Communication Network

Protocols

Mizan-Tepi University

School of Computing and Informatics

Department of
Information Technology
Tepi, Ethiopia

Chapter Five
(Phone : +251921789156, Email : [email protected])
Compiled By Habtewold Desta (MSc, Networking and Information Security)
OSI Model

Router
A router is a device that determines the next
network point to which a packet should be
forwarded toward its destination
Allow different networks to communicate with each
other
A router creates and maintain a table of the
available routes and their conditions and uses this
information to determine the best route for a given
packet.
A packet will travel through a number of network
points with routers before arriving at its destination.
There can be multiple routes defined. The route with
a lower weight/metric will be tried first.
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OSI Model

Routing

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OSI Model

Routing Protocols
Static Routing
Dynamic Routing
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol): Route data within an
Autonomous System
RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
RIP-2 (RIP Version 2)
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
IS-IS
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol): Route data between
Autonomous Systems
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

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OSI Model

VLANs
VLANs (Virtual LAN) enable network managers to
group users logically (based on functions, project
teams or applications) rather than by physical
location.
Traffic can only be routed between VLANs.
VLANs provide the segmentation traditionally
provided by physical routers in LAN configuration.

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OSI Model

VLANs and Inter VLAN Routing

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OSI Model

Advantages of Using VLANs

Broadcast Control— Just as switches physically
isolate collision domains for attached hosts and only
forward traffic out a particular port, VLANs provide
logical bridging domains that confine broadcast and
multicast traffic to the VLANs.
Security— If you do not allow routing in a VLAN, no
users outside of that VLAN can communicate with the
users in the VLAN and vice versa. This extreme level of
security can be highly desirable for certain projects and
applications.
Performance— You can assign users that require high-
performance or isolated networking to separate VLANs. 7
OSI Model

TCP/UDP

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OSI Model

TCP/UDP
Transport Layer Protocol
TCP is connection Oriented (uses checksum and
acknowledgment)
UDP is Connectionless
Both use the concept of Connection Port Number
(16 Bit Source Port Number and Destination Port
Number)
Standard Applications have standard Port Numbers
(Email 25, Telnet 23, FTP 20 & 21, SSH 22)

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OSI Model

Communication Architecture

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OSI Model

Communication Architecture
Strategy for connecting host computers and other
communicating equipment.
Defines necessary elements for data communication
between devices.
A communication architecture, therefore, defines a
standard for the communicating hosts.
A programmer formats data in a manner defined by
the communication architecture and passes it on to
the communication software.
Separating communication functions adds flexibility,
for example, we do not need to modify the entire
host software to include more communication
devices.
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OSI Model

Layer Architecture
Layer architecture simplifies the network design.
It is easy to debug network applications in a layered
architecture network.
The network management is easier due to the
layered architecture.
Network layers follow a set of rules, called protocol.
The protocol defines the format of the data being
exchanged, and the control and timing for the
handshake between layers.

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OSI Model

Open Systems Interconnection

(OSI) Model
International standard organization (ISO)
established a committee in 1977 to develop an
architecture for computer communication.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference
model is the result of this effort.
In 1984, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
reference model was approved as an international
standard for communications architecture.
Term “open” denotes the ability to connect any two
systems which conform to the reference model and
associated standards.

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OSI Model

OSI Reference Model

The OSI model is now considered the primary Architectural
model for inter-computer communications.
The OSI model describes how information or data makes its
way from application programmes (such as spreadsheets)
through a network medium (such as wire) to another
application programme located on another network.
The OSI reference model divides the problem of moving
information between computers over a network medium into
SEVEN smaller and more manageable problems .
This separation into smaller more manageable functions is
known as layering.

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OSI Model

OSI Reference Model: 7 Layers

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OSI Model

OSI: A Layered Network Model

The process of breaking up the functions or tasks of
networking into layers reduces complexity.
Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the
protocol specification.
Each layer communicates with the same layer’s software or
hardware on other computers.
The lower 4 layers (transport, network, data link and physical —
Layers 4, 3, 2, and 1) are concerned with the flow of data from
end to end through the network.
The upper four layers of the OSI model (application,
presentation and session—Layers 7, 6 and 5) are orientated
more toward services to the applications.
Data is Encapsulated with the necessary protocol information
as it moves down the layers before network transit.
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OSI Model

Physical Layer
Provides physical interface for transmission of
information.

Defines rules by which bits are passed from one

system to another on a physical communication
medium.
Covers all - mechanical, electrical, functional and
procedural - aspects for physical communication.
Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of
voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum
transmission distances, physical connectors, and
other similar attributes are defined by physical layer
specifications.
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OSI Model

Data Link Layer

Data link layer attempts to provide reliable
communication over the physical layer interface.
Breaks the outgoing data into frames and
reassemble the received frames.
Create and detect frame boundaries.
Handle errors by implementing an acknowledgement
and retransmission scheme.
Implement flow control.
Supports points-to-point as well as broadcast
communication.
Supports simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex
communication.
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OSI Model

Network Layer
Implements routing of frames (packets) through the
network.

Defines the most optimum path the packet should

take from the source to the destination
Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can
be identified.
Handles congestion in the network.
Facilitates interconnection between heterogeneous
networks (Internetworking).
The network layer also defines how to fragment a
packet into smaller packets to accommodate
different media.
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OSI Model

Transport Layer
Purpose of this layer is to provide a reliable
mechanism for the exchange of data between two
processes in different computers.

Ensures that the data units are delivered error free.

Ensures that data units are delivered in sequence.
Ensures that there is no loss or duplication of data
units.
Provides connectionless or connection oriented
service.
Provides for the connection management.
Multiplex multiple connection over a single channel.
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OSI Model

Session Layer
Session layer provides mechanism for controlling the
dialogue between the two end systems. It defines how to
start, control and end conversations (called sessions)
between applications.
This layer requests for a logical connection to be established
on an end-user’s request.

Any necessary log-on or password validation is also handled

by this layer.
Session layer is also responsible for terminating the
connection.
This layer provides services like dialogue discipline which
can be full duplex or half duplex.

Session layer can also provide check-pointing mechanism

such that if a failure of some sort occurs between
checkpoints, all data can be retransmitted from the last
checkpoint.
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OSI Model

Presentation Layer
Presentation layer defines the format in which the
data is to be exchanged between the two
communicating entities.
Also handles data compression and data encryption
(cryptography).

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OSI Model

Application Layer
Application layer interacts with application
programs and is the highest level of OSI model.
Application layer contains management functions to
support distributed applications.
Examples of application layer are applications such
as file transfer, electronic mail, remote login etc.

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OSI Model

OSI in Action
A message begins at the top
application layer and moves down
the OSI layers to the bottom
physical layer.
As the message descends, each
successive OSI model layer adds a
header to it.
A header is layer-specific
information that basically explains
what functions the layer carried
out.
Conversely, at the receiving end,
headers are striped from the
message as it travels up the
corresponding layers.
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TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP MODEL

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TCP/IP Model

OSI & TCP/IP Models

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TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Model
Application Layer
Application programs using the network
Transport Layer (TCP/UDP)
Management of end-to-end message transmission,
error detection and error correction
Network Layer (IP)
Handling of datagrams : routing and congestion
Network Interface
Management of cost effective and reliable data delivery,
access to physical networks and Physical Media

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OSI Model

End of Chapter Five

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