COURSE : Master of Public Administration

SUBJECT : PA 202 The Philippine Administrative System

COURSE CODE : PPC-MPA 1-A
TOPIC : Issues and Concern
SUBMITTED BY : Baliwis, Mark Philip S.

I. Food Security refers to a situation where all individuals in a population have access to sufficient,
safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and preferences for an active and healthy life.
It involves ensuring that people have physical, social, and economic access to food at all times. It is
also a multifaceted concept that encompasses several dimensions such as availability, accessibility,
affordability, utilization, and stability. It is affected by various factors such as climate change,
natural disasters, conflicts, poverty, and inequality.

In the current Philippine administrative system, the department concerned with food
security is the Department of Agriculture (DA). The DA is responsible for overseeing policies and
programs related to agriculture, fisheries, and rural development, with a focus on ensuring food
security, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, and supporting the livelihoods of farmers and
fisherfolk.

It has implemented various policies and programs aimed at achieving food security. Some of
these initiatives include:

 Rice Sufficiency Program - This program aims to increase rice production and reduce the country's
dependence on rice imports, by providing farmers with access to high-yielding varieties of rice,
modern farming technologies, and post-harvest facilities.

 High-Value Crops Development Program - This program focuses on promoting the production of
high-value crops such as vegetables, fruits, and spices, which have higher market value and can
provide additional income for farmers.

 Livestock and Poultry Production Program - This program aims to increase the production of
livestock and poultry, which are essential sources of protein for Filipinos, by providing support for
animal health, genetics, and nutrition.

 Agricultural Credit and Financing Program - This program provides financial support to farmers and
fisherfolk to help them acquire the resources they need to invest in their farms and increase
production.

In addition to the Department of Agriculture, the National Food Authority (NFA) in the
Philippines also plays a significant role in food security. The NFA is responsible for ensuring the food
security of the country by maintaining the stability of the supply and the price of rice and other
grains. It also manages the procurement, distribution, and stabilization of food commodities.

The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) also plays a role in food
security through its programs aimed at providing assistance and support to vulnerable and
marginalized communities, particularly in times of food scarcity or crisis. Additionally, the National
Nutrition Council (NNC) is focused on addressing malnutrition and promoting proper nutrition,
which is essential for overall food security.

The National Irrigation Administration (NIA) in the Philippines also plays a significant role in
food security. NIA is responsible for the development, management, and maintenance of irrigation
systems that support agricultural production. By providing irrigation infrastructure and services,
NIA helps farmers to increase crop yields, diversify their crops, and improve their livelihoods.
 Furthermore, Water districts also contribute to food security by managing water resources,
implementing water conservation measures, and promoting sustainable water use in agriculture.
By ensuring a consistent and reliable water supply, water districts support the production of food
and contribute to overall food security in their respective areas.

The concern for food stability and security in the Philippines is an ongoing issue. While the
country is agriculturally rich and has a variety of crops and resources, there are still challenges that
affect food stability and security. Some of the key issues include natural disasters such as typhoons,
inadequate infrastructure, land degradation, and poverty, which can all impact the production and
distribution of food.

To address these challenges, several solutions can be considered:

 Investment in infrastructure: Improving transportation and storage facilities can help reduce
food wastage and ensure that produce reaches markets in a timely manner.

 Promotion of sustainable agriculture: Encouraging sustainable farming practices can help

protect the environment and ensure long-term food security.

 Diversification of crops: Encouraging the cultivation of a wider variety of crops can help
mitigate the impact of natural disasters on food production.

 Support for small-scale farmers: Providing support and resources to small-scale farmers can
help improve their productivity and income, contributing to overall food security.

 Disaster preparedness and response: Enhancing early warning systems and disaster
response mechanisms can help mitigate the impact of natural disasters on food production
and distribution.

 Poverty alleviation: Addressing poverty can help ensure that more people have access to an
adequate and nutritious diet.

