PHL-1B FINALS REVIEWER 12.

Globalization is said to have begun after

World War II.
TRUE OR FALSE (THIS IS ALL TRUE)
13. In Act utilitarianism, the principle of utility is
1. Religion is defined as people’s beliefs and applied directly to every alternative act in a
opinions concerning the existence, nature, and situation of choice.
worship of a deity or deities and divine
involvement in the universe and human life. 14. Physical pleasures belong to the lower
pleasures or those which animals too can
2. The term religion is sometimes used experience, such as those from food, drink, and
interchangeably with faith, creed, believe system sex.
or conviction.
15. In Rule utilitarianism, the principle of utility
3. The CUT-FLOWER thesis thus implies that is used to decide the validity of rules of conduct.
those who believe that morality is a valuable
human institution, and those who wish to avoid 16. JOHN STUART MILL systemized and
moral disaster should therefore make every effort modified some of Bentham’s utilitarian
to preserve its connection with the true religion principles.
and the sound religious beliefs that forms its
roots. 17. A duty or obligation is that which we ought to
do despite our inclination or taste to do otherwise.
4. Theists believe that all people have this moral
experience of feeling morally obligated and that 18. Inclination refers to the feeling that pushes to
this sense of moral responsibility is connected to select a particular option or make a particular
God. decision.

5. Millennials are generally the children of baby 19. The Categorical Imperative ordains a rule
boomers. that, if followed, will guarantee that the person
behaving in accordance with it is acting morally.
6. Secularism is basically a non-theistic belief
system or a worldview does not acknowledge 20. The Categorical Imperative serves as the
supernatural or divine views of reality. barometer of reason determining whether or not
an action qualifies as ethical.
7. Humanism is a system of thought which gives
emphasis to the value of human beings and favors 21. Aquinas believes that all actions are directed
man’s thought over faith or religious doctrine. towards ends and that happiness is the final end.

8. Secular humanism explains that moral rules are 22. Aquinas declares that ultimate happiness is
derived from human experience. not attainable in this life for happiness in the
present life remains imperfect.
9. Pluralism is a philosophical theory that there is
more than one basic substance or principle of the 23. True happiness is to be found only in the souls
mind, the sources of truth or the basis of morality. of the blessed in heaven or in the beatitude with
God.
10. Moral Pluralism is an idea that there can be
conflicting moral views that are each worthy of 24. The Divine law serves to complement the
respect. other types of law. It is a law of revelation,
disclosed through sacred text and the church
11. The British Sociologist ANTHONY which is also directed toward man’s eternal end.
GIDDENS defines Globalization, as
intensification of worldwide relationship which 25. Socrates indicates that Pleasure and Plain fall
link distant localities in such way that local to provide an objective standard or determining
happenings are shaped by events occurring many moral from immoral since they do not exist apart
miles away and vice versa. from another.
26. Circularity and Squareness are good examples IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING
of what Plato meant by Forms.
1. Glenn C. Graber – is a philosophy professor of
27. Those who comprehend the Goodwill, will University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK) that
always do good actions, bad actions are calls this apologetic claim the cut-flowers thesis
performed out of not knowing the Good. which consists of a hypothetical judgment that,
“Morality cannot survive, in the long run, if its
28. Moral Virtue are the traits or characteristics ties to religion are cut.”
that enable us to act according to reason.
2. Leo Tolstoy – was a Russian author, a master
29. Phronesis is that kind of moral knowledge of realistic fiction and one of the world’s greatest
which guides us to what is appropriate in novelists. Tolstoy is best known for his two
conjunction with moral virtue. longest works, War and Peace (1865-69) and
30. Applied ethics philosophically examines Anna Karenina (1875-77), which are commonly
specific, controversial, moral issues. regarded as among the finest novels ever written.

