277-Article Text-811-3-10-20220220

Langua: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Education, 5(1), 15-34; 2022
EISSN: 2623-1565
http://jurnal.stkipkieraha.ac.id/index.php/langua/
Is the Direct Method still Effective in

Teaching English Speaking Skills in
Indonesia?
Nurul Fitriyanti Th. Abas1* & Zainurrahman2
1, 2
STKIP Kie Raha Ternate, Indonesia
*
Correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract
This study aimed to find out whether the direct method is still effective in teaching English
speaking skills especially in Indonesia context. By employing a classroom action research
and library research, it was found that the direct method has been underlooked by teachers
and researchers in recent years. It could be seen from the decrease of publication under this
theme at least the ones indexed by Google Scholar. Both the classroom action research and
library research conducted suggested that the direct method is still effective in teaching
English speaking skills in Indonesia. However, some suggestions were also made for the
implementation of the direct method to be effective in the classrooms including the classroom
activities, visual aids, and teacher’s foreign language proficiency.
Keywords: the effect of direct method to students’ speaking skill, how to use direct method in
teaching speaking, methods in teaching speaking, recent studies on direct method
1. Background
Speaking skill is the main parameter of someone’s language mastery. We call a baby has
acquired a language when he speaks his first word the first time. As he acquires new
vocabularies, we don’t usually say that he has acquired more words but we say that his
speaking skill develops. This tendency also applies in the context of foreign or second
language learning, as pointed by Richard (2008, p.19), that the mastery of speaking skills in
English is a priority for second or foreign language learners. As a result, students often
evaluate their success in language learning as well as the effectiveness of their English
courses based on how much they feel they have improved in their spoken language abilities.
Although, in university, we evaluate students’ English mastery through different language
skills evaluation (listening, speaking, reading, and writing), it is very possible that we value
students’ effort to improve their language by looking at the fluency and grammaticality of
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Abas & Zainurrahman / Langua: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Education, 5(1), 15-34; 2022
their utterances. Perhaps, it is so because we tend to value the students’ success in language
learning when they can use the language for daily interaction need.
The importance of speaking skill, of course, is not to substitute writing skill as an

important language skill to develop and master. However, looking at the emergence of
speaking mastery, it is imperative to look at the methods used in the speaking classrooms.
Today, many speaking teachers use at least three teaching methods in teaching speaking, they
are Grammar-Translation Method, Direct Method, and Audio-Lingual Method as noted by
Djauhar (2021). The direct method is usually considered as a “better” method than the
grammar-translation method (Young, 1922; Djauhar, 2021) because of its possibilities to
foster all language skills. It is also considered as the product of reform movement which was
reacting to the restrictions of grammar-translation method (Harmer, 2007, p.63). However, as
Bovee’s classic question “how can the meaning of French words be conveyed to the students
without using their English equivalents?” (Bovee, 1919, p.63). Bovee’s question was in the
context of the teaching of French vocabularies to English speaker students. In our context,
assume that English is not our students’ mother tongue, the question may sound “how can the
meaning of what we teach in English be conveyed to the students without using their mother
tongue equivalents?” Even until now, this classic question is still flying over our heads
although we keep using the direct method in the speaking classroom; some classrooms in
universities even apply the direct method in teaching non-linguistic subject to English
language students. Meanwhile, recent research has shown that the grammar-translation
method was still found effective in teaching English (Zulkarnain and Widiati, 2021). Are the
teachers “returning” to the grammar translation method and reconsidering the effectiveness of
the direct method?
This article does not aim to compare the grammar translation method (or any other
methods) and the direct method, its effectiveness, in the teaching of speaking skill. Recent
studies (Batool et al, 2017, p.38; Djauhar, 2021) showed that the effectiveness of the direct
method somehow depends on the teacher’s language ability, physical and mental strength,
and imagination skill. In other words, the direct method, if practiced by “unready” teachers,
couldn’t bear the answer to Bovee’s classic question above. Nevertheless, to evaluate the
teacher’s readiness in applying the direct method in the speaking classroom is also beyond of
this article.
This article is written based on our recent study in an English Education Program of a
University in Indonesia. We wanted to see if the direct method (applied by the teacher in the
given context) could improve the students’ speaking skill. Moreover, this article also reviews
recent studies accomplished in Indonesia contexts related to the effectiveness of the direct
method in teaching language skills, especially speaking skills. The synthesis will lead us to
the answer to the question “is the direct method still effective in teaching English speaking in
Indonesia?”
2. Theoretical Basis
Speaking ability and speaking skill