 Promotion of food security policies: Implementing policies that focus on food security and
stability can help ensure that the government is actively working to address these issues.

Private sector investment, and community participation. By addressing these challenges,

the Philippines can work towards a more stable and secure food system for its citizens.

II. Environmental Sustainability refers to the responsible and balanced use of natural resources while
preserving the ecological balance and biodiversity. It involves meeting the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It encompasses
various aspects, including the conservation of natural resources, reduction of pollution and waste,
protection of ecosystems, and the promotion of renewable and clean energy sources. It also
involves considering the long-term impacts of human activities on the environment and taking
measures to minimize negative effects.

Achieving food security requires a sustainable approach that considers not just the
production of food, but also the impact of this production on the environment. This includes factors
like climate change, sustainable diets, infrastructure, and greenhouse gas emissions .
Aspects that need to be mitigated in order to achieve environmental sustainability:

 Waste Management: The Philippines is one of the top contributors of plastic waste in the
world. The country needs to implement proper waste management practices to reduce the
amount of waste that ends up in landfills and oceans.

 Deforestation: Deforestation is a major issue in the Philippines, with many forests being
cleared for commercial purposes. The government needs to enforce stricter laws to protect
the remaining forests and promote reforestation efforts.

 Air Pollution: Air pollution is a major problem in the Philippines, especially in urban areas.
The government needs to enforce stricter regulations on industries and vehicles that
contribute to air pollution.

 Water Pollution: The Philippines has many bodies of water that are polluted due to
untreated sewage and industrial waste. The government needs to implement proper
wastewater treatment facilities and enforce regulations on industries that contribute to
water pollution.

These aspects affect climate change and resiliency in several ways. For example,
deforestation contributes to climate change by reducing the amount of trees that absorb carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere. Air and water pollution also contribute to climate change by
releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Additionally, these issues can affect the resiliency
of communities by causing health problems and damaging ecosystems that provide important
services such as water filtration and flood control. By mitigating these aspects, the Philippine
Administrative System can promote environmental sustainability and help communities become
more resilient to the impacts of climate change.

Policies and laws aimed at controlling and managing environmental issues include:

 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003): This law aims to manage solid waste in the
country by promoting waste segregation, recycling, and proper disposal. It also encourages the
establishment of materials recovery facilities and the implementation of comprehensive solid
waste management programs at the local level.

 Clean Air Act (RA 8749): This law aims to protect and preserve the country's air quality by
regulating emissions from motor vehicles, industries, and other sources of air pollution. It also
promotes the use of clean and renewable energy sources.

 Clean Water Act (RA 9275): This law aims to protect and preserve the quality of the country's water
resources by regulating the discharge of pollutants into water bodies. It also promotes the
rehabilitation and conservation of rivers, lakes, and other water resources.

 National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act (RA 7586): This law aims to establish and
manage a comprehensive system of protected areas in the Philippines to conserve and protect the
country's biodiversity and natural ecosystems.

These laws and policies provide the legal framework for addressing environmental issues
such as waste management, air and water pollution, and conservation of natural resources.
However, effective implementation and enforcement of these laws are crucial for achieving
environmental sustainability and mitigating the impacts of climate change.
Permits and clearances that need to secure in order to address environmental concerns:

 Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC): An ECC is required for projects, activities, or

undertakings that may have significant environmental impact. It is issued by the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) after a thorough review of the project's Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) and compliance with environmental laws and regulations.

 Pollution Control Clearance (PCC): This clearance is required for businesses and industries that have
the potential to generate pollution. It is issued by the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB)
and ensures that the business complies with pollution control standards and regulations.

 Tree Cutting Permit: Any individual or entity intending to cut trees, whether for commercial or non-
commercial purposes, needs to secure a tree cutting permit from the DENR. This is to ensure that
tree cutting activities are regulated and that proper reforestation or tree replacement measures are
in place.

