeatedly retransmitting the same signal.
∆𝐿 = 0.412𝑡 ℎ
𝑤 …... (3) Multiple broadcasts must be de-correlated
(𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 −0.258)×( +0.8)
ℎ
enough to guarantee a stronger result in diversity.
Therefore, the effective patch length is • Frequency diversity: By utilizing this approach,
calculated as below: the data is sent repeatedly on various bands of
frequencies. Similar information can be
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝐿 + 2∆𝐿 ……… (4) transmitted on a broadband channel at more than
one transmission frequency. This type of
2.1 Multiple Antenna Systems diversity capitalizes on the channel's broadband
features.
As everybody knows, a single antenna device on the
receiver or transmitter side is used in conventional • Spatial diversity: Numerous antennas are used
radio communication, whether it is FM radio both on the transmitter side and on the receiver
transmitting or receiving. The antenna array later side to achieve spatial diversity. Separating

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antennas play a significant role in enhancing the

efficiency of wireless devices. From the current
analysis, the researchers said the antenna had a
better output with the distances of 10 λ and 0.5 λ.
Sophisticated hardware and signal processing is
needed in both of these cases, preferably at the
end of the receiver [12]. Visual representation of
techniques of diversity, including time,
frequency and spatial diversity

3. State of Art: Literature Review

R. Patel and T. K. Upadhyaya in 2017 [8] presented
a patch antenna designed for WLAN application.
The antenna of 29 × 29 square meters has been
designed, which is being fed by a stripline. The Fig. 4: Antenna proposed by C. S. Voon et al. [9]
antenna has been resonated at two frequencies 2.4
GHz and 5.5 GHz respectively [8].
Y. Zhang et al. [10] designed a transparent
based coplanar patch antenna operated from2.36 to
2.76 GHz and from 4.92 to 6 GHz and hence utilized
for WLAN applications. The transparent substrate of
glass having a thickness of 1.1 mm has been used
with a dielectric constant of 4.8. The antenna has
been radiated with an efficiency of 45 %. The
designed transparent structure is shown in Figure 5
[10].

Fig. 3: Antenna proposed by R. Patel and T. K.

Upadhyaya [8]

The designed antenna consists of multiple Fig. 5: Transparent Antenna proposed by Y. Zhang
circular with square shapes having a dimension of r et al. [10]
= 2.9 mm, with an identical length and width of 5.6
mm.
J. Deng et al. in 2017 [11] presented an
inverted F shape Multiple Input-Multiple Output
C. S. Voon et al. in 2018 [9] presented an (MIMO) antenna, designed to cover dual-band, one
antenna designed for 2.4 and 5.15 GHz frequency of is at 2.4 GHz and the other is at 5 GHz. The antennae
size 17 mm 18 mm with 1.6 mm of thickness. The have been separated by 0.115λ 0 from each other.
antenna finds application in WLAN and 5 G. the An inverted T shape slot has been used on the
patch has been designed in the shape of π by slotting ground plane that helps to increase isolation between
2 U shaped slots on the patch as depicted in Figure the higher and lower band. Also, to increase the
4 [9]. impedance matching U shape slot has been created
near the feeding line. The results indicate 15 dB of
isolation compared to the existing design of the
MIMO antenna [11].

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Fig. 6: Proposed Antenna by J. Deng et al. [11]

Fig. 8: Proposed H-shape with dumbbell shape

T. Ali et al. in 2017 [12] presented a low- DGS Antenna by E. Aravindraj and K.
profile patch antenna for WLAN application. The Ayyappan [13]
minimization of the antenna has been performed by
creating a hexagonal shape slot. Also, for
reconfiguration of the antenna PIN diode has been M. S. Islam et al. in 2018 [14] have
used. The ON-OFF characteristics of the PIN diode presented a 2.45 rectangular patch antenna using
influence the distribution of current of the patch DGS technology and resonated antenna for the ISM
surface and hence affect the resonance as well as the band. The designed antenna covered IEEE 802.11
reconfiguration capability of the presented antenna. g/n OFDM channel with -29.726 dB return loss [14].
In the ON state, an antenna is resonated at 2.4 and
5.2 GHz. In the case of PIN is OFF, the antenna is
resonated at a single frequency. The results have
been obtained with low cross-polarization and
VSWR of less than 2 [12].

