Bs Math Outline For Session 2023

SCHEME OF STUDIES
BS in Mathematics
(2023)
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA
SARGODHA
Page | 1
1. Title of Degree Program: BS in Mathematics
2. Program Learning Objectives:
Graduates will be able to
 understand the mathematics theoretically and then visualized by computer
programming.
 utilize the knowledge for professional skill development.
 demonstrate good communication skills in professional and academic presentations.
 upgrade knowledge and skills through professional experience and higher studies.
3. Program Structure:
Duration Minimum 4-Years (8-Semesters)
Admission Eligibility: Intermediate/Part-I or equivalent with Mathematics (at least 45%
Requirements: marks in Intermediate & 50% marks in Mathematics).
Degree Completion Minimum 121 Credit Hours
Requirements:
4. General Education (Gen Ed) Requirements:(Mandatory/Core Curses):

(The minimum requirement for Gen Ed is 30 credits hours and will be offered in first four semesters
Only)
Sr. Semester Course Code Course Title Credit Prerequisite
No. Hours
1. 2 URCG-5112 Fables, Wisdom and EPICS 2(2-0) Nil
2. 4 URCG-5114 Basic Science 3(2-1) Nil
3. 2 URCG-5116 Science of Society-I 2(2-0) Nil
4. 1 URCG-5118 Functional English 3(3-0) Nil
5. 3 URCG-5119 Expository Writing 3(3-0) Nil
6. 2 URCG-5120 Exploring Quantitative Skills 3(3-0) Nil
7. 3 URCG-5121 Tools for Quantitative Reasoning 3(3-0) Nil
8. 1 URCG-5105 Islamic Studies (OR) 2(2-0) Nil
URCG-5126 Religious Education/Ethics
9. 3 URCG-5122 Ideology and Constitution of Pakistan 2(2-0) Nil
10. 1 URCG-5123 Applications of Information and 3(2-1) Nil
Communication Technologies (ICT)
11. 4 URCG-5124 Entrepreneurship 2(2-0) Nil
12. 4 URCG-5125 Civics and Community Engagement 2(2-0) Nil
13. 1-8 URCG-5111 Translation of Holy Quran* NC Nil
14. 2 URCG-5127 Seerat of the Holy Prophet (SAW)* 1(1-0) Nil
GE Courses Credit Hours Total 31
*These courses for Muslim students only.
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5. Single Major Courses:
Sr. No. Course Code Course Title Credit Hours Prerequisite
1. MATH-5101 Calculus-I 3(3-0) Nil
2. MATH-5102 Set Theory and Mathematical Logic 3(3-0) Nil
3. MATH-5103 Vector and Tensor Analysis 3(3-0) Nil
4. MATH-5104 Calculus-II 3(3-0) MATH-5101
5. MATH-5105 Linear Algebra 3(3-0) Nil
6. MATH-5106 Mechanics 3(3-0) Nil
7. MATH-5107 Calculus-III 3(3-0) MATH-5104
8. MATH-5108 Algebra-I 3(3-0) Nil
9. MATH-5109 Ordinary Differential Equations 3(3-0) Nil
10. MATH-5110 Algebra-II 3(3-0) MATH-5108
11. MATH-5111 Discrete Mathematics 3(3-0) Nil
12. MATH-5112 Number Theory 3(3-0) Nil
13. MATH-6101 Real Analysis-I 3(3-0) Nil
14. MATH-6102 Topology 3(3-0) Nil
15. MATH-6103 Differential Geometry 3(3-0) Nil
16. MATH-6104 Mathematical Methods 3(3-0) Nil
17. MATH-6105 Real Analysis-II 3(3-0) MATH-6101
18. MATH-6106 Classical Mechanics 3(3-0) Nil
19. MATH-6107 Complex Analysis 3(3-0) Nil
20. MATH-6108 Functional Analysis 3(3-0) Nil
21. MATH-6109 Numerical Analysis-I 3(3-0) Nil
22. MATH-6110 Partial Differential Equations 3(3-0) Nil
23. MATH-61xx Elective-I** 3(3-0) Nil
24. MATH-61xx Elective-II** 3(3-0) Nil
25. MATH-6112 Numerical Analysis-II 3(3-0) MATH-6109
26. MATH-6113 Integral Equations 3(3-0) Nil
27. MATH-61xx Elective-III** 3(3-0) Nil
28. MATH-61xx Elective-IV** 3(3-0) Nil
Major Courses Credit Hours Total 84
6. Interdisciplinary/Allied courses: minimum 12 credit hours:

(Interdisciplinary/Allied courses will be offered after 4th semester)
1. STAT-5101 Introductory Statistics 3(3-0) Nil
2. STAT-5102 Introduction to Probability Distributions 3(3-0) Nil
3. CSEC-6101 Programming Languages for 3(3-0) Nil
Mathematicains
4. CSEC-6102 Web System and Technology 3(3-0) Nil
Interdisciplinary Courses Credit Hours Total 12
7. Field experience/internship: Minimum 03 credit hours:

(Lasting 6-8 weeks and ideally scheduled during summer breaks after 6th semester)
1. MATH-6111 Field experience/internship 3(3-0) Nil
8. Capstone project: Minimum 03 credit hours:

(This project, after the sixth semester, requires faculty supervision and evaluation following department
guidelines)
1. MATH-6114 Capstone project 3(3-0) Nil
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Scheme of Studies
BS in Mathematics
Semester-I
Category Course Code Course Title Credit Hours Pre-Requisite
GE-1 URCG-5118 Functional English 3(3-0) Nil
GE-2 URCG-5105 Islamic Studies (OR) 2(2-0) Nil
URCG-5126 Religious Education/Ethics
GE-3 URCG-5123 Applications of Information and 3(2-1) Nil
Communication Technologies (ICT)
Major-1 MATH-5101 Calculus-I 3(3-0) Nil
Major-2 MATH-5102 Set Theory and Mathematical Logic 3(3-0) Nil
Major-3 MATH-5103 Vector and Tensor Analysis 3(3-0) Nil
GE-4 URCG-5111 Translation of Holy Quran-I* Non-Cr. Hour Nil
Semester Total Credit Hours: 17
Semester-II
GE-5 URCG-5112 Fables, Wisdom and EPICS 2(2-0) Nil
GE-6 URCG-5116 Science of Society-I 2(2-0) Nil
GE-7 URCG-5120 Exploring Quantitative Skills 3(3-0) Nil
GE-8 URCG-5127 Seerat of the Holy Prophet (SAW)* 1(1-0) Nil
Major-4 MATH-5104 Calculus-II 3(3-0) MATH-5101
Major-5 MATH-5105 Linear Algebra 3(3-0) Nil
Major-6 MATH-5106 Mechanics 3(3-0) Nil
Semester-III
Category Course Course Title Credit Hours Pre-Requisite
Code
GE-9 URCG-5119 Expository Writing 3(3-0) Nil
GE-10 URCG-5121 Tools for Quantitative Reasoning 3(3-0) Nil
GE-11 URCG-5122 Ideology and Constitution of Pakistan 2(2-0) Nil
Major-7 MATH-5107 Calculus-III 3(3-0) MATH-5104
Major-8 MATH-5108 Algebra-I 3(3-0) Nil
Major-9 MATH-5109 Ordinary Differential Equations 3(3-0) Nil
GE-4 URCG-5111 Translation of Holy Quran-II* Non-Cr. Hour Nil
Semester-IV
Code
GE-12 URCG-5114 Basic Science 3(2-1) Nil
GE-13 URCG-5124 Entrepreneurship 2(2-0) Nil
GE-14 URCG-5125 Civics and Community Engagement 2(2-0) Nil
Major-10 MATH-5110 Algebra-II 3(3-0) MATH-5108
Major-11 MATH-5111 Discrete Mathematics 3(3-0) Nil
Major-12 MATH-5112 Number Theory 3(3-0) Nil
Total Credit Hours: 67
Page | 4
Semester-V
Code
Major-13 MATH-6101 Real Analysis-I 3(3-0) Nil
Major-14 MATH-6102 Topology 3(3-0) Nil
Major-15 MATH-6103 Differential Geometry 3(3-0) Nil
Major-16 MATH-6104 Mathematical Methods 3(3-0) Nil
Indn-01 STAT-6101 Introductory Statistics 3(3-0) Nil
GE-4 URCG-5111 Translation of Holy Quran-III* Non-Cr. Hour Nil
Semester-VI
Code
Major-17 MATH-6105 Real Analysis-II 3(3-0) MATH-6101
Major-18 MATH-6106 Classical Mechanics 3(3-0) Nil
Major-19 MATH-6107 Complex Analysis 3(3-0) Nil
Major-20 MATH-6108 Functional Analysis 3(3-0) Nil
Indn-02 STAT-6102 Introduction to Probability Distributions 3(3-0) Nil
Semester-VII
Code
Major-21 MATH-6109 Numerical Analysis-I 3(3-0) Nil
Major-22 MATH-6110 Partial Differential Equations 3(3-0) Nil
Major-23 MATH-61xx Elective-I** 3(3-0) Nil
Major-24 MATH-61xx Elective-II** 3(3-0) Nil
Indn-03 CSIT-6101 Programming Languages for 3(3-0) Nil
Mathematicains
GE-4 URCG-5111 Translation of Holy Quran-IV* Non-Cr. Hour Nil
Compulsory MATH-6111 Field experience/internship 3(3-0) Nil
Semester-VIII
Major-25 MATH-6112 Numerical Analysis-II 3(3-0) MATH-6109
Major-26 MATH-6113 Integral Equations 3(3-0) Nil
Major-27 MATH-61xx Elective-III** 3(3-0) Nil
Major-28 MATH-61xx Elective-IV** 3(3-0) Nil
Indn-04 CSEC-6102 Web System and Technology 3(3-0) Nil
Compulsory MATH-6114 Capstone project 3(3-0) Nil
Degree Program Total: 133
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*These courses for Muslim students only.
** These four courses are optional & can be selected from the following list:
Note: These courses will be offered by the department from the list of concentration elective courses as per
availability of the resources.
List of Elective Courses
Course Code Course Title Credit Hours Pre-Requisite

MATH-6115 Special Functions 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6116 Graph Theory 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6117 Advanced Group Theory-I 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6118 Advanced Group Theory-II 3(3+0) MATH-6117
MATH-6119 Modern Algebra-I 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6120 Modern Algebra-II 3(3+0) MATH-6119
MATH-6121 Algebraic Topology-I 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6122 Algebraic Topology-II 3(3+0) MATH-6121
MATH-6123 Theory of Modules 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6124 Rings & Fields 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6125 Electromagnetism-I 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6126 Electromagnetism-II 3(3+0) MATH-6125
MATH-6127 Fluid Mechanics-I 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6128 Fluid Mechanics-II 3(3+0) MATH-6127
MATH-6129 Operations Research-I 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6130 Operations Research-II 3(3+0) MATH-6129
MATH-6131 Analytical Dynamics 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6132 Special Relativity 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6133 Numerical Solution of Partial differential equations 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6134 Heat Transfer 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6135 Measure Theory 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6136 Theory of Splines-I 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6137 Theory of Splines-II 3(3+0) MATH-6136
MATH-6138 Methods of Optimization-I 3(3+0) Nil
MATH-6139 Methods of Optimization-II 3(3+0) MATH-6138
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MATH-5101 Calculus-I 3 (3-0)
Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change. If quantities are continually changing, we need
calculus to study what is going on. Calculus is concerned with comparing quantities which vary in a non-
linear way. It is used extensively in science & engineering, since many of the things we are studying (like
velocity, acceleration, current in a circuit) do not behave in a simple, linear fashion. Calculus has two major
branches, differential calculus (Calculus-I) & integral calculus (Calculus-II); the former concerns
instantaneous rates of change, & the slopes of curves, while integral calculus concerns accumulation of
quantities, & areas under or between curves. This is the first course of the sequence, Calculus-I, II & III,
serving as the foundation of advanced subjects in all areas of mathematics. The sequence, equally, emphasizes
basic concepts & skills needed for mathematical manipulation. It focuses on the study of functions of a single
variable. Calculus-I is an introduction to differential & integral calculus: the study of change.
Contents
1 Functions & their graphs, Rates of change & tangents to curves

2 Limit of a function & limit laws, the precise definition of a limit
3 One-sided limits, continuity, Limits involving infinity; asymptotes of graphs
4 Differentiation: tangents & derivative at a point, the derivative as a function
5 Differentiation rules, the derivative as a rate of change
6 Derivatives of trigonometric functions, Chain rule, implicit differentiation
7 Related rates, linearization & differentials, higher derivatives
8 Applications of derivatives: extreme values of functions
9 Rolls’ theorem, the mean value theorem, Monotonic functions & the first derivative test
10 Convexity, point of inflection & second derivative test, Concavity & curve sketching
11 Applied optimization, Antiderivatives, integration: area & estimating with finite sums
12 Sigma notation & limits of finite sums, definite integral, the fundamental theorem of calculus
13 Indefinite integrals & the substitution method, Substitution & area between curves
14 Applications of definite integrals: volumes using cross-sections
15 Volumes using cylindrical shells, arc length, Areas of surfaces of revolution
16 Transcendental functions: inverse functions & their derivatives
17 Natural logarithms, exponential functions, Indeterminate forms & L'Hôpital's rule
18 Inverse trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions
Recommended Texts
1. Thomas, G.B., Weir, M. D.,& Hass J. R. (2014).Thomas' calculus: single variable(13th ed./Latest).
London: Pearson.
2. Stewart, J. (2015).Calculus (8th ed. /Latest). Boston: Cengage Learning.
Suggested Readings
1. Anton, H., Bivens I. C.,& Davis, S. (2016).Calculus (11th ed. /Latest). New York: Wiley.
2. Goldstein, L. J., Lay, D. C., Schneider, D. I.,& Asmar, N. H. (2017).Calculus & its applications(14th ed.).
London: Pearson.
3. Larson, R.,& Edwards, B. H. (2013).Calculus (10th ed. /Latest).New York: Brooks Cole.
Page | 7
MATH-5102 Set Theory and Mathematical Logic 3 (3-0)
The main aim of this course is the study of set theory & the concept of mathematical logic. Everything
mathematicians do can be reduced to statements about sets, equality & membership which are basics of set
theory. This course introduces these basic concepts. The foundational role of set theory & its mathematical
development has raised many philosophical questions that have been debated since its inception in the late
nineteenth century. The course begins with propositional logic, including two-column proofs and truth table
applications, followed by first-order logic, which provides the structure for writing mathematical proofs. Set
theory is then introduced and serves as the basis for defining relations, functions, numbers, mathematical
induction, ordinals, and cardinals. In particular, mathematicians have shown that virtually all mathematical
concepts & results can be formalized within the theory of sets. The course aims at familiarizing the students
with cardinals, ordinal numbers, relations, functions, Boolean algebra, fundamentals of propositional &
predicate logics.
Contents
1 Set theory: sets, subsets

2 Operations with sets: union, intersection, difference, symmetric difference
3 Cartesian product & disjoint union
4 Functions: graph of a function
5 Composition; injections, surjections, bijections, inverse function
6 Computing cardinals: Cardinality of Cartesian product, union
7 Cardinality of all functions from a set to another set
8 Cardinality of all injective, surjective & bijective functions from a set to another set
9 Infinite sets, finite sets, Countable sets, properties & examples
10 Operations with cardinal numbers. Cantor-Bernstein theorem
11 Relations: equivalence relations
12 Partitions, quotient set; examples
13 Parallelism, similarity of triangles
14 Order relations, min, max, inf, sup; linear order
15 Examples: N, Z, R, P(A). Well ordered sets & induction
16 Inductively ordered sets & Zorn’s lemma
17 Mathematical logic: propositional calculus. truth tables
18 Predicate calculus
Recommended Texts
1. Halmos, P. R. (2019). Native set theory. New York: Bow Wow Press.
2. Lipschuts, S. (1998). Schaum’s outline of set theory & related topics (2nd ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill Education.
Suggested Readings
1. Pinter, C. C. (2014). A book of set theory. New York: Dover Publication.