Speaking is a natural human ability as long as he does not experience defects in the
articulation organs or in his brain. A child can already be said to "have language" when he is
able to pronounce words with appropriate references. But being skilled at speaking is another
story. Therefore, a distinction between speaking ability and speaking skill must be made.

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In language learning, speaking is always considered a natural productive skill, unlike

writing which, although a productive skill, requires conscious and planned learning and
practice to be mastered. A child who does not have the opportunity to go to school for one
reason or another, can still have good speaking abilities because his language acquisition is
supported by the environment in which he gets the experience of communication. Meanwhile,
writing abilities can only be obtained through learning, although not formally.
The speaking ability must be understood as merely the ability to speak while the
speaking skills must be understood as skills needed to speak well in any situations or
speaking events. To speak well, fluency in pronunciation alone and the understanding of
utterance are not enough, as Harmer (2007, p.343) summarized:
If students want to be able to speak fluently in English, they need to be able to
pronounce phonemes correctly, use appropriate stress and intonation patterns and
speak in connected speech. But there is more to it than that. Speakers of English –
especially where it is a second language – will have to be able to speak in a range of
different genres and situations, and they will have to be able to use a range of
conversational and conversational repair strategies. They will need to be able to
survive in typical functional exchanges too.
In the quote above, Harmer indirectly illustrates the difference between "able to speak"
and "skilled at speaking" although he does not explain this difference; perhaps that is not the
purpose of the above statement. We feel it is important to make this distinction because
formal language learning, be it in school or in college, is intended to make learners skilled at
speaking, especially in classrooms where English is studied as a second or foreign language.
Even in the classrooms where English is the students’ mother tongue (e.g. in America or
England), teachers need to provide the speaking learning experience to their students.
In the English-native-speaker primary schools, the term speaking is replaceable to talk.

The word talk should refer to the ability to speak and not to speaking skill. However, even in
this context, the students (children) are taught to talk by their teachers by applying available
methods and techniques, although the ability to talk is natural to the children and be provided
by daily environment. In line with this, Elizabeth Grugeon (in Grugeon et al, 2005, p.1)
opened her chapter:
Talk is a wonderful ready-made resource that each child brings to the first day of
school – unlike the resources for reading and writing that the school provides. The
danger is that we take talk for granted; we don’t think we have to do anything.
Grugeon used the word talk because she referred to children ability to speak. Moreover,
she referred to the children who English is their native language. The children learn to talk by
acquiring the vocabularies and grammar transacted around them. However, in the school, the
teachers need to use particular methods and techniques to foster the children ability to talk.
The children, of course, are not in a position to master speaking skill like Harmer mentioned
above.
In the classrooms where English is a second or foreign language (e.g. in Indonesia), a
student may be a very beginner in English. The student may have stored some vocabularies in
his memory but not with grammar, not to mention pronunciation and speech comprehension.
In this situation, when the student enters a university (e.g. in English Education Program), in

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the speaking class, he will not “learn to talk in English” but to have speaking skills like
pointed out by Harmer or established in the speaking course lesson plan. While it is
impossible to attain a degree of English speaking skill without having English speaking
ability, the students cannot be even seen like the children who are learning to talk in their
mother tongue.
In university, the students are supposed to have fundamental competence in the chosen
field. For example, the students of English Education Program – whom English is not their
mother tongue – are supposed to have a certain degree of English competence. They enter the
university to deepen, widen, and strengthen their English competence. Unfortunately, based
on our experiences as English teachers in university level, most of the students enter English
Education Program with only learning motivation; to teach them English means to start from
zero. Only few students who are good at English in the first semester and those are who
already have a certain degree of English competence.
Dealing with the students with minimum English competence, the teachers need to work
harder because in one hand, they have to teach the students to “talk in English” while in the
other hand, they have to teach speaking skills to the students. Many methods have been
developed by experts that can be implemented by the teachers in teaching speaking skills in
Indonesia classrooms, as we outlined below.
Speaking Skill Teaching Methods

