BE Final Project Report-5

ECONOMIC HYBRID CHARGING STATION
CHAPTER NO.01
INTRODUCTION
One of the prime commodities in modern civilization is energy. The amount of energy
consumption has become the indicator for the standard of living and the degree of
industrialization. At present, nearly ninety percent of the world’s energy come from the
combustion of fossil fuels, i.e. coal, petroleum oils, natural gas, etc. People use fossil fuels to
meet nearly all of their energy needs, such as powering vehicles, producing electricity for light
and heat, and running factories. On the other hand, energy resources from earth’s fossil energy
are limited and the global production of petroleum oils will come beyond their peak in the next
decades. The population growth will make the need of energy becomes higher and the price of
fossil fuels. At the same time, there is a problem with the global climate change because of
carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide emission from the burning of fossil fuels. Using renewable
energy as a cost-effective and reliable low carbon energy sources is becoming an important
objective of energy policy in the world. Renewable energy is a climate-friendly energy due to
the absence of emission detrimental to the environment. The International Energy Agency
reported that only a very small proportion of the energy comes from nuclear and hydropower
and a much smaller portion from renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, biomass,
geothermal and tidal waves. Wind is an environment friendly source of energy that has huge
potential to satisfy energy needs for people and to mitigate the climate change from greenhouse
gasses emitted by the burning of fossil fuels. It was estimated that roughly 10 million MW of
energy are available in the earth’s wind. The International Energy Agency (IEA) showed the
global cumulative wind power capacity worldwide in Fig. based on the projection in the 2004
World Energy Outlook report. Wind turbine is used to change wind energy into mechanical
energy (such as windmill and moving height) and generate electricity.
Electricity is most needed for our day-to-day life. There are two ways of electricity
generation either by conventional energy resources or by non-conventional energy resources.
Electrical energy demand increases in word so to fulfil demand we have to generate electrical
energy. Now the conventional energy resources like coal, diesel, etc. generate a day’s electrical
energy. The main drawback of these sources is that it produces waste like ash in coal power
plant, nuclear waste in nuclear power plant and taking care of this wastage is very costly. In
addition, it damages he nature. The nuclear waste is very harmful to human being also. The
conventional energy resources are depleting day by day. Soon it will be completely vanishes
from the earth so we have to find another way to generate electricity. The new source should
DYPCOE, AMBI [DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING] 1

be reliable, pollution free and economical. The non-conventional energy resources should be
good alternative energy resources for the conventional energy resources. There are many non-
conventional energy resources like geothermal, tidal, wind; solar etc. the tidal energy has
drawbacks like those that it can only implemented on seashores. While geothermal energy
needs very lager step to extract heat from earth. Solar and wind are easily available in all
condition. The non- conventional energy resources like solar, wind can be good alternative
source. Solar energy has drawback that it could not produce electrical energy in rainy and
cloudy season so we need to overcome this drawback we can use two energy resources so that
any one of source fails other source will keep generating the electricity. In addition, in good
weather condition we can use both sources combine.
Hybrid energy system is the combination of two energy sources for giving power to the
load. In other word it can defined as “Energy system which is fabricated or designed to extract
power by using two energy sources is called as the hybrid energy system.” Hybrid energy
system has good reliability, efficiency, less emission, and lower cost.
In this proposed system solar and wind, power is used for generating power. Solar and
wind has good advantages than other than any other non-conventional energy sources. Both
the energy sources have greater availability in all areas. It needs lower cost. There is no need
to find special location to install this system.
1.1 Energy Resources used for power generation

A) Wind Energy
Wind energy is the energy, which is extracted from wind. For extraction, we use windmill. Ii
is renewable energy sources. The wind energy needs less cost for generation of electricity.
Maintenance cost is also less for wind energy system. Wind energy is present almost 24 hours
of the day. It has less emission. Initial cost is also less of the system. Generation of electricity
from wind is depend upon the speed of wind flowing.
The major disadvantages of using independent renewable energy resources are that
unavailability of power for all time. For overcoming this we use solar and wind energy together.
So that any one source of power fails other will take care of the generation. In this
proposed system, we can use both sources combine. Another way is that we can use any
one source and keep another source as a stand by unit. This will leads to continuity of
generation. This will make system reliable. The main disadvantages of this system are that
it needs high initial cost. Except that it is reliable, it has less emission. Maintenance cost is
less. Life span of this system is more. Efficiency is more.

Figure No 01- Wind Energy

B) Solar Energy
Solar energy is that energy, which is, gets by the radiation of the sun. Solar energy is
present on the earth continuously and in abundant manner. Solar energy is freely available. It
does not produce any gases that mean it is pollution free. It is affordable in cost. It has low
maintenance cost. Only problem with solar system it cannot produce energy in bad weather
condition. However, it has greater efficiency than other energy sources. It only need initial
investment. It has long life span and has lower emission.
Figure No 02-Solar Energy

1.2 Problem Statement

The fastest growing world transformed into E-Mobility. While adopting these changes
as usual many issue arising which need to identified and innovative solution to be implemented
for this problem. In today’s world though Electric vehicle dominated the whole automobile
sector and many sectors working to develop new technology in EV; however many consumer
facing issue due to lack of charging network for electric vehicles.
Though charging point available at individual home and at personal level, but during long
distance journey first question arise in mind about charging of vehicle, because charging station
network is poor as compared to petrol pumps. Though charging points is available, electricity
used for charging these stations is mostly come from Non-Renewable energy resources. Hence,
to develop the charging station which works on renewable energy resources is need for today.
After brainstorming and discussion with faculty, we came with the solution of Electric
charging station operated by Solar as well as wind energy. Purpose behind developing this
hybrid power generation station is to produce electricity in all seasons and at any time. The
reason we have used hybrid energy source because at night, in rainy and cloudy climate there
is no sunlight and we cannot generate electricity from solar panel hence to overcome the stated
issue we introduced wind turbine which triggers the power generation capacity of the system.
Figure No 03- Grid Layout

1.3 Objectives
The goal of our project is to investigate whether the design proposed by Ice wind is
indeed better than the classic Savonius vertical wind turbine, by reverse engineering their
design from their promotional material, model it, build it, and test it.
Our research first establishes a performance benchmark of a classic Savonius turbine,

and then compares the results and draws conclusions accordingly. The project also includes a
fabrication step, where the model is going to be built and physically tested to obtain
experimental data that describes the rotor’s performance.
Our research question is therefore whether the Ice wind turbine design performs better
than the classic Savonius Turbine Design. We will follow a rigorous scientific method in which
claims are confirmed or denied based on results obtained from the analysis we will perform.
This project will make use of the knowledge learned in the different mechanics, design,
engineering process, as well computer simulations classes. It will also reinforce knowledge of
the scientific research process, and serve as introduction to hands-on engineering and
fabrication, a field that our university lacks.
There is nothing worse than developing an in efficient turbine than investing on an

efficient turbine that does not sell. Part of the company’s claim is that there were aesthetic (and
not only functional) considerations to their design. In order to better understand what people
think of this design, we will perform consumer behavior study that will compare the appeal of
the Ice wind design to that of the barrel design.
1.4 Motivation
The main motive behind the project is to take us a step closer to a sustainable world,
where the relationship between human beings is that of harmony. Human beings have
always attempted to tame nature, and make the relationship between us and nature one of
master and slave. The truth, however, is that nature will always win.
This project serves as a small step in the advancement of the field of small-
scale renewable energy generation. Small-scale green energy will allow more people to
make use of the planet’s renewable resources, and slowly switch from fossil fuels. At the
same time, the project will look into the company’s claims and attempt to confirm or
refute them. Since currently, a lot of funding is available for the field of renewables;
many researchers and companies are tapping into this, without producing tangible results
or even a sound design.