2. O'Leary, M. L. (2015). A first course in mathematical logic & set theory (1st ed.). New York: Wiley.
3. Smith, D., Eggen, M.,&Andre, R.S. (2014). A transition to advanced mathematics (8th ed.). New
York: Brooks/Cole.
Page | 8
MATH-5103 ` Vector & Tensor Analysis 3 (3-0)
This course is designed primarily for those students taking courses in mathematics. Vector and tensor algebra
have in recent years become basic part of fundamental mathematical background required of those in
engineering, sciences and allied disciplines. It is said that vector and tensor analysis is a natural aid in forming
mental pictures of physical and geometrical ideas. A most rewarding language and mode of thought for the
physical sciences. The focus, therefore, is to impart useful skills on the students in order to enhance their
Mathematical ability in applying vector technique to solve problems in applied sciences and to equip them
with necessary skill required to cope with higher levels courses in related subjects. Topics to be covered in this
course include, basic vector 2 algebra, coordinate bases, gradient, divergence, and curl, Green’s, Gauss’ and
Stokes’ theorems. The metric tensor, Christoffel symbols and Riemann curvature tensor. Applications will be
drawn from differential geometry, continuum mechanics, electromagnetism, general relativity theory.
Contents
1 Vector Analysis: Scalar triple product with applications

2 Vector triple product with applications
3 Gradient of a scalar function
4 Divergence of vector functions
5 Curl of vector functions
6 Application of the del operator
7 Curvilinear coordinates
8 Coordinates surfaces
9 Cartesian Tensors: Summation convention
10 Transformation equations
11 Orthogonally conditions
12 Kronecker delta & Levi-civita symbol
13 Tensors of different ranks
14 Symmetric & anti symmetric tensors
15 Related theorems
16 Application to Vector Analysis
Recommended Texts
1. Shah, N.A. (2015). Vector & tenser analysis. Lahore: Ilmi Ketab Khana.
2. Spiegel, M.R. (2016). Vector & Introduction to tensor analysis. New York: McGraw Hill.
3. Yousuf, S.M. (1988). Elementary Vector analysis. Lahore: Ilmi Ketab Khana.
Suggested Readings
1. Young, E.C. (1993). Vector & tensor analysis. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
2. Brand, L. (2006). Vector analysis, New York: Dover Publications.
Page | 9
MATH-5104 Calculus-II 3(3-0)
This is the second course of the basic sequence Calculus serving as the foundation of advanced subjects in all
areas of mathematics. The sequence, equally, emphasizes basic concepts & skills needed for mathematical
manipulation. As continuation of Calculus-I, it focuses on the study of functions of a single variable. This
Core Curriculum course is designed to meet the following four learning goals: Students will construct and
evaluate logical arguments. Students will apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve
mathematical problems. Students will recognize and apply mathematics in contexts outside of mathematics.
Students will organize and consolidate mathematical thinking through written and oral communication.
Students will integrate transcendental functions, including logarithms, exponential, trigonometry and inverse
trigonometric, hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions, apply methods of integration, such as algebraic
substitution, trigonometric substitution, partial fractions, integration by parts, and use a table of integrals,
solve limit problems involving indeterminate forms with La'Hopital's Rule and convert parametric
representation of curves to rectangular coordinates, represent a curve using polar coordinates, and integrate
functions expressed in polar coordinates.
Contents
1 Techniques of integration: Using Basic Integration Formulas, Integration by Parts

2 Trigonometric Integrals, Trigonometric Substitutions
3 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
4 Integral Tables & Computer Algebra Systems, Numerical Integration, Improper Integrals
5 Sequences & Infinite Series, The Integral Test, Comparison Tests
6 Absolute Convergence, The Ratio & Root Tests
7 Alternating Series & Conditional Convergence
8 Power Series, Taylor & Maclaurin Series, Convergence of Taylor Series
9 The Binomial Series & Applications of Taylor Series
10 Parametrizations of Plane Curves
11 Calculus with Parametric Curves, Polar Coordinates
12 Graphing Polar Coordinate Equations
13 Areas & Lengths in Polar Coordinates, Conic Sections, Conics in Polar Coordinates
Pre-requisite: Calculus-I
Recommended Texts
1 Thomas, G. B., Weir, M. D.,& Hass, J. R. (2014). Thomas’ calculus: single variable (13th ed.
/Latest).London: Pearson.
2 Stewart, J. (2012). Calculus, (8th ed. /Latest). New York: Cengage Learning.
Suggested Readings
1 Anton, H., Bivens, I. C.,& Davis, S. (2016). Calculus, (11th ed. /Latest). New York: Wiley.
2 Goldstein, L. J., Lay, D. C., Schneider, D. I., & Asmar, N. H. (2017). Calculus &its applications (14th ed.).
London: Pearson.
3 Larson, R., & Edwards, B. H. (2013). Calculus (10th ed. /Latest). New York: Brooks Cole.
Page | 10
MATH-5105 Linear Algebra 3(3-0)
Linear algebra is the study of linear systems of equations, vector spaces, and linear transformations. Solving
systems of linear equations is a basic tool of many mathematical procedures used for solving problems in
science and engineering. Linear Algebra plays a significant role in many areas of mathematics, statistics,
engineering, the natural sciences, and the computer sciences. It provides a foundation of important
mathematical ideas that will help students be successful in future coursework. The main objective of this
course is to help students to learn in rigorous manner, the tools & methods essential for studying the solution
spaces of problems in mathematics and in other fields& develop mathematical skills needed to apply these to
the problems arising within their field of study and to various real-world problems. The student will become
competent in solving linear equations, performing matrix algebra, calculating determinants, finding
eigenvalues & eigenvectors and the student will come to understand a matrix as a linear transformation
relative to a basis of a vector space.
Contents
1 Representation of linear equations in matrix form

2 Solution of linear system, Gauss-Jordan & Gaussian elimination method
3 Vector space, definition, examples & properties
4 Subspaces, Linear combination & spanning set
5 Linearly Dependent & Linearly Independent sets
6 Bases & dimension of a vector space
7 Intersections, sums & direct sums of subspaces, Quotient Spaces, Change of basis
8 Linear transformation, Rank & Nullity of linear transformation
9 Matrix of linear transformations
10 Eigen values & eigen vectors, Dual spaces
11 Inner product Spaces with properties, Projection
12 Cauchy inequality
13 Orthogonal & orthonormal basis
14 Gram Schmidt process & diagonalization
Recommended Texts
1. Dar, K.H. (2007). Linear algebra (1st ed.). Karachi: The Carwan Book House.
2. Kolman, B.,& Hill, D. R. (2005). Introductory linear algebra (8th ed.). London: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Suggested Readings
1. Cherney, D., Denton, T., Thomas, R.,& Waldron, A. (2013). Linear algebra (1st ed.). California: Davis.
2. Anton, H., & Rorres, C. (2014). Elementary linear algebra: applications version (11th ed.). New York:
John Wiley & Sons.
3. Grossman, S. I. (2004). Elementary linear algebra (5th ed.). New York: Cengage Learning.
Page | 11
MATH-5106 Mechanics 3(3-0)
This course shall assume background in calculus. This course introduces the fundamental principles in
mechanics. Structural design applications of a variety of problems are developed throughout the course using
examples that elucidate the theory of mechanics. It emphasizes on the laws of friction, equilibrium, center of
gravity & harmonic & orbital motion. The objectives of the course are to develop better understanding of key
concepts concerning scalar and vector fields learned previously in Multivariable Calculus courses, to gain
deeper knowledge of multivariate differentiation operations such as Gradient, Divergent and Curl, master the
Integral Theorems at the core of Vector Analysis: the Stokes (Greens’) Theorem and the Divergence (Gauss’)
Theorem and to learn the utility of Vector Analysis by learning its relevance to Maxwell’s equations
describing the dynamics of electric and magnetic fields. In this course, students are prepared for further study
in the relevant technological disciplines and more advanced mathematics courses.
Contents
1 Mechanics: Composition & resolution of co-planar forces, Moments

2 Couples & conditions of equilibrium under the action of co-planar forces
3 Frictional forces, Laws of friction
4 Equilibrium of bodies on rough surfaces
5 Principle of virtual work & related problems
6 Center of gravity, Center of mass of various bodies
7 Kinematics of a particle in Cartesian & polar co-ordinates
8 Linear & angular velocity
9 Rectilinear motion with uniform & variable acceleration
10 Simple harmonic motion
11 Projectile motion
12 Motion along horizontal & vertical circles
Recommended Texts
1. Munawar, H., Saeed, S.M., & Ahmed, C.B. (2016). Elementary vector analysis. Lahore:The Caravan
Book House.
2. Ghori, Q.K. (2015). Mechanics. Lahore: West Pakistan Publishing Company.
Suggested Readings
1. Spiegel, M. R., Lipschutz, S.,& Spellman, D. (2009). Schaum’s outline vector analysis (2nd ed.). New
York: McGraw-Hill Education.
2. Brand, L. (2006). Vector analysis.New York: Dover Publications.
3. Yousuf, S.M. (1988). Vector analysis. Lahore: Ilmi Ketab Khana.
Page | 12
MATH-5107 Calculus-III 3(3-0)
This is the third course of the basic sequence Calculus-1, II & III, serving as the foundation of advanced
subjects in all areas of mathematics. It focuses on the study of functions of a multivariable. The main focus of
the course is to the study of multiple integrals in different coordinate systems & their applications. Moreover,
a brief introduction to vector calculus will also be presented.
Contents
1 Vectors & analytic geometry in space: Three-dimensional Coordinate System

2 Vectors, lines & planes in space
3 The dot product, the cross product
4 Cylinder & Quadric surfaces, vector-valued functions
5 Vector functions & space curve
6 Derivatives & integrals of vector functions
7 Arc length & Curvature
8 Motion in space, Velocity & Acceleration
9 Tangential & Normal Components of Acceleration
10 Velocity & Acceleration in Polar Coordinates
11 Functions of several variables, limits, Continuity & partial derivatives
12 Chain rule, directional derivatives & the gradient vector
13 Maximum & minimum values, optimization problems, Lagrange Multipliers
14 Multiple integrals: Double integrals over rectangles & iterated integrals
15 Double integrals over general regions
16 Double integrals in polar coordinates
17 Triple integrals in rectangular, cylindrical & spherical coordinates
18 Applications of double & triple integrals, Change of variables in multiple integrals
19 Vector calculus: Vector fields, line integrals, The fundamental theorem of Line Integrals
20 Green's theorem, Curl & divergence
21 Surface integrals over scalar & vector fields
22 Divergence theorem, Stokes' theorem
Pre-requisite: Calculus-II
Recommended Texts
1. Thomas, G. B., Weir, M.D.,& Hass J.R. (2014). Thomas’ Calculus: multivariable (13th ed.
/Latest).London: Pearson.
2. Stewart, J. (2015). Calculus (8th ed. /Latest). New York: Cengage Learning.
Suggested Readings
1. Anton, H., Bivens, I. C.,& Davis, S. (2016). Calculus (11th ed. /Latest). New York: Wiley.
2. Goldstein, L. J., Lay, D. C., Schneider, D. I.,& Asmar, N. H. (2017). Calculus & its applications (14th ed.
/Latest). London: Pearson.
3. Larson, R.,& Edwards, B. H. (2013). Calculus (10th ed. /Latest). New York: Brooks Cole.
Page | 13
MATH-5108 Algebra-I 3(3-0)
This course is an introduction to group theory, one of the three main branches of pure mathematics. Group
theory is the study of groups. Group theory is one of the great simplifying and unifying ideas in modern
mathematics. It was introduced in order to understand the solutions to polynomial equations, but only in the
last one hundred years has its full significance, as a mathematical formulation of symmetry, been understood.
It plays a role in our understanding of fundamental particles, the structure of crystal lattices and the geometry
of molecules. In this course, we will begin by defining the axioms satisfied by groups and begin to develop
basic group theory by reference to some elementary examples. We will analyse the structure of 'small' finite
groups, and examine examples arising as groups of permutations of a set, symmetries of regular polygons and
regular solids, and groups of matrices. We will develop the notions of homomorphism, normal subgroups and
quotient groups and study the First Isomorphism Theorem and its application.
Contents
1 Groups, definition & examples of groups, elementary properties of groups

2 Finite & Infinite Groups
3 Order of element of a group & related results
4 Subgroups, examples of subgroup, subgroup tests, subgroup generated by set
5 Cyclic groups, properties of cyclic groups
6 Classification of subgroups of cyclic groups
7 Cosets decomposition of a group, properties of cosets
8 Lagrange’s theorem & its consequences
9 Conjugate elements & conjugacy classes
10 Centralizer of a subset of a group, normalizer of a subset of a group
11 Center of group definition & examples
12 Normal Subgroups, factor groups, application of factor groups
13 Permutations & Permutation groups, definition & examples
14 Homomorphism of groups, properties of Homomorphisms
15 Fundamental theorem of homomorphism
16 Isomorphism theorems, properties of Isomorphisms & Cayley’s theorem
17 Endomorphism & automorphisms of groups, Commutator subgroups
18 External & Internal direct products, definition & examples
Recommended Texts
1. Gallian, J.A. (2017). Contemporary abstract algebra (9th ed.). New York: Brooks/Cole.
2. Malik, D. S., Mordeson, J. N.,& Sen, M.K. (1997). Fundamentals of abstract algebra. New York:
WCB/McGraw-Hill.
Suggested Readings
1. Roman, S. (2012). Fundamentals of group theory (1st ed.). Basel: Birkhäuser.

