The history of Luzon covers events that happened in the largest island of the Philippine Archipelago,

Luzon. Luzon wrested the record of having the oldest man ever discovered in the Philippines with
discovery of the Callao Man in 2007, which predated the Tabon Man by around 20,000 years.

The written history of Luzon began in around 900 AD with the discovery of the Laguna Copperplate
Inscription in 1989. After that, Luzon began to appear in the annals of the Chinese and Japanese. One
example would be the Ming Shilu, wherein Luzon appeared in 22 records.

The first evidence of the systematic use of Stone-Age technologies in the Philippines is estimated to
have dated back to about 50,000 BC,[3] and this phase in the development of proto-Philippine societies
is considered to end with the rise of metal tools in about 500 BC, although stone tools continued to be
used past that date.[4] However, new discoveries in Luzon, particularly in Liwan, Kalinga, found stone
tools that were dated through potassium argon test at most 920,000 years old, and at least 750,000
years old

The earliest human remains known in the Philippines are the fossilized remains discovered in 2007 by
Armand Salvador Mijares in Callao Cave, Peñablanca, Cagayan. The find was of a 67,000-year-old
remains that predate the Tabon Man, which was discovered in 1962 by Robert Bradford Fox.

definitively proven to be remains of Homo sapiens, since there was a certainty that the Callao Man could
be a Homo floresiensis, it would antedate the 47,000-year-old remains of Tabon Man to become the
earliest human remains known in the Philippines, and one of the oldest human remains in the Asia
Pacific.

The primary theory surrounding the migration of Callao Man and his contemporaries to Luzon from
what is believed to be the present-day Indonesia is that they came by raft. It is notable that the
approximate time this happened is, according to experts, prior to the point when human beings were
thought to be capable of making long voyages across the sea. It has also been noted that Callao Man
could have crossed into the Philippines by a land bridge. This is because at the time Callao Man lived, it
was the period known as Ice age and the sea level was lower. Because of lower sea levels, there could
have been an Isthmus between the Philippines and the rest of Southeast Asia.

Ethnic groups of LUZON

Ifugao

The People
 Ifugao, group of wet-rice agriculturalists occupying the mountainous area of northern Luzon,
Philippines. They are of Malay stock and their language is Austronesian (MalayoPolynesian), as is that of
their neighbours, but they have developed a number of cultural characteristics that set them apart.

Origins

Henry Otley Beyer thought that the Ifugaos originated from southern China 2,000 years ago and
migrated to the Lingayen Gulf and the west coast of northern Luzon, upon which they migrated to the
Agno and Kayapa river valleys and into the Ifugao valleys.

Language

Tuwali is the native language of inhabitants of Ifugao which is known for its manually carved rice
terraces along mountain slopes, and has been tagged as a heritage site by the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Education

Beginning at 10 years of age, Ifugao children learn skills such as paot (woodcarving), apfor (weaving),
topeng (stone riprapping), and uman (genealogy mapping). Among the Mangyans, ambahan are taught
by the elders to the children

History

Ifugao was formerly known as a part of the old Mountain Province. It was created as an independent
province on June 18, 1966 by virtue of Republic Act No. 4695, otherwise known as the Division Law of
Mountain Province.

Culture and Traditions

About half of all Ifugaos have embraced Christianity but their animist beliefs have been absorbed into
their Christian beliefs. The Ifugao have traditionally believed their lives were ruled by spirits called
“anitos”. Many Ifugao still believe the universe was divided into five levels.

Aeta, Ati or Negritos

The People
The Aeta, Ati or Negritos are collective terms for several Filipino indigenous peoples who live in various
parts of the island of Luzon in the Philippines.

Origins

They are indigenous and their ancestors were the aborigines from Australia. There was a consensus
from anthropologists that they migrated from the island of Borneo about 30 thousand years ago using a
land bridge that was partially covered by water 5,000 years ago.

Language

The Aeta speak Austronesian languages and follow Austronesian cultural practices to a limited extent.
Conversely, other Filipino ethnic groups not traditionally considered Negritos, also have Negrito
admixture (~10 to 20%). Aetas are most closely related to the Batak people of Palawan.

Education

The educational environment is defined not only by the migration of the Aeta from the Mount Pinatubo
slopes to the lowlands and their illiteracy, but also by social changes. The Aeta are involved in two
important programmes; the Grassroots Leadership Course (GLC) and the Alternative Learning System
(ALS).