Fig. 9: Proposed WLAN antenna by M. S. Islam et

al. [14]

D. K. Raheja et al. in 2018 [15] have

designed a triple band patch antenna, which is being
Fig. 7: Proposed antenna by T. Ali et al. [12] excited by coaxial feed. The antenna has been
considered two resonating elements one is designed
using shorted corner patch in a square shape and the
other is on the upper layer of elliptical shape. The
E. Aravindraj and K. Ayyappan [13] in antenna has used RT Duroid 5880 as a substrate
2017 have designed an H-shaped patch antenna with material and obtained resonance at 4.2, 4.8 and 5.8
a dumbbell-shaped slot on the ground plane known GHz. At 4.2 and 4.8 GHz, the antenna has provided
as Defected Ground Structure (DGS). The antenna circular polarization whereas, at 5.8 GHz, linear
of dimension 39×47×1.56 mm has been designed polarization has been achieved. The maximum gain
[13]. of 7 dB has been attained for all three resonating
frequencies [15].

M. Mabaso and P. Kumar in 2018 [16] have

designed a rectangular patch antenna, which is
operated at 2.4 and 5.8 GHz. The coaxial feeding
technique has been used to excite the antenna. Two
rectangular strips and one elliptical shape slot has
been interested, which resulted in a dual-band with

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enhanced bandwidth. The results revealed that the A. Kumar et al. in 2020 [18] introduced an
antenna is suitable for Bluetooth and WLAN ultra-compact including two-port in the frequency
applications. The concept of DGS has been used to range of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz with dual band-notched
achieve better performance and reduce the size. The ultra-wideband (UWB) features of top and bottom
structure helps to reject unwanted frequencies and MIMO antenna. The complete size of this presented
hence offers wider bandwidth [16]. 2-port antenna is 19×30×0.8 mm3 and the minimum
isolation is greater than 18dB along with obtained
envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) has less than
0.13. The gain of the antenna lies in the range of 1.2–
2.91 dBi with a difference of 1.71 dBi only. The
obtained radiation frequency has been higher than
70% throughout the operating frequency band [18].

Figures 11 and 12 correspondingly

represents the proposed two-element dual band-
notched UWB-MIMO antenna of radiating patches
in top view and ground plane in bottom view.

Fig. 10: DGS antenna designed by M. Mabaso and

P. Kumar [16]

N. Yan et al. in 2017 [17] presented a

directional dual-band antenna designed for WLAN
application by using suspended line (SISL)
technology. Using this technique, multilayer
substrate has been used. In this research, the authors
have used a five-layer substrate integrated with H Fig. 11: Proposed Architecture of MIMO antenna
shaped strip with a rectangular slot inbuilt, so that (radiating patches -top view) by A. Kumar
the antenna is resonated on 2.43 – 2.54 GHz [17]. et al. [18]

Fig. 12: Proposed Architecture of MIMO antenna

(ground plane -bottom view) by A. Kumar
et al. [18]

K. V. Babu and B. Anuradha in 2020 [19]

proposed a compact Minkowski patch antenna to
raise the return loss along with reduced mutual
coupling in the MIMO system. Mutual coupling is
the major challenge of the MIMO system which
Fig. 11: SISL technique-based antenna designed by occurred due to the smaller spaces among the
N. Yan et al. [17]

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number of antennas. For better performance of the

approach, the mutual coupling needs to be reduced,
thus the separation between two antennas is large
enough and it shows enhanced results as compared
to the existing approach [19].