2. Rose, H. E. (2006). A course on finite groups (1st ed.). London: Springer-Verlag.
3. Fraleigh, J.B. (2003). Afirst course in abstract algebra(7th ed.).Boston: Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company.
Page | 14
MATH-5109 Ordinary Differential Equations 3(3-0)
This course introduces the theory, solution, & application of ordinary differential equations. Topics discussed
in the course include methods of solving first-order differential equations, existence & uniqueness theorems,
second-order linear equations, power series solutions, higher-order linear equations, systems of equations,
non-linear equations, Sturm-Liouville theory, & applications. The relationship between differential equations
& linear algebra is emphasized in this course. An introduction to numerical solutions is also provided.
Applications of differential equations in physics, engineering, biology, & economics are presented. The goal
of this course is to provide the student with an understanding of the solutions & applications of ordinary
differential equations. The course serves as an introduction to both nonlinear differential equations & provides
a prerequisite for further study in those areas.
Contents
1 Introduction to differential equations: Preliminaries & classification of differential equations

2 Verification of solution, existence of unique solutions, introduction to initial value problems
3 Basic concepts, formation & solution of first order ordinary differential equations
4 Separable equations, linear equations, integrating factors, Exact Equations
5 Solution of nonlinear first order differential equations by substitution, Homogeneous Equations,
6 Bernoulli equation, Ricaati’s equation & Clairaut equation
7 Modeling with first-order ODEs: Linear models, Nonlinear models
8 Higher order differential equations: Initial value & boundary value problems
9 Homogeneous & non-homogeneous linear higher order ODEs & their solutions, Wronskian,
10 Reduction of order, homogeneous equations with constant coefficients,
11 Nonhomogeneous equations, undetermined coefficients method, Superposition principle
12 Annihilator approach, variation of parameters, Cauchy-Euler equation,
13 Solving system of linear differential equations by elimination
14 Solution of nonlinear differential equations
15 Power series, ordinary & singular points & their types, existence of power series solutions
16 Frobenius theorem, existence of Frobenius series solutions
17 The Bessel, Modified Bessel, Legendre & Hermite equations & their solutions
18 Sturm-Liouville problems: Introduction to eigen value problem, adjoint & self-adjoint operators,
19 Self-adjoint differential equations, eigen values & eigen functions
20 Sturm-Liouville (S-L) boundary value problems, regular & singular S-L problems
Recommended Texts
1 Boyce, W. E., & Diprima, R. C. (2012). Elementary differential equations & boundary value problems
(10th ed.) USA: John Wiley & Sons.
2 Zill, D.G., & Michael, R. (2009) Differential equations with boundary-value problems (5th ed.) New York:
Brooks/Cole.
Suggested Readings
1 Arnold, V. I. (1991). Ordinary differential equations (3rd ed.). New York: Springer.
2 Apostol, T. (1969). Multi variable calculus &linear algebra (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & sons.
Page | 15
MATH-5110 Algebra-II 3(3-0)
This course is continuation of the course series of Algebra, which builds on the concepts learnt in Algebra-I.
This course is an introduction to ring theory. The philosophy of this subject is that we focus on similarities in
arithmetic structure between sets (of numbers, matrices, functions or polynomials for example) which might
look initially quite different but are connected by the property of being equipped with operations of addition
and multiplication. Much of the activity that led to the modern formulation of ring theory took place in the
first half of the 20th century. Ring theory is powerful in terms of its scope and generality, but it can be simply
described as the study of systems in which addition and multiplication are possible. The objectives of the
course are to introduce students to the basic ideas & methods of modern algebra & enable them to understand
the idea of a ring & an integral domain, & be aware of examples of these structures in mathematics; appreciate
& be able to prove the basic results of ring theory; The topics covered include ideals, quotient rings, ring
homomorphism, the Euclidean algorithm & the principal ideal domains.
Contents
1 Rings: Definition, examples. Quadratic integer rings

2 Examples of non-commutative rings
3 The Hamilton quaternions
4 Polynomial rings
5 Matrix rings. Units, zero-divisors
6 Nilpotents, idempotents. Subrings, Ideals
7 Maximal & prime Ideals. Left, right & two-sided ideals; Operations with ideals
8 The ideal generated by a set. Quotient rings. Ring homomorphism
9 The isomorphism theorems, applications
10 Finitely generated ideals
11 Rings of fractions
12 Integral Domain: The Chinese remainder theorem. Divisibility in integral domains
13 Greatest common divisor, least common multiple
14 Euclidean domains, the Euclidean algorithm, Principal ideal domains
15 Prime & irreducible elements in an integral domain
16 Gauss lemma, irreducibility criteria for polynomials
Pre-requisite: Algebra-I
Recommended Texts
1. Gallian, J. A. (2017). Contemporary Abstract algebra (9th ed.) New York: Brooks/Cole.
2. Malik D. S., & Mordeson J. N., & Sen M. K. (1997). Fundamentals of abstract algebra (1st ed.). New
York: WCB/McGraw-Hill.
Suggested Readings
1. Roman, S. (2012). Fundamentals of group theory (1st ed.). Switzerland: Birkhäuser Basel.
2. Rose, J. (2012). A course on group theory. New York: Dover Publications.
3. Fraleigh, J. B. (2003). A first course in abstract algebra (7th ed.). New York: Pearson.
Page | 16
MATH-5111 Discrete Mathematics 3(3+0)
This is an introductory course in discrete mathematics. Discrete Mathematics is study of distinct, un-related
topics of mathematics; it embraces topics from early stages of mathematical development & recent additions
to the discipline as well. It is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather
than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying "smoothly", the objects studied
in discrete mathematics, such as integers, graphs, & statements in logic. The goal of this course is to introduce
students to ideas and techniques from discrete mathematics that are widely used in science and engineering.
This course teaches the students techniques in how to think logically and mathematically and apply these
techniques in solving problems. To achieve this goal, students will learn logic and proof, sets, functions, as
well as algorithms and mathematical reasoning. Key topics involving relations, graphs, trees, and formal
languages and computability are covered in this course. The present course restricts only to counting methods,
relations & graphs. The objective of the course is to inculcate in the students the skills that are necessary for
decision making in non-continuous situations.
Contents
1 Counting methods: Basic methods: product

2 inclusion-exclusion formulae
3 Permutations & combinations
4 Recurrence relations & their solutions
5 Generating functions
6 Double counting & its pplications
7 Pigeonhole principle & its applications
8 Relations: Binary relations, n-ary Relations, closures of relations
9 Composition of relations, inverse relation
10 Graphs: Graph terminology
11 Representation of graphs
12 Graphs isomorphism
13 Algebraic methods: the incidence matrix, connectivity
14 Eulerian & Hamiltonian paths, shortest path problem
15 Trees & spanning trees, Complete graphs & bivalent graphs
Recommended Texts
1. Rosen, K.H. (2012). Discrete mathematics & its applications. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.
2. Chartr, G., & Zhang, P. (2012). A first course in graph theory. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
Suggested Readings
1. Tucker, A. (2002). Applied combinatorics. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
2. Diestel, R. (2010). Graph theory (4th ed.). New York: Springer- Verlag
3. Brigs, N. L. (2003). Discrete mathematics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Page | 17
MATH-5112 Number Theory 3(3-0)
Number theory (or arithmetic or higher arithmetic in older usage) is a branch of pure mathematics devoted
primarily to the study of the integers & integer-valued functions. Integers can be considered either in
themselves or as solutions to equations (Diophantine geometry). There are two subfields of number theory.
One is Analytical Number Theory and other is Algebraic number theory. The focus of the course is on study of
the fundamental properties of integers & develops ability to prove basic theorems. The specific objectives
include study of division algorithm, prime numbers & their distributions, Diophantine equations & the theory
of congruences. Students will learn about the arithmetic of algebraic number fields. They will learn to prove
theorems about integral bases, & about unique factorization into ideals. They will learn to calculate class
numbers, & to use the theory to solve simple Diophantine equations.
Contents
1 Divisibility
2 Euclid’s theorem
3 Congruences, Elementary properties
4 Residue classes & Euler’s function
5 Linear congruence & congruence of higher degree
6 Congruences with prime moduli
7 The theorems of Fermat
8 Euler & Wilson theorem
9 Primitive roots & indices
10 Integers belonging to a given exponent
11 Composite moduli Indices
12 Quadratic Residues
13 Composite moduli
14 Legendre symbol
15 Law of quadratic reciprocity, The Jacobi symbol
16 Number-Theoretic Functions
17 Mobius function
18 The function [x]
19 Diophantine Equations
20 Equations & Fermat’s conjecture for n = 2, n = 4
Recommended Texts
1. Rosen, K.H. (2000). Elementary number theory & its applications. (4th ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley.
2. Apostal, T.M. (2010). Introduction to analytic number theory (3rd ed.). New York: Springer.
Suggested Readings
1. Leveque, W.J. (2002). Topics in number theory, Volumes I & II. New York: Dover Books.
2. Burton, D.M. (2007). Elementary number theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Page | 18
MATH-6101 Real Analysis –I 3(3-0)
This is the first part of a two-semester course. This course covers the fundamentals of mathematical analysis:
convergence of sequences & series, continuity, differentiability, Riemann integral, sequences & series of
functions, uniformity, & the interchange of limit operations. It shows the utility of abstract concepts & teaches
an understanding & construction of proofs. It develops the fundamental ideas of analysis & is aimed at
developing the student’s ability to describe the real line as a complete, ordered field, to use the definitions of
convergence as they apply to sequences, series, & functions, to determine the continuity, differentiability &
integrability of functions defined on subsets of the real line, to write solutions to problems & proofs of
theorems that meet rigorous standards based on content, organization & coherence, argument & support, &
style & mechanics, to determine the Riemann integrability of a bounded function & prove a selection of
theorems concerning integration, to recognize the difference between point wise & uniform convergence of a
sequence of functions & to illustrate the effect of uniform convergence on the limit function with respect to
continuity, differentiability, & integrability.
Contents
1 Number Systems: Ordered fields

2 rational, real & complex numbers
3 Archimedean property
4 supremum, infimum & completeness
5 Topology of real numbers
6 Convergence, completeness, completion of real numbers
7 Heine Borel theorem
8 Sequences & Series of Real Numbers
9 Limits of sequences, algebra of limits
10 Bolzano Weierstrass theorem, Cauchy sequences, liminf, limsup
11 limits of series, convergences tests, absolute & conditional convergence, power series
12 Continuity: Functions, continuity & compactness, existence of minimizers & maximizers
13 uniform continuity, continuity & connectedness, intermediate mean value theorem
14 monotone functions & discontinuities
15 Differentiation: Mean value theorem, L’Hopital’s Rule, Taylor’s theorem
Recommended Texts
1. Bartle, R. G.,&Sherbert, D. R. (2011). Introduction to real analysis (4th ed.) New York: John Wiley &
Sons.
2. Trench, W. F. (2013). Introduction to real analysis(2nd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Suggested Readings
1. Folland, G.B. (1999). Real analysis(2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
2. Rudin, W. (1976). Principles of mathematical analysis (3rd ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill.
3. Royden, H., &Fitzpatrick, P. (2010). Real analysis (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Hall.
Page | 19
MATH-6102 Topology 3(3-0)
Topology studies continuity in its broadest context. We begin by analyzing the notion of continuity familiar
from calculus, showing that it depends on being able to measure distance in Euclidean space. This leads to the
more general notion of a metric space. A brief investigation of metric spaces shows that they do not provide
the most suitable context for studying continuity. A deeper analysis of continuity in metric spaces shows that
only the open sets matter, which leads to the notion of topological spaces. We easily see that this is the right
setting for studying continuity. The central concepts of topology, compactness, connectedness & separation
axioms are introduced. Applications of topology to number theory, algebraic geometry, algebra & functional
analysis are featured. Since many important applications of topology use metric spaces, we investigate
topological concepts applied to them & introduce the notion of completeness. In addition, this course provides
the basis for studying differential geometry, functional analysis, classical & quantum mechanics, dynamical
systems, algebraic & differential topology.
Contents
1 Topological spaces
2 Bases & sub-bases
3 First & second axiom of countability
4 Separability
5 Continuous functions & homeomorphism
6 Finite product space
7 Separation axioms (T0)
10 Techonoff spaces
11 Regular spaces
12 Completely regular spaces
13 Normal spaces
14 Product spaces
15 Compactness
16 Connectedness
Recommended Texts
1. Sheldon, W. D.(2005). Topology (1st ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.

2. Willard, S. (2004). General topology (1st ed.). New York: Dover Publications.
Suggested Readings
1. Lipschutz, S. (2011). General topology, Schaum’s outline series (1st ed.).New York: McGraw Hill.
2. Armstrong, M.A. (1979). Basic topology (1st ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
3. Mendelson, B. (2009). Introduction to topology (3rd ed.). New York: Dover Publications.
Page | 20
MATH-6103 Differential Geometry 3(3-0)
Differential geometry is the study of geometric properties of curves, surfaces, & their higher dimensional
analogues using the methods of calculus. It has a long & rich history, &, in addition to its intrinsic
mathematical value & important connections with various other branches of mathematics, it has many
applications in various physical sciences, e.g., solid mechanics, computer tomography, or general relativity.
Differential geometry is a vast subject. This course covers many of the basic concepts of differential geometry
in the simpler context of curves & surfaces in ordinary 3-dimensional Euclidean space. The aim is to build
both a solid mathematical understanding of the fundamental notions of differential geometry & enough visual
& geometric intuition of the subject. This course is of interest to students from a variety of math, science &
engineering backgrounds, & that after completing this course, the students will ready to study more advanced
topics such as global properties of curves & surfaces, geometry of abstract manifolds, tensor analysis, &
general relativity.
Contents
1 Space Curves
2 Arc length, tangent
3 Normal & binormal
4 Curvature & torsion of a curve
5 Tangent planes
6 The Frenet-Serret apparatus
7 Fundamental existence theorem of plane curves
8 Four vertex theorem, Isoperimetric inequality
9 Surfaces
10 First fundamental form
11 Isometry & conformal mappings
12 Curves on Surfaces, surface Area
13 Second fundamental form
14 Normal & Principle curvatures
15 Gaussian & Mean curvatures
16 Geodesics
Recommended Texts
1. Somasundaran, D. (2005). Differential geometry (1st ed.). New Delhi: Narosa Publishing House.
2. Pressley, A. (2001). Elementary differential geometry (1st ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Suggested Readings
1. Wilmore, T. J. (1959). An introduction to differential geometry (1st ed.). Oxford Calarendon Press.
2. Weatherburn, C. E. (2016). Differential geometry of three dimensions. Cambridge University Press.
3. Millman, R. S., & Parker, G. D. (1977). Elements of differential geometry. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice
Hall.
Page | 21
MATH-6104 Mathematical Methods 3(3-0)
Mathematical methods presents an applied mathematics course designed to provide the necessary analytical
and numerical background for courses in astrophysics, plasma physics, fluid dynamics, electromagnetism, and
radiation transfer. The main objective of this course is to provide the students with a range of mathematical
methods that are essential to the solution of advanced problems encountered in the fields of applied physics &
engineering. Calculation-oriented mathematics is included in all topics relevant. Systems of linear equations,
Gauss-Jordan-elimination, basic matrix algebra, determinants. Limits and continuity, differentiation and
integration of functions in one variable, maxima and minima, implicit differentiation and trigonometric
functions, related rates, differentials and linearization, L'Hopitals rule, Newton's method and the bisection
method. Riemannsums and the fundamental theorem in calculus, integral functions, definite and indefinite
integrals, basic integration techniques, substitution and partial integration, numerical integration by the
rectangle and trapezium methods, improper integrals. Area, volume and arc length. Modeling with differential
equations, first order separable and linear differential equations, Euler's method, second order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients.
Contents
1 Fourier Methods: The Fourier transforms