Harmer (2007, pp.348-352) listed and briefly discussed at least six classroom speaking
activities namely acting from script, communication games, discussion, prepared talks,
questionnaires, and stimulation and role play. They are activities especially designed in
teaching speaking skills, either in schools or universities whether English is the first, second,
or foreign language. In other chapter, he listed the popular methodology in English teaching
including the ones we have mentioned, communicative language teaching, task-based
learning, lexical approach, presentation-practice-production (PPP) and so on. These methods,
however, are developed to help the teachers to teach all language skills, not only speaking
skills. For example, in term of PPP, Thornbury (1973, p.38) wrote:
The three-step PPP process was aimed at developing automatic habits largely through
classroom processes of modelling, repetition, and controlled practice. PPP was
applied originally to the teaching of grammar, but, by extension it has been used to
structure the teaching of language skills as well, including speaking.
A method, according to Harmer (2007, p.62) is the practical realization of an approach
(theories about the nature of language and language learning that describe how people
acquire their knowledge of a language and how language is used). He continued, the
originators of a method have arrived at decisions about types of activities, roles of teachers
and learners, the kinds of material which will be helpful and some model of syllabus
organization. Methods, as he wrote, include various procedures and techniques as part of their
standard fare.
Both Thornbury (1973) and Harmer (2007) are respected references in ELT but even in
those it is not easy to find a method that is especially designed to be used in teaching
speaking skills. When Harmer mentioned that the types of activities (as listed above) is one of
the main consideration of what method to be used in the classroom, and when Thornbury

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mentioned that PPP has to be extended to be used in teaching speaking skills, the English
teachers deal with a puzzle to solve; to find the appropriate method based on the activities
suggested by Thornbury and Harmer, or just do the activities without being bothered with the
method. Meanwhile, talking about the teaching of speaking skill, as implied by Thornbury
(1973, pp.11-26), the students need to have the knowledge of genre, discourse, pragmatic,
grammar, vocabulary, and phonology, not to mention sociocultural knowledge. While it is
safe to assume that not few young English teachers (who are teaching speaking skills to
university students who English is not their mother tongue) can’t find the clear edge between
a method and an activity, picking an activity or two that promise the possibilities for the
students to acquire the knowledge listed by Thornbury as what the speakers (have to) know is
not an easy task.
Among the language teaching methods listed by Harmer, the Communicative Language
Teaching (CLT) is the method nearest to the need in teaching speaking skill. Based on
Harmer himself, speaking skills involve the ability to speak in a wide range of speech events
and situations. Harmer also confirmed Thornbury who listed several extralinguistic,
linguistic, and sociolinguistic knowledge required to have a good speaking skill. It seems like
CLT has something to offer to the teachers of English, especially in teaching speaking, in
order to provide the students with the required competences to be skilled in speaking,
communicative competence. This is implied by Richards (2006, p.3):
Communicative competence includes the following aspects of language knowledge:
knowing how to use language for a range of different purposes and functions; knowing how
to vary our use of language according to the setting and the participants (e.g., knowing when
to use formal and informal speech or when to use language appropriately for written as
opposed to spoken communication); knowing how to produce and understand different types
of texts (e.g., narratives, reports, interviews, conversations); knowing how to maintain
communication despite having limitations in one’s language knowledge (e.g., through using
different kinds of communication strategies).
The CLT offers opportunities to achieve communicative competence when other
methods focus more on the grammatical or grammar competence. Although CLT was
developed as a method for the teaching of all language skills, the communicative competence
is required for the English students to have good speaking skills.
Among the CLT goals, as mentioned by Richards (2006, p.14), is the development of
fluency – the natural language use occurring when a speaker engages in meaningful
interaction and maintains comprehensible and ongoing communication despite limitations in
his or her communicative competence – which is contrasted to the development of accuracy.
Some activities are planned to develop the students’ fluency that confirm some of
Thornbury’s (1973) awareness-raising activities and appropriation activities, and also
Harmer’s (2007) activities in the speaking classrooms (e.g., role play, dialog, etc.).
The question that someone may be wondering is whether CLT is effective to be used in
the classroom where English is not the mother tongue of the students, and the students only
have a small degree of grammatical competence and poor in communicative competence
unless they are communicating in their native language. Thornbury (1972, p.27) wrote:
Even among L1 speakers there can be wide variations in the degree of fluency that
individuals demonstrate. These differences are exacerbated when it comes to speaking

