Reviewer Chem

ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY
200MN-350 , 350-800MN
TYPE: QUANTI & QUALI
DETECTION & MESUEREMENT WITH

PRECISION AND CONFIDENCE
TECHNIQUES: ATOMIC EMISSION AND ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

SPECTROMETER
SPECTROSCOPE
MASS SPECTROMETRY
- WEIGHT DETERMINATION: STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES
THREE COMPONENTS
 Ionization Source, Molecules are converted to gas-phase technique called nanoelectrospray

ionization,
 Mass Analyzer, sorted and seperated as ionized
 Ion Detection System, separated ions are then measured and sent to a data system
MASS SPECTROMETRY DIVERSE FIELDS:
 forensic  proteomics
 toxicology  pharma/biopharma
 metabolomics  and clinical research
9 APPLICATION mass spectrometry

 drug testing
 discovery
 food contamination detection
 proteomics
 metabolomics
 environmental analysis
 PHARMACEUTICAL
 FORENSIC
 CLINICAL
USES OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
5 Field of analytical Chemistry
 Medical Technology
 Field of Medicine
 Forensic
 Food Testing
 Environmental monitoring
7 ROLE
 Healthcare: analyze biological samples
 Food Safety: detect contaminants, additives, and pathogens in food products.
 Process Control in Industry: monitoring and controlling industrial

 Industrial Processes: by monitoring raw materials, intermediate products, and final products
 Environmental Monitoring: assessing environmental quality

 Forensic Science: criminal investigations
 Research and Development: contributes to scientific research and innovation
ADVANCE BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
- subdiscipline of analytical chemistry that involves the separation, detection, identification and
quantification of biological samples in different settings.
BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
- Nuclear Magnetic resonance (NMR): magnetic
- Chromatographic Method:
- High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
- Ultra performance liquid Chromatography (UPLC)
- Gas Chromatography
- Supercritical fluid chromatography
- Electrophoresis:
- Ligand-binding Assay:
- MIA, Magnetic immunoassay
- RIA, Radio immunoassay
- DPI Dual polarisation Interferometry
- ELIA Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Mass Spectrometry
- Hyphenated Techniques
- Liquid chromatography- Mass spectrometry (LC-MS)
- Gas Chromatography- Mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
- Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection (LC-DAD)
- Capillary Electrophoresis- Mass spectrometry (CE-MS)
TYPES OF EXTRACTION
- Protein Precipitation
- Solid Phase extraction
- Liquid-liquid extraction
THERMOCHEMISTRY - relationship between chemical reactions and energy changes
involving heat.
 Law of Energy Conservation, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an

isolated system.
 Law of Entropy, states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases
The Law of Conservation of Energy

 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
 It can be transferred to another object or converted into a different form.
 The amount of energy stays the same
What is Energy? Ability to do work

TWO STATES: KINETIC & POTENTIAL
Energy comes in six basic forms, and these can be combined to create other forms of energy. KINETIC
Energy : electrical - thermal/ heat - mechanical
Potential Energy chemical – nuclear – sound
ENERGY TRANSFORMATION – process that converts energy

Wood contains potential chemical energy.
The fire that is used to burn the wood is kinetic heat energy.
The action of cooking is kinetic mechanical energy.
Food contains potential chemical energy
TWO CONCEPTS
ENTHALPY (H)
 the heat content of a system at constant pressure.
 It' s used to measure the energy in a thermodynamic system.
Reactions:
 ENDOTHERMIC REACTION (+),
 EXOTHERMIC REACTION (-)
ENTROPY (S)
 measure of the randomness or disorder of a system.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
- deals with the interactions between electrical energy and chemical reactions.
Redox Reactions
INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING.
Redox Reactions These are reactions in which one substance is oxidized (loses electrons)
and another is reduced (gains electrons).
Electrochemical Cells
o are devices that can either generate electrical energy from chemical reactions
(voltaic or galvanic cells) or
o use electrical energy to cause chemical reactions (electrolytic cells)
Electrolytes
o process electrical energy is used to drive a nonspontaneous chemical reaction.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
o chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from one species to another.
o REDUCED( GAIN)
o OXIDIXED (LOSES)
Electrochemical cells- devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy
TWO TYPES:
 Galvanic cells (also known as voltaic cells) AND
 Electrolytic cell (NON SPONTANEOUS)
Electrode PotentialS
 measure of the tendency of a chemical species to be reduced or oxidized.
 defined under standard conditions and is used to predict the direction of redox
reactions
Nernst Equation
 equation relates the reduction potential of an electrochemical reaction (half-cell
or full cell reaction) to the standard electrode potential, temperature, and
activities (often approximated by concentrations) of the chemical species
undergoing reduction and oxidation
Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis

 first law states that the amount of chemical change produced by an electric
current is proportional to the quantity of electricity passed.
 The second law states that the amounts of different substances altered by the
same quantity of electricity have a simple ratio to their equivalent weights.
Conductance and Resistance

 understanding how electricity moves through solutions.
 Conductance measures how easily electricity travels through a solution
 Resistance measures the opposition to the flow of electricity
UNITS & MEASUREMENT

UNIT is a specific measure to which all measurements of the same quantity can be compared.
Ex. unit is a specific measure to which all measurements of the same quantity can be compared. I
Measurement, process of determining the size, length, or amount of something by comparison

with these unit
EX. 2 meter
2 – MEASUREMENT
METER - UNIT

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ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY

DETECTION & MESUEREMENT WITH

TECHNIQUES: ATOMIC EMISSION AND ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

 Ionization Source, Molecules are converted to gas-phase technique called nanoelectrospray

 Mass Analyzer, sorted and seperated as ionized

MASS SPECTROMETRY DIVERSE FIELDS:

9 APPLICATION mass spectrometry

 Process Control in Industry: monitoring and controlling industrial

 Environmental Monitoring: assessing environmental quality

 Law of Energy Conservation, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an

The Law of Conservation of Energy

What is Energy? Ability to do work

ENERGY TRANSFORMATION – process that converts energy

Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis

Conductance and Resistance

UNITS & MEASUREMENT

Measurement, process of determining the size, length, or amount of something by comparison

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