2 Fourier analysis of the generalized functions
3 The Laplace transforms
4 Hankel transforms for the solution of PDEs & their application to boundary value problems
5 Green’s Functions & Transform Methods: Expansion for Green’s functions
6 Transform methods. Closed form Green’s functions. Perturbation Techniques
7 Perturbation methods for algebraic equations
8 Perturbation methods for differential equations
9 Variational Methods: Euler-Lagrange equations
10 Integr & involving one, two, three & n variables
11 Special cases of Euler-Lagrange’s equations
12 Necessary conditions for existence of an extremum of a functional
13 Constrained maxima & minima
Recommended Texts
1. Powers, D. L. (2005). Boundary value problems & partial differential equations (5th ed.). Boston:
Academic Press.
2. Boyce, W.E. (2005). Elementary differential equations (8th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Suggested Readings
1. Brown, J.W.,& Churchil, R.V. (2006). Fourier series &boundary value problems. New York: McGraw
Hill.
2. Snider, A.D. (2006). Partial differential equations. New York: Dover Publications Inc.
3. Boyce, W.E. (2005). Elementary differential equations (8th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
4. Krasnov, M.L., Makarenko, G.I., & Kiselev, A.I. (1985). Problems &exercises in the calculus of
variations. USA: Imported Publications, Inc.
Page | 22
MATH-6105 Real Analysis –II 3(3-0)
This course is continuation of Real Analysis I, this course will continue to cover the fundamentals of real
analysis, concentrating on the Riemann-Stieltjes integrals, Functions of Bounded Variation, Improper
Integrals, & convergence of series. Emphasis would be on proofs of main results. The aim of this course is
also to provide an accessible, reasonably paced treatment of the basic concepts & techniques of real analysis
for students in these areas. This course provides greatly strengthening student's understanding of the results of
calculus & the basis for their validity the uses of deductive reasoning, increasing the student's ability to
understand definitions, understand proofs, analyze conjectures, find counter-examples to false statements,
construct proofs of true statements & enhancing the student's mathematical communication skills.
Contents
1 The Riemann-Stieltjes Integrals

2 Definition & existence of integrals
3 Properties of integrals
4 Fundamental theorem of calculus & its applications
5 Change of variable theorem, integration by parts
6 Functions of Bounded Variation
7 Definition & examples, properties of functions of bounded variation
8 Improper Integrals: Types of improper integrals
9 Tests for convergence of improper integrals
10 Beta & gamma functions
11 Absolute & conditional convergence of improper integrals
12 Sequences & Series of Functions
13 Power series, definition of point wise & uniform convergence
14 Uniform convergence & continuity
15 Uniform convergence & differentiation, examples of uniform convergence
Pre-requisite: Real Analysis-I
Recommended Texts
1 Bartle, R. G., & Sherbert, D. R. (2011). Introduction to real analysis (4thed.). New York: John Wiley &
Sons.
2 Rudin, W. (1976). Principles of mathematical analysis (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Suggested Readings
1 Folland, G. B. (1999). Real analysis (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
2 Hewitt, E., & Stromberg, K. (1965). Real &abstract analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag Heidelberg
3 Lang, S. (1968). Analysis I. Boston: Addison-Wesley Publ. Co.
Page | 23
MATH-6106 Classical Mechanics 3(3-0)
The purpose of this course is to provide solid understanding of classical mechanics & enable the students to
use this understanding while studying courses on quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics,
electromagnetism, fluid dynamics, space-flight dynamics, astrodynamics & continuum mechanics. The course
aims at familiarizing the students with the dynamics of system of particles, kinetic energy, motion of rigid
body, Lagrangian & Hamiltonian formulation of mechanics. At the end of this course the students will be able
to understand the fundamental principles of classical mechanics, to master concepts in Lagrangian &
Hamiltonian mechanics important to develop solid & systematic problem solving skills. To lay a solid
foundation for more advanced study of classical mechanics & quantum mechanics.
Contents
1 Work, power, kinetic energy & energy principle

2 conservative force fields, conservation of energy theorem, impulse
3 Conservation of linear & angular momentum
4 Time varying mass systems (Rockets)
5 Introduction to rigid bodies
6 Translations & rotations
7 Linear & angular velocity of a rigid body about a fixed axis
8 Angular momentum for n particles
9 Rotational kinetic energy
10 Moments & products of inertia
11 Parallel & perpendicular axes theorem
12 Principal axes & principal moments of inertia. Determination of principal axes by diagonalizing the
inertia matrix
13 Equimomental systems
14 Coplanar distribution
15 Rotating axes theorem
16 Euler;s dynamical equations of motion. Free rotation of a rigid body with three different principal
moments, torque free motion of a symmetrical top
17 The Eulerian angles, angular velocity & kinetic energy in terms of Euler angles
Recommended Texts
1 DiBenedetto, E. (2011). Classical mechanics: Theory & mathematical modeling. Basel: Birkhauser.
2 Aruldhas, G. (2016). Classical mechanics. Dehli: PHI Private limited.
Suggested Readings
1 Spiegel, M. R. (2004). Theoretical mechanics (3rd ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
2 Fowles, G. R., & Cassiday, G. L. (2005). Analytical mechanics (7th ed.). New York: Thomson
Brooks/COLE.
3 Mir, K. L. (2007). Theoretical mechanics. Lahore: Ilmi Ketab Khana.
Page | 24
MATH-6107 Complex Analysis 3(3-0)
This is an introductory course in complex analysis, giving the basics of the theory along with applications,
with an emphasis on applications of complex analysis & especially conformal mappings. Students should have
a background in real analysis (as in the course Real Analysis I), including the ability to write a simple proof in
an analysis context. Complex Analysis is a topic that is extremely useful in many applied topics such as
numerical analysis, electrical engineering, physics, chaos theory, & much more, & you will see some of these
applications throughout the course. In addition, complex analysis is a subject that is, in a sense, very complete.
The concept of complex differentiation is much more restrictive than that of real differentiation & as a result
the corresponding theory of complex differentiable functions is a particularly nice one.
Contents
1 Introduction: The algebra of complex numbers

2 Geometric representation of complex numbers
3 Polar form of complex numbers
4 Powers & roots of complex numbers
5 Functions of Complex Variables
6 Limit
7 Continuity
8 Differentiable functions, the Cauchy-Riemann equations
9 Analytic functions, entire functions, harmonic functions
10 Elementary functions: The exponential, Trigonometric functions
11 Hyperbolic, Logarithmic & Inverse elementary functions
12 Complex Integrals: Contours & contour integrals, anti-derivatives, independence of path
13 Cauchy-Goursat theorem, Cauchy integral formula, Lioville’s theorem, Morerea’s theorem
14 Maximum Modulus Principle
15 Series: Power series, Radius of convergence & analyticity
16 Taylor’s & Laurent’s series
17 Integration & differentiation of power series, isolated singular points
18 Cauchy’s residue theorem with applications
19 Types of singularities & calculus of residues, Zeros & Poles, Mobius transforms
20 Conformal mappings & transformations
Recommended Texts
1 Mathews J. H., & Howell, R.W. (2006). Complex analysis for mathematics &engineering(5th ed.).
Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Publication.
2 Churchill, R.V., & Brown, J.W. (2013). Complex variables &applications (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-
Hill.
Suggested Readings
1 Remmert, R. (1998). Theory of complex functions (1st ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.
2 Rudin, W. (1987). Real &complex analysis (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Page | 25
MATH-6108 Functional Analysis 3(3-0)
This course extends methods of linear algebra & analysis to spaces of functions, in which the interaction
between algebra & analysis allows powerful methods to be developed. The course will be mathematically
sophisticated & will use ideas both from linear algebra & analysis. This is a basic graduate level course that
introduces the student to Functional Analysis & its applications. It starts with a review of the theory of metric
spaces, the theory of Banach spaces & proceeds to develop some key theorems of functional analysis. Then
continuous to linear operators in Banach & Hilbert spaces & to spectral theory of self-adjoint operators with
applications to the theory of boundary value problems, & the theory of linear elliptic partial differential
equations.
Contents
1 Metric Spaces
2 Convergence
3 Cauchy’s sequences & examples
4 Completeness of metric space
5 Completeness proofs
6 Normed linear Spaces, Banach Spaces
7 Equivalent norms
8 Linear operators
9 Finite dimensional normed spaces
10 Continuous & bounded linear operators
11 Linear functional, Dual spaces
12 Linear operator & functional on finite dimensional Spaces
13 Inner product Spaces
14 Hilbert Spaces
15 Conjugate spaces
16 Representation of linear functional on Hilbert space
17 Orthogonal sets
18 Orthonormal sets & sequences
19 Orthogonal complements & direct sum
20 Reflexive spaces
Recommended Texts
1 Kreyszig, E. (1989). Introduction to functional analysis with applications (1st ed.). New York: John Wiley
& Sons.
Suggested Readings
1 Dunford, N., & Schwartz, J. T.(1958). Linear operators, part-1 general theory. New York: Interscience
publishers.
2 Balakrishnan, A. V. (1981). Applied functional analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.
3 Conway, J. B. (1995).A Course in functional analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Page | 26
MATH-6109 Numerical Analysis-I 3(3-0)
This course is designed to teach the students about numerical methods & their theoretical bases. The course
aims at inculcating in the students the skill to apply various techniques in numerical analysis, understand & do
calculations about errors that can occur in numerical methods & understand & be able to use the basics of
matrix analysis. It is optimal to verifying numerical methods by using computer programming (MatLab,
Maple, C++, etc.)
Contents
1 Error analysis: Floating point arithmetic, Approximations & errors

2 Methods for the solution of nonlinear equations
3 Bisection method, regula-falsi method, Fixed point iteration method
4 Newton-Raphson method, secant method, error analysis for iterative methods
5 Interpolation & polynomial approximation
6 Forward, backward & centered difference formulae
7 Lagrange interpolation, Newton’s divided difference formula
8 Interpolation with a cubic spline, Hermite interpolation, Least squares approximation
9 Numerical differentiation & Integration: Forward, backward & central difference formulae
10 Richardson’s extrapolation, Newton-Cotes formulae, Numerical integration
11 Rectangular rule, trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s 1/3 & 3/8 rules
12 Boole’s & Weddle’s rules, Gaussian quadrature
13 Numerical solution of a system of linear equations
14 Direct methods: Gaussian elimination method
15 Gauss-Jordan method; matrix inversion; LU-factorization
16 Doolittle’s, Crout’s & Cholesky’s methods
17 Iterative methods: Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel & SOR
18 Eigen values problems
19 Introduction, Power Method, Jaccobi's Method
20 The use of software packages/ programming languages for above mentioned topics is recommended
Recommended Texts
1. Gerald, C.F., & Wheatley, P.O. (2005). Applied numerical analysis. London: Pearson Education,
Singapore.
2. Burden, R. L., Faires, J. D., & Burden, A.M. (2015). Numerical analysis (10th ed.). Boston: Cengage
Learning.
Suggested Readings
1. Philip, J. (2019).Numerical applied computational programming with case studies (1st ed.). New York: A
press.
2. Khoury, R., & Harder, D.W. (2016).Numerical methods & modelling for engineering (1st ed.). London:
Springer.
3. Antia, H.M. (2012). Numerical methods for scientists & engineers (3rd ed.). New York: Springer.
Page | 27
MATH-6110 Partial Differential Equations 3(3-0)
Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) are in the heart of applied mathematics & many other scientific
disciplines. The beginning weeks of the course aim to develop enough familiarity & experience with the basic
phenomena, approaches, & methods in solving initial/boundary value problems in the contexts of the classical
prototype linear PDEs of constant coefficients: the Laplace equation, the wave equation & the heat equation.
A variety of tools & methods, such as Fourier series/eigen function expansions, Fourier transforms, energy
methods, & maximum principles will be introduced. More importantly, appropriate methods are introduced
for the purpose of establishing quantitative as well as qualitative characteristic properties of solutions to each
class of equations
Contents
1 First order PDEs: Introduction, Formation of PDEs, Solutions of PDEs of first order
2 The Cauchy’s problem for quasi linear first order PDEs, First order nonlinear equations
3 Special types of first order equations Second order PDEs
4 Basic concepts & definitions, Mathematical problems, Linear operator
5 Superposition, Mathematical models
6 The classical equations, The vibrating string, The vibrating membrane
7 Conduction of heat solids, Canonical forms & variable
8 PDEs of second order in two independent variables with constant & variable coefficients
9 Cauchy’s problem for second order PDEs in two independent variables
10 Methods of separation of variables, Solutions of elliptic
11 Parabolic & hyperbolic PDEs in Cartesian & cylindrical coordinates
12 Laplace transform: Introduction & properties of Laplace transform
13 Transforms of elementary functions, Periodic functions, error functions
14 Dirac delta function, Inverse Laplace transform, Convolution Theorem
15 Solution of PDEs by Laplace transform, Diffusion & wave equations
16 Fourier transforms, Fourier integral representation
17 Fourier sine & cosine representation, Fourier transform pair
18 Transform of elementary functions & Dirac delta function, Finite Fourier transforms
19 Solutions of heat, Wave & Laplace equations by Fourier transforms
Recommended Texts
1 Myint U. T. Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers, (3rd ed.). North Holland,
Amsterdam, 1987
2 Zill, D.G., & Michael, R. (2009).Differential equations with boundary-value problems (5th ed.) New York:
Brooks/Cole.
3 Polking, J., & Boggess, A. (2005). Differential equations with boundary value problems (2nd ed.). London:
Pearson.
Suggested Readings
1 Wloka, J. (1987). Partial differential equations (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2 Humi, M., & Miller, W. B. (1991). Boundary value problems &partial differential equations (1st ed.).
Boston: PWS- KENT Publishing Company.
Page | 28
MATH-6112 Numerical Analysis- II 3(3-0)
This course is designed to teach the students about numerical methods & their theoretical bases. The main
purpose of this course is to learn the concepts of numerical methods in solving mathematical problems
numerically & analyze the error for these methods. The students are expected to know computer programming
to be able to write program for each numerical method. Knowledge of calculus & linear algebra would help in
learning these methods. The students are encouraged to read certain books containing some applications of
numerical methods.
Contents
1 Difference & Differential equation

2 Formulation of difference equations
3 Solution of linear/non-linear difference equations with constant coefficients
4 Solution of homogeneous difference equations with constant coefficients
5 Solution of inhomogeneous difference equations with constant coefficients
6 The Euler method
7 The modified Euler method
8 Runge-Kutta methods
9 Predictor-corrector type methods for solving initial value problems along with convergence
10 Predictor-corrector type methods for solving initial value problems along with instability criteria
11 Runge-Kutta methods for solving initial value problems
12 Predictor-corrector type methods for solving initial value problems.
13 Convergence criteria
14 Instability criteria
15 Finite difference methods
16 Collocation methods for boundary value problems
17 Variational methods for boundary value problems
Pre-requisite: Numerical Analysis-I
Recommended Texts
1. Gerald, C. F., & Wheatley, P.O. (2003). Applied numerical analysis (7th ed.). London: Pearson.
2. Balfour, A., & Beveridge, W.T. (1977). Basic numerical analysis with FORTARAN. New Hampshire:
Heinmann Educational Books Ltd.
Suggested Readings
1. Kuo, Shan S. (1972). Computer applications of numerical methods. Islamabad: National Book
Foundations.
2. Philip, J. (2019). Numerical applied computational programming with case studies (1st ed.). New York:
A press.
3. Khoury, R., & Harder, D.W. (2016).Numerical methods & modelling for engineering (1st ed.). London:
Springer.
4. Antia, H.M. (2012). Numerical methods for scientists & engineers (3rd ed.). New York: Springer.
Page | 29
MATH-6113 Integral Equations 3(3-0)
Many physical problems that are usually solved by differential equation methods can be solved more
effectively by integral equation methods. This course will help students gain insight into the application of
advanced mathematics & guide them through derivation of appropriate integral equations governing the
behavior of several standard physical problems. In addition, a large class of initial & boundary value
problems, associated with the differential equations, can be reduced to the integral equations, whence enjoy
the advantage of the above integral presentations. This course has many applications in many sciences. This
course emphasizes concepts and techniques for solving integral equations from an applied mathematics
perspective. Material is selected from the following topics: Volterra and Fredholm equations, Fredholm theory,
the Hilbert-Schmidt theorem; Wiener-Hopf Method; Wiener-Hopf Method and partial differential equations;
the Hilbert Problem and singular integral equations of Cauchy type; inverse scattering transform; and group
theory. Examples are taken from fluid and solid mechanics, acoustics, quantum mechanics, and other
applications.
Contents
1 Linear integral equations of the first kind