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in a language different from your own. The inevitable lack of fluency involved is a
source of frustration and even embarrassment.
The CLT is said to offer the opportunity to develop the students’ fluency. However, as
stated by Thornbury that speaking in L1 is different from speaking with L2, not to mention
foreign language (FL). According to Richards (2006, p.22), one of the core assumptions of
CLT is “second language learning is facilitated when the students are engaged in interaction
and meaningful communication.” The interaction and meaningful communication are
provided in the communicative language teaching since the students learn to use (or acquire)
language by using the language in “real” communication. Activities like role play, dialogs, or
interviews are meant to provide the students with these linguistic experiences. Therefore,
CLT is assumed to be beneficial in L2 or FL classrooms especially in speaking classrooms.
However, the next question may arise, “in what language do the interaction and meaningful
communication occur, including the instruction?”
The CLT has been implemented in the classrooms in Indonesia, both in schools and
universities. In Indonesia context, there is a “learning community” branded “Kampung
Inggris” located at Pare, East Java. It is called “Kampung Inggris” (English Village) because
they teach English there, either to local villagers or tourists. The way English (and other
languages) is taught in that village is best known as the CLT today, although there is no
formal statement made about the ELT method used in that village. Hermawan and Resi
(2018, p.334) described:
One thing that make Kampung Inggris different is that those who stay in the camp
should use English when they are in that area and it is compulsory… Course
institutions that operate in Kampung Inggris are not as usual as other courses
institutions. Most of the course institutions in Kampung Inggris does not have special
places (class rooms) where learning takes place. Learning takes place in many forms
of setting. Learning sometimes takes place in veranda or in the living room of the
society, in the park with the system of open learning, in the place made of wood or
bamboo, some others carried out in car garage and many others.
Based on their description, we can imagine how the English learning, especially
speaking, takes place in the village; English is compulsory (direct method, as we will see
later) and learning activities take place in real places where genuine interaction and
meaningful communication occur (CLT). Our graduates, who willed to continue their studies
abroad, chosen this village as the place for their English refinement. This is also mentioned
by Hamonangan (2020, p.14) that most of the visitors or learners coming to this village bring
other target in their mind; they don’t only come to learn English in Pare, but they learn
English in Pare so that they can get scholarship to study abroad (e.g., in America or
Australia). The reputation of this Kampung Inggris has got attention and trust from people
who want to pursue scholarships. One of the factors that make this village a good reputation
is their “implementation” of CLT (and direct method).
Nevertheless, several recent studies implied that the quality of Kampung Inggris
graduates is still questionable. Ilma and Murtiningsih (2021) conducted a small study on the
English speaking mastery of Pare graduates in Bumiayu. They concluded that how long the
respondents have studied in Pare does not affect their speaking mastery. There are some of
them who have poor mastery even though it has been more than three months studying in

