इंटरनेट मानक

Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”

Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 4127 (1983): Code of practice for laying of glazed

stoneware pipes [CED 24: Public Health Engineering.]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 IS : 4127 - 1983
( Reaffirmed 2001 )

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
LAYING OF GLAZED STONEWARE PIPES
( First Revision )
First Reprint MAY 1993

UDC 628.243~13 : 691!433 - 462 : 006~76

0 Copyright 1984 [

BUREAU Oti INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN. 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002 L

Gr 6 August 1984

i_ b I_
 IS:4127 -1983

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
LAYlNG OF GLAZED STONEWARE PIPES

( First Revision )
Water Supply and Sanitation Sectional Committee, BDC 24

Chairman Representing
SHRI J. D’Cnuz Water Supply and Sewage Disposal Undertaking,
New Delhi
Members
CHIEF ENQINEER ( CIVIL I ) (‘Alternate to
Shri J. D’Cruz )
ADVISER ( PHE ) Ministry of Works and Housing, New Delhi
DEPUTY ADVISER ( PHE ) ( Alternate )
SHRI N. S. BHAIRAVAN Public Health Engineering Department, Govern-
ment of Kerala, Trivandrum
SUPERINTENDINGEN~INIZER ( Alternate )
SHRI I. CHANDRA Public Works Department, Public Health Branch,
Government of Haryana, Chandigarh
SHI~I K. K. GAND~II ( Alterrrate )
CHIEF ENQINEER ( CONSTRUCTION) Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam, Lucknow
SUPERINTENDINQ ENGINEER ( Alternate )
SHRI R. C. P. CHAUDHARY Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI H. V. RAO ( Alternate )
SRRI S. K. DASQUPTA Calcutta Metropolitan Development Authority,
Calcutta
SHRI S. R. MUKHERJEE ( Alternate )
PROF .J. M. DAVE Institution of Engineers ( India ), Calcutta
SHRI S. G. DEOLALIKAR In personal capacity ( Flat No. 403, Sauitri Cinema
Commerical Complex, New Delhi )
SHRI B. R. N. GUPTA Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters
SRRI K. V. KRISKNAYURTHY
( Alternate )
HYDRA.ULIC ENGINEER Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay,
Bombay
CHIEF ENQINEER ( SEWERAQE
PROJECTS ) ( Alternate )

( Confinurd on Pags 2 )

0 Copyright 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publiler shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
IS: 4127-1983

( Conlinued from pup 1 )

Members Itepresenting
SRRI R. A. KHANNA Public Health Department, Government 01’
Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal
SHRI D. K. MITRA ( Allernate I )
SHRI I. S. BAWEJA ( Alpxkzte II )
SRRI P. KRISHNAN Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
SURVEYOR OF WORKS-~ ( NDZ ) ( Alternate )
SHRI M. Y. MADAN The Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, Bombay
QHRI C. E. S. RAO ( Alternate )
SHRI S. L. MAINI Public Works Department, Public Health Branch,
Government of Puniab. Patiala
SHRI R. NATARAJAN Hindustan Dorr-Oliver-L&l, Bombay
SERI B. M. RAHUL ( Alternate )
PROF K. J. NATE All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health,
Calcutta
SIIRI D. GUIN ( AIternale )
PROF V. RAMAN National Environmental Engineering Rerearch
Institute ( CSIR ), Nagpur
SHRI S. R. KSHIRSA~AR ( Al/en&e)
SHRI RANJIT SINQH Ministry of Railways
DR A. V. R. RAO National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHRI 0. P. RATRA ( Alternate )
SECRETARY Indian Water. Works Association, Bombay
SECRETARY GENEI~AL Institution of Public Health Iinginceis India,
Calcutta
SHRI R. N. BANERJEE ( Alternate )
&RI L. R. SEH~AL L. R. Sehgal & Co, New Delhi
SHRI S. K. SHARMA Central Building Research In&u<:: ( CSIR ),
Roqrkee
SHIU B. N. TRYAOARAJA Bangalore Water Supply and !>rwi:~rsqe Board,
Bangalore
SHRI H. S. PUTTAKEM~ANNA ( Alternate )
SHRI V. VARADARAJAN Madras Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage
Board, Madras
SHRI S. DAIVAMAXI ( Alterrude )
SARI G. RAMAN, Diredtor General, IS1 ( Ex-ojicio Member )
Director ( Civ Engg )
Secrclary
SHRI A. K. AVASTBY
Assistant Director ( Civ Engg ), IS1

Drainage Subcommittee, BDC 24 : 2

Convener
SHRI P. G. JOSHI Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay,
Bombay
Members
DEPUTY CESBB ENGINEER ( SEWERAQE )
( Alternate to Shri P. G. Joshi )
ADDITIONAL CHIEF ENGINEER Delhi Municipal Corporation, New Delhi
(WATER )
DEPUTY DRAINAGE ENQINEER ( Alferna!e )

2
 IS : 4127- 1983

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR

LAYING OF GLAZED STONEWARE PIPES

( First Revision )

0. FOREWO RD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( First Revision) was adopted by the Indian
Standards
_._ Institution on 30 November
- . ._? after the draft finalized by
1983
the Water Supply and Sanitation Sectional Committee had been approved
by the Civil Engineering Division Council.