2 Linear integral equations of the second kind
3 Relationship between differential equation & Volterra integral equation
4 Neumann series
5 Fredholm Integral equation of the second kind with separable Kernels
6 Eigen values, Eigenvectors
7 Iterated functions
8 Quadrature methods
9 Least square methods
10 Homogeneous integral equations of the second kind
11 Fredholm integral equations of the first kind
12 Fredholm integral equations of the second kind
13 Abel’s integral equations
14 Hilbert Schmidt theory of integral equations with symmetric Kernels
15 Regularization & filtering techniques
Recommended Texts
1 Jerri, J. (2007). Introduction to integral equations with applications (2nd ed.). New York: Sampling
Publishing,
2 Wazwaz, A.M. (2011). Linear & nonlinear integral equations: methods & applications. New York:
Springer.
Suggested Readings
1 Lovitt, W.V. (2005). Linear integral equations. New York: Dover Publications.
2 Christian, C., Dale, D., & Hamill, W. (2014). Boundary integral equation methods & numerical solutions
(1st ed.). New York: Springer.
3 Kanwal, R. P. (1996). Linear integral equations: theory & technique. Boston: Birkhauser
4 Tricomi, F. G. (1985). Integral Equations. New York: Dover Pub.
Page | 30
MATH-6115 Special Functions 3(3-0)
Special functions are particular mathematical functions that have more or less established names & notations
due to their importance in mathematical analysis, functional analysis, geometry, physics, or other applications.
The term is defined by consensus, & thus lacks a general formal definition, but the List of mathematical
functions contains functions that are commonly accepted as special. The main aim of this course is the study
of basic special functions & proves the properties & relations related to these functions. Furthermore, the
simple sets of polynomials are discussed.
Contents
1 The Weierstrass gamma function

2 Euler integral representation of gamma function
3 Relations satisfied by gamma function
4 Euler’s constant
5 The order symbols o & O
6 Properties of gamma function
7 Beta function, integral representation of beta function
8 Relation between gamma & beta functions
9 Properties of beta function, Legendre’s duplication formula
10 Gauss’ multiplication theorem
11 Hypergeometric series, the functions F(a,b;c;z) & F(a,b;c;I), integral representation of hypergeometric
function,
12 The hypergeometric differential equation, The contiguous relations, Simple transformations,
13 A theorem due to Kummer,
14 Confluent hypergeometric series, Integral representation of confluent hypergeometric function, the
confluent hypergeometric,
15 Differential equation, Kummer’s first formula
16 Simple sets of polynomials, Orthogonality,
17 The three term recurrence relation, The Christofell-Darboux formula,
18 Normalization, Bessel’s inequality
19 Generating functions
20 Differential equations
21 Recurrence relations.
Recommended Texts
1. Richard, B. (2016). Special functions & orthogonal polynomials. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
2. Rainville, E. D. (1971). Special functions (3rd ed.). New York: The Macmillan Company
Suggested Readings
1. Whittaker, E. T.,& Watson, G. N. (1978). A course in modern analysis, (2nd ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge
University Press.
2. Lebedev, N. N. (1972). Special functions & their applications (2nd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.
Page | 31
MATH-6116 Graph Theory 3(3-0)
The objective of this course is to understand & apply the fundamental concepts in graph theory, apply graph
theory-based tools in solving practical problems & to improve the proof writing skills. Graph theory has been
applied to several areas of physics, chemistry, communication science, biology, electrical engineering,
operations research, psychology, linguistics, among others fields, to solve problems that can be modeled as
discrete objects called graphs. Graph theory is intimately related to different branches of mathematics
including the group theory, the matrix theory, the numerical analysis, probability, topology, & the
combinatorics. Even though some of the problems in graph theory can be described in an elementary way,
many of these problems represent a challenge to many researchers in mathematics. The main focus of this
course is to understand & apply the fundamental concepts in graph theory. To apply graph theory-based tools
in solving practical problems. To improve the proof writing skills.
Contents
1 Graphs & digraphs

2 Degree sequences
3 Paths
4 Cycles, cut-vertices, & blocks
5 Eulerian graph
6 Digraphs
7 Trees
8 Incidence matrix
9 Cut-matrix
10 Circuit matrix & adjacency matrix
11 Orthogonality relation
12 Decomposition
13 Euler formula
14 Planer graphs
15 Non-planer graphs
16 Mengers theorem
17 Hamiltonian’s graphs
Recommended Texts
1. Chartrand. G., Lesniak, L., & Zhang, P. (2010). Graphs & digraphs (5th ed.). Florida: Chapman & Hall.
2. Ruohonen, K. (2013). Graph theory (translation by Janne Tamminen, Kung-Chung Lee & Robert
Piché).http://math.tut.fi/~ruohonen/GT_English.pdf
Suggested Readings
1. Robin, J. W. (1996). Introduction to graph theory (4th ed.). Boston: Addison Wesley.
2. Bondy, J. A., & Murty, S. U. R. (1976). Graph theory with applications. United States: The Macmillian
Press Ltd.
Page | 32
MATH-6117 Advance Group Theory-I 3(3-0)
This is the first part of the two advance course series of Group Theory. This course aims to introduce students
to some more sophisticated concepts & results of group theory as an essential part of general mathematical
culture & as a basis for further study of more advanced mathematics. The ideal aim of Group Theory is the
classification of all groups (up to isomorphism). It will be shown that this goal can be achieved for finitely
generated abelian groups. In general, however, there is no hope of a similar result as the situation is far too
complex, even for finite groups. Still, since groups are of great importance for the whole of mathematics, there
is a highly developed theory of outst&ing beauty. It takes just three simple axioms to define a group, & it is
fascinating how much can be deduced from so little. The course is devoted to some of the basic concepts &
results of Group Theory.
Contents
1 Group of automorphisms, inner automorphisms, definition & related results

2 Characteristic & fully invariant subgroups,
3 Symmetric Groups, cyclic permutations
4 Even & odd permutations
5 The alternating groups, conjugacy classes of symmetric & alternating groups
6 Generators of symmetric & alternating groups
7 Simple groups
8 Simplicity of symmetric & alternating groups
9 Group Action on sets or G-sets
10 Orbits & stabilizer subgroups
11 Finite direct products
12 Finitely generated abelian groups
13 P-groups, Sylow’s Theorems
14 Application of Sylow’s Theorems
15 Linear Groups
16 Types of Linear Groups, Classical Groups
Recommended Texts
1. Rotman, J. J. (1999). An Introduction to the theory of groups (4th ed). New York: Springer.
2. Shah, S.K.,& Shankar A. G. (2013). Group theory. London: Dorling Kindersley.
Suggested Readings
1. Rose, H. E. (2009). A course on finite groups (1st ed). New York: Springer-Verlag.
2. Fraleigh, J. B. (2003). Afirst course in abstract algebra (7th ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company.
3. Malik, D. S., Mordeson J. N., & Sen M. K. (1997). Fundamentals of abstract algebra. New York:
WCB/McGraw-Hill.
4. Rose, J. A. (2012). Course on group theory (Revised ed.). New York: Dover Publications.
Page | 33
MATH-6118 Advance Group theory-II 3(3-0)
This course is the continuation of the course "Advanced Group Theory-1". This course aims to introduce
students to some more sophisticated concepts & results of group theory as an essential part of general
mathematical culture & as a basis for further study of more advanced mathematics. The ideal aim of Group
Theory is the classification of all groups (up to isomorphism). It will be shown that this goal can be achieved
for finitely generated abelian groups. This course covers the advanced topics in group theory such as solvable
groups, Upper & Lower Central series nilpotent groups & free groups.
Contents
1 Series in groups
2 Normal series
3 Normal series & its refinement
4 Composition series
5 Equivalent composition series
6 Jordan Holder Theorem
7 Solvable groups, definition, examples & related results
8 Upper & Lower Central series
9 Nilpotent groups
10 Characterization of finite nilpotent groups
11 The Frattini subgroups, definition, examples & related results
12 Free groups, definition, examples & related results
13 Free Product, definition, examples & related results
14 Group algebras
15 Representation modules
Pre-requisite: Advance Group Theory-I
Recommended Texts
1. Rotman, J. J. (1999). An Introduction to the theory of groups (4th ed). New York: Springer.
2. Shah, S.K., & Shankar A. G. (2013). Group theory. London: Dorling Kindersley.
Suggested Readings
1. Rose, H. E. (2009). A course on finite groups (1st ed). New York: Springer-Verlag.
2. Fraleigh, J. B. (2003). Afirst course in abstract algebra (7th ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company.
3. Malik, D. S., Mordeson J. N., & Sen M. K. (1997). Fundamentals of abstract algebra. New York:
WCB/McGraw-Hill.
4. Rose, J. A. (2012). Course on group theory (Revised ed.). New York: Dover Publications.
Page | 34
MATH-6119 Modern Algebra-I 3(3-0)
The word “algebra” means many things. The word dates back about 1200 years ago to part of the title of al-
Khwarizmi’s book on the subject, but the subject itself goes back 4000 years ago to ancient Babylonia &
Egypt. This course introduces concepts of ring theory. The main objective of this course is to prepare students
for courses which require a good back ground in Ring theory, Ring Homomorphism, basics Theorem etc. The
focus of this course is the study of ideal theory & several domains in ring theory. Homework, graded
homework, class quizzes, tests & a final exam will be used to assess the Student Learning Outcomes: Upon
successful completion of the course, students will be able to: Demonstrate ability to think critically by
interpreting theorems & relating results to problems in other mathematical disciplines. Demonstrate ability to
think critically by recognizing patterns & principles of algebra & relating them to the number system. Work
effectively with others to discuss homework problems put on the board. This will be assessed through class
discussions.
Contents
1 Polynomial rings
2 Division algorithm for polynomials
3 Prime elements
4 Irreducible elements
5 Euclidean domain
6 Principal ideal domain
7 Greatest common divisor
8 Prime & irreducible elements
9 Unique factorization domain
10 Factorization of polynomials over a UFD
11 Irreducibility of polynomials
12 Eisenstein’s irreducibility criterion
13 Maximal ideals
14 Prime ideals
15 Primary ideals
16 Noetherian rings
17 Artinian rings
Recommended Texts
1. Gallian, J. A. (2017). Contemporary abstract algebra (9th ed). New York: Brooks/Cole.
2. Malik, D. S., Mordeson, J. N., & Sen, M. K. (1997). Fundamentals of abstract algebra. New York:
WCB/McGraw-Hill.
Suggested Readings
1. Roman, S. (2005). Field theory (Graduate Texts in Mathematics) (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
2. Ames, D. B. (1968). Introduction to abstract algebra. (1st ed.). Scranton: Pennsylvania international
Textbook Co.
Page | 35
MATH-6120 Modern Algebra-II 3(3-0)
The word “algebra” means many things. The word dates back about 1200 years ago to part of the title of al-
Khwarizmi’s book on the subject, but the subject itself goes back 4000 years ago to ancient Babylonia &
Egypt. Modern algebra is a cornerstone of modern mathematics. This course introduces concepts of ring &
group theory. The main objective of this course is to prepare students for courses which require a good
background in Group Theory, Rings, Galois Theory, Symmetric group & permutation group etc. It is assumed
that the students possess some mathematical maturity & are comfortable with writing proofs. After completing
this course, student will be able to: Define & state some of the main concepts & theorems of Function
Analysis. Apply their knowledge of subject in the investigation of examples. Prove basic proportions
concerning functional analysis.
Contents
1 Finite & finitely generated Abelian groups

2 Fields
3 Finite fields
4 Field extension
5 Galois theory
6 Galois theory of equations
7 Construction with straight-edge
8 Construction with compass
9 Splitting field of polynomials
10 The Galios groups
11 Some results on finite groups
12 Symmetric group as Galois group
13 Construct able regular n-gones
14 The Galois group as permutation group
Pre-requisite: Modern Algebra-I
Recommended Texts
1. Malik, D. S., Mordeson, J. N., & Sen, M. K. (1997). Fundamentals of abstract algebra. New York:
WCB/McGraw-Hill.
2. Roman, S. (2005). Field theory (Graduate Texts in Mathematics) (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
Suggested Readings
1. Howie, J. M. (2006). Fields & Galois theory (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
2. Northcott, D. D. (1973). A first course of Homological algebra (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
3. Jacobson, N. (1985). Basic algebra I(1st ed.). New York: Freeman & Co.
4. Ames, D. B. (1968). Introduction to abstract algebra (1sted.). Scranton, PA: International Textbook Co.
Page | 36
MATH-6121 Algebraic Topology-I 3(3-0)
The course gives an introduction to algebraic topology, with emphasis on the fundamental group and the
singular homology groups of topological spaces. This course aims to understand some fundamental ideas in
algebraic topology; to apply discrete, algebraic methods to solve topological problems; to develop some
intuition for how algebraic topology relates to concrete topological problems. The primary aim of this course
is to explore properties of topological spaces. We shall consider in detail examples such as surfaces. To
distinguish topological spaces, we need to define topological invariants, such as the "fundamental group" or
the "homology" of a space". To enable us to do this, knowledge of basic group theory & topology is essential.
Some background in real analysis would also be helpful. After completing the course students can work with
cell complexes and the basic notions of homotopy theory, know the construction of the fundamental group of
a topological space, can use van Kampen´s theorem to calculate this group for cell complexes and know the
connection between covering spaces and the fundamental group.
Contents
1 Affine spaces
2 Singular theory
3 Chain complexes
4 Homotopy invariance of homology
5 Relation between n, & H
6 Relative homology
7 The exact homology sequences.
8 Nilpotent groups
9 Homotopy theory
10 Homotopy theory of path & maps
11 Fundamental group of circles
12 Covering spaces
13 Lifting criterion
14 Loop spaces
15 Higher homotopy group.
16 Loop spaces
17 Higher homotopy group.
Recommended Texts
1.
2. Adhikari, M. R. (2016). Basic algebraic topology & its applications (1st ed.). New York: Springer
3. Hatcher, A. (2001). Algebraic topology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Suggested Readings
1. Greenberg, M. J., & Harper, J. R. (1981). Algebraic topology: A first course (1st ed.). Boulder: Westview
Press.
2. Croom, F. H. (1978). Basic concept of algebraic theory. New York: Spinger-Verlag.
3. Kosniowski, C. A. (1980). First course in algebraic topology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Page | 37
MATH-6122 Algebraic Topology-II 3(3-0)
This course is a continuation of Algebraic Topology-I. In this course, the objective is the study of knots, links,
surfaces & higher dimensional analogs called manifolds with the understanding that continuous deformations
do not change objects. So a doughnut (torus) & a coffee mug are essentially the same (homeomorphic) in this
course. For example, how does a creature living on a sphere tell that she is not on the plane, on the torus, or
perhaps a two holed torus? Can one turn a sphere inside out without creasing it? What would it be like to live
inside a three dimensional sphere? Can one continuously deform a trefoil knot to get its mirror image? Can the
wind be blowing at every point on the earth at once? Can you tell if a graph is planar? Can you tell if a knot is
trivial? Is there a list of all possible two dimensional surfaces? How about three dimensional ones? These are
some of the motivating questions for the subject. Algebraic topology attempts to answer such questions by
assigning algebraic invariants such as numbers, or groups, to topological spaces. Examples include the Euler
number of a surface, the Poincare index of a vector field, the genus of a torus, the fundamental group & more
fancy homology groups.
Contents
1 Relative homology
2 The exact homology sequences
3 Excion theorem & application to spheres
4 Mayer Victoris sequences
5 Jordan-Brouwer separation theorem
6 Spherical complexes
7 Betti number
8 Euler characteristic
9 Cell Complexes
10 Adjunction spaces
Pre-requisite: Algebraic Topology-I
Recommended Texts
1. Adhikari, M. R. (2016). Basic algebraic topology & its applications (1st ed.). New York: Springer
2. Hatcher, A. (2001). Algebraic topology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Suggested Readings
1. Greenberg, M. J., & Harper, J. R. (1981). Algebraic topology: A first course (1st ed.). Boulder: Westview
Press.
2. Croom, F. H. (1978). Basic concept of algebraic theory. New York: Spinger-Verlag.
3. Kosniowski, C. A. (1980). First course in algebraic topology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Page | 38
MATH-6123 Theory of Modules 3(3-0)
This course is an introduction to module theory, who knows something about linear algebra and ring theory.
Its main aim is the derivation of the structure theory of modules over Euclidean domains. This theory is
applied to obtain the structure of abelian groups and the rational canonical and Jordan normal forms of
matrices. The basic facts about rings and modules are given in full generality, so that some further topics can
be discussed, including projective modules and the connection between modules and representations of
groups. It aims to develop the general theory of rings & then study in some detail a new concept, that of a
module over a ring. The theory of rings & module is key to many more advanced algebra courses. This subject
presents the foundational material for the last of the basic algebraic structure pervading contemporary pure
mathematics, namely fields & modules. The basic definitions & elementary results are given, followed by two
important applications of the theory. This course introduces concepts of modules. The main objective of this
course is to prepare students for courses which require a good back ground in Modules Theory, Primary
component & Invariance Theorem etc.
Contents
1 Elementary notions & examples