CHAPTER NO.02
LITERATURE REVIEW
We have gone through the different types of Power generation using wind and solar energy,
future challenges in EV, view of customers on EV and market growth of EV have been reported
in the literature. However, few relevant and significant works are reviewed here.
Literature review 1-
Title: - Power Generation by Using Highway Vertical Axis Wind Mill
Author: - N. Venkata Subbaiah Kumar, M.L.S Deva (IJCRT 2017)
A windmill is a type of engine. It uses the wind to make energy. To do this it uses
vanes called sails or blades. The energy made by windmills can be used in many ways. These
include grinding grain or spices, pumping water and sawing wood. Modern wind power
machines are used to create electricity. These are called wind turbines. Before modern times,
windmills were most commonly used to grind grain into flour. In this project wind turbine uses
wind’s kinetic energy and converts into mechanical energy. This highway windmill uses wind
energy generated by the moving vehicles and converts into mechanical energy. The DC
generator converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. Inverter converts direct current
into Alternating current and this is used to drive the home appliances.
A careful selection has to be made for the blade profile so that the losses will be minimum
and the power generation can be enhanced. Since the wind energy is not constant at all the time
so the operation of the wind machine will be intermittent and the power production rate will
also vary; the component should be design in such a manner so that the losses should be at
minimum.
Title: - A Study On the Rotational Behavior of a Savonius wind Turbine in Low Rise Highways
during Different Monsoons
Author:- Senthilvel Santha Kumar, Ilamathi Palanivel, Krishnanand Venkata Subramanian
(Ealsevire may 2017)
This work describes the behavior of a vertical axis Savonius Wind Turbine (SWT) in
Four-way lane highways during South-West and North-East monsoons. A vertical axis SWT
was designed and fabricated using low-cost materials. Starting behavior of the SWT was
studied by measuring and calculating the starting torque coefficient. The proposed SWT's cut-
in speed was achieved at a velocity of 3.5 m/s.

Experiments were carried out on a four-way lane highway through the placement of
turbine at two different positions (middle and sides of the highway). Also, the experiments
were repeated during different monsoons to understand the behavior under different wind
directions. Error analysis was performed on the data obtained by considering possible
measurement errors and instrument accuracies. The obtained experimental data clearly
illustrates that the SWT's nominal rotational speed varies at different monsoons, when located
at the sides of the road. From the data analysis, it can be understood that the wind directions
play a key role for harnessing maximum amount of energy in highway wind-energy generation.
Maximum augmented rotational speed of around 64% was achieved by placing the SWT at the
median of Four-way lane highways in different monsoon.
Title: - Vertical Axis Wind Turbine for Highway Application
Author: - Saurabh Arun Kulkarni & Prof. M.R. Birajdar (IJIR 2016)
Wind energy is one of the non- conventional forms of energy and it is available in affluence.
the present work, turbine is design and fabricated as per the specifications, the blades used are
semi-circular shape and are connected to the disc which is connected to shaft. Shaft is then
coupled with pulley with the help of bearing, and then pulley is connected to the alternator,
which generates the power. The power developed is stored in battery and then can be used for
street light, signal or toll. In this project a small model has been created for testing purpose.
This project also aims for maximum output with minimum cost indulges,
Title: - Power Generation on Highway by using Vertical Axis Wind Turbine & Solar
Author: - Saurabh Prof. Sachin Y. Sayais1, Govind P. Salunkhe2, Pankaj G. Patil3, Mujahid
F. Kartik (march 2018) Arun Kulkarni & Prof. M.R. Birajdar (IJIR 2016)
In a day to day life, the demand for the electricity is much higher than the production of
electrical energy. One of the major problems ever since the natural resources are going to finish
one day.. Solar and wind both are renewable energy sources. Solar energy available begins of
day and the wind energy is maximum on the highway due to the speed of the vehicle. The
motivation of this project contributes the global trend toward clean energy. This paper focuses
on use of air on highway divider with the help vertical axis wind turbine. When the vehicle
passed on the highway, it produces a considerable amount of air due to its speed.

This air tangentially strikes on the blade of the vertical axis wind turbine and its makes a
rotation of the turbine in only one direction. The solar system is used to generate electrical
energy and also installed in a way that it diverts the vehicle air towards the turbine.
Title: - Renewable energy resources: status, future prospects and their enabling technology
Author: - Prof.Omar Ellabban &Prof. Frede Blaabjerg Helwan University,Cairo 11790, Egypt
Electric energy security is essential, yet the high cost and limited sources of fossil fuels, in
addition to the need to reduce greenhouse gasses emission, have made renewable
resources attractive in world energy-based economies. The potential for renewable energy
resources is enormous because they can, in principle, exponentially exceed the world’s energy
demand; therefore, these types of resources will have a significant share in the future global
energy portfolio, much of which is now concentrating on advancing their pool of renewable
energy resources. Accordingly, this paper presents how renewable energy resources are
currently being used, scientific developments to improve their use, their future prospects, and
their deployment.
Title: - Electric vehicle potential in poor nations
Author: - Prof. Rajper S. Z. (2020)
Rajper S. Z. (2020) and colleagues analyzed the literature on electric vehicle potential in poor
nations. The study looked into electric two-wheelers (E2Ws), hybrid vehicles, and electric four-
wheelers (E4Ws). E2Ws are more affordable for developing countries due to their low purchase
price and low operating costs. In developing countries with a big number of gasoline-powered
two-wheelers on the road, the E2Ws could be a viable answer. E4W deployment in developing
countries should be delayed until economies of scale can reduce the different costs associated
with E4Ws. Because HEVs are less expensive to purchase than E4Ws, they may proliferate in
developing countries.
Title: - EV adoption and consumer perception
Author: - Prof. Krishna (2021)
In his research. According to the study, the following factors influence consumer perception:
1. inability to convert sales: i. vehicle supply and choice, and ii. Dealer role. 2. Lack of trust in
technology: i. autonomous driving, ii. Unsafe, iii. Unfriendly to the environment, iv.
Unreliability, v. technological immaturity; 3. Adapting to technology: i. purchase and