0,2 For all sewers and drains in ordinary ground, glazed stoneware pipes
are recommended in preference to other types of pipes, They are parti-
cularly suitable where acid effluents or acid subsoil conditions are likely to
be encountered. Laying of glazed stoneware pipes for drainage purposes
has been generally governed by the regulations laid down by the various
municipalities and municipal corporations. These regulations are intended
to ensure proper laying of pipes, giving due consideration to economy and
safety of workers engaged in pipe laying. However, there is no uniformity
in these regulations regarding minimum standards of laying which should
be fulfilled for proper and safe laying of stoneware pipes and this code is
intended to give the necessary guidance on sound practices of laying
stoneware pipes, It is being revised to incorporate improvements found
necessary in the light of usage of the standard. In this revision, the
quantity of spun yarn to be used in the joints have been omitted and the
guidance for the depth of yarn to be inserted in the joints have been given
( see 6.1.2.1 ).

0.3 This code represents a standard of good practice and, therefore, takes
the .form of recommendations.

0.4 .For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this

standard is complied with, the final value, observed. or calculated, expre-
ssing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance
with IS : 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this
standard.

*Rulel for rounding off numerical values f revised).

3
IS: 4127- 1983

1. SCOPE

1.1 This standard covers the methods of laying glazed stoneware pipes
below ground level for drainage purposes. It also includes
_ _ handling and
jointing of pipes, tests, backfilling, and restoration of sur!aces.
1.2 For the purpose of this code, stoneware pipes shall be those conform-
ing to IS : 651-1980* and IS : 3006-1979t.
1.3 This standard is only applicable to public sewers and pipes laid down
for building drainage in accordance with IS : 1742-19831.

2. TERMINOLOGY

2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the definitions of terms as given
in 2 of IS : 1742- 1983$. shall apply.

3. EXCAVATION AND PREPARATION OF TRENCH

3.1 General - The.trench shall be so dug that the pipe can be laid to the
required alignment and at the required depth. When the pipeline is under
a roadway, a minimum cover of 90 cm is recommended for adoption, but
it may be modified to suit local conditions. The trench shall be excavated
only so far in advance of pipe laying as specified by the authority. The
trench shall be so shored and drained that the workmen may work therein
safely and efficiently. The discharge of the trench dewatering pumps shall
be conveyed either to drainage channels or to natural drains.

3.1.1 Trenching - The excavation should be carried out with manual

labour or with suitable mechanical equipment as approved by the
authority.

3.2 Width of Trenches - Unless otherwise specihed by the Authority,

the width at bottom of trenches- for different diameters of pipes laid at
different depths shall be as given below:
a) For all diameters, up to an average depth of 1.20 m, width of
trench in mm = diameter of pipe + 300 mm.
1,) For all diameters for depths al&e 1.20 m, width of trench in mm
= diameter of pipe + 400 mm.
c) Notwithstanding (a) and (b) the total width of trench should not
be less than 0.75 m for depths exceeding 0.9 m.

3.3 Limits of Excavation Relative to Gradients-Except where

special foundations are to be provided for the reasons given in 3.5, the

*Specification for salt-glazed stoneware pipes and fittings (fiur~il revision ).

tSpecifica.tion for chemically resistant glazed stoneware pipes and fittings ( jfirsf
rcmisiorl
).

