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    Lecture 6

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    Lecture 6

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    aldhiha1
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    Lecture 6

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    Lecture 6

    Two Dimensional Geometric Transformations

    In Computer graphics, Transformation is a process of modifying and re-


    positioning the existing graphics.

     2D Transformations take place in a two-dimensional plane.


     Transformations help change the position, size, orientation, shape, etc of the object.

    Transformation Techniques - (Geometric transformation functions)


    In computer graphics, various transformation techniques are-

    2D Translation in Computer Graphics-

    In computer graphics, 2D Translation is a process of moving an object from one position to another
    in a two-dimensional plane.
    Consider a point object O has to be moved from one position to another in a 2D plane.
    Let-
     Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold)
     New coordinates of the object O after translation = (X new, Ynew)
     Translation vector or Shift vector = (Tx, Ty)
    Given a Translation vector (Tx, Ty)-
     Tx defines the distance the Xold coordinate has to be moved.
     Ty defines the distance the Yold coordinate has to be moved.

    This translation is achieved by adding the translation coordinates to the old coordinates of
    the object as-
     Xnew = Xold + Tx (This denotes translation towards X axis)
     Ynew = Yold + Ty (This denotes translation towards Y axis)

    In Matrix form, the above translation equations may be represented as-


     The homogeneous coordinates representation of (X, Y) is (X, Y, 1).
     Through this representation, all the transformations can be performed using
    matrix/vector multiplications.

    The above translation matrix may be represented as a 3 x 3 matrix as-

    PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 2D TRANSLATION IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS-


    Problem-01:
    10 20 20 15 15 25 25 17 10 10
    10 10 25 25 10 10 30 50 30 10
    1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    3*10
    tx 3
    ty 7

    1 0 3
    0 1 7
    0 0 1

    13 23 23 18 18 28 28 20 13 13
    17 17 32 32 17 17 37 57 37 17
    1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    60

    50

    40

    30

    20

    10

    0
    -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

    Problem-02:
    Given a circle C with radius 10 and center coordinates (1, 4). Apply the translation with a
    distance of 5 towards the X-axis and 1 towards Y Y-axis. Obtain the new coordinates of C
    without changing its radius.

    Solution-

    Given-
     Old center coordinates of C = (Xold, Yold) = (1, 4)
     Translation vector = (Tx, Ty) = (5, 1)

    Let the new center coordinates of C = (Xnew, Ynew).

    Applying the translation equations, we have-


     Xnew = Xold + Tx = 1 + 5 = 6
     Ynew = Yold + Ty = 4 + 1 = 5

    Thus, the New center coordinates of C = (6, 5).

    Alternatively,

    In matrix form, the new center coordinates of C after translation may be obtained as-
    Thus, New center coordinates of C = (6, 5).

    2D Rotation in Computer Graphics-


    In Computer graphics,
    2D Rotation is a process of rotating an object with respect to an angle in a two dimensional plane.
    Consider a point object O has to be rotated from one angle to another in a 2D
     Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold)
     Initial angle of the object O with respect to origin = Φ
     Rotation angle = θ
     New coordinates of the object O after rotation = (X new, Ynew)

    This rotation is achieved by using the following rotation equations-

    Xnew = Xold * cosθ – Yold * sinθ


    Ynew = Xold * sinθ + Yold * cosθ
    In Matrix form, the above rotation equations may be represented as-
    For homogeneous coordinates, the above rotation matrix may be represented as a 3 x 3
    matrix as-

    PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 2D ROTATION IN COMPUTER


    GRAPHICS-

    Problem-01:
    Given a line segment with starting point as (0, 0) and ending point as (4, 4). Apply a 30-
    degree rotation anticlockwise direction on the line segment and find out the new coordinates
    of the line.
    Solution-
    We rotate a straight line by its end points with the same angle. Then, we re-draw a line
    between the new end points.
    Given-
     Old ending coordinates of the line = (Xold, Yold) = (4, 4)
     Rotation angle = θ = 30º

    Let new ending coordinates of the line after rotation = (Xnew, Ynew).

    Applying the rotation equations, we have-

    Xnew
    = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ
    = 4 x cos30º – 4 x sin30º
    = 4 x (√3 / 2) – 4 x (1 / 2)
    = 2√3 – 2
    = 2(√3 – 1)
    = 2(1.73 – 1)
    = 1.46

    Ynew

    = Xold x sinθ + Yold x cosθ


    = 4 x sin30º + 4 x cos30º
    = 4 x (1 / 2) + 4 x (√3 / 2)
    = 2 + 2√3
    = 2(1 + √3)
    = 2(1 + 1.73)
    = 5.46

    Thus, New ending coordinates of the line after rotation = (1.46, 5.46).
    Alternatively,

    In matrix form, the new ending coordinates of the line after rotation may be obtained as-
    Problem-02: review Excel sheet for training

    2D Scaling in Computer Graphics-


    In computer graphics, scaling is a process of modifying or altering the size of objects.