31. Bioethics concerns with ethical issues 3. Basil Willey – was a scholar of English
pertaining to life, biomedical, researches, literature and intellectual history. He became a
medicines, healthcare, etc. fellow of Pembroke College in 1935 and was
appointed King Edward VII Professor of English
32. Environmental ethics deals with moral issues Literature in 1946, a position he held until 1965,
concerning nature, ecosystem, and its non-human when he retired.
content.
4. W.T. Stace – was an English-born philosopher
33. Business ethics examines moral principles who sought to reconcile naturalism with religious
concerning business environment. experience. His utilitarian theories, though
empiricist in nature, acknowledged the necessity
34. Sexual ethics studies moral issues about
of incorporating mystical and spiritual
sexuality and human sexual behavior.
interpretations.
35. Social ethics deals with what is right for a
5. Will Durant, 6. Ariel Durant – well-known
society to do and how it should act as a whole.
agnostic historians that explain, thus: “Certainly
36. Teleology refers to the moral system that sensuality, drunkenness, coarseness, dishonesty,
determines the moral value of actions by their greed, robbery and violence existed in the Middle
outcomes or result. Ages; but probably the moral disorder born of
half a millennium of barbarian invasion, war,
37. Teleology’s most famous form is economic devastation, political disorganization
consequentialism. would have been much worse without the
38. Deontology is an ethical system that bases moderating effect of the Christian ethic, priestly
exhortations, saintly exemplars, and a calming,
morality on independent moral rules or duties.
unifying ritual.”
39. Moral rationalism contends that moral facts
and principles are knowable a-priori, i.e., by 7. Jeremy Bentham – is the one who found the
reason alone and with reference to experience. origin and nature of theory. His utilitarianism is
principle of utility.
40. Moral relativism submits that moral facts and
principles apply to different persons or group of 8. John Stuart Mill – is the one who systematized
individuals. and modified the origin and nature of theory. His
utilitarianism is greatest happiness principle.
9. Immanuel Kant – is an avid defender of
deontological theory. The German Enlightenment
philosopher, Immanuel Kant, is regarded as
among the greatest and most influential of
Western philosophers, and undeniably as one of CLASSIFY THE FOLLOWING
the most difficult to read and understand. He
proposed the principle of rights. o Welfare Rights – Social Ethics
o Death Penalty – Social Ethics
10. Thomas Aquinas – is a realist (realism). He o Labor Unions – Business Ethics
refers to eternal law as “ the exemplar of divine o Harassment – Business Ethics
wisdom as directing all actions and movements”. o Conduct and Relationship of Individuals
He also says that “the natural law is nothing else – Business Ethics
than the rational creature’s participation of the o Suicide – Bioethics
eternal law”. o Patient’s Right – Bioethics
o Mandatory Medical Screening –
11. Aristotle – he believes that the essence or Bioethics
essential nature of beings, including humans, lay o Animal Rights – Environmental Ethics
not at their cause (or beginning) but at their end o Pollution Control – Environmental
(‘telos’). He also believes that the ultimate human Ethics
goal is self-realization. He identifies three natures
of man: the vegetable or physical, animal or
emotional, and rational or mental.
o PHRONESIS – Practical Wisdom
12. Socrates – his point is that what is good has a o TELOS – End
certain independence from the whims of the gods’ o HEXIS – Moral Virtue
determination of the rightness of our actions and o ARETAIC – Virtue-based
mores. o EUDAIMONIA – Happiness
o UTILIS – Useful
13. Plato – he is the author of the two Socratic o SYNDERESIS – Moral Insight
dialogues, “Gorgias” and “Euthypro”. Central to o SPECIES – The Object of the Action
Plato’s Philosophy is his Theory of Forms - the o SILENT GENERATION – Traditionalist
objectively existing immaterial entities that are o GENERATION ME – Millennials