ownership costs, ii. Infrastructure, iii. Range, and iv. Recharge time; 4. Want ability: i. the
vehicle's soul and personality, ii. Repair, iii. Culture, iv. a lack of fun, v. the vehicle's
appearance and futuristic concept,
Title: - Electric Vehicle Charging Station
Author: - Prof. Ashwini Deokate & Prof Vrushali Patil, 2023-02-12
The electrically powered machines manufactory is uplifting fast nowadays. Numerous persons
scanning for EV charging station finder and slot booking app evolution to encapsulate a broad
user base. This app helps users to uncover closer EV supply equipment. In addition, the users
can perform slot bookings previously. The factors of the system permits electric automobiles
users to detect and uncover the electric power supply equipment near them and reward
respective sum for charging by reserving the intervals. Some EV holders have insufficient
space or do not have latent to charge the EVs from home.
Literature review 9
Title: - Architecture, Electrical Machines for Power Train, Converter Topologies and Control
Techniques
Author: - IEEE, DEC 2021
Electric Vehicles are becoming order of the day due to its various advantages over normally
used IC engine vehicle. The bloom of this particular field is making environment greener and
causes less pollution. he sources of conventional vehicles like fossil fuel will soon get depleted
and there will occur a situation where in the consumers are expected to look for any other
alternative.
Literature review 10
Title: - Consumer purchasing intentions of battery electric vehicles
Author: - Jiang Q., WeiW. (2021)
Consumer purchasing intentions of battery electric vehicles in China are identified by Jiang Q.,
WeiW. (2021) and others. Their research aims to investigate the elements that influence
consumers' decision to purchase electric vehicles and to construct a theoretical model of these
aspects. Brand identity, brand image, and perceived risk are all factors that influence consumer
purchase intentions for electric automobiles. Brand image is influenced by brand recognition,
brand awareness, and perceived risk. Brand awareness and identification will have an effect on
risk perception. Brand awareness will be influenced by brand identity, but purchasing decisions
will not be influenced directly by brand awareness.

CHAPTER NO.03
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
Figure No 04- Block Diagram
Figure No 05- Construction Model of Hybrid

Energy

3.1 Solar Panel

Solar energy begins with the sun. Solar panels (also known as "PV panels") are used to
convert light from the sun, which is composed of particles of energy called "photons", into
electricity that can be used to power electrical loads.
Solar panels can be used for a wide variety of applications including remote power
systems for cabins, telecommunications equipment, remote sensing, and of course for the
production of electricity by residential and commercial solar electric systems.
Figure No 06- Working of Solar Panel
Solar panel is use to convert solar radiation to the electrical energy. The physical of PV
cell is very similar to that of the classical diode with a PN junction formed by semiconductor
material. When the junction absorbs light, the energy of absorbed photon is transferred to the
electron- proton system of the material, creating charge carriers that are separated at the
junction. The charge carriers in the junction region create a potential gradient, get accelerated
under the electric field, and circulate as current through an external circuit. Solar array or panel

is a group of a several modules electrically connected in series parallel combination to generate

the required current and voltage. Solar panels are the medium to convert solar power into the
electrical power.
3.1.1 What is Solar Tree?

A solar tree is a decorative means of producing solar energy and electricity. It uses
multiple no of solar panels, which forms the shape of a tree. The panels are arranged in a tree
fashion in a tall tower/pole.
TREE stands for

T=Tree Generating
R=Renewable
E=Energy and
E=Electricity
This is like a tree in structure and the panels are like leaves of the tree whichproduces
energy.
3.1.2 Introduction about Solar Cell

A solar cell (photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell) is a solid-state electrical device that
converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. The energy of
light is transmitted by photons-small packets or quantum of light.Electrical energy is stored in
electromagnetic fields, which in turn can make a currentof electrons flow.
Assemblies of solar cells are used to make solar modules which are used to capture
energy from sunlight. When multiple modules are assembled together (such as prior to
installation on a pole-mounted tracker system), the resulting integrated group of modules all
oriented in one plane is referred as a solar panel. The electrical energy generated from solar
modules, is an example of solar energy. Photovoltaic is the field of technology and research
related to the practical application of photovoltaic cells in producing electricity from light,
though it is often used specifically to refer tothe generation of electricity from sunlight. Cells
are described as photovoltaic cells when the light source is not necessarily sunlight. These are
used for detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, for example
infrared detectors,or measurement of light intensity.
3.2 Wind Turbine

Wind turbine is that system which extracts energy from wind by rotation of the blades
of the wind turbine. Basically wind turbine has two types one is vertical and another is

horizontal. As the wind speed increases power generation is also increases. The power
generated from wind is not continuous its fluctuating. For obtain the non- fluctuating power
we have to store in battery and then provide it to the load.
Figure No 07-Wind Turbine Construction
3.3 Dynamo:
A dynamo is an electrical generator that creates direct current using a commutator.
Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the
foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based,
including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter.
Figure No 08-Dynamo Construction

3.4 Ball Bearing :
Single row deep groove ball bearings with seals or shields are particularly versatile,
have low friction and are optimized for low noise and low vibration, which enables high

rotational speeds. They accommodate radial and axial loads in both directions, are easy to
mount, and require less maintenance than many other bearing types. The integral sealing can
significantly prolong bearing service life because it keeps lubricant in the bearings and
contaminants out.
Figure No 09- Ball Bearing Construction
3.5 Spur Gear :

Spur gears are a cylindrical shaped toothed component which transfer mechanical
motion as well as control speed, power, and torque. These simple gears are cost-effective,
durable, reliable and provide a positive, constant speed drive to facilitate daily industrial
operations.
Figure No 10- Spur Gear Construction

3.6 Battery :
Battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical
cells with external connections[1] for powering electrical devices. When a battery is supplying

power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode.[2] The
terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow through an external electric
circuit to the positive terminal.
Figure No 11- Battery

CHAPTER NO.04
METHODOLOGY
We started the work of this project with literature survey. We gathered

research papers which are relevant to this topic. After going through these
papers, we learnt about hybrid energy system
After that the components, quantity & cost estimation will be done.
Design of components will be done
After deciding the components, the 3D model and drafting will be done with the
help of AutoCAD
Assembly & manufacturing of components
The experimental testing will be carried out
Testing of model

4.1 How Solar Cell Works?

Solar cells, which largely are made from crystalline silicon work on the principle of
Photoelectric Effect that this semiconductor exhibits. Silicon in its purest form- Intrinsic
Silicon- is doped with a dopant impurity to yield Extrinsic Silicon of desired characteristic (p-
type or n-type Silicon). When p and n type silicon combine they resultin formation of potential
barrier.
Working of Solar cells can thus be based on two crystalline structure
➢ Intrinsic Silicon
➢ Extrinsic Silicon
4.1 (a) Pure Silicon (Intrinsic) Crystalline Structure:

Silicon has some special chemical properties, especially in its crystalline form.An atom
of silicon has 14 electrons, arranged in three different shells. The first two shells- which hold
two and eight electrons respectively- are completely full. The outershell, however, is only half
full with just four electrons (Valence electrons).
A siliconatom will always look for ways to fill up its last shell, and to do this, it will
share electrons with four nearby atoms. It's like each atom holds hands with its neighbours,
except that in this case, each atom has four hands joined to four neighbours. That's what forms
the crystalline structure. The only problem is that purecrystalline silicon isa poor conductor of
electricity because none of its electrons are free to move about,unlike the electrons in more
optimum conductors like copper
Figure No 12- Intrinsic Crystalline Structure

4.1 (b) Impurity Silicon (Extrinsic): P-type and N-type Semiconductors:

Extrinsic silicon in a solar cell has added impurity atoms purposefully mixed inwith the
silicon atoms, maybe one for every million silicon atoms. Phosphorous has five electrons in its
outer shell. It bondswith its silicon neighbor atoms having valency of 4, but in a sense, the
phosphorous has one electron that doesn't have anyone to bondwith. It doesn't form part of a
bond, but there is a positive proton in the phosphorous nucleus holding it in place.
When energy is added to pure silicon,in the form of heat, it causes a few electrons to
break free of their bonds and leave their atoms. A hole is left behind in each case. These
electrons, called free carriers, then wander randomly around the crystalline lattice looking for
another hole to fall into and carry an electrical current. In Phosphorous-doped Silicon, it takes
a lot less energy to knock loose one of "extra" phosphorous electrons because they aren't tied
up in a bond with any neighboring atoms. As a result, most of these electrons break free and
release alot more free carriers than in pure silicon.
The process of adding impurities on purpose ` shell instead of four, to become P-type
silicon. Instead of having free electrons, P-type ("p" for positive) has free openings and carries
the opposite positive charge
Formation of Potential Barrier and Photoelectric Effect:
The electric field is formed when the N-type and P-type silicon come into contact.
Suddenly, the free electrons on the N side combine the openings on the P side.Right at the
junction, they combine and form something of a barrier, making it harder and harder for
electrons on the N side to cross over to the P side (called potential barrier). Eventually,
equilibrium is reached, and an electric field separating the two sides is set up.
This electric field acts as a diode, allowing (and even pushing) electronsto flow from the
P side to the N side, but not the other way around. It's like hill -- electrons can easily go down
the hill (to the N side), but can't climb it (to the Side).
When light, in the form of photons, hits solar cell, its energy breaks apart electron-hole
pairs (Photoelectric effect). Each photon with enough energy will normally free exactly one
electron, resulting in a free hole as well. If this happens close enough to the electric field, or if
free electron and free hole happen to wander into its range of influence, the field will send the
electron to the N side and the hole to the P side. When light, in the form of photons, hits solar
cell, its energy breaks apart electron-hole pairs (Photoelectric effect). Each photon with enough
energy will normally free exactly one electron, resulting in a free hole as well.

Figure No 13- Formation of Potential Barrier

and Photoelectric Effect
When light, in the form of photons, hits solar cell, its energy breaks apart electron-hole
pairs (Photoelectric effect). Each photon with enough energy will normally free exactly one
electron, resulting in a free hole as well. If this happens close enough to the electric field, or if
free electron and free hole happen to wander into its range of influence, the field will send the
electron to the N side and the hole to the P side. This causes further disruption of electrical
neutrality, and if an external current path is provided, electrons will flow through the path to
the P side to unite with holes that the electric field sent there, doing work for us along the way.
The electron flow provides the current, and the cell's electric field causes a voltage.
The final step is to install something that will protect the cell from the external
elements- often a glass cover plate. PV modules are generally made by connecting several
individual cells together to achieve useful levels of voltage and current, and putting them in a
sturdy frame complete with positive and negative terminals.
4.2 Wind Turbine

Wind turbine is that system which extracts energy from wind by rotation of the blades
of the wind turbine. Basically wind turbine has two types one is vertical and another is

horizontal. As the wind speed increases power generation is also increases. The power
generated from wind is not continuous its fluctuating. For obtain the non- fluctuating power
we have to store in battery and then provide it to the load.
Figure No 14-Wind Turbine Construction

Wind is an environment friendly source of energy that has got huge potential to satisfy
energy needs for people and also to mitigate the climate change from greenhousegasses emitted
by the burning of fossil fuels. It was estimated that roughly 10 million MW of energy are
available in the earth’s wind. The International Energy Agency (IEA) showed the global
cumulative wind power capacity worldwide in Fig. based on the projection in the 2004 World
Energy Outlook report. Wind turbine is used to changewind energy into mechanical energy
(such as wind mill and moving height) and generate electricity. The turbines are classified to
two categories, horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and vertical axis wind turbines
(VAWTs). If. HAWT has a horizontal axis of rotation, then VAWT has a vertical axis of
rotation. VAWT has moresimple structure and installation than that HAWT. The generator of
VAWT is placed atthe bottom of central shaft on the ground and the tower do not need to
support it. The turbines are useful in different speed and direction of wind. In contrast, VAWTs
have low pressure coefficients, therefore the scope for major research on VAWT rotors is to
improve their performance. VAWT rotors have different types, such as Savonius rotor, and
(eggbeater) Darriues, or H-Darrius rotor.

Wind energy is one of the fastest growing renewable sources and more and more
countries already have relatively policy to support its development. The global installed wind
capacity is51,477 MW in 2014, while global cumulative installed wind capacity is 369,553
MW in 2014.Wind energy plays an important role in nowadays energy market. According to
Navigant Research, the wind energy was rapidly growing during last several decades, and it
will still continually moderate growing in next five years with a slightly fluctuation.
4.2.1 Basics Wind Energy Conversion :

Kinetic Energy
The kinetic energy (J) of air is calculated by
𝐸air = (½)𝑚𝑉2
m (kg) is the flux of air’s mass and V (m/s) is the air velocity.
To calculate the wind turbine’s kinetic energy of the air stream, we use the air density ρ
(approximately 1.225 kg/𝑚3) and air volume ν (𝑚3) to replace the m ; it could be defined as
following:
𝐸air = (½) 𝜌ν𝑉2
Power of the wind turbine (W) is kinetic energy per unit time which could be represented as:
𝑃 = (½)𝑚̇𝑉2
From fluid mechanic theories, if A is the swept area of the wind across, the mass flow rate 𝑚
(kg/s) is shown as the following:
𝑚̇ = (𝑑m/𝑑t) = 𝜌AV2
Therefore, the wind power is:
𝑃 = (½) 𝜌A𝑉3
And according to 𝑃 = 𝐹V, the thrust force (N) experienced by the rotor is:
𝐹 = (½) 𝜌A𝑉2
Hence, since 𝑇 = 𝑅 × 𝐹, the torque of rotor (N.m) is:
𝑇 = (½) 𝜌A𝑉2R
R is the rotor radius. As for Savonious turbines, swept area A is the area of rotor diameter (D,
in m) multiplied by its height (H, in m):