     Scaling may be used to increase or reduce the size of the object.


     Scaling subjects the coordinate points of the original object to change.
     The scaling factor determines whether the object size is to be increased or reduced.
     If the scaling factor > 1, then the object size is increased.
     If the scaling factor < 1, then the object size is reduced.

    Consider a point object O has to be scaled in a 2D plane.


    Let-
     Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold)
     Scaling factor for X-axis = Sx
     Scaling factor for Y-axis = Sy
     New coordinates of the object O after scaling = (X new, Ynew)

    This scaling is achieved by using the following scaling equations-


     Xnew = Xold x Sx
     Ynew = Yold x Sy
    In Matrix form, the above scaling equations may be represented as-

    For homogeneous coordinates, the above scaling matrix may be represented as a 3 x 3


    matrix as-

    PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 2D SCALING IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS-


    Problem-01:
    Given a square object with coordinate points A(0, 3), B(3, 3), C(3, 0), D(0, 0). Apply the
    scaling parameter 2 towards X axis and 3 towards Y axis and obtain the new coordinates of
    the object.

    Solution-

    Given-
     Old corner coordinates of the square = A (0, 3), B(3, 3), C(3, 0), D(0, 0)
     Scaling factor along X axis = 2
     Scaling factor along Y axis = 3

    For Coordinates A(0, 3)

    Let the new coordinates of corner A after scaling = (Xnew, Ynew).


    Applying the scaling equations, we have-
     Xnew = Xold x Sx = 0 x 2 = 0
     Ynew = Yold x Sy = 3 x 3 = 9

    Thus, New coordinates of corner A after scaling = (0, 9).

    For Coordinates B(3, 3)

    Let the new coordinates of corner B after scaling = (Xnew, Ynew).


    Applying the scaling equations, we have-
     Xnew = Xold x Sx = 3 x 2 = 6
     Ynew = Yold x Sy = 3 x 3 = 9

    Thus, New coordinates of corner B after scaling = (6, 9).

    For Coordinates C(3, 0)


    Let the new coordinates of corner C after scaling = (Xnew, Ynew).

    Applying the scaling equations, we have-


     Xnew = Xold x Sx = 3 x 2 = 6
     Ynew = Yold x Sy = 0 x 3 = 0

    Thus, New coordinates of corner C after scaling = (6, 0).

    For Coordinates D(0, 0)

    Let the new coordinates of corner D after scaling = (Xnew, Ynew).

    Applying the scaling equations, we have-


     Xnew = Xold x Sx = 0 x 2 = 0
     Ynew = Yold x Sy = 0 x 3 = 0

    Thus, New coordinates of corner D after scaling = (0, 0).

    Thus, New coordinates of the square after scaling = A (0, 9), B(6, 9), C(6, 0), D(0, 0).
    2D Reflection in Computer Graphics-

     Reflection is a kind of rotation where the angle of rotation is 180 degree.


     The reflected object is always formed on the other side of mirror.
     The size of reflected object is same as the size of original object.

    Consider a point object O has to be reflected in a 2D plane.


     Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold)
     New coordinates of the reflected object O after reflection = (Xnew, Ynew)

    Reflection On X-Axis:

    This reflection is achieved by using the following reflection equations-


     Xnew = Xold
     Ynew = -Yold
    In Matrix form, the above reflection equations may be represented as-

    For homogeneous coordinates, the above reflection matrix may be represented as a 3 x 3


    matrix as-
    Reflection On Y-Axis:

    This reflection is achieved by using the following reflection equations-


     Xnew = -Xold
     Ynew = Yold

    In Matrix form, the above reflection equations may be represented as-

    For homogeneous coordinates, the above reflection matrix may be represented as a 3 x 3


    matrix as-
    PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 2D REFLECTION IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS-

    Problem-01:

    Given a triangle with coordinate points A(3, 4), B(6, 4), C(5, 6). Apply the reflection on the X
    axis and obtain the new coordinates of the object.

    Solution-
    Given-
     Old corner coordinates of the triangle = A (3, 4), B(6, 4), C(5, 6)
     Reflection has to be taken on the X axis

    For Coordinates A(3, 4)

    Let the new coordinates of corner A after reflection = (Xnew, Ynew).

    Applying the reflection equations, we have-


     Xnew = Xold = 3
     Ynew = -Yold = -4
    Thus, New coordinates of corner A after reflection = (3, -4).

    For Coordinates B(6, 4)

    Let the new coordinates of corner B after reflection = (Xnew, Ynew).

    Applying the reflection equations, we have-


     Xnew = Xold = 6
     Ynew = -Yold = -4

    Thus, New coordinates of corner B after reflection = (6, -4).

    For Coordinates C(5, 6)

    Let the new coordinates of corner C after reflection = (Xnew, Ynew).

    Applying the reflection equations, we have-


     Xnew = Xold = 5
     Ynew = -Yold = -6

    Thus, New coordinates of corner C after reflection = (5, -6).


    Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after reflection = A (3, -4), B(6, -4),

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