4
 IS : 4127 - 1989

trench shall be excavated in accordance with one of the following alter-

natives as may be considered appropriate by the Authority:
a) The trench shall be excavated to the exact’ gradient specified $0
that no making of the subgrade by backfilling is required and the
concrete bed, where required, may be prepared with greatest
ease giving a uniform and continuous bearing and support for
the pipe.
W When the bottom of the trench at .the specified gradient is found
to be unstable or includes ashes and cinders, all types of refuse,
vegetable or other organic material, or large pieces of fragments
of inorganic material, they shall be removed to the satisfaction
of the Authority. Before laying the concrete bed, where
necessary, the specific gradient shall be attained by back-
filling with an approved material in uncompacted layers of 80 mm.
The layers shall then be tatiped as directed by the Authority.
3.4 Trimming of Trench Bottoms - The bottom of the trench shall
be properly trimmed off to present a plain surface and all irregularities
shall be levelled. Where rock and large stone or boulders are encountered
the trench shall be trimmed to a depth of at least 80 mm below the level
at which the bottom of the barrel of the pipe is to be laid, and filled to a
like depth with stones broken to pass through a sieve of 12.5 mm aperture
size ( see IS : 2405( Part 1 )-1980* ) and well rammed to form a firm bed
for pipes. Excavation shall be at joints to such dimensions as will allow the
joints to be conveniently and thoroughly filled.
3.5 Special Foundation in Poor Soil - Where the bottom of the trench
at sub-grade is found to consist of material which is unstable to such a
degree that, in the opinion of the Authority, it cannot be. removed and
replaced with an approved material thoroughly compact& in place to
support the pipe properly, a suitable foundation for the pipe, consisting of
piling, timbers and other materials, in accordance with plans prepared by
the Authority shall be constructed.
3.6 Rock Excavation - The term ‘ Rock ’ wherever used in this stan-
dard shall have the same meaning as given in 3.1 of IS : 1200 ( Part 1 )-
19741_.
3.7 Blasting - Blasting for excavation in rock sh 1 be permitted only
after securing the approval of the Authority and onlyYV hen proper*precau-
tions are taken for the protection of persons andproperty. The hours of
blasting shall be fixed by the Authority. The procedure of blasting shall
conform to the requirements of local controlling quthority.
*SpecificaCon for industrial sieves: Part I Wire cloth sieves and square aperhm
series (firstrevision ).
i-Method of measurement of building and civil engineering work: Part 1 Earth work
( third revision ).

5
IS : 4125’ - 1983

3.8 Braced and Sheeted Trenches - Open-cut trenches shall be sheeted

and braced as required by any governing state laws and municipal regula-
tions and as may be necessary to protect life, property and the work. When
close sheeting is required, it shall be so driven as to prevent adjacent soil
from entering the trench either below or through such sheeting.

3.8.1 The Authority shall have the right to order the sheeting to be
driven to the full depth of the trench or to such additional depths as may
be required for the protection of the work. Where the soil in the lower
limits of a trench has the necessary stability, the Authority at his discre .
tion, may permit stopping of the driving of sheeting at some designated
elevation above the trench bottom.

3.8.2 Sheeting and bracing which have been ordered left in place should
be removed for a distance of 0.9 m below the established street level or the
existing surface of the street, whichever is lower. Trench bracing, except
that which has been left in place, may be removed when the backfilling
has reached the respective level of such bracing. Sheeting, except that
which has been left in place, may be removed after the backfilling has
been completed or has been brought up to such an elevation as to permit
its safe removal. Sheeting and bracing may be removed before filling the
trench, but only in such a manner as will ensure the adequate protection
of the completed work and adjacent structures.

3.9 Care of Surface Material for Re-use - All surface materials which,
in the opinion of the Authority, are suitable for re-use in restoring the
surface shall be kept separate from the general excavation material as
directed by the Authority.

3.10 ‘Stackin@Excavated Material - All excavated material shall be

stacked ‘in such a manner that it will not endanger the work and it will
avoid obstructing foot-paths and roads. Hydrants under pressure, surface
boxes, fire or other utility controls shall be left unobstructed and accessible
until the work is completed. Gutters shall be kept clear or other satis-
factory provisions made for street drainage, and natural water-courses shall
not be obstructed.

3.11 Barricades, Guards and Safety Provisions - To protect person

from injury and to avoid damage to property, adequate barricades, con-
struction signs, torches, red lanterns and guards, as required, shall be
placed and maintained during the progress of the construction work and
until it is safe for traffic to use the roadway. All materials, piles, equip-
ment and pipe which may serve as obstructions to traffic shall be enclosed
by fences for barricades and shall be protected by proper lights when the
visibility is poor. The rules and regulations of the local authorities regard-
ing safety provisions shall be observed.
.

6
 IS:4127- 1983

3.12 Maintenance of Traffic and Closing of Streets - The work

shall he carried in such a manner which will cause the least interruption
to traffic, and the road or street may be closed in such a manner that it
causes the least interruption to the traffic. Where it is necessary for traffic
to cross open trenches, suitable bridges shall be provided.

3.12.1 Suitable signs indicating that a street is closed shall be placed

and necessary detour signs for the proper maintenance of traffic shall be
provided.

3.13 Structure Protection - Temporary support, adequate protection

and maintenance of all underground and surface structure, drains, sewers
and other obstructions encountered in the progress of the work shall be
provided under the direction of the Authority. The structures which may
have been disturbed shall be restored upon complcsion of the work.
3.14 Protection of Property and Surface Structures - Trees, shrub-
bery fences, poles and all other property and surface structures shall be
protected unless their removal is shown on the drawings or authorised by
the Authority. When it is necessary to cut roots and tree branches, such
cutting shall be done under the supervision and direction of the Authority.
3.15 Interruption of Service - No valve or other control of the &St-
ing services shall be operated without the permission of the Authority.