𝐴 = HD
Hence, from above equations, the wind power of Savonius turbine is:
𝑃 = (½) 𝜌HD𝑉3
4.2.1(a) Power Coefficient (Cp):

However, not all of the power from the wind is transferred to electricity by wind turbine. There
are different types of kinetic energy are transferred, such as rotor consuming. Thus,combine
with the wind power (P), we define the power coefficient (Cp) to represent the efficiency of
the energy transferred from wind as the following
𝐶p = 𝑃𝑚/𝑃 = 2𝑃𝑚/𝜌A𝑉3
Cp is a dimensionless ratio to measure the efficiency of wind turbine converts wind energy into
electricity. Pm is the mechanical power at the shaft of the wind turbine, which is after passing
through the rotor, and it could also be represented as:
𝑃𝑚 = (½) 𝜌AV3Cp
4.2.1(b) Torque Coefficient (Ct):

The torque coefficient is defined as the dimensionless ratio of the actual torque produced by
rotor over the theoretical total torque of the wind, which is represented as
𝐶t = 𝑇s/𝑇 = 4Ts/𝜌A𝐷V2
4.2.1(c) Static Torque Coefficient (Cts):

The static torque is the maximum torque value when the rotor is blocked and cannot rotate.The
static torque coefficient defines the self-starting capability of the turbine, which is a
dimensionless ratio of the rotor static torque over the total torque of the wind
𝐶ts = 𝑇s/𝑇 = 4Ts/𝜌A𝐷V2
4.2.1(d) Tip Speed Ratio (TSR):

Tip speed ratio is a dimensionless value which is defined as the rotor tip speed over the wind
speed as following
𝑇SR = 𝜆 = 𝑉tip/𝑉 = 𝜔R/𝑉
Rotor tip speed: Vtip = ωR
Angular velocity: ω=2πf (rad/s)

The type of wind turbine, the number of the blades, and the configuration of the blades all have
effects on the rotor’s tip speed ratio value. In the Magdi Ragheb and Adam M. Ragheb’s Wind
turbines theory- the Betz equation and optimal rotor tip speed ratio, it illustrates that If a rotor
rotates too slowly, it allows too much wind to pass through undisturbed, and thus does not
extract as much as energy as it could, within the limits of the Betz Criterion, of course. On the
other hand, if the rotor rotates too quickly, it appears towind as a large flat disc, which creates
a large amount of drag.
4.2.2 The Betz Limit:

The Betz limit is the maximum power coefficient of all kinds of wind turbines theoretically,
which is 59.3% and calculated by Albert Betz. It is obviously that none of them is exceeding
the Betz limit. Moreover, two and three blades wind turbine has the highest power coefficient,
as while the Savonius turbine has a poor power coefficient.
Figure No 15- Comparison of Power Coefficient

for Various Turbines
4.2.3 Wind Turbine Basic Concepts:
To investigate the characteristics of wind turbine, we need to know about its structures firstly.
The components of wind turbine are mainly as the following
• Rotor: combination structure of hub and blades.
• Tower: support the turbine, and because wind speed is increasing with the height, the taller
tower enables the wind turbines to capture more power.

• Generator: converts mechanical energy to electricity.
• Controller: adjust the turbine pointing into the wind and produce the proper torque to control
the wind turbines.
Pitch and yaw control are two main aspects.
• Anemometer: measure wind speed and transfer the data to control thewind turbine’s torque.
Figure No 16- Wind Turbine Components
Savonius Turbine Design Configuration Consideration Elements Different type of

rotors determines different characteristics for a wind turbine. The performance of turbine is
affected by the rotor configuration in various aspects, such as robustness, power efficiency,and
speed and so on. There are several elements we mainly considerate when design the Savonius
mechanical prototype.
1. Overlap ratio;
2. Aspect ratio;
3. Number of rotor.
1) Overlap Ratio (G):
Overlap ratio = a/D
a: the distance between two adjacent blades
D: diameter of rotor
2) Aspect ratio (As):

Aspect ratio = H/D
H is the rotor height, and d is the rotor diameter.
3) Number of Rotor and Number of Stage:
Two blades of rotor are used in this project design only single stage turbine is used.
Figure No 17- Wind Turbine Components
Savonius type wind turbine, also called S-rotor, was originally invented and patented
by Finnish engineer, Sigurd J. Savonius in 1931. The turbine made of two halves cylinder and
then moving the two semi cylinder surfaces side- ways along the cutting plane like the letter S.
The two semicircular surfaces, called blades or buckets, are mounted on a vertical axis
perpendicular to the wind direction with the gap at the axis between the blades or the overlap.
The Savonius turbine works like a cup anemometer or a drag-based device. The ratio of the
blade tip speed to wind speed is less than unity because the returning blades on the downwind
side can never travel faster than the wind. Savonius investigated the performance of thirty
different model of S-rotors in the windtunnel and open-air. He reported a maximum power
coefficient (Cp) of 0.31 from windtunnel experiments while reported a maximum Cp of 0.37
from open-air tests. In the lasthalf of century, many researchers had experimentally investigated
the performances of different designs of Savonius wind turbines and obtained that the number
of Cp in the range of 0.15 to 0.35. This paper aims at studying the effect of number of blades
on theperformance of the Savonius vertical axis wind turbine throughwind tunnel test.
The primary reason for the choice is because there is the opportunity and challengeto
derive a creative approach to design in comparison to standard lift based wind turbines. In
addition, relatively fewer literature and experimental studies have been made on Savonius wind

turbines. This means that the scope of this project has the potential to extend towards
contributing, and innovating in performance improvement. Aside from the motivational
reasonings for choosing the Savonius wind turbine, further rationale relevant for the
competition are taken into account. Henceforth, this section further discusses the reasonings
pertaining to performance and economic feasibility that depicts these factors for the Savonius
turbine in comparison to the other types. This process facilitates making a technical decision
for choosing the turbine type, taking into account the objectives and constraints provided by
the contest organizers
4.2.4 Comparison of Various Turbines:

• Lift-based Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
• Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)
• Drag-based Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (Savonius)
The three options considered to highlight the advantages and disadvantages relative to the
Savonius wind turbine are listed in Table.
Sr. Type Advantages Disadvantages