 Water Permit: Businesses or individuals that require the use of water resources, such as for
irrigation, industrial processes, or water extraction, need to secure a water permit from the
National Water Resources Board (NWRB) to ensure sustainable and responsible water usage.

These permits and clearances are essential in ensuring that development and economic
activities are conducted in an environmentally responsible manner, and that potential
environmental impacts are assessed and mitigated. Failure to secure these permits and comply
with environmental regulations can result in legal repercussions and contribute to environmental
degradation.

In conclusion, the Philippine Administrative System has established several laws, policies,
permits, and clearances to address environmental concerns and promote sustainable development.
These measures are crucial for mitigating environmental impacts, such as waste management, air
and water pollution, deforestation, and conservation of natural resources.

III. Political Dynasty refers to a situation in which members of the same family hold multiple positions
of power within a government or political system. This can include elected offices, appointed
positions, or other influential roles, and often involves multiple generations of the same family
holding power. Political dynasties are often criticized for perpetuating nepotism and restricting
opportunities for other individuals to participate in the political process.

Advantages:

 Continuity and stability: Political dynasties may provide continuity and stability in governance, as
family members may share similar values and objectives.
 Experience and expertise: Members of political dynasties may have accumulated experience and
expertise in governance and public service.

Disadvantages:

 Lack of diversity and representation: Political dynasties can limit the diversity of voices and
perspectives in governance, potentially excluding marginalized groups.
 Concentration of power: Concentration of power within a few families can lead to a lack of checks
and balances, potentially resulting in authoritarian tendencies.
Mitigating Measures in Political Dynasties in the Philippine Administrative System:

 Legislative Action: The Congress could enact a law defining what a political dynasty is, what offices
are covered, who may enforce the prohibition, and other details. However, this option has been
challenging due to the presence of many legislators who have relatives serving simultaneously in
Congress and in other offices.

 Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Actions: Some citizens have filed judicial petitions to compel the
Commission on Elections to enforce the constitutional prohibition by denying due course to
certificates of candidacies of close relatives. However, without a law defining political dynasties,
implementing rules have no leg to stand on.

 Strengthening Political Parties: Legislation could be passed to strengthen political parties, which
could help rejuvenate political competition.

 Public Awareness and Engagement: Citizens could be encouraged to be more politically aware and
engaged, which could potentially disrupt the perpetuation of political dynasties.

IV. Padrino System is a form of patronage in which an individual with influence or power acts as a
sponsor or mentor to another person, typically in exchange for loyalty or favors. It is often
associated with political or business contexts, where the padrino (or godfather) provides support
and protection to their protege in exchange for political or financial gain. The padrino system is
prevalent in many cultures and is often criticized for perpetuating corruption and limiting
opportunities for those without connections or patronage.

Advantages:

 Networking and connections: The padrino system can provide individuals with access to influential
networks and connections that can help them secure opportunities and support.
 Support and guidance: Those with padrinos may receive mentorship and guidance in navigating the
complexities of the political and administrative system.

Disadvantages:

 Nepotism and favoritism: The padrino system can lead to nepotism and favoritism, where
individuals are appointed based on personal connections rather than merit.
 Exclusion and inequality: It can perpetuate a system where opportunities are limited to those with
connections, excluding others and perpetuating inequality.

Mitigating Measures in Padrino System in the Philippine Administrative System:

 Promote Transparency and Accountability: Transparency in government transactions can help

reduce the opportunities for corrupt practices. Accountability ensures that those who engage in
corrupt practices are held responsible.

 Implement Merit-based Systems: Replacing the Padrino system with a merit-based system can
ensure that appointments and promotions within the government are based purely on merit2. This
can help to ensure that the most qualified individuals are placed in positions of power, rather than
those with the best connections.
  Legislative Measures: Laws can be enacted to curb the Padrino system. For instance, Senator
Miriam Defensor-Santiago filed a bill called the “Anti-Political Recommendations Bill” to stop
politicians from recommending individuals to any position in any government office.