the proper object of knowledge. For Plato, those o UMANISTA – Humanist
who comprehend the good will always do good o RE – (LIGARE) – To Bind Back
actions.
14. Gorgias – is a Socratic dialogue written by
Plato. In this dialogue, Socrates indicates that ENUMERATIONS
pleasure and pain fail to provide an objective
standard for determining moral from immoral For reasons that can justify moral values
since they do not exist apart from one another, 1. Unless morality is grounded on the
while good and evil do. unchangeable nature of a morally perfect
15. Euthypro – is also a Socratic dialogue written being (God), there is no basis for
by Plato. In this dialogue, Socrates asks Euthypro believing in moral absolutes.
whether something is good because the gods love 2. If everything is relative, then there is no
it, or whether the gods love it because it is good. good reason why anyone ought to abstain
from doing anything he wishes to do,
16. Prof Taylor – “The idea of moral obligation is including rape, murder, and unreasonable
clear enough, provided reference to some maltreatment.
lawmaker higher than those of the state is 3. Only in theism are all persons held
understood. In other words, our moral obligations morally accountable for their actions in
can be understood as those imposed by God. This the real sense.
does give a clear sense to the claim that our moral 4. Only the ethics rooted in a Moral Law-
obligations are more binding upon us than our Giver can be truly prescriptive in any
political obligations.” objective sense of the word.
Five generations that make up our society Sources of pleasure
1. Traditionalist or Silent Generation 1. Physical
2. Baby Boomers 2. Moral
3. Generation X 3. Religious
4. Generation Y (Millennials) 4. Political
5. Gen Z, iGen or Centennials
Immanuel Kant’s major works
Seven basic traits of millennials
1. The Foundation of Metaphysics of
1. Special Morals
2. Sheltered 2. Critique of Practical Reasons
3. Confident
4. Team-oriented Two classes of maxims of conduct
5. Conventional 1. Categorical Imperatives
6. Pressured 2. Hypothetical Imperatives
7. Achieving
Four types of laws
Differences between baby boomers & millennials
1. Eternal Law
1. Millennials are more progressive on 2. Human Law
social issues. 3. Natural Law
2. Millennials are less wealthy. 4. Divine Law
3. Millennials are reluctant to get married.
4. More millennials live at home than their Features of human actions according to Aquinas
parents did at the same age.
1. Good
5. KULANG PA ITO
2. Bad
Various ethical issues in globalization including 3. Indifferent Neutral
sundry business crimes
Theological virtues
1. Duplication of Products
1. Faith
2. Child Labor
2. Hope
3. Money Laundering
3. Love
4. Environment Issues
5. Cybercrimes Two types of habits
6. Sexual Harassment in Work Place
7. Intellectual Property and Patent Thefts 1. Acquired
2. Infused
Two proponents of utilitarianism
Four cardinal virtues according to Greeks
1. Jeremy Bentham
2. John Stuart Mill 1. Prudence
2. Fortitude
Seven criteria of hedonic calculus 3. Temperance
4. Justice
1. Intensity
2. Duration Reasons why virtuous person is praised by people
3. Certainty
4. Propinquity (remoteness) 1. They are difficult to develop
5. Fecundity (fruitfulness) 2. They are corrective of natural
6. Purity deficiencies
7. Extent 3. They are beneficial both to self and
society
Works of Aristotle
1. Nicomachean Ethics
2. Eudemian Ethics
Three general description that depicts Aristotle’s
ethics
1. Self Realizationism
2. Eudaimonistic
3. Aretaic
Business ethics examines not only issues but also
investigates controversies about:
1. Social Responsibility of Business
2. Employee Rights
3. Harassment
4. Labor Unions
5. Misleading Advertising
6. Job Discrimination
7. Whistle Blowing
Subfield of applied ethics
1. Bioethics
2. Environmental Ethics
3. Business Ethics
4. Sexual Ethics
5. Social Ethics
Three general subject areas of morality
1. Meta-ethics
2. Normative Ethics
3. Applied Ethics
Two most famous forms of cognitivism
1. Moral Realism
2. Ethical Subjectivism
Three kinds of normative ethics
1. Deontology
2. Teleology
3. Virtue Ethics