No
.
1 (Lift-based) VAWT -Suitable in an urban setting - High cut-in wind
- Many control variations speeds - Relatively
canbe implemented in future higher manufacturing
designs cost
- Higher power coefficient - Relatively higher
manufacturing cost
2 (Lift-based) HAWT - Well defined control - Less suitable in urban
strategy for a range of wind setting - Average cut-in
speeds - Multiple design speeds - Less scope for
toolsreadily available innovation
- Low cut-in speed - Suitable -Low power coefficient
in an urban setting

Sr. Type Advantages Disadvantages

No.
3 Savonius - Low start-up torques - -Lack of theoretical

Relativelylower framework,
manufacturing cost - an
Presents the opportunity to d reference model for
innovate with design scaling - Low
approach efficiencies compared
to HAWTs
Table No 1- Comparison of Various Turbines
Savonius turbines are one of the simplest turbines. Aerodynamically, they are drag-type
devices, consisting of two or three scoops. Looking down on the rotor from above, a two-scoop
machine would look like an "S" shape in cross section. Because of thecurvature, the scoops
experience less drag when moving against the wind than when moving with the wind. The
differential drag causes the Savonius turbine to spin.
Figure No 18- Wind Pattern for the Savonius Rotor

Because they are drag-type devices, Savonius turbines extract much less of the wind's
power than other similarly-sized lift-type turbines. Much of the swept area of a Savonius rotor
may be near the ground, if it has a small mount without an extended post, making the overall
energy extraction less effective due to the lower wind speeds found at lower heights.

Figure No 19- Savonius Wind Turbine Working Principle
Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are a type of wind turbine where the main rotor
shaft is set vertically and the main components are located at the base of the turbine. Among
the advantages of this arrangement are that generators and gearboxes can be placed close to
the ground, which makes these components easier to service and repair,and that VAWTs do
not need to be pointed into the wind.
Figure No 20- Nomenclature
Major drawbacks for the earlydesigns (Savonius, Darrieus and Giromill) included the
pulsatory torque that can be produced during each revolution and the huge bending moments
on the blades. Later designs solved the torque issue by using the helical twist of the blades
almost similar to Gorlov's water turbines.

Figure No 21- Turbine Blades
As a simplest turbine, Savonius wind turbine works due to the difference of forces exert
on each blade. The concave part to the wind direction caught the airwind and forces the blade
to rotate around its central vertical shaft. Otherwise, the convex part hits the air wind and causes
the blade to be deflected sideway around the shaft. The blades curvature has less drag force
when moving against the wind or Fconvex than the blades moving with the wind or Fconcave
as seen in Fig.Hence, concave blades with more drag force than the other half cylinder willforce
the rotor to rotate.
Figure No 22- Turbine Blades

The performance of Savonius wind turbine can be expressed in the form of torque
coefficient (Ct) and the coefficient of power (Cp) in comparison with the tip speed ratio or TSR
( λ ). TSR is a parameter related with rated wind speed androtor diameter. As the ratio between
the speed of tip blade and wind speed through the blade.
(1)
where Vrotor is the tip speed or the peripheral velocity of rotor (m/s) ; ω is the angularvelocity
of rotor (1/s) ; d is the diameter of the halves cylinder of rotor (m), and V isthe wind speed
(m/s).
The coefficient of torque or Ct is defined as the ratio between the actual torque
develop by the rotor (T) and the theoretical torque available in the wind (Tw) as,
(2)
where ρ is the density of air (1.225 kg/m3); T is the torque (Nm), and As is theswept area of
blades = the rotor height x the rotor diameter (m2).
The coefficient of power of a wind turbine (Cp) is the ratio between the maximum power
obtained from the wind (Pt) and the total power available from the wind (Pa) as,
(3)
where the maximum power of wind turbine is determined as
(4)
The relationship between the power coefficient Cp and the tip speed ratio TSR or λ as
an effect of solidity of the wind turbine performance is shown in Fig. The curve shows that
single blade of wind turbine has smaller solidity and the shapeof curve Cp relatively flat which
caused by higher drag force. The three blades wind turbine gave optimal solidity with Cp
maximum and the result it produces more energy.

Figure No 23- The Curve of Power Coefficient Cp

and Tip Speed Ratio λ of Wind Turbine
4.2.5 Wind Turbine Design :

According to Betz’s law, no turbine can capture more than 16/27 (59.3%) of thekinetic
energy in the wind. The factor 16/27(0.593) is known as Betz’s coefficient. Practical utility
scale wind turbines achieve at peak 75-80% of the Betz’s limit.

4.2.6 Advantages & Disadvantages of Savonius Turbine :

The advantages and disadvantages of this wind turbine are discussed in this chapter
Advantages :
➢ They can catch wind from any direction.

➢ They are produced less noise.
➢ They start low wind velocity.
➢ Towers can be much lower.
➢ Low installation costs.
➢ They are Bird and bat friendly.
➢ It is a renewable Energy Source.
Disadvantages :
➢ Large effective area required.
➢ Can’t use in very height.
➢ It is used in wind season only. (Common disadvantage of wind turbine)

4.3 Cost Estimation:
Sr. No. Description Quantity Cost

(Nos) (Rs)
1. Solar panel 4 3200
2. Wind turbine blades 1 1000
3. Frame 1 300
4. Dynamo 1 300
5 Battery 1 500
6 Ball Bearing 1 150
7. Voltmeter 1 250
8. Anemometer 1 1200
9. Fabrication - 2500
10. Other - 2000
Total cost 11350/-
Table No 2- Cost Estimation

4.4 Sample Calculation:

A) Sample Calculations (for 3.5 m/s Wind Speed):
P = 1/2* ρ*A*V3
=1/2*1.135*0.1665*(3.5)3
=4.05 wattsWhere,
ρ = kg/m3 ρ at 380C=1.135 kg/m3V = m/s = 3.5 m/s
Area swept (A) = Hr*D
= 0.45*0.37
= 0.1665m2
Wind torque (Tw) = 1/4*ρ*As*D*v2
=1/4*1.135*0.1665*0.250*(3.5)2
= 0.14468 N/m
Wind Power (Pw) = (1/2)pAV3p = 1.135 kg/m3 at 38 oC
Pw = (1/2) *1.135 * 0.1665 * (3.5)3

= 4.051 W
Power output (Pout) = VI
= 2.5 * 0.23
= 0.575 W
Efficiency of the Turbine Efficiency = (Pout/Pw)*100
= (0.575/4.051)*100
=14.19%
B) Ideal Time for Battery Charging:
Electricity produced by 4 solar panel in 1 hr (Max)
=4*10 W/ panel=40 watts per hour

Electricity produced by wind turbine(max)

= 25watts/hour
Total power produced by hybrid
= 40+25=65 watts/hour.
Time required to charge 200w battery
= 200/65= 3 Hrs.
Figure No 24- Charging battery
B) Energy Payback Period:
Annual Power Produced by Solar Energy:
= 36.18 x 8 x 365
= 105.65 KW
Annual Power Produced by Wind Energy (avg. 3.5m/s):
= 2 x 24 x 365
= 17.52 KW

Annual Power Produced by Hybrid system:
= 105.65 KW + 17.52 KW
= 123.17 KW
Energy Payback Period for System:
= 9000 / (123.17 x 10)
= 7 Years 4 Days
As the Life of the Solar Panel is 25 Years and the Turbine and other components if
maintained at regular intervals can give a good life. As the energy payback period is much less
as compared to the life of the system.It gives good returns on investment.