4. BED CONCRETE

4.1 Bedding - Where the pipes are laid on a soft soil with the maximum
water table level, lying at the invert level of the pipe, the pipe shall be
bedded in concrete ( see Fig. 1 ). Alternatively, precast concrete sleepers
at suitable intervals with 90” contact may be used if approved by the
Authority when .the pipes are to be laid over swelling soil; sand fillin!!,
cushion of suitable thickness may be provided.
4.2 Haunching -Where the pipes have to be laid in a soft soil with the
maximum water table level rising above the invert level of the pipe, but
below the top of the barrel, the pipe sewers shall be haunched (see Fig. 2),
4.3 Surrounding or Encasing of Pipes - In the following cases the
pipes shall be completely encased or surrounded with concrete (see Fig. 3):
4 Where the maximum water table level is likely to rise above the
top of the barrel;
b) Where the sewers are to be laid adjacent to growing trees, to
avoid damage to the pipe likely to be caused by the roots of the
trees;
C>Where the depth of the pipe is less than 1.2 m under the road
surface; and
4 Whenever the intensity of loading on pipes exceeds the limits
given in Appendix A.

7
IS t 4127- 1983

W - D + X, where D is the external diameter of the pipe

x e 300 mm, up to trench depth of 1.20 m
{ 400 mm, trench depth more than 1.20 m
i‘- - 100 mm for pipes under 150 mm nominal diameter; one fourth of
internal diameter subject to a minimum of 150 mm and maximum of
300 mm for pipes of more than 150 mm diameter
MWL - Maximum water level.
Fro. 1 BEDDING

MWl

W = D + X, where D is the external diameter of the pipe

x _ f 300 mm up to trench depth of 120 m
(I 400 mm trench depth more than 1’20 m
T = 100 mm for pipes under 150 mm nominal diameter; one-fourth of
internal diameter subject to a minimum of 150 mm and maximum of :
300 mm for pipea of more than 150 mm diameter
MWL = Maximum water level.
Fro. 2 HAIJNCHINO
8
 IS I 4127 - 1983

w = D + X, where D is the external diameter of the pipe

x (’ 300 mm up to trench depth of 1’20 m
p I 400 mm trench depth more than 1.20 m
T pi 100 mm for pipes under 150 under nominal diameter; one fourth of
internal diameter subject to a minimum of 150 mm and maximum of
300 mm for pipes of more than 150 mm diameter.

Fro. 3 SURROUNDOR ENCASING

4.4 Materials - The concreting whenever necessary shall be done with

1 : 4 : 8 mass cement concrete or lime concrete ( when the sub-soil condi-
tions permit the same ). The dimension of concreting shall be as shown
in Fig, 1, 2 and 3.

5. LAYING
5.1 Unloading of Pipes - While unloading, pipes shall not be thrown
down from the trucks on hard ground. Unloading them on timber skids
without a steadying rope and thus allowing the pipes to bump hard against
one another should not be allowed. In order to avoid damage to the pipes
and especially to the spigot end, pipes should not be dragged along
concrete and similar pavements with hard surfaces.
5.2 Handling of Stoneware Pipes into Trench - In shallow trenches
manual handling is enough, but in deep trenches they should be lowered
into the trench by means of ropes. Under no circumstances shall pipes
be dropped or dumped into the trench.
ISr 4127 - 1983