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Pare, and there are also those who have good mastery even though only study for one month
in that place (p.97). Their table showed that there is no student in excellent criteria, 27%
respondents are classified as good, 33% respondents are classified as average, and 40%
respondents are classified as poor. Some years before, Nurhayati, Hendrawati, and Angkarini
(2013) found that Kampung Inggris is not an English community since not all local people in
that region can use English as a daily language. Their table showed that only 5% can use
English properly due to taking an English course before, 66.66% respondents can use English
with limited English knowledge, 53.65% uses Indonesian for their daily communication
(p.86). However, the study was unclear to us since the method of investigation is not properly
described and the number of respondent involved in the study is only 15 local (not the
students from outside) from the population. These studies are unreliable compared to the fact
that Kampung Inggris in Pare has graduated at least 22.000 students of Basic English Course
(Hermawan and Resi, 2018, p.334), the trust given by almost uncountable educated young
people in Indonesia and other countries around like Malaysia and Thailand as their choice to
refine their English (and other languages) skills. Not to mention, as Hermawan and Resi
(p.336) wrote that only 10 percent of the course institutions owned by those from Pare –
which means 90 percent of those are invested by those from other provinces and even other
countries. This shows that Kampung Inggris reputation and potential are not only trusted (by
evidence) by the students but also by the businessman in the world.
Direct Method
We have seen how CTL is used in a representation of Indonesia context of ELT. In the
practice, we also noted that direct method is also implemented together with CLT in that
context. In this section, we present the direct method and its effects on the students’ English
learning based on the studies carried out in Indonesia context.
The direct method, in its simplest meaning, is a foreign language teaching and learning
process where both the teacher and the students don’t use the native language. In most
universities, especially in English education program, where English is taught as a second or
foreign language, the direct method is also implemented in non-linguistic subjects like
language philosophy, curriculum design, research methodology, and so forth. However, the
main goals of the implementation of the direct method is to foster the students’ foreign
language acquisition, especially in oral communication skills (listening and speaking),
although it was argued by others that this method also contributes to the reading and writing
skills.
The term direct in this context means the direct relationship between the target language
and its meaning, without being mediated by translation processes into native language. The
direct method focuses on the direct learning of the target language phonemes or words and its
meaning and therefore focuses more on the pragmatic understanding of language and increase
in the fluency. The direct method enables the students to learn or acquire the target language
like a child acquires his mother tongue naturally. Therefore, the direct method sometimes is
called the natural method (Ali, 2020, p.289; Batool et al, 2017, p.37).
Young (1922) had an interesting “alternative way” to see the direct method. If Ali
(2020), Batool et al (2017) and Harmer (2007) mentioned that the direct method was a
reaction to the grammar-translation method, he pictured the direct method as a “product” or a
side-effect of war (or colonialism), where the “colonist” spoke to the “colonized” in his

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language. In Indonesia, many elders (most of them had passed) knew Dutch, especially those
who were nurses. It is so because they went to the nursing school where the teachers (the
doctors) were Dutchmen. Netherlanders “lived” in Indonesia for 346 years and linguistic
contact happened in various speech events had left some “traces” to the local languages
(vernaculars) in Indonesia. Young didn’t attempt to establish another historical background of
the direct method. Instead, he demonstrated how “direct method” is applied in a situation that
most of us absent-minded of.
In EFL countries, when a teacher delivers his material (of any subjects) in the classroom
in English and the students are not allowed to use their native language, the teacher is called
implementing the direct method. This tendency sometimes leads us to think that the direct
method is usable in teaching any subjects while it is not necessarily the case. Bovee
demonstrated that even in teaching several vocabularies with direct method, we need to
consider that the vocabularies must be concrete, near the experience of the pupils, and
capable of demonstration by means of objects and action (1919, p.65). A mental verb like
dreaming cannot be demonstrated by action or the students will confuse dreaming and
sleeping. Teaching complex subject like language philosophy with direct method to the
students with limited vocabularies and grammar can be counterproductive. The direct method
has been demonstrated to have significant features in the language acquisition, especially in
oral communication skills, but knowing how to pronounce a word (via direct learning) does
not guarantee the knowledge of how it is spelled. It is just a child who knows how to say a
word or utter a sentence but it does not mean that he is able to write or read the same word.
The exclusion of native language in the classroom activities is the main feature of the
direct method. This enables the direct method to be integrated in any teaching methods or
learning models since it is just about what language is to speak. As we see in Hermawan and
Resi (2018), how the learning process takes place in Kampung Inggris is described enables us
to assume that the direct method is integrated with the CTL. However, since the goal of the
courses in that village is language mastery, then the use of direct method (and CTL) in that
village aims to provide language acquisition to the students. When the direct method requires
the exclusion of the native language and can be integrated with any methods, it seems more
like a principle than a method.
Teachers who implement the direct method in teaching FL speaking skills treat the
students like children who are learning to speak their native language. Children naturally
acquire spoken language far before they were introduced with written language. They acquire
language from interaction, either with people around or from electronic media. They can
speak well after that even without studying the grammar rules of their native language. They
have the ability to correct any “wrong” association between a word and its reference. For
example, a child once knew that a cat is a mouse but after hearing his parent mention a cat
while pointing to a cat, he subconsciously corrects the association between the word cat and
its reference. This fact is what Chomksy would classify into his Parameter Setting in his
Universal Grammar. Based on this illustration, the direct method is mainly usable in the
teaching of oral communication skills and need further consideration to apply it in other
areas.
However, the interest in studying the effectiveness of the direct method in teaching
speaking skills is far from expectation, especially the last five years. In January 2022, Google
search result (by using all-in-title feature) shows only 28 results compared to the researchers’