2 Modules, sub modules, Quotient modules
3 Finitely generated & cyclic modules, Exact sequences
4 Elementary notions of homological algebra
5 Noetherian rings& modules
6 Artinian rings & modules, Radicals
7 Semisimple rings & modules
8 Tensor product of modules
9 Bimodules
10 Algebra & coalgebra
11 Torsion module
12 Primary components
13 Invariance theorem
Recommended Texts
1. Wang, F., & Kim, H. (2016). Foundations of commutative rings &their modules (1st ed.). New York:
Springer.
2. Berrick, A. J., & Keating, M. E. (2000). An introduction to rings &modules: With K-Theory in View (1st
ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Suggested Readings
1. Hartley, B., & Hawkes, T. O. (1980). Rings, modules &linear algebra (1st ed.). London: Chapman & Hall.
2. Herstein I. N. (1995). Topics in algebra with application (3rd ed.). New York: Books/Cole.
3. Jacobson, N. (1989). Basic algebra (2nd ed.). Colorado: Freeman
4. Blyth, T. S. (1977). Module theory (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Page | 39
MATH-6124 Rings & Fields 3(3-0)
This course will cover basics of abstract rings and fields, which are an important part of any abstract algebra
course sequence. We will begin with definitions and important examples. We will focus cover prime, maximal
ideals and important classes of rings like integral domains, UFDs and PIDs. We will also prove the Hilbert
basis theorem about noetherian rings. The last 3-4 weeks will be devoted to field theory. We will give
definitions, basic examples. Then we discuss extension of fields, adjoining roots, and prove the primitive
element theorem. Finally, we will classify finite fields. Rings are one of the fundamental languages of
mathematics & they play a key role in many areas, including algebraic geometry, number theory, Galios
theory & representation theory. The aim of this module is to give an introduction to rings. The imphasis will
be on interesting examples of rings & their properties. This course introduces concepts of ring theory. The
main objective of this course is to prepare students for courses which require a good back ground in Ring
theory, Ring Homomorphism, basics Theorem etc. The focus of this course is the study of ideal theory &
several domains in ring theory.
Contents
1 Definition of ring & basic concepts

2 Homomorphism theorems
3 Polynomial rings
4 Quotient rings
5 Unique factorization domain
6 Irreducibility of polynomials over UFD
7 Principal ideal domain
8 Factorization theory
9 Noetherian
10 Artinian rings
11 Euclidean domain
12 Arithmetic in Euclidean domain
13 Extension fields
14 Algebraic elements
15 transcendental elements
16 Simple extension
Recommended Texts
1. Cohn, P. M. (2006). Free ideal rings & localization in general. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Lang, S. (2005). Algebra. Boston: Addison Wesley.
Suggested Readings
1. Herstein, I. N. (1975). Topics in algebra. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
2. Hartley, B., & Hawkes, T. O. (1970). Ring, modules & linear algebra. Florida: Chapman & Hall
3. Fraleigh, J. A. (1982). A first course in abstract algebra. Boston: Addison Wesley.
4. Roman, S. (2005). Field theory: Graduate texts in mathematics (2nd ed). Berlin: Springer.
Page | 40
MATH-6125 Electromagnetism-I 3(3-0)
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical
interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force is carried
by electromagnetic fields composed of electric fields & magnetic fields, & it is responsible
for electromagnetic radiation such as light. It is one of the four fundamental interactions (commonly called
forces) in nature, together with the strong interaction, the weak interaction, & gravitation. At high energy the
weak force & electromagnetic force are unified as a single electroweak force. Students will learn properties of
coulomb’s law, magnetic shells, conductivity & current density vector to flows.
Contents
1 Electrostatics: Coulomb’s law

2 Electric field & potential. lines of force & equipotential surfaces
3 Gauss’s law & deduction
4 Conductor condensers
5 Dipoles, forces dipoles
6 Dielectrics, polarization & apparent charges
7 Electric displacement
8 Energy of the field, minimum energy
9 Magnetostatic field
10 The magnetostatic law of force, magnetic shells
11 Force on magnetic doublets
12 Magnetic induction, paradia & magnetism
13 Steady & slowly varying currents
14 Electric current
15 Linear conductors
16 Conductivity
17 Resistance
18 Kirchoff’s laws
19 Heat production
20 Current density vector
21 Magnetic field of straight & circular current
22 Magnetic flux
Recommended Texts
1. Ferraro, V. C. A. (1956). Electromagnetic theory (Revised ed.). London: The Athlon Press
2. Reitz, J. R., Milford, F. J., & Christy, R. W. (1960). Foundations of electromagnetic theory (3rd
ed.).Boston: Addison-Wesley.
Suggested Readings
1. Pugh, M. E. (196). Principles of electricity &magnetism (1st ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley.
Page | 41
MATH-6126 Electromagnetism-II 3(3-0)
This course is the continuation of the course Electromagnetism-I. The classical (non-quantum) theory of
electromagnetism was first published by James Clerk Maxwell in his 1873 textbook A Treatise on Electricity
and Magnetism. A host of scientists during the nineteenth century carried out the work that ultimately led to
Maxwell's electromagnetism equations, which is still considered one of the triumphs of classical physics.
Maxwell's description of electromagnetism, which demonstrates that electricity and magnetism are different
aspects of a unified electromagnetic field, holds true today. Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving
the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically
charged particles. The electromagnetic force is carried by electromagnetic fields composed of electric
fields & magnetic fields, & it is responsible for electromagnetic radiation such as light. It is one of the
four fundamental interactions (commonly called forces) in nature, together with the strong interaction,
the weak interaction, & gravitation. At high energy the weak force & electromagnetic force are unified as a
single electroweak force. Students will learn properties of simple introduction to Legendre polynomials,
method of images, images in a plane, images with spheres & cylinders.
Contents
1 Vector potential
2 Forces on a circuit in magnetic field
3 Magnetic field energy, Law of electromagnetic induction
4 Co-efficient of self & mutual induction
5 Alternating current & simple I.C.R circuits in series & parallel
6 Power factor, the equations of electromagnetism
7 Maxwell’s equations in free space & material media
8 Solution of Maxwell’s equations
9 Plane electromagnetic waves in homogeneous & isotropic media
10 Reflection & refraction of plane waves
11 Wave guides Laplace’ equation in plane, Polar & cylindrical coordinates
12 Simple introduction to Legendre polynomials
13 Method of images, images in a plane
14 Images with spheres & cylinders
Pre-requisite: Electromagnetism-I
Recommended Texts
3. Ferraro, V. C. A. (1956). Electromagnetic theory (Revised ed.). London: The Athlon Press
4. Reitz, J. R., Milford, F. J., & Christy, R. W. (1960). Foundations of electromagnetic theory (3rd ed.).
Boston: Addison-Wesley.
Suggested Readings
2. Pugh, M. E. (196). Principles of electricity &magnetism (1st ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley.
Page | 42
MATH-6127 Fluid Mechanics-I 3(3-0)
This course is the first part of the core level course on fluid mechanics. Fluid mechanics is the branch
of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, & plasmas) & the forces on them. It has
applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, civil, chemical & biomedical engineering,
geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, & biology. The course of fluid mechanics is
introducing fundamental aspects of fluid flow behavior. Students will learn properties of Newtonian fluids;
apply concepts of mass, momentum & energy conservation to flows.
Contents
1 Introduction: Definition of Fluid, basics equations

2 Methods of analysis, dimensions & units. Fundamental concepts
3 Fluid as a continuum, velocity field, stress field, viscosity, surface tension, description & classification of
fluid motions
4 Fluid Statics: The basic equation of fluid static
5 The standard atmosphere
6 Pressure variation in a static fluid
7 Fluid in rigid body motion. Basic equation in integral form for a control volume
8 Basic laws for a system
9 Relation of derivatives to the control volume formulation
10 Conservation of mass
11 Momentum equation for inertial control volume
12 Momentum equation for control volume with rectilinear acceleration
13 Momentum equation for control volume with arbitrary acceleration
14 The angular momentum principle
15 The first law of thermodynamics
16 The second law of thermodynamics
17 Introduction to differential analysis of fluid motion
18 Conservation of mass
19 Stream function for two-dimensional incompressible flow
20 Motion of a fluid element (kinematics), momentum equation
Recommended Texts
1. Fox, R. W.,& McDonald, A. T. (2004). Introduction to fluid mechanics (6th ed.). New York: John Wiley &
Sons.
2. White, F. M. (2006). Fluid mechanics (5th ed.). New York: Mc. Graw Hill.
Suggested Readings
1. Granger, R. A. (1985). Fluid mechanics (1st ed.). Montana: Winston Publisher.

2. Bruce, R., Rothmayer, A. P., Theodore, H. O.,& Wade, W. H. (2013). Fundamental of fluid mechanics (7th
ed.). New York: Willey Son Publisher.
3. Nakayama, Y. (2018). Introduction to fluid mechanics (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworh Heinemann Publisher.
Page | 43
MATH-6128 Fluid Mechanics-II 3(3+0)
This course is the second part of the core level course on fluid mechanics. Fluid mechanics is concerned with
the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, & plasmas) & the forces on them. This course covers properties of
fluids, laws of fluid mechanics & energy relationships for incompressible fluids Studies flow in closed
conduits, including pressure loss, flow measurement, pipe sizing & pump Selection, momentum equation for
frictionless flow, Euler’s equations, Bernoulli equation- Integration of Euler’s equation, laminar flow &
Boundary layers.
Contents
1 Incompressible inviscid flow

2 Momentum equation for frictionless flow
3 Euler’s equations
4 Euler’s equations in streamline coordinates
5 Bernoulli equation- Integration of Euler’s equation along a streamline for steady flow
6 Relation between first law of thermodynamics & the Bernoulli equation
7 Unsteady Bernoulli equation-Integration of Euler’s equation along a streamline
8 Irrotational flow, internal incompressible viscous flow
9 Fully developed laminar flow
10 Fully developed laminar flow between infinite parallel plates
11 Fully developed laminar flow in a pipe
12 Part-B Flow in pipes & ducts
13 Shear stress distribution in fully developed pipe flow
14 Turbulent velocity profiles in fully developed pipe flow
15 Energy consideration in pipe flow
16 External incompressible viscous flow
17 Boundary layers, the boundary concept, boundary thickness, laminar flat plate
18 Boundary layer: exact solution, momentum, integral equation,
19 Use of momentum integral equation for flow with zero pressure gradient
20 Pressure gradient in boundary-layer flow
Pre-requisite: Fluid Mechanics-I
Recommended Texts
1. Fox, R. W., & McDonald, A. T. (2004). Introduction to fluid mechanics (6th ed.). New York: John Wiley &
Sons.
2. White, F. M. (2006). Fluid mechanics (5th ed.). New York: Mc. Graw Hill.
Suggested Readings
1. Bruce, R., Rothmayer, A. P., Theodore, H. O.,& Wade, W. H. (2013). Fundamental of fluid mechanics (7th
ed.). New York: Willey Son Publisher.
2. Nakayama, Y. (2018). Introduction to fluid mechanics (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworh Heinemann Publisher.
3. Granger, R. A. (1985). Fluid mechanics (1st ed.). Montana: Winston Publisher.
Page | 44
MATH-6129 Operations Research-I 3(3-0)
This course is the 1st part of the course series on operation research. Operations research (OR) is an analytical
method of problem-solving & decision-making that is useful in the management of organizations. Operations
Research studies analysis and planning of complex systems. In operations research, problems are broken
down into basic components & then solved in defined steps by mathematical analysis. The objective of
Operations Research, as a mathematical discipline, is to establish theories & algorithms to model & solve
mathematical optimization problems that translate to real-life decision-making problems. The purpose of the
course is to provide students with the concepts and tools to help them understand the operations research and
mathematical modeling methods and to understand different application areas of operations research like
transportation problem, assignment model, sequencing models, dynamic programming, game theory,
replacement models & inventory models.
Contents
1 Linear Programming
2 Formulation & graphical solution
3 Simplex method, M-technique
4 Two-phase technique
5 Special cases
6 Sensitivity analysis
7 The dual problem
8 Primal dual relationship
9 The dual simplex method
10 Sensitivity
11 Post optimal analysis
12 Transportation model
13 Northwest corner
14 Least cost
15 Vogel’s approximation methods
16 The method of multipliers
17 The assignment models
18 The transshipment model
19 Network minimization
20 Shortest route algorithms for variables
Recommended Texts
1. Hamdy, A. T. (2006). Operations research an introduction (6th ed.). New York: Macmillan.
2. Gillet, B. E. (1979). Introduction to operations research (1st ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
Suggested Readings
1. Harvy, C. M. (1979). Operations research: A practical introduction (1st ed.). North Holland: CRC Press
2. Ravindran, A. R. (2008). Operations research applications (1st ed.). North Holland: CRC Press.
Page | 45
MATH-6130 Operations Research-II 3(3-0)
Operations Research (OR) is an analytical method of problem-solving & decision-making that is useful in the
management of organizations. In operations research, problems are broken down into basic components &
then solved in defined steps by mathematical analysis. Disciplines that are similar to, or overlap with,
operations research include statistical analysis, management science, game theory, optimization
theory, artificial intelligence & network analysis. All of these techniques have the goal of solving complex
problems & improving quantitative decisions. The objective of Operations Research, as a mathematical
discipline, is to establish theories & algorithms to model & solve mathematical optimization problems that
translate to real life decision making problems. Students would be able to identify & develop complecated
operational research modals from the verbal description of the real system. The understanding of the
mathematical tools that are needed to solve optimization problems would be increased. They would be
analyze the results & propose the theoretical language understandable to decision making processes in
Management Engineering.
Contents
1 Algorithm for cyclic network