History

The oldest inhabitants of the Philippines are the Negrito. They are a pre-Austronesian people who
migrated from mainland Asia around 90,000 years ago. The Negrito population was estimated in 2004 at
around 31,000.

Culture and Traditions

Most Aetas practice monotheism and are animists. They worship a Supreme Being and at the same time,
also believe in environmental spirits. They believe that various places in our environment are being
governed by both good and evil spirits. As for their clothing, they wear plain and simple attire.

Ivatan

The People
The Ivatan people are an Austronesian ethnolinguistic group native to the Batanes and Babuyan Islands
of the northernmost Philippines. They are genetically closely-related to other ethnic groups in Northern
Luzon, but also share close linguistic and cultural affinities to the Tao people of Orchid Island in Taiwan.

Origins

Ivatan belongs to the Batanic branch of the Malayo-Polynesian language family. It is spoken mainly in
the Batanes Islands in the Philippines, and also in Mindanao, and in southern Taiwan. In 2007 there were
about 1,240 Ivatan speakers. It is also known as Ivatan, Babuyan or Ibataan.

Language

The Ivatan (Ibatan) language, also known as Chirin nu Ibatan ("language of the Ivatan people"), is a
Philippine language of Austronesian origins spoken in the Batanes Islands of the Philippines.

Education

The Ivatan study the behavior of animals, sky color, wind, and clouds to predict the weather. Ivatans
usually gather their animals and stay in their houses when they see that the cows take shelter from the
payaman (communal pasture) and birds taking refuge in houses or in the ground.

History

On June 26, 1783, Batanes was incorporated into the Spanish East Indies. In 1786, Ivatans were forced
to resettle in the lowlands of Batanes. The Ivatans lived under Spanish rule for 115 years and gained
their independence on September 18, 1898. However, June 6 is celebrated in Batanes as its founding
day.

Culture and Traditions

The Ivatan have a strong oral tradition, including legends (kabbata), lyric folk songs (lagi), and working
songs (kalusan).

Ilocano/Ilokano

The People
The Ilocanos (Ilocano: TattaongaIloko/Ilokano), Ilokanos, or Iloko people are the third largest Filipino
ethnolinguistic group and mostly reside within the Ilocos Region in the northwestern seaboard of Luzon,
Philippines, Ilocano people speaks Iloko or Iloco Language.

Origins

Ilocano, like all Philippine languages, is an Austronesian language, a very expansive language family
believed to originate in Taiwan. Ilocano comprises its own branch within the Philippine Cordilleran
language subfamily. It is spoken as first language by seven million people.

Language

Ilokano is an Austronesian language of the Philippine type spoken by about nine million people [9]. It is a
member of the cordilleran language family which comprises many language of Northern Luzon Island,
Philippines.

Education

On the part of the Ilocano learners, they are in favor that learner-centered approach to language
teaching encourages responsibility and self-discipline and allows each student to develop his/her full
potential

History

Ilocano, also spelled Ilokano, or Ilokan, also called Iloko, or Iloco, third largest ethnolinguistic group in
the Philippines. When discovered by the Spanish in the 16th century, they occupied the narrow coastal
plain of northwestern Luzon, known as the Ilocos region.

Culture and Traditions

The cultures and traditions that are reflected in these sayings are: not forgetting where he/she came
from; being responsible; being industrious; more prudent towards other people; being helpful and
unselfish; being thrifty; being honest; being respectful; and being hardworking.

Ibanag

The People
The Ibanag (also Ybanag and Ybanak or Ibanak) are an ethnolinguistic minority numbering a little more
than half a million people, who inhabit the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya. They are
one of the largest ethnolinguistic minorities in the Philippines.

Origins

The Ibanag originated in the region around the mouth of the Cagayan River and gradually dispersed
southward within the last 200 years, influencing groups like the Itawis, Isinay, and Gaddang. Ibanag is
the lingua franca for trade in the area.

Language

The Ibanag language (also Ybanag or Ibanak) is an Austronesian language spoken by up to 500,000
speakers, most particularly by the Ibanag people, in the Philippines, in the northeastern provinces of
Isabela and Cagayan, especially in Tuguegarao, Solana, Abulug, Cabagan, and Ilagan and with overseas
immigrants in countries located in the Middle East, United Kingdom and the United States.