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and teachers’ interest to other methods. In the same time, Google search result (again, by
using all-in-title feature) shows 146 results when we searched articles discussing the effect of
communicative language teaching to speaking skill, and we only found 1 result when we
were searching for the effect of grammar-translation method to speaking skill, by using the
same searching technique. Most of the studies about direct method and its effect on the
students’ speaking skills were done in Indonesia. We once thought that Google filtered our
search results based on the country but after using a virtual private network (VPN, set to an
IP located at America), the result was the same. We used Google because it is the largest
search engine compared to other search engines like Bing, Yahoo, or Yandex. Moreover,
most of scientific journals publishing responsible articles are indexed by Google Scholar.
Therefore, we rely upon this search engine to find how many studies about direct method and
its effect on the students’ speaking skill filtered by time range.
The current article, which is based on a study we accomplished in the previous year and
a synthesis among the other studies under the same theme, is about to tell us whether the
direct method is still effective in the teaching of speaking skills, especially in Indonesia
where English is learned as a foreign language.
3. Methods
The study we carried out was a classroom action research, in which we collaborated with the
English speaking lecturer in the research site, accomplished in two cycles. Each cycle
consists of four steps following Norton (2009, p.67), namely plan, observation, action, and
reflection where the focused observation was applied following Hopkins (2008, p.88) where
the students’ speaking aspects (fluency, accuracy, performance, pronunciation, and clarity)
are the observed points. The number of cycles was determined by the results achieved by the
students-participants. This article, however, involves a library research in which related
articles were searched through indexed journals by using keyword search strategies suggested
by Mann (2005).
Our study involved 12 randomly-picked students of an English Education Program of a

state university in North Maluku, Indonesia. Whereas, 8 articles based on research in
Indonesia context (published between 2015 and 2020) were selected to be reviewed and
synthesized.
The technique of data collection used in the study was documentation. Regardless of the
journal articles, the students-participant of our initial study were taught English speaking
skills by using direct method. The conversation activity was applied following Harmer (2005)
and Thornbury (1972). The topic was the function of mobile phones in the students’ academic
achievement. After having conversation under the topic with the students using direct
method, the students were required to find a partner and have a conversation with the partner
about the same topic. Their conversations were recorded in 7-10 minutes. We collected and
studied their videos to assess their speaking aspects as mentioned previously. We employed a
speaking rubric adapted from Syahdiah and Umasugi (2021) in the students’ speaking skill
assessment. The students’ speaking aspects are scored based on the rubric. Percentage was
used to reflect the students’ learning achievement and to be compared between the cycles.
The related journal articles were reviewed by using meaning condensation or text
condensation strategy in which Malterud (2012) defined as a descriptive and explorative
method for thematic cross-case analysis of different types of qualitative data, such as

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interview studies, observational studies, and analysis of written text. In the stage, we reduced,
organized, and synthesized the content of the articles in terms of their objectives, methods,
and results. We paid more attention to the results and conclusions of the studies since our
objective was to know whether the direct method is still effective in teaching speaking skills,
especially in Indonesia context. The results and conclusions of the studies were synthesized
thematically and then discussed respectively.
4. Discussion
This section is divided into two parts. The first part discusses the finding of the classroom
action research we conducted and the second part discusses the themes condensed from the
related journal articles mentioned in the previous section.
Results from Classroom Action Research