2 Maximal flow problems
3 Matrix definition of LP- problems
4 Revised simplex methods
5 Bounded variables decompositions algorithm
6 Parametric linear programming
7 Application of integer programming
8 Cutting plane algorithm
9 Mixed fractional cut algorithm
10 Branch methods
11 Bound methods
12 Zero-one implicit enumeration
13 Element of dynamics programming
14 Problems of dimensionality
15 Solutions of linear program by dynamics programming
Pre-requisite: Operation Research-I
Recommended Texts
1. Hamdy, A. T. (2006). Operations research an introduction (6th ed.). New York: Macmillan.
2. Gillet, B. E. (1979). Introduction to operations research (1st ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
Suggested Readings
1. Harvy, C. M. (1979). Operations research: A practical introduction (1st ed.). North Holland: CRC Press
Page | 46
MATH- 6131 Analytical Dynamics 3(3-0)
In classical mechanics, analytical dynamics, or more briefly dynamics, is concerned with the relationship
between motion of bodies & its causes, namely the forces acting on the bodies & the properties of the bodies,
particularly mass & moment of inertia. Analytical dynamics develops Newtonian mechanics to the stage
where powerful mathematical techniques can be used to determine the behavior of many physical systems.
The mathematical framework also plays a role in the formulation of modern quantum & relativity theories.
Contents
1 Generalized coordinates
2 Constraints
3 Degree of freedom
4 D’Alembert principle
5 Holonomic & non-Holonomic systems, Hamilton’s principle
6 Derivation of Lagrange equation from Hamilton’s principle
7 Derivation of Hamilton’s equation from a variational principle
8 Equations & Examples of Gauge transformations
9 Equations & examples of canonical transformations
10 Orthogonal Point transformations
11 The Principle of Least Action
12 Applications of Hamilton’s equation to central force problems
13 Applications to Harmonic oscillator
14 Hamiltonian formulism
15 Lagrange bracket & Poisson brackets with application
16 The Hamilton Jacobi theory, Hamilton Jacobi Theorem
17 The Hamilton Jacobi equation for Hamilton characteristic functions
18 Bilinear co-variant
19 Quasi coordinates
20 Transpositional relations for Quasi coordinate
21 Lagrange’s equation for Quasi coordinates
22 Appel’s equation for quasi coordinates
23 Whittaker equation with applications
24 Chaplygian system & Chaplygian equation
Recommended Texts
1. Greenwood, D. T. (1965). Classical dynamics. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
2. Aruldhas, G. (2016). Classical mechanics. New Dehli: PHI Private Limited.
3. Chorlton, F. (1983). Textbook of dynamics. Cambridge: E. Horwood.
Suggested Readings
1. Woodhouse, N. M. J. (2009). Introduction to analytical dynamics (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.
2. Chester, W. (1979). Mechanics. London: New South Wales: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
Page | 47
MATH-6132 Special Relativity 3(3-0)
This course introduces the basic ideas and equations of Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity to understand
the physics of Lorentz contraction, time dilation, the "twin paradox", and E=mc 2. Calculus Vector
transformations Tensors for GTR to understand why we need these two theories. For that see the problems
with Galilean transformation & equivalence of inertial & gravitational mass. The most important thing to
study SR is to accept geometry as the concept behind it. The math is not difficult; it's the way of thinking you
have to adopt. Draw space time diagrams, something to transform to another frame of reference (Lorentz
transforms are available). Keep in mind that the view in the other reference frame is just a different view of
the same situation that nothing really has changed, even if it looks different on Euclidean paper.
Contents
1 Historical background
2 Fundamental concepts of special theory of relativity
3 Galilean transformations,
4 Lorentz transformations (for motion along one axis)
5 Length contraction
6 Time dilation
7 Simultaneity
8 Velocity addition formulae.3-dimensional
9 Lorentz transformations
10 Introduction to 4-vector formalism
11 Lorentz transformations in the 4-vector formalism
12 The Lorentz groups
13 The Poincare groups
14 Introduction to classical mechanics
15 Minkowski space-time & null cone
16 4-velocity & 4-momentum & 4-force
17 Application of special relativity to Doppler shift & Compton effect
18 Aberration of light
19 Particle scattering, Binding energy
20 Particle production & decay
21 Special relativity with small acceleration
Recommended Texts
1. Qadir, A. (1989).An introduction to the special relativity theory (1st ed.). Singapore: World Scientific.
2. Sardesai, P.L. (2008). A primer of special relativity (2nded.). Delhi: Offset.
Suggested Readings
1. Resnick, R. (1968). Introduction to special relativity. New York: Wiley.

2. D’Inverno, R. (1992). Introducing Einstein’s relativity (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Page | 48
MATH-6133 Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations 3(3-0)
This course addresses post graduate students of all fields who are interested in numerical methods for partial
differential equations, with focus on a rigorous mathematical basis. Many modern & efficient approaches are
presented, after fundamentals of numerical approximation are established. Of particular focus are a qualitative
understanding of the considered partial differential equation, fundamentals of finite difference, finite volume,
finite element, & spectral methods, & important concepts such as stability, convergence, & error analysis.
Students who have successfully taken this module should be aware of the issues around the discretization of
several different types of PDEs, have a knowledge of the finite element & finite difference methods that are
used for discretizing, be able to discretize an elliptic partial differential equation using finite element & finite
difference methods, carry out stability & error analysis for the discrete approximation to elliptic, parabolic &
hyperbolic equations in certain domains. Students are able to solve following problems: advection equation,
heat equation, wave equation, Airy equation, convection-diffusion problems, KdV equation, hyperbolic
conservation laws, Poisson equation, stokes problem, Navier-Stokes equations, interface problems.
Contents
1 Finite-Difference Formulae
2 Parabolic Equations
3 Finite difference methods
4 Convergence analysis
5 Stability analysis
6 Parabolic Equations
7 Alternative derivation of difference equations
8 Miscellaneous topics,
9 Hyperbolic equations
10 Characteristics,
11 Elliptic equations
12 Systematic iterative methods.
Recommended Texts
1. Morton, K. W., & Mayers, D. F. (2005). Numerical solution of partial differential equations: An
introduction (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Bertoluzza, S., Falletta, S., Russo, G., &Chu, C. W. (1986). Numerical solution of partial differential
equations(1sted.). Basel: Birkhauser.
Suggested Readings
1. Ames, W. F. (1992). Numerical methods for partial differential equations (3rd ed.). New York: Academic
Press.
2. Smith, G. D. (1986). Numerical solution of partial differential equations: Finite difference Methods (3rd
ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Page | 49
MATH-6134 Heat Transfer 3(3+0)
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, & exchange
of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such
as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, & transfer of energy by phase changes.
The objectives of heat transfer include the following: Insulation, wherein across a finite temperature
difference between the system & its surrounding, the engineer seeks to reduce the heat transfer as much as
possible. The learning outcomes of this course are: to explain the basics of heat transfer, to explain the
importance of heat transfer, to define the concept of boiling & condensation, to define the concept of heat
exchangers, to explain heat transfer by conduction, to explain the Fourier heat conduction law, to define
thermal conductivity coefficient & diffusion coefficient, to explain heat transfer with convection, to explain
Newton’s law, to explain free transport phenomenon, to explain the forced convection, to explain heat transfer
by radiation.
Contents
1 Steady-State Conduction-One Dimension

2 Steady-State Conduction-Multiples Dimensions
3 Unsteady-State Conduction,
4 Principles of Convection
5 Empirical & practical Relations
6 Forced –Convection Heat Transfer
7 Natural Convection Systems
8 Radiation Heat Transfer
Recommended Texts
1. Holman, J. P. (1996). Heat transfer (8th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
2. Kays, W. M.,& Crawford, M. E. (1993). Convective heat & mass transfer (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw
Hill.
Suggested Readings
1. Incropera, F. P., & Dewitt, D. P. (1985). Fundamentals of heat & mass transfer (2nded.). New York: Wiley.
2. Cenegel, Y., & Ghajar, A. J. (2015). Heat & mass transfer: Fundamentals & applications(5th ed.). New
York: Mc-Graw Hill.
3. Lienhar IV, J. H., & Lienhar V, J. H. (2019). A heat transfer textbook(5th ed.). New York: Dover
Publications.
4. Incropera, F. P. (2006). Fundamentals of heat & mass transfer (6th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Page | 50
MATH-6135 Measure Theory 3(3-0)
The objectives of the course are to introduce the concepts of measure & integral with respect to a measure, to
show their basic properties, to provide a basis for further studies in analysis, probability, & dynamical
Systems, to construct Lebesgue's measure & learn the theory of Lebesgue integrals on real line & in n-
dimensional Euclidean space. The goal of the course is to develop the understanding of basic concepts of
measure and integration theory.As measure theory is a part of the basic curriculum since it is crucial for
understanding the theoretical basis of probability and statistics, so it is intended to develop understanding of
the theory based on examples of application. After the course the students will know & understand the basic
concepts of measure theory & the theory of Lebsgue integration. The students will understand the main proof
techniques in the field & will also be able to apply the theory abstractly & concretely. The students will be
able to write the elementary proofs himself, as well as more advanced proofs under guidance. The students
will be able to use measure theory & integration in Riemann integration & calculus.
Contents
1 Introduction to Lebesgue measure

2 Outer measure
3 Properties of outer measure
4 Further properties of outer measure
5 Measurable sets
6 Properties of measurable sets
7 Non measurable sets
8 Measurable functions
9 Properties of measurable functions
10 Convergence of sequences of measurable functions
11 Lebesuge integration, introduction
12 Lebesgue integrals of simple
13 Bounded functions
14 Lebesgue integrals of non-negative functions
15 Lebesgue integration of general functions
16 General convergence theorems
17 convergence in measure
Recommended Texts
1. Roydon, H. L., & Fitzpatrick, P. M. (2017). Real analysis (4thed.). New York: Collier Macmillan Co.
2. Barra, G. D. (1981). Measure theory & integration (1st ed.). Ellis: Harwood Ltd.
Suggested Readings
1. Rudin, W. (1987). Real &complex analysis, (3rded.). New York: McGraw Hill Book Company.
2. Bartle, R.G. (1995). The elements of integration & Lebesgue measure(1sted.). Wiley-Interscience.
3. Halmos, P. R. (1975). Measure theory (1st ed.). New York: Springer.
Page | 51
MATH-6136 Theory of Splines-I 3(3-0)
This is the first part of the two-course series of Theory of Splines. This course is designed to teach students
about basics of scientific computing for solving problems which are generated by data using interpolation &
approximation techniques & learn how to match numerical method to mathematical properties. This course
gives the students the knowledge of problem classes, basic mathematical & numerical concepts & software for
solution of engineering & scientific problems formulated as using data sets. After successful completion,
students should be able to design, implement & use interpolations for computer solution of scientific problems
involving problems generated by set of data. The material covered provides the students with the necessary
tools for understanding the many applications of splines in such diverse areas as approximation theory,
computer-aided geometric design, curve and surface design and fitting, image processing, numerical solution
of differential equations, and increasingly in business and the biosciences.
Contents
1 Basic concepts of Euclidean geometry

2 Scalar & vector functions
3 Barycentric coordinates
4 Convex hull, Matrices of affine maps, Translation, rotation, scaling
5 Reflection & shear, Curve fitting, least squares line fitting
6 Least squares power fit
7 Data linearization method for exponential functions
8 Nonlinear least-squares method for exponential functions
9 Transformations for data linearization
10 linear least squares, Polynomial fitting,
11 Basic concepts of interpolation, Lagrange’s method,
12 Rrror terms & error bounds of Lagrange’s method
13 Divided differences method,
14 Newton polynomials, error terms & error bounds of Newton polynomials
15 Central difference interpolation formulae
16 Gauss’s forward interpolation formula
17 Gauss’s backward interpolation formula, Hermite’s methods
Recommended Texts
1. David, S. (2006). Curves & surfaces for computer graphics. New York: Springer Science + Business
Media Inc.
2. John, H. M., & Kurtis, D. F. (1999). Numerical methods using MATLAB. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Suggested Readings
1. Rao, S. S. (1992). Optimization theory & applications (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley Eastern Ltd.
2. Sudaran R. K. (1996). A first course in optimization theory (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
3. Chang E. K. P., & Zak, S. I. I. (2004). An introduction to optimization (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
Page | 52
MATH-6137 Theory of Splines-II 3(3-0)
This is the second part of the two-course series of Theory of Splines. The goal of the course is to provide the
students with a strong background on numerical approximation strategies & a basic knowledge on the theory
of splines that supports numerical algorithms. Interactive graphics techniques for defining & manipulating
geometrical shapes used in computer animation, car body design, aircraft design, & architectural design. In
this course follow a modular approach & contribute different components to the development of an interactive
curve & surface modeling system. Curve Modeling Techniques: Students will implement various curve
interpolation & approximation techniques that allow the interactive specification of three-dimensional curves
(e.g. Bezier, B-spline, rational curves). Surface modeling techniques: Students will implement various surface
interpolation & approximation techniques that allow the interactive specification of three-dimensional
surfaces (e.g. Bezier, B-spline, rational surfaces). Simple, 3D Modeling System: Students will integrate the
curve & surface modules into a system that allows the user to interactively design & store simple, 3D
geometries.
Contents
1 Parametric curves (scalar & vector case), Algebraic form