Fig. 13: Proposed MIMO antenna by K. V. Babu Fig. 15: Proposed 4-element based MIMI by Z. Ren
and B. Anuradha [19] and A. Zhao [21]

N. Ojaroudi et al. in 2020 [20] presented an X. Zhang et al. in 2019 [22] proposed a
8-port antenna array that operates in the frequency UWB 8-port MIM antenna array in smartphones
ranges of 2.6 GHz band (2550–2650 MHz) for through an open slot metal frame for 5th generation
MIMO. The configuration strategy of this presented communication. This proposed framework can be
design has composed of 4-pairs low-profile dual- operated in the frequency range of 3.3 GHz to 6
polarized slot antennas placed symmetrically at the GHz, that composed of almost all 6 GHz bands in 5th
corners of a mobile-phone mainboard. It also generation applications. The highest agreement
involves a petal-ring slot radiator differently fed between the measured with simulated outcomes has
through a pair of 50 ohms rectangular microstrip been obtained which leads to presented work
lines and operates at 2.6 GHz [20]. producing promising performance [22].

Fig. 14: Proposed MIMO antenna by N. Ojaroudi et

al. [20]

Z. Ren and A. Zhao in 2019 [21] developed

a dual-band 4-element MIMO antenna system based
on compact self-decoupled pairs of antennae for 5th
generation operation in mobile terminals. The
presented dual-band 4-antenna MIMO system has Fig. 16: Proposed architecture of MIMO antenna by
been fabricated and measured along with a better X. Zhang et al. [22]
agreement between the simulation, as well as
measurement. Through sharing one common
grounding branch for two adjacent antenna units, Z. Tang et al. in 2019 [23] presented a
dual-band pairs of antennae with high isolation have novel 4-element UWB-MIMO antenna which
been obtained [21]. operates in the UWB ranges of the band including
the band-rejection ability to operate in WiMAX
band, WLAN band, and X-band, 3.3-3.7GHz, 5.15-
5.875GHz and 7.1-7.9GHz. The 4 elements of the

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presented approach have identical, symmetrical and A. Zhao and Z. Ren in 2018 [25] presented
orthogonally distributed on both sides of the an antenna element that not only restricted to the
substrate. Moreover, the presented framework property of self–isolated but also had a compact size
involves reduced mutual coupling, lesser envelop presented for 5th generation MIMO system for
correlation coefficient (ECC), higher multiplexing smartphone devices. Mainly the size reduction is
efficiency, stable gain, with quasi-omnidirectional done by introducing the two vertical stubs into the
radiation patterns at the entire impedance bandwidth original self-isolated antenna element. It has to be
[23]. demonstrated that enhanced isolation, as well as
efficiency of antenna for 8-antenna MIMO system,
can be obtained without utilizing the additional
isolated elements or, decoupling techniques. The
proposed scheme is composed of a T-shaped feeding
element with an inverted U-shaped radiating
element including two extra vertical stubs [25].

Fig. 17: Proposed MIMO antenna by Z. Tang et al.

[23]
Fig. 19: Proposed antenna design by A. Zhao and Z.
Ren [25]
K. Yu et al. in 2018 [24] presented a 3-
dimensional meta-material structure that has been
developed as well as integrated through a 2-element 4. CONCLUSION
MIMO antenna array to minimize the mutual
coupling. The implemented metamaterial unit has a This paper has provided a state of art or the efforts
non-planar structure, composed of an upper M- adopted by various researchers to resonate antenna at
shaped patch along with two lower U-shaped 2.4/5 GHz, which is used for wireless local area
patches and that are connected through two shorted network (WLAN) operation. Multiple ways have
pins. By utilizing the presented meta-material been discussed through which the antenna has been
structure in which reduction of greater than 18 dB designed to be resonated at WLAN application or for
mutual coupling has been achieved that greatly more than one application like as Bluetooth,
improves the isolation without affecting the WiMAX and 4 G etc. the authors have used Defected
operating bandwidth along with radiation Ground structure, slotting in different shapes either
behaviours [24]. on patch or on the ground plane and using PIN diode
and multiplayer patch and substrate techniques. The
performance of the antenna has been improved by
optimizing the physical dimension of the antenna as
well as the slots used in the design. In future, the
work can be performed by integrating the above-
mentioned strategies that can be useful to achieve
WLAN antenna with higher performance.

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