4.5 Ansys Analysis :
Figure No 25- Geometry
Figure No 26- Meshing

Figure No 27- Boundary Conditions
Figure No 28- a) Stress

Figure No 29- b) Stress
Figure No 30- Total deformation

Figure No 31- Factor of Safety

4.6 Manufacturing Process :
A) Marking :-
Marking on the raw material for the frame and turbine are done for cutting.
Marking is done by using measuring tape, scale, vernier and angle gauge.
B) Cutting :-
Cutting of the material for the frame structure is done by using the cutter machine.
For cutting metal abrasive cutter machine and mechanical grinder is used.

C) Welding :-
Welding of the frame parts and turbine blades is done by using CO2 gas welding.
D) Drilling:-
Hole drilling operation is done for assembly of the components.
For drilling vertical spindle drilling machine used.

E) Turning:-
Turning of the shaft of the Turbine and drilling is done on lathe machine.
Lathe machine is used for turning operation.
F) Assembly and fitment of components: -
Final fitment and assembly of components is done by using bolted ,screwed joints & weld
joints

G) Deburring and Finishing Operation:-
Deburring and finishing is carried out to remove any burr or scale present on frame and parts.
H) Testing:-
Voltmeter and Anemometer are user for testing of project output .

4.7 Final project photo:

CHAPTER NO.05
MARKET STUDY FOR EV CHARGING STATION
INSTALLATIUON
Nowadays the demand for electric vehicles is increasing day by day. That’s why most of
the automobile companies in India have started making electric vehicles. Now that a large number
of electric vehicles are being manufactured, it is obvious that the demand for electric charging
stations will also increase. That is why many companies in India started making electric charging
stations.
Businesses are increasingly going digital to break the cycle of escalating pollution and
limit the usage of natural resources, which raises CO2 emissions in our environment. Currently,
our country is riding the EV wave. According to data from the Union Ministry of Road Transport
and Highways, total registered EV volumes across all segments combined reached 3.13 lakh units
in 2021. It goes on to say that registered EV sales will surpass one lakh in just two months in 2022.
According to the NITI. According to the NITI Aayog report, the country is aiming for a 30%
market share in the EV industry by 2030.
To begin, let us define the services supplied by a charging station. Motorcycles, scooters,
and other electric vehicles on city streets. Prior, electric vehicles were charged at home. However,
not all locations offer a dedicated charging station. However, as technology advances, firms are
now establishing charging stations in parking lots or on the road to facilitate charging services.
5.1 Requirement for setting up a charging station.

The EV charging business is gaining traction because of the low capital and operational cost
of the charging stations. They require less manpower and can be easily managed without much
intervention.
The good part is the volume of the business which has the scope to accommodate a good
number of players who have long term objectives. The operations of the charging station come
with transparency and free of geographic limitations due to its online monitoring and control.
State governments have even announced the mandatory installation of charging stations in
commercial and residential complexes, as well as a particular percentage reserved for electric
vehicles in such complexes, to pave the way for adoption of the EV eco system. Here’s
everything you need to know before launching an EV charging station in your town.

■ Area: - The location of a charging business is critical. Area requirement depends upon the
feasibility of the site , the number of charging piles, type of EVs to be charged , other activities
at site. The charging equipment as such doesn’t require more than 10 sq.ft of space however
more importantly it’s the space for vehicle’s parking and circulation. The minimum area would
be low as 100 Sq ft.

■ Manpower: - Cost of the good charging infra-OEMs provide a complete solution (equipment
+ software + mobile app) hence a good setup of the charging stations is unmanned. From the
payment collection to bill generation everything is done online. Hence except for the physical
security of the machine no manpower required at the site.
■ Marketing: - Online marketing is the finest approach to getting your name out there when
you're just starting. However, employing YouTube, Facebook, LinkedIn, advertising and blogs
are the most effective ways to help your business expand.
■ Minimum Requirement: -Setting up a business necessitates selection of a good EV

charging OEM who can provide a quality solution which can be easily handled. An electrical
setup of desired load according to the capacity of the chargers and selection of the right place
to install the charging station is what it takes to start the business. A good technology provider
of the charging infra will help to evaluate the business prospects of the startups.
Setting up a charging business can be one of the most promising businesses in current
times which has minimum requirement in terms of business experience, capital, time and has
quick return on the investment. one of the best prospects in India for the future. The charging
station has the ability to help the environment by reducing pollution and fuel use. As a result,
establishing charging firms benefits both the economy and the sustainability of future trends.

■ License: - This business has a significant advantage in terms of licensing. There is no

requirement for a license. According to the Ministry of Power, no license is necessary for the
establishment of charging stations at India.

Types of EV Chargers: -
There are two types of EV chargers based on type of current. The AC charges are comparatively
slow chargers and DC has a range of fast charging capabilities. Further these chargers are
categorized by the protocol they use like the CCS, CHAdeMO, GB /T. Where CCS comes from
the European background, the CHAdeMO comes from Japan while GB/T is a Chinese protocol.
Use of any of this technology in the charging system depends upon the market demand. In
India, mostly EVs are on the CCS protocol.
Fast Chargers: -
These are fast chargers for any EV and are usually positioned along major roads throughout
the country. The devices deliver high-power direct current (DC) to quickly recharge an EV.
Fast chargers can be used with vehicles that have high battery capacity that are capable of rapid
charging. Hence two and three vehicles do not have the provision of fast charging. This
machine capacity generally ranges from 15 kw to 150 kW. However, the fast charging also
depends upon the capacity of the EV to take charge in a specified time. These can be installed
at places where there can be a provision of high-power availability.
Slow Chargers: -
The AC chargers provide slow charging for the EVs. These slow chargers require less power
and hence can be installed at any domestic complexes easily. However, they require an average
time of 6-14 hours. They are cheaper and easy to handle. Mostly two and three-wheeler EVs.

► Visit to Tata EV charging station- Pimpri Chinchwad.