5.3 Detection of Cracks in Pipes and Fittings - The pipe and fittings
shall be inspected for defects, and be rung with a light hammer preferably
while suspended to detect cracks.
5.4 Cleaning Pipes and Fittings -All lumps, blisters and excess coat-
ing materials shall be removed gently from the socket and spigot end of
each pipe and the outside of the spigot and the inside of the socket shall
be wiped clean and dry before the pipe is laid.
5.5 Placing the Pipes in Trench 7 Every precaution shall be taken to
prevent foreign materials from entering the pipes when it is being placed
in the line. Normally the socket ends should face the up-stream. When
the line runs uphill the socket ends should face the up-grade.
5.5.1 After placing a length of pipe in the trench on concrete bedding
where that is specified, the spigot end shall be centered in the socket and
the pipe forced home and aligned to gradient. The pipe shall be secured
in place with approved backfill material or concrete tamped under it except
at the socket. Pipe and fittings which do not allow a sufficient and uniform
space for joints shall be removed and replaced with pipe and fittings of
proper dimensions to ensure such uniform space. Precautions shall be
taken to prevent dirt from entering the joint space.
5.5.2 At times when pipe laying is not in prcgress, the open ends of
pipe shall be closed by a watertight plug or canvas or other means appro-
ved by the Authority.
5.5.3 Sight rails shall be provided at all changes of directions or
gradients at distances of about 30 m along straight lengths. The centre
line shall be marked on each horizontal rail which is fixed at true level.
All inverts shall be laid therefrom with the help of proper boning rods.
5.6 Cutting of Pipes -The cutting of pipe for inserting, fitting or
closure pieces shall be done in a neat and workmanlike manner without
damage to the pipe or cement lining so as to leave a smooth end at right
angles to the axis of the pipe.
5.7 Pipelines Crossing Railway Lines, Irrigation Channels or
Similar Works - The Authority should consult the appropriate authori-
ties before preparing plans and specifications for this part of work,
5.8 Connection to an Existing Sewer - The connection to an existing
sewer shall be done through manholes.
5.9 Connections to Manholes - Before connecting a pipe to a manhole,
a relieving arch or any other similar protection device should be made in
the manhole for the safety of the pipe.
5.10 Strength and Loading of Stoneware Pipes - The pipes, when
iaid, should not be subjected to superimposed load beyond their safe
Erushing strength and some guidance in this regard is given in Appendix A.

10
 IS 8 4127 - 1983

6. JOINTING OF PIPE
6.1 Types of Joints - The stoneware pipes shall be cement jointed or
provided with bituminous joints as approved by the Authority.
6.1.1 Materials for Cement Joints - The materials shall consist of the
fdllowing:
a) Spun yarn or tarred gaskets,
b) Cement ( see IS : 269-1976 *; IS : 455-1976T or IS : 1489-1978$ ),
and
c) Sand ( see IS : 1542-1977# ).
6.1.2 Jointing Procedure for Cement Joirh - The procedure as laid
in 6.1.2.1 to 6.1.2.4 shall be followed.
6.1.2.1 Caulking of yarn or gasket - In each joint, spun yarn soaked
in neat cement slurry or tarred gasket shall be passed round the joint and
inserted in it by means of a caulking tool. More skeins of yarn or gasket
shall be added if necessary and shall be well caulked. Yarn or gasket so
rammed shall not occupy more. than one-fourth of the depth of socket.
6.1.2.2 Caulking of cement mortar - Cement’ tiortar ( 1 : 1 ) -( one
part of cement to one part ,of sand ) shall be slightly moistened and care-
fully inserted by hand into the remaining space of the joint after caulking
of yarn or gasket. The mortar shall then be caulked into the joint with a
caulking tool. More cement mortar shall be added until the space of joint
has been completely filled with tightly caulked mortar. The joint shall
then be finished off neatly outside the socket at an angle of 45 degrees as
shown in Fig. 4.
6.1.2.3 Curing - The cement mortar joints shall be cured at least
for seven days before testing.
6.1.2.4 The approximate quantity of cement required for each joint
for certain common sizes of pipes are given below for guidance:
.Nominal Diameter of Pipe Cement
mm kg
100 1-O
150 l-5
200 2.0
250 2-5
300 3.25
350 4.5
400 5.5

*Specification for ordinary and low heat Portland cement ( third revision ).
tSpeci@ation for Portland slag cement ( third revision ).
SSpecification for Portland pozzolana cement ( second revs&w ).
#pecifitation for sand for plaster ( firJt revision ).

11
 CEMEN T MORTAR TARRED GASKET OR
SPUN YARN SOAKED
IN NEAT CEMENT
n

X = SocketLength
FIO. 4 TYPICAL DBTAIL OF CEMENTJOINTS FOR GLAZED
STONEWAREPIPES

6.1.3 M&ials and Jointitig Procedurefor BituminousJoints - The materials

ahall consist of a composition of asphalt and sand in the ratio of 1 : 7.
Asphalt and sand shall be boiled together and fUed into the socket in a
molten state with the aid of special moulds.
6.2 Jointing with Cist Iron Pipes i Where any cast iron soil pipe,
waste pipe, ventilating pipe or trap is connected with a stoneware pipe or
drain connecting with a sewer, the joint shall ‘be made with cement joints
(S&&l ).