Education

A native of Cabagan, Isabela, Monsignor Gatan had his primary schooling at Cabagan Central Sch6ol and
his intermediate education at Cabagan Farm School. Being. steeped early in the religious vocation he
had his secondary course at, -: Vigan Seminary in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, which he continued through college.

History

The Ibanag [Y Bannag] are lowland tribe of Cagayan. Their name is derived from the term bannag
meaning "from the river". They reside in the valley within the Sierra Madre, Cordillera and Caraballo
Mountain chains. The Ibanag appear to have had it original home in the swampy zone of the lower
Cagayan river valley.

Culture and Traditions

Ibanag is a very ancient civilization. It has its distinct, rich and diverse culture. Commerce and trade was
practiced by its inhabitants and has flourished with the Japanese, Chinese and other neighbor Asian
countries even before the Spanish colonizers reached its shores.

Kapampangan

The People
Kapampangan, also called Pampango, ethnolinguistic group living in the Philippines, principally in the
central plain of Luzon, especially in the province of Pampanga, but also in parts of other adjoining
provinces. Kapampangans numbered some two million in the early 21st century.

Origins

Kapampangan is derived from the root word pampáng ("riverbank"). The language was historically
spoken in the Kingdom of Tondo, ruled by the Lakans. A number of Kapampangan dictionaries and
grammar books were written during the Spanish colonial period.

Language

Kapampangan is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines. It is
the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac, on the
southern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, most of whom belong to the Kapampangan
ethnic group.

Education

Kapampangan showed a relatively high commitment to advanced education. Kapampangan students

with teaching ambitions flocked to the Philippine Normal School whenit opened in 1901. In the first
decade of the founding of the University of the Philippines, a substantial number of Kapampangans
enrolled in courses from Medicine, Pharmacy, Nursing, Music, Law, Education with Liberal Arts and Fine
Arts.

History

Oral tradition says that the early Kapampangans were from the Malays. As early as 300 BC, people from
Indonesia started their adventure from the Malay Peninsula and West Sumatra. People of Malay from
the south sailed in groups using boats called barangays.

Culture and Traditions

Kapampangans are well known for their passion for food. But Pampanga also has colorful festivities that
reflect its rich culture and unique native traditions. Kapampangans are proud of who they are and these
festivals are proof of their happy home living. Each province has their own distinct festival.

Tagalog

The People
Tagalog, largest cultural-linguistic group in the Philippines. They form the dominant population in the
city of Manila; in all provinces bordering Manila Bay except Pampanga; in Nueva Ecija to the north; and
in Batangas, Laguna, Marinduque, Mindoro, and Quezon to the south.

Origins

Tagalog is a language that originated in the Philippine islands. It is the first language of most Filipinos
and the second language of most others. More than 50 million Filipinos speak Tagalog in the Philippines,
and 24 million people speak the language worldwide.

Language

Tagalog; Baybayin: is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by the ethnic Tagalog people,
who make up a quarter of the population of the Philippines, and as a second language by the majority.
Its standardized form, officially named Filipino, is the national language of the Philippines, and is one of
two official languages, alongside English.

Education

They tend to have less access to and poorer quality of education than other groups. Their education
often does not incorporate curricula and teaching methods that recognize their communities' histories,
cultures, pedagogies, traditional languages and traditional knowledge.

History

Like the majority of Filipinos, the Tagalog people primarily descend from seafaring Austronesians who
migrated southwards to the Philippine islands from the island of Taiwan some 4,000 years ago. Contact
with the much earlier Negritos resulted in a gradually developed scenario seen throughout the
Philippine archipelago of coastal, lowland, predominantly Austronesian seafaring settlements and land-
based Negrito huntergatherers confined to forested and mountainous inlands, along with inland
Austronesians oriented towards rivers. Both groups variably mixed with each other from millennia of
general coexistence, yet even up to Spanish advent social distinctions between them still remained. As
Filipinos, the Tagalogs are related to the Austronesian-speaking peoples of presentday Taiwan, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Brunei, and the more distant Micronesians, Polynesians, and Malagasy.

Culture and Traditions

Filipinos are known for having strong and close family ties. They place high regard andput importance on
their family before anything else. They work all day and do all they can to feed and provide for their
family. In other countries, when a person turned 18, he/she can live away from his/her family.