As we mentioned earlier, our study was conducted in two cycles where each cycle consisted
of four sequential stages (plan, action, observation, reflection). In this article, however, we
don’t divide the discussion into smaller parts since we only explained them briefly; the
discussions will go in its sequence.
CAR Cycle I
We began the study by gathering the students and provided them with information related to
the study. We asked them for willingness to join. There were up to 30 students in the
classroom where we were permitted to collect the data. However, considering the technique
of data analysis we planned to implement, the number of data must be reduced. Therefore, we
randomly picked 12 of them. We set the schedule for the first meeting that took place at a
park in the university. In the meantime, we prepared the material to be delivered to the
students.
On the day agreed upon with the students, the action phase was carried out. We began to
deliver the material through casual talking while native language was excluded. The topic
discussed in the first meeting was the function of the mobile phone in the students’ academic
achievement, especially in language learning. We introduced the concept of computer-
assisted language learning (CALL) and gave them some examples of mobile applications
advantageous to language learning. We also provided them with the danger of mobile app
overuse and the potential harm that the students may face in the cyberspace. We closed the
talk by asking their opinion about the use of mobile phone in the foreign language learning.
This talk took about 18 to 20 minutes.
The students were asked to pick their partner and made a group of 2 students. They were
required to do conversation with their partner and their conversations were recorded by
themselves. The result, we collected 6 video recordings from 12 students that ranged from 7
to 10 minutes.
After having their first videos, we assessed each students’ speaking aspects. Each video
was played at least 10 times since there were five aspects to be assessed (fluency, accuracy,
clarity, pronunciation, and performance) for each student and there were two students in each
video. Some videos must be played more than 10 times due to the sound quality.

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The students’ speaking aspects were assessed by using a speaking rubric in which each
aspect is scored based on the criteria stated in the rubric. We only used descriptive statistics
to calculate the scores in which, in this case, was the percentage of the ideal score. The ideal
score of each aspect or item, according to the rubric, is 4. Based on this ideal score, the total
ideal score was 4 times the number of speaking aspects (5), which resulted in 25. The
percentage of the students’ speaking scores were found by dividing the total score of each
student’s achievement by the ideal score and the result was multiplied by 100.
As with the calculation of the percentage on individual scores, so does the calculation of
the percentage scores for each assessed speaking aspect. The ideal score for each aspect was
collectively obtained from the ideal score for each aspect (4) multiplied by the number of
students (12) that resulted in 48. The ideal percentage for each assessed aspect was obtained
by dividing the total score per item by the ideal score and multiplied by 100.
To determine the students’ position or the effect of the direct method to their speaking
skills, the students’ score percentage and the speaking aspects score percentage were
categorized into three categories as follow:
High achiever : 67-100
Middle achiever : 34-66

Low achiever : 0-33
Here is the students’ speaking skill achievement in the cycle I (the students’ name and
speaking aspects were abbreviated).
Table 1. Students’ speaking achievement in cycle I
No Ss Flu Pron Acc Clar Perf Total %

1 FA 1 3 3 2 4 13 52
2 FAA 3 2 4 3 3 15 60
3 SM 1 4 4 3 2 13 52
4 N 3 2 2 1 2 10 40
5 UHM 1 3 2 1 3 10 40
6 EJ 1 2 3 1 1 8 32
7 TW 1 2 3 2 3 11 44
8 DW 3 2 4 3 3 15 60
9 RH 3 3 2 1 2 11 44
10 SSL 3 1 2 2 3 12 48
11 NH 2 3 3 2 1 11 44
12 EW 2 3 2 1 2 10 40
Total 24 32 34 22 29
% 50 67 71 46 60
Based on the categories determined above, from the table we picked 0 high achiever, 11
middle achievers, and 1 low achiever. It could be that the students’ speaking skills were
already good before this study was conducted. Since this was the first data we obtained from

25
the study, we didn’t attempt to draw any conclusion from the table but the point where we
could see the progress the students would make by comparing it with the second data.
As with the categories that applied to the students’ speaking achievement, we also set the
similar categories to the assessed speaking aspects. The table shows that two aspects
(pronunciation and accuracy) fall into high achiever while the rests (fluency, clarity