► Estimated cost of economical hybrid charging station (One time cost): -
Sr.No Elements Cost in Rs
1 Land - 1 Guntha 2,00,000

2 Licence Cost 15,000
3 Installation cost 5,00,000
4 Other cost 80,000
Total 7,95,000
► Estimated cost of EV charging station: -
• Cost of 1 KW electricity- Rs 8.5
• Estimated cost for charging 30 KW EV battery: - 30*8.5 = Rs 255
• Average 24 Nos of vehicles charged per day: - 24*255 = Rs 6120
• Cost of whole project will recover:-
=7,95,000 (Economical hybrid charging project cost) ÷ 6120 (Charging cost of vehicle)
= 130 Days

CHAPTER NO.06
APPLICATION & FUTURE SCOPE
A) Applications
1. It is used in Electrical vehicle charging.
2. It is also used for household purpose like electric oven, mobile charging & daily use.
3. It can be also used for inverter charging.
4. It can be installed on highways & inside city roads for street lamp purpose.
B) Future Scope
1. The wind solar hybrid system can be installed in area where there is sufficient sunlight
throughout the day and average wind speeds in the range.
2. Every individual who had an electric bike can use this power station with an affordable
price.
3. It can be also used for the household application purpose to generate electricity in order to
avoid power load shedding.
4. As this power generation, system eliminate the use of fossil fuel so it will help to reduce
pollution and provide total eco cycle system for power generation.
5. It will help to conserve conventional resources like coal, fossil fuels, etc.
6. Day to day consumption of conventional resources are increased so in future the demand
of Non - Conventional resources will be high.
7. This will help to reduce import cost of fossil fuels.
8. This will help to create new job opportunities.

CHAPTER NO.06
RESULTS
❖ Ideal Time for Battery Charging:
Electricity produced by 4 solar panel in 1 hr (Max)
=4*10 W/ panel
=40 watts per hour
Electricity produced by wind turbine(max)

= 25watts/hour
Total power produced by hybrid

= 40+25=65 watts/hour.
Time required to charge 200w battery

= 200/65= 3 Hrs.
❖ Actual Time For Battery Charging :
It is observed that there are losses in solar panel and the power produced is less than rated
power actual.
Actual power produced by 4 solar panel in 1 hr at 380C at 3:00 pm P(solar)
= 4*9.045W per panel

= 36.18 W
Power produced by wind turbine at wind velocity 5 m/s at 380C P(wind)
= 5.5 volts*0.54 ampere

=2.97 W
Total power output from both sources
P(total) = P(solar) + P(wind)

= 36.18 W + 2.97 W
= 39.15 W
Total time required for charging battery 200 W
Time(total) = Battery wattage/ P(total)
= 5 Hrs 6 Min

CHAPTER NO.07
CONCLUSION
Hybrid power generation system is good and effective solution for powergeneration
than conventional energy resources. It has greater efficiency. It can provide to remote places
where government is unable to reach. So that the power can be utilize where it generated so
that it will reduce the transmission losses and cost. Cost reduction can be done by increasing
the production of the equipment. People should motivate to use the nonconventional energy
resources. It is highly safe for the environment as it doesn’t produce any emission and harmful
waste product like conventional energy resources. It is cost effective solution for generation.
Wind is an environment friendly source of energy that has huge potential to satisfy energy
needs for people and to mitigate the climate change from greenhouse gasses emitted by the
burning of fossil fuels. It only need initial investment. It has also long life span. Overall it good,
reliable and affordable solution for electricity generation.
Hybrid energy system is the combination of two energy sources for giving power to the
load. In other word it can defined as “Energy system which is fabricated or designed to extract
power by using two energy sources is called as the hybrid energy system.” Hybrid energy
system has good reliability, efficiency, less emission, and lower cost.
In this proposed system solar and wind, power is used for generating power. Solar and
wind has good advantages than other than any other non-conventional energy sources. Both
the energy sources have greater availability in all areas. It needs lower cost. There is no need
to find special location to install this system.
As per observation it’s seems like that actual power produced by solar energy source
with help of 4 solar panel in 1hr. at 38℃ at 3:00 pm is 36.18 watt and actual power produced
by wind energy source with help of Savonius wind turbine at wind velocity 5 m/s at 38℃
P(wind) = 5.5 volt*0.54 ampere = 2.97 watts. From above calculation we can conclude that
total power output from the both solar and wind energy source is P(total) = P (solar)+P(wind)
= 39.15 W and total time required for charging battery of 200W is Time(total) = Battery
wattage/ P(total) = 5 Hr.6 min.

CHAPTER NO.08
REFERENCES
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➢ Anderson, John David, and J. Wendt. Computational fluid dynamics. Vol. 206. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1995.
➢ "Mechanics Full Notes - Work, Energy and Power." Mechanics Full Notes - Work,Energy and
Power. Web. 23 Mar. 2016.
➢ Ali, Mohammed Hadi. "Experimental comparison study for Savonius wind turbine of two &
three blades at low wind speed." International Journal of Modern Engineering Research
(IJMER) 3.5 (2013): 2978-2986.
➢ Ragheb, Magdi, and Adam M. Ragheb. Wind turbines theory-the betz equation andoptimal
rotor tip speed ratio. INTECH Open Access Publisher, 2011.
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http://www.turbinesinfo.com/types-of-wind-turbines/
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ECONOMIC HYBRID CHARGING STATION

DYPCOE, AMBI [DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING] 1

1.1 Energy Resources used for power generation

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Figure No 01- Wind Energy

Figure No 02-Solar Energy

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1.2 Problem Statement

Figure No 03- Grid Layout

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Our research first establishes a performance benchmark of a classic Savonius turbine,

There is nothing worse than developing an in efficient turbine than investing on an

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Figure No 04- Block Diagram

Figure No 05- Construction Model of Hybrid

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3.1 Solar Panel

Figure No 06- Working of Solar Panel

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is a group of a several modules electrically connected in series parallel combination to generate

3.1.1 What is Solar Tree?

TREE stands for

3.1.2 Introduction about Solar Cell

3.2 Wind Turbine

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Figure No 07-Wind Turbine Construction

Figure No 08-Dynamo Construction

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Figure No 09- Ball Bearing Construction

3.5 Spur Gear :

Figure No 10- Spur Gear Construction

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Figure No 11- Battery

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We started the work of this project with literature survey. We gathered

Design of components will be done

Assembly & manufacturing of components

The experimental testing will be carried out

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4.1 How Solar Cell Works?

Working of Solar cells can thus be based on two crystalline structure

4.1 (a) Pure Silicon (Intrinsic) Crystalline Structure:

Figure No 12- Intrinsic Crystalline Structure

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4.1 (b) Impurity Silicon (Extrinsic): P-type and N-type Semiconductors:

Formation of Potential Barrier and Photoelectric Effect:

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Figure No 13- Formation of Potential Barrier

4.2 Wind Turbine

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Figure No 14-Wind Turbine Construction

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4.2.1 Basics Wind Energy Conversion :

The kinetic energy (J) of air is calculated by

𝐸air = (½) 𝜌ν𝑉2

(kg/s) is shown as the following:

Wind torque (Tw) = 1/4ρAsDv2

Pw = (1/2) 1.135 0.1665 * (3.5)3