2021 - Test 1 - Solution
2021 - Test 1 - Solution
2021 - Test 1 - Solution
DYNAMICS (MKM411)
Prof. M. Sharifpur
[email protected]
April 29 th
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
University of Pretoria
Test1- The solution
10 Marks
15 Marks
If also solved three equations and find a solution 25 Marks
Q Egen,element 0
egen V
All sides
Boundary Conditions Steady One-Dimensional
Heat Conduction in a Plane Wall
1. Specified temperature boundary conditions
• T(0)=T0=Specified value
• T(L)=TM=Specified value
• No need to write an energy balance
If L=10 cm and we divide the domain to 5
Therefore, Δx=2 cm and if k=2 and e 500 W/m
3
d 2T e
How many internal nodes do we have? 4 2
0
dx k
44 e1
node11
node
10
10
10 T022TT1 1TT2 2 25000
44 k
10 4
node 2 T1 2T2 T3 250 0
4
10 4
node 3 T2 2T3 T4 250 0
4
1044
node44
node
10
TT33 22TT44 100
T5
250
25000
44
10 4 10 4
node1 10 2T1 T2 250 0 node 3 T2 2T3 T4 250 0
4 4
10 4 10 4
node 2 T1 2T2 T3 250 0 node 4 T3 2T4 100 250 0
4 4
T1 28.2 C , T2 46.3 C ,
T3 64.3 C and T4 82.2
T1 28.2 C , T2 46.3 C , T3 64.3 C and T4 82.2 From
FDM
Now, analytical exact solution:
d 2T e d 2T
2
0 2
250
dx k dx
250 2
T ( x) x C1 x C2
2
T (0) 10 , T (0.1) 100
C1 915.5, C2 10
250 2
T ( x) x 912.5 x 10
2
T (0.02) 28.2
The width of the volume element: x/2
In General at boundary
• An energy balance on the
volume element at that boundary:
All sides
Q Egen,element 0
T1 28.2 C , T2 46.3 C ,
T3 64.3 C and T4 82.2
With new boundary conditions
Internal nodes= ? 4
How many unknown T= ? 5
For Internal nodes:
All sides
Q Egen,element 0
T1 T0
Qleft surface kA e0 Ax / 2 0
x
Q q A
500(0.02)
100 100(T1 T0 ) 0
2
100(T1 T0 ) 105 0
node 0 100(T1 T0 ) 105 0
All sides
Q Egen,element 0
Boundary Conditions
• Specified Temperature Boundary Condition
• Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition
• Convection Boundary Condition
• Radiation Boundary Condition
• Interface Boundary Conditions
• Generalized Boundary Conditions
• Insulated Boundary Condition 33
Q Egen,element 0 Qleft surface kA
T1 T0
e0 Ax / 2 0
All sides x
2T egen d 2T egen
0 0
x 2
k dx 2
k
2- The general algebraic equation for
internal nodes and then equation for the
second node.
.
The general algebraic equation for internal nodes
All sides
Q Egen,element 0
3- The algebraic equation for boundary nodes.
All sides
Q Egen,element 0
Q left hA(T T0 )
3
10
h(T T0 ) 103 k (T1 T0 ) 5000( )0
2
h(T T0 ) 103 k (T1 T0 ) 2.5 0
3-2- For right side of the wall
All sides
Q Egen,element 0
Q left qA
3
10
q 103 k (T99 T100 ) 5000( )0
2
3
10
h(T T0 ) 103 k (T1 T0 ) 5000( )0
2
Q Egen,element 0 Qleft surface kA
T1 T0
e0 Ax / 2 0
All sides x
Boundary Conditions
• Specified Temperature Boundary Condition
• Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition
• Convection Boundary Condition
• Radiation Boundary Condition
• Interface Boundary Conditions
• Generalized Boundary Conditions
• Insulated Boundary Condition 42
Insulated boundary condition
.
.
.
Node M aM TM 1 bM TM S M
[A][T] [C]
Finite Differences Solution
• Usually a system of N algebraic equations in N unknown
nodal temperatures that need to be solved simultaneously.
– direct methods
• Solve in a systematic manner following a
series of well-defined steps
– iterative methods
• Start with an initial guess for the solution,
and iterate until solution converges
direct methods
Solve in a systematic manner following a
series of well-defined steps
.
.
.
Node M aM TM 1 bM TM S M
1 1
[A][T] [C] T]][[A
[[T C]][A
[C
]]
[T] [C] /[ A]
Iterative method;
S 0 b0T1
Node 0 a0T0 b0T1 S 0 T0
a0
[4] uv vw w kT 10
Nonlinear equations
1- Whenever, one of the unknown parameters(variables)
has a power more than one
2 2
T or u
2- If there is a multiplication of two unknowns (variables)
vT or uT
3- If There is a multiplication of an unknown parameters to a
differential of an unknown parameter, like u u
u or v
x y
4- A differential of an unknown parameters has a power more
2
u v
2
than one
or
x y
Now let’s back to previous question;
Nonlinear equations
1- Whenever, one of the unknown parameters has a power
more than one
2- If there is a multiplication of two unknowns
Obtain if the following Eqs. are linear or nonlinear?
If only u, v, w and T are the unknow variables
T T 50 T
[1] ( c p vT ) ( c p v T ) k ( ) 0 NL
x y
uv vw
[2] 0 L
x y
[3] u 2 v w kT 100 NL
[4] uv vw w kT 10 NL
Do not mix power with order, please
Whenever, one of the unknown parameters has a power more than one
Or
There is a multiplication of two unknown parameters
Or
There is a multiplication of an unknown parameters to a differential of an
unknown parameters, the equation is NON-LINEAR
vT or uT
3- If There is a multiplication of an unknown parameters to a
differential of an unknown parameters, or u u
u or v
x y
4- A differential of an unknown parameters has a power more
2
u v
2
than one
or
x y