2 Hermite form, control point form, Bernstein Bezier form
3 Matrix forms of parametric curves
4 Algorithms to compute B.B. form, Convex hull property
5 Affine invariance property, Variation diminishing property
6 Rational quadratic form, Rational cubic form
7 Tensor product surface, B.B. cubic patch
8 Quadratic by cubic B.B. patch, B.B. quartic patch, Splines, Cubic splines
9 End conditions of cubic splines, Clamped conditions
10 Natural conditions, second derivative conditions
11 Periodic conditions, Not a knot conditions
12 General splines, Natural splines, Periodic splines
13 Truncated power function, Representation of spline in terms of truncated power functions
14 Odd degree interpolating splines
Pre-requisite: Theory of Splines-I
Recommended Texts
1. Farin, G. (2002). Curves & surfaces for computer aided geometric design, a practical guide (5th ed.). New
York: Academic Press.
2. Faux, I. D.,& Pratt, M. J. (1979). Computational geometry for design & manufacture (1st ed.). New York:
Halsted Press.
Suggested Readings
1. Bartle, H. R., & Beatly, C. J. (2006). An Introduction to spline for use in computer graphics & geometric
modeling (4th ed.). Massachusetts: Morgan Kaufmann.
2. Boor, C. D. (2001). A practical guide to splines(Revised ed.). New York: Springer Verlag.
Page | 53
MATH-6138 Methods of Optimization-I 3(3-0)
Optimization is a widely used technique in operational research that has been employed in a range of
applications. The aim is to maximize or minimize a function (e.g. maximizing profit or minimizing
environmental impact) subject to a set of constraints. At the start of the course, the course delivery, the
prerequisites of the course will be discussed. The objective of this course is to make students acquire a
systematic understanding of optimization techniques. The course will start with linear optimization (being the
simplest of all optimization techniques) and will discuss in detail the problem formulation and the solution
approaches. Then we will cover a class of nonlinear optimization problems where the optimal solution is also
globally optimal, i.e. convex nonlinear optimization and its variants. On successful completion of the course
the students will be able to model engineering maxima/minima problems as optimization problems. The
students will be able to use computers to implement optimization algorithms. The students will learn efficient
computation procedures to solve optimization problems.
Contents
1 Introduction to optimization
2 Review of related mathematical concepts
3 Unconstrained optimization
4 Conditions for local minimizers
5 One dimensional search methods
6 Gradient methods
7 Newton’s method (analysis & modifications)
8 Conjugate direction methods
9 Quasi Newton method
10 Application to neural network
11 Single Neuron Training
12 Linear integer programming
13 Genetic algorithms
14 Real number genetic algorithm
Recommended Texts
1. Chong, E. K. P., & Stanislaw, H. Z. (2012). An introduction to optimization (4th ed.). New York: Wiley
Series in Discrete Mathematics & Optimization.
2. Singiresu, S. R. (1992). Optimization theory & applications (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley Eastern Ltd.
Suggested Readings
1. Sundaram, R. K. (1996). A first course in optimization theory, (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
2. Bertsimas, D., Tsitsiklis, J. N., & Tsiitsiklis, J. (1997). Introduction to linear optimization (2nd ed.).
Belmont: Athena Scientific
Page | 54
MATH-6139 Methods of Optimization-II 3(3-0)
This is continuation of Methods of Optimization I. Optimization is a widely used technique in operational
research that has been employed in a range of applications. The aim is to maximize or minimize a function
(e.g. maximizing profit or minimizing environmental impact) subject to a set of constraints. At the start of the
course, the course delivery, the prerequisites of the course will be discussed. Students will learn the
foundations of linear programming, properties of optimal solutions and various solution methods for
optimizing problems involving a linear objective function and linear constraints. Students will be exposed to
geometric, algebraic and computational aspects of linear optimization and its extensions. On successful
completion of the course the students will be able to model engineering maxima/minima problems as
optimization problems. The students will be able to use computers to implement optimization algorithms. The
students will learn efficient computation procedures to solve optimization problems.
Contents
1 Non-linear constrained optimization

2 Problems with equality constraints
3 Problem Formulation
4 Tangent spaces
5 Normal spaces
6 Lagrange condition
7 Second-order conditions
8 Problems with inequality constraints
9 Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Condition
10 Second-order conditions
11 Convex optimization problems
12 Convex functions
13 Algorithms for constrained optimization
14 Lagrangian algorithms
Pre-requisite: Methods of Optimization-I
Recommended Texts
1. Chong, E. K. P.,& Stanislaw, H. Z. (2012).An introduction to optimization (4th ed.). New York: Wiley
Series in Discrete Mathematics & Optimization.
2. Singiresu, S. R. (1992). Optimization theory & applications (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley Eastern Ltd.
Suggested Readings
1. Sundaram, R. K. (1996). A first course in optimization theory, (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
2. Bertsimas, D., Tsitsiklis, J. N., & Tsiitsiklis, J. (1997). Introduction to linear optimization (2nd ed.).
Belmont: Athena Scientific.
Page | 55
STAT- 6101 Introductory Statistics 3(3-0)
The purpose of this course is to elaborate the basic concepts and knowledge about statistics. The course is
designed about the importance of statistics in daily life as well as the uses of statistics in different fields of life
such as mathematics, agriculture, marketing, finance, geography, mass communication, computer science,
engineering, social sciences, and various fields’ medical science, etc. This course deals with the graphical
representation to gives the general knowledge about how can justify the real life problem throw a graphical
way. The course gives the guideline about the measure of the location like arithmetic mean, median, mode,
harmonic mean, and geometric mean their uses, advantages and disadvantages with various aspects of real life
data set. The application of the measure of dispersion is also an important part of this course. The shape of the
distribution, method of identifying the shape of the distribution such as skewness and kurtosis are there in the
scheme. The basic concepts of the probability theory, the classical probability with their application in various
fields, and the different laws of probability are part of this course. This focuses on the conceptual and
numerical formation of descriptive statistics.
Contents
1. The nature and scope of the statistics.
2. Measurement scales
3. Organizing of Data
4. Classification of Data
5. Graphs and Charts
6. Stem- leaf diagram,
7. Box and whisker plots and their Interpretation.
8. Measures of Central Tendency
9. Measure of Dispersion:
10. Properties of measure location
11. Uses of measure location
12. Application of the measure of dispersion
13. Calculations for the grouped and ungrouped Data.
14. Measures of Skewness
15. Kurtosis
16. Distribution Shapes.
17. Probability Concepts
18. Addition law
19. Multiplication law.
Recommended Texts
1. Chaudhary, S. M. (2014). Introduction to statistical theory (8thed.). Lahore: Ilmi Kitab khana.
2. Clark, G.M.& Cooke, D. (1998). A basic course of statistics (4thed.). London: Arnold.
Suggested Readings
1. Weiss, N.A. (2015). Introductory statistics (10thed.).London: Pearson.
2. Spiegel, M. R., Schiller, J.L. & Sirinivasan, R.L. (2000). Probability and statistics (2nded.). New York:
McGraw Hill.
3. Walpole, R.E., Myers, R. H., & Myers, S.L. (1998). Probability and statistics for engineers and scientist
(6thed.).New York: Prentice Hall.
Page | 56
STAT-6102 Introduction to Probability Distributions 3(3-0)
The main objective of introducing this course is to provide the basic concepts about the problems related to
the probability theory. This course deals with the different rules of probability like additive and multiplicative
law. The course also discusses the conditional probability of the events and their applications in multiple area.
The empirical implication of discrete and continuous random variables in casual events is also considered.
The course provides an understanding for discrete set of variables and their probability distributions and
conversion of the probability distribution on special situations in different phenomena of the practical
environments. This course concern with multiple types of discrete probability distributions like Bernoulli
distribution, binomial distribution, negative binomial distribution, geometric distribution, Poisson distribution,
multinomial distribution, and the hypergeometric distribution. The fitting of the parameter of these
distribution and their applications are also the major part of this course. Some continuous type distribution
such as Uniform distribution, Normal distribution, exponential distribution, gamma distribution, and beta
distribution are also considered at the numerical platform. This course enables how to apply these
distributions on real life situations for planning and suggestions.
Contents
1. Basic concepts of probability
2. Discrete random variable
3. Continuous random variable
4. Laws of Probability
5. Conditional Probability
6. Bernoulli trials.
7. Properties, applications.
8. Fitting of Binomial, Poisson.
9. Hypergeometric distribution,
10. Negative Binomial.
11. Geometric distributions.
12. Continuous Random Variable.
13. Probability density function and its properties.
14. Uniform distribution.
15. Exponential distribution,
16. Beta distribution,
17. Gamma distribution, Normal Distribution and its properties.
18. Standard Normal Curve,
19. Normal approximation to Binomial and Poisson distributions.
Recommended Texts
1. Spiegel, M. R., Schiller, J. L. &Sirinivasan, R.L. (2000).Probability and statistics. (2nded.). New York:
McGraw Hill.
2. Clark, G. M. & Cooke, D. (1998).A basic course in statistics.(4thed.). London: Arnold.
Suggested Readings
1. Walpole, R. E., Myers, R. H & Myers, S. L. (1998). Probability and statistics for engineers and scientist.
(6thed.). New York: Prentice Hall.
2. Mclave, J.T., Benson, P. G. & Snitch, T. (2005). Statistics for business& economics(9th ed.). United
States: Prentice Hall.
Page | 57
CSEC-6101 Programming Languages for Mathematicians 3(3-0)
Programming Languages plays an important role in Mathematics. More often, the act of programming
involves problem-solving in itself, where you then take your answers and apply them to build a program.
However, mathematicians sometimes require some programming languages for assistance, and some of the
best programming languages for math work wonders when you’re trying to hone your skills and train yourself
in a particular mathematical field. A number of computer software available to deal with mathematical
computing & simulation. This course provide a practical introduction to most widely used Mathematical
computing software’s namely, MATHEMATICA or MAPLE. Maple has a fairly strong advantage when it
comes to combinatorial math problems. It’s also known for its functional programming constructs, making it
extremely interesting to play around with. After this course students will be able to develop computer
programs in this software according to their requirements in mathematical computing. It includes introduction
to data-oriented Python packages, decision trees, support vector machines (SVM), neural networks, and
machine learning.
Contents
Mathematica
1 Introduction to the basic environment of MATHMATICA & its syntax
2 Running MATHEMATICA
3 Numerical/Algebraic Calculations, vectors, Matrices, Sets, Lists, Tables, arrays
4 Symbolic Mathematics in MATHEMATICA
5 Functions & functional programming
6 Procedural programming, Do, for & while loops, Flow controls
7 Graphics, Plots of 2D & 3D functions, Packages within MATHEMATICA
Maple
1. Introductory Demonstration of Maple, symbolic computations in MAPLE
2. Vectors, Matrices, Sets, Lists, Tables, arrays & Arrays, Toolbars & Palettes
3. Operators, Constant, Elementary Functions, Procedures
4. If clauses, selection & conditional execution
5. Looping, for & while loop, looping commands, recursion
6. Plots of 2D & 3D functions, Packages within MAPLE
Recommended Texts
1. Wellin, P., Kamin, S., & Gaylord R. (2011). An introduction to programming with mathematica, (3rd ed.).
Cambridge: Cambridge university press.
2. Monagan, M. B., & Geddes, K. O. (2005). Maple introductory programming guide. Waterloo: Maplesoft,
a division of Waterloo Maple Inc.
Suggested Readings
1. Aladjev, V. Z., & Bogdivicus, M. A. (2006). Maple: Programming, physical & engineering Problems.
London: Fultus Publishing.
2. Maeder, R. E. (1997). Programming in mathematica (3rd ed.). Boston: Addision-Weseley.
3. Hoste, J. (2009). Mathematica demystified. New York: McGraw Hill.
Page | 58
CSEC-6102 Web System and Technology 3(3-0)
Web technology refers to the means by which computers communicate with each other using markup
languages and multimedia packages. It gives us a way to interact with hosted information, like websites. Web
technology involves the use of hypertext markup language (HTML) and cascading style sheets (CSS). This
course will give an overview of Web Systems and Technologies. Students will learn the essential skills of
website management; understanding of the basic Internet technology concepts, develop a prototype of
interactive World Wide Web applications. This subject will provide students with the principles and practical
programming skills of developing Internet and Web applications. It enables students to master the
development skill for both client-side and server-side programming, especially for database applications.
Students will have opportunity to put into practice the concepts through programming exercises based on
various components of client/server web programming. Students will learn the essential skills of website
management; understanding of the basic Internet technology concepts, develop a prototype of interactive
World Wide Web applications.
Contents
1. Overview of WWW, Web Pages, Web Sites, Web Applications,

2. TCP/IP
3. TCP/IP Application, Services, Web Servers
4. WAMP Configuration.
5. Introduction to HTTP, HTML.
6. HTML5 Tags, Dynamic Web Content, CSS and CSS3
7. Client-Side Programming.
8. JavaScript: Basics, Expressions and Control Flow
9. Functions, Objects, and Arrays, Accessing CSS from JavaScript.
10. Form Handling
11. Server-Side Programing:
12. Programing in PHP
13. Introduction MySQL
14. MySQL Functions.
15. Accessing MySQL via php MyAdmin.
16. Cookies, Sessions, and Authentication.
17. Introduction to XML, Ajax, JQuery.
18. Browsers and the DOM.
19. Designing a Social Networking Site.
Recommended Texts
1. Nixon R, Media O'. (2014). Learning PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, and CSSC, A Step-by-Step Guide to
Creating Dynamic Websites., Surrey: O'Reilly Media;
Suggested Readings
1. Jeffrey C. Jackson. (2006). Web Technologies: A Computer Science Perspective. New York: Prentice Hall.
2. Kumar Roy U. (2011). Web Technologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Page | 59

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SCHEME OF STUDIES

4. General Education (Gen Ed) Requirements:(Mandatory/Core Curses):

*These courses for Muslim students only.

6. Interdisciplinary/Allied courses: minimum 12 credit hours:

7. Field experience/internship: Minimum 03 credit hours:

8. Capstone project: Minimum 03 credit hours:

Total Credit Hours: 67

Degree Program Total: 133

Course Code Course Title Credit Hours Pre-Requisite

1 Functions & their graphs, Rates of change & tangents to curves

1 Set theory: sets, subsets

1. Pinter, C. C. (2014). A book of set theory. New York: Dover Publication.

1 Vector Analysis: Scalar triple product with applications

1 Techniques of integration: Using Basic Integration Formulas, Integration by Parts

1 Representation of linear equations in matrix form

1 Mechanics: Composition & resolution of co-planar forces, Moments

1 Vectors & analytic geometry in space: Three-dimensional Coordinate System

1 Groups, definition & examples of groups, elementary properties of groups

1. Roman, S. (2012). Fundamentals of group theory (1st ed.). Basel: Birkhäuser.

1 Introduction to differential equations: Preliminaries & classification of differential equations

1 Rings: Definition, examples. Quadratic integer rings

1 Counting methods: Basic methods: product

1 Number Systems: Ordered fields

1. Sheldon, W. D.(2005). Topology (1st ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.

1 Fourier Methods: The Fourier transforms

1 The Riemann-Stieltjes Integrals

Pre-requisite: Real Analysis-I

1 Work, power, kinetic energy & energy principle

1 Introduction: The algebra of complex numbers

1 Error analysis: Floating point arithmetic, Approximations & errors

1 Difference & Differential equation

Pre-requisite: Numerical Analysis-I

1 Linear integral equations of the first kind

1 The Weierstrass gamma function

1 Graphs & digraphs

1 Group of automorphisms, inner automorphisms, definition & related results

Pre-requisite: Advance Group Theory-I

1 Finite & finitely generated Abelian groups

Pre-requisite: Modern Algebra-I

Pre-requisite: Algebraic Topology-I

1 Elementary notions & examples

1 Definition of ring & basic concepts

1 Electrostatics: Coulomb’s law

1. Pugh, M. E. (196). Principles of electricity &magnetism (1st ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley.

2. Pugh, M. E. (196). Principles of electricity &magnetism (1st ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley.

1 Introduction: Definition of Fluid, basics equations

1. Granger, R. A. (1985). Fluid mechanics (1st ed.). Montana: Winston Publisher.

1 Incompressible inviscid flow

Pre-requisite: Fluid Mechanics-I

1 Algorithm for cyclic network

Pre-requisite: Operation Research-I

1. Resnick, R. (1968). Introduction to special relativity. New York: Wiley.

1 Steady-State Conduction-One Dimension

1 Introduction to Lebesgue measure

1 Basic concepts of Euclidean geometry

1 Parametric curves (scalar & vector case), Algebraic form

Pre-requisite: Theory of Splines-I

1 Non-linear constrained optimization

Pre-requisite: Methods of Optimization-I