 Public Awareness and Participation: The public can play a crucial role in combating the Padrino
system. By being aware of the issues and actively participating in the political process, citizens can
help to hold their leaders accountable.

 Strengthening Institutions: Strengthening institutions that fight corruption, such as the National
Bureau of Investigation, can also be an effective way to combat the Padrino system.

V. Graft and Corruption refer to the abuse of power for personal gain, typically involving dishonest or
unethical behavior in the context of public or private office. Graft involves the acquisition of money,
property, or other benefits through dishonest or illegal means, often in exchange for the misuse of
one's position of power. Corruption, on the other hand, involves the use of public or private office
for personal gain, often through bribery, extortion, or other forms of dishonest conduct.

Both graft and corruption undermine the integrity of institutions, erode public trust, and can
have significant negative impacts on society and the economy. They are widely recognized as
serious issues in many countries and are often the target of anti-corruption efforts and legislation.

Advantages:

 Efficiency in bureaucracy: In some cases, corruption can lead to expedited processes and approvals,
which may be advantageous in a bureaucratic and slow-moving system.
 Economic benefits: Some argue that corruption can stimulate economic activity and investment in
certain sectors.

Disadvantages:

 Undermining public trust: Corruption erodes public trust in government institutions and can lead to
a lack of confidence in the rule of law.
 Misallocation of resources: Corruption can result in the misallocation of public funds and resources,
hindering economic development and social welfare.
Mitigating Measures in Graft and Corruption in the Philippine Administrative System:

 Improve Qualifications and Training: Enhancing the qualifications and training of leaders in the anti-
corruption campaign can help ensure that they are equipped to effectively combat corruption.
 Allocate More Resources: Providing more resources for enhancing accountability can help ensure
that public officials are held accountable for their actions.
 Better Public Administration: Improving public administration can help reduce opportunities for
graft and corruption.
 Encourage Public-Sector Unions: Public-sector unions can play a role in combating corruption by
advocating for transparency and accountability.
 Reform Politicians and Business People: Reforming the behaviors and practices of politicians and
business people can help reduce graft and corruption.
 Promote Transparency and Accountability: Ensuring transparency in government transactions and
holding public officials accountable for their actions can help reduce graft and corruption.
 Moral Reform: Encouraging moral reform can help change the attitudes and behaviors that
contribute to graft and corruption.
 Public Support: Gaining public support for efforts and officials committed to eliminating corruption
is crucial for the success of anti-corruption initiatives.
  Creation of Anti-Corruption Committees: The Department of Education in the Philippines, for
example, has created Anti-Corruption Committees to prevent graft and corruption and ensure that
erring officials and employees are held accountable.

VI. Conclusion:

In conclusion, the padrino system, graft and corruption, and political dynasties in the Philippines
have long been entrenched issues that have both advantages and disadvantages. While the padrino
system may provide networking and support, it also perpetuates nepotism and inequality. Graft and
corruption may expedite processes and stimulate economic activity, but they also undermine public trust
and misallocate resources. Similarly, political dynasties may offer continuity and experience, but they also
limit diversity and concentrate power.

Overall, the disadvantages of these systems outweigh their perceived advantages. They contribute
to systemic issues that hinder progress, perpetuate inequality, and erode public trust. Addressing these
deeply rooted problems is essential for the Philippines to achieve a more equitable, transparent, and
effective administrative system. Efforts to combat these issues, such as promoting transparency,
accountability, and anti-corruption measures, are crucial for fostering good governance and ensuring equal
opportunities for all citizens.

VII. References:

https://legalbeagle.com/6635615-meaning-graft-corruption.html

http://childhealthpolicy.vumc.org/mawuze57386.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padrino_system

https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/3542

https://emb.gov.ph/laws-and-policies-environmental-impact-assessment/