6.3 Jointing with Concrete Pipes - The procedure shall be the same
as described for cement joints ( see 6.1 ) but the socket or the spigot shall
be thoroughly wetted before the joints are made.
7. HYDRAULIC TEST
7.1 Test Pressure - All pipelines shall be subjected to a test pressure of
at least 2.5 m head of water at the highest point of the section under test.
The tolerance of two litres per centimetre of diameter per kilometre may
be allowed during a period of 10 minutes.
7.2 Before commencing the hydraulic test, the pipelines shall be tilled with
water and maintained full for 24 hours by adding water, if necessary, under
a head. of 0.6 m of water. The test shall be carried out by suitably plugg-
ing the low end of the drain and the ends of connections, if any, and
filling the system with water. A knuckle bend shall be temporarily jointed-
in at the top end and a sufficient length of vertical pipe jointed to it so as
to provide the required test head; or,the topend may be plugged with a
connection to a hose ending in a funnel which could be raised or lowered
 IS:4127 -1989

till the required head is obtained and fixed suitably for observation. A
typical arrangement for hydraulic test is given in Appendix B.
Subsidence of the water may be due to one or more of the following
causes:
a) Absorption by pipes and joints,
b) Sweating of pipes or joints,
c) Leakage at joints or from defective pipes, and
d) Trapped air.
Allowance shall be made for (a) by adding water until absorption
has ceased and after which the proper test should commence.
Any leakage will be visible and the defective part of the work should
be cut out and made good. A slight amount of sweating which is uniform
may be overlooked; but excessive sweating from a particular pipe 01: joint
shall be watched for and taken as indicating a defect to be made good.
7.3 Rectification of Faulty Joints - Any joint found leaking or sweat-
ing, shall be rectified or embedded into 150 mm layer of cement concrete
( 1 : 2 : 4 ) 300 mm in length and the section retested.
8. BACKFILLING
8.1 Starting of Backfilling - Filling of the trench shall not be com-
menced until the length of pipes herein has been tested and passed.
8.2 Trench Zoning - For the purpose of backfilling, the depth of the
trench shall be considered as divided into the following three zones from
the bottom of the trench to its top:
Zone A - From the bottom of the trench or top of the concrete,
when concrete bedding is provided, to the level of the
centre line of the pipe.
Z,one B - From the level of the centre line of the pipe to a level
300 mm above the top of the pipe.
Zone C - From a level 300 mm above the top of the ‘pipe to the
top of the trench.
8.3 Backfill Material - All backfill material shall be free from cinders,
ashes, slag, refuse, rubbish, vegetable-or organic material, lumpy or frozen
material, boulders, rocks or stone or other material which in the opinion
of the Authority, is unsuitable or deleterious. However, material containing
stones up to 200 mm as their greatest dimension may be used in Zone C
unless otherwise specified herein.
8.3.1 BackJill Sand - Sand used for backfill shall be a natural sand
complying with 8.3, graded from fine to coarse. The total mass of loam
IS:4127- 1983

and clay in it shall not exceed 10 percent. All material shall pass through
a sieve of 20 mm aperture size [ see IS : 2405 ( Part 1 )-1980* ] and not
more than 5 percent shall remain on an IS sieve of aperture size 6.30 mm.
8.4 Backfilling in Freezing Weather - Backfilling shall not be done in
freezing weather except by permission of the Authority, and it shall not be
made with frozen material. No fill shall be made where the material
already in the trench is frozen.

8.5 Procedure

8.5.1 Backfilling in Zone A shall be done by hand with sand, fine

gravel or other approved material placed in layers of 80 mm and compac-
ted by tamping. The backfilling material shall be deposited in the trench
for its full width of each side of the pipe, fittings and appurtenance
simultaneously.

8.5.2 Backfilling in Zone B shall be done by hand or approved

mechanical methods special care being taken to avoid injuring or moving
the pipe. The type of backfill material to be used and the method of
placing and consolidating shall be prescribed by the Authority to suit
individual locations.

8.5.3 Backfilling in Zone C shall be done by hand or approved mecha-

nically methods. The type of backfill material and method of filling shall
be as prescribed by the Authority. Unless otherwise specified, backfilling
by hand shall be done in layers of. 300 mm each layer well compacted.
before laying the next layer.

8.6 Backfill Under Permanent Pavement - Where the excavation is

made through perrnanent pavements, curbs, paved footpaths or where
such structures are under-cut by the excavation, the entire backfill to the
sub-grade of ‘the structures shall be made with materials recommended
and in accordance with 8.5.3. Paved footpaths and pavements consisting
of water bound maccadam, gravel, slag or cinders shall not be considered
as being of a permanent construction.
8.7 Backfill with Excavated Material - The excavated material may
be used for backfill in the following cases, provided it complies with 8.3.
a) In Zone C, in cases where settlement is unimportant.
b) In any zone when the type of backfill material is not indicated
or specified provided that such material cbnsists of loam, clay,
sand, find gravel or other materials which are suitable for back-
filling in the opinion of the Authority:

*Specification for industrial sieves: Part 1 Wire cloth sieves and square aperture
series (jfsl rsuikw ).

14
I’ *
 IS:4127-1983

8.8 Concrete Slabs Over Pipes - When pipes are laid under roads and
pavements subjected to heavy traffic loads, the trenches may be covered
with rcinfor ted concrete slabs of suitable dimensions.

8.9 Surface Finish -In refilling, the fill shall IX made 25 mm higher
per 300 mm depth of trench subject to a maximum of 75 mm than the
adjacent ground surface as the refill will settle with time, and it is most
undesirable that this settlement should form a depression above the pipe.

9. REMOVAL AND RESTORATION OF PAVED FOOTP”ATHS,

ETC, AFTER LAYING OF PIPE

9.1 Allowable Removal of Pavement - Pavement and road surfaces

may be removed as ,a part of the trench excavation, and the aln~Jll~t
removed shall depend upon the width of trench specified for the installa-
tion of the pipe and the width and length of the pavement area required
to be removed for laying of stoneware pipes. The width of pavement
removed along the normal trench for the installation of the pipe shall not
exceed the width of the trench specified by more than 150 mm on each
side of the trench. Wherever, in the opinion of the Authority, existing
conditions make it necessary or advisable to remove additional pavement,
it shall be removed as directed by the Authority.

9.2 Restoration of Damaged Surfaces and Property - Where any

pavement, shrubbery, fences, poles or other property and surface structu-
res have been damaged, removed or disturbed during the course of work,
such property and surface structures shall be replaced or repaired after
completion of work.

9.3 Replacement of Pavement and Structures - All pavements,

paved footpaths, curbing, gutters, shrubbery, fences, poles rod or other
property and surface structures rem,oved or distrubed as a part of the
work shall be restored to a condition equal to that before the work began,
furnishing all labour and material incidental thereto. In restoring the
pavement sound materials may be re-used. No permanent pavement
shall be restored unless and until, in the opinion of the Authority the
condition of the backfill is such as to properly support the pavement.

9.4 Cleaning Up - All construction materials, and all tools and tempor-
ary structures shall be removed from the site as directed by the Authority.
All dirt, rubbish and excess earth from the excavation shall be hauled to
a dump and the construction site left clean to the satisfaction of the
Authority.

15
IS I 4127 - 1983

APPENDIX A
( Clause 5.10 )
STRENGTH AND LOADING OF PIPES
A-l. LOAD CALCULATIONS
A-I.1 The superimposed load should not normally exceed 1 600 kg per
metre length, .which is the minimum crushing strength specified in
IS : 651-1980*. The superimposed load on a laid pipe may be calculated
by Marston’s formula, given below:
W=CwB’
where
W = load on pipe in kilogram/linear metre,
C = coefficient which depends upon the ratio of depth of
trench to the trench width and the filling materials
( see Table 1 ),
= weight of filling materials in kg/m3 ( seeTable 2 ), and
: C: width of trench in metres.
TABLE 1 VALUE OF 6 C ’
RATIO OF DEPTH SAND AND SATURATED DAMP SATURATED
TO TRENCH DAMP TOP- TOPSOIL CLAY CLAY
WIDTH SOIL
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
0’5 0’46 0’46 0’47 0’47
0’85 0’86 0’88 0’90
;:; 1.18 I.21 I.24 l-28
2.0 1’46 l-53 1.56 1.62
2.5 1’70 1’76 1’84 1’92
1’90 1’98 2’08 2.20
33:; 2.08 2’17 2’30 2’44
4’0 2’22 2’33 2’49 2’66
4’5 2.34 2’47 2’65 2’87
5’0 2’45 2’59 2.80 3’03
2:; 2’54 2.69 2.93 3.19
2’61 2.78 3’04 3’33
6.5 2’68 2’86 3’14 3.46
7-o 2.73 2’93 3.22 3’57
7-5 2’78 2.98 3’30 3’67
8’0 2.81 3.03 3.37 3’76
8’5 2’85 3’07 3.42 3’85
;:; 2’90
2-88 3.14
3’11 3’52
3.48 3.98
3.92
10’0 2-92 3.17 3’56 4.04
11’0 2’95 3’21 3.63 4’ 14
12’0 2’97 3’24 3.m 4-22
13’0 2-99 3.27 3’72 4’29
14’0 3.00 3.28 3’75 4’34
15’0 3.01 3.30 3’77 4’38
Very great 3.03 3.33 3.85 4.55

*Specification for salt glazed stoneware pipes and fittings (fourthrevision).

16
 1s:4127-1983

TABLE 2 MASSES OF COMMON FILLING MATERIALS

( Ckusc A-l.1 )

MATEXIAL WEIGHT
klms
Dry sand 1600
Ordinary ( damp ) aand 1840
Wet sand 1 920
Damp clay 1920
Saturated clay 2 080
Saturated topsoil 1840
Sand and damp soil 1 600

A-l.2 The load impost=d on the pipe due to surface ( traffic ) loads may
be found in accordance with the procedure given in 5.4 of IS : 783-1959*.

A-2. MEASURES TO ACHIEVE HIGHER LOADING

A-2.1 Wherever the pipes have to be laid at such depths that the super-
imposed load on the pipe exceeds the safe crushing strength of 1 600 kg/m,
protection may be provided by use of the methods given below:
a) Bedding, haunching, surround or encasing the pipe as described
in 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3.
b) Wooden struts may be fixed horizontally near the mid-depth of
the trench at suitable intervals to distribute a portion of the
load to the two side walls of the trench as shown in Fig. 5.
c) Any,other methods as recommended by the Authority.
A-2.2 Whenever production to pipes is provided by use of any of the
methods described under A-2.1 (a), the minimum crushing strength of
pi$es is also increased.
In case of ‘ bedding type ‘, the actual crushing strength may be
computed by multiplying the minimum crushing strengths by a load factor
ranging from 2.25 to 3.37 as felt suitable by the Authority. In the case
of encasing, the arch action of the concrete is the deciding factor for the
strength of pipe.

*Code of practice for laying. of concrete piper.

17
 IS :4127- 1983

-.... -_ .. :. ; .

. ‘_‘.

. . *, : .
1. ,‘.
,’ _ :. ,‘.. : . ,/- BACKFILL
:- _. .,, .
.F’. ‘..“’
._ :.. .,
: .,
,. ,, .
..,
‘:.’
._. Ii
_- .’
:
,.
. ‘, ,’ ,
. . .
:. .
-_ . ., .. . .
‘. .
:. *’ ., ,’ . ’ . .
. ; ,.’ ..;
.:..; ,;:.. .,
:. :..;

__ “’ ..,’ ,-WOODEN STRUT

I‘. ., ,’
,,: ,.,. ‘......’ : ’

I
.I’ .‘, ‘: .‘.’ ..‘.i ‘.,...’ .:‘,.

/-PIPE

/-CONCRETE BEDDING
(HAUNCHING OR ENCASING
MAY ALSO BE PROVIDED.
. . .._
IF REQUIRED)
I
. . . ~..‘,-.. .I .’
I i .’ L. ,~

:r:‘L_.. L,. ._

Fro. 5 FIXINO OF WoonnN STI:I:X I N DKI-.P TRENCHES

APPENDIX B
( Clause 7.2 )

HYDRAULIC TESTING OF STONEWARE PIPE SEWER LINES

B-l. METHODS OF TEST

B-l.1 The sewer testing plug is inserted at the upstream and downstream
end and also in the various house service tappings and plugged. The
testing plug comprises of two flanges, one rubber ring, wing nut, etc, as
shown in Fig. 6.
B-l.2 The plug is inserted at the upstream end and the lock is obtained
by expanding the ring against the pipe wall by tightening the wing nut.
To build up necessary compressive force to cause expansion of the rubber
ring a roller washer is used.
 FUNNEL

RUBBER HOSE

STONEWARE SEWER
,r RUBBER RING ROLLER WASHER r ROLLER

---

TOUTER FLANGE

FIG. 6 TYP:CAL ARRANGEMENT FOR HYDRAULIC TEST OF SEWERS

IS : 4127 - 1983

B-I.3 Water for filling in is let through the funnel connected to the plug
provided at the upstream end. To allow the air to escape a small hole
is made on the pipe wall at the upstream end and after filling the pipe
completely the hole is plugged with a wooden plug wound with hemp.

B-l.4 The down stream end of the sewer and all slants in the sewer line
( provided for house service ) are plugged with the sewer testing plug and
capped.

B-l.5 The funnel is kept at a height of 25 mm from the invert of the

sewer ddly filled with water.

B-l.6 The pipe line is considered sound if the water in the funnel does
not empty within 30 minutes.

20
 IS : 4127- 1993

( Continuedfrom page 2 )

Members
CHIEF ENQINEER Public Works Department, Government of Punjab,
Chandigarh _
CHIEF ENGINEER ( GENERAL ) Tarn&:;rdG Water Supply and Drainage Board,

DEPUTY ADVISER ( PHE ) Ministry of Works and Housing

SHRI DEVENDRA SINOH In personal capacity ( 16A Maya Mahal, 17th Road,
Khar, Bombay )
Sam Y. S. MURTY National Environmental Engineering Research
Institute ( CSIR ), Nagpur
SHRI A. K. SETH ( Alternate )
SHRI K. GOVINDAN NAIR Public Health Engineering Department,
Government of Kerala, Trivandrum
SERI S. K. SHARZKA CentrRalrtl~~lding Research Institute ( CSIR ),
 BUR.EAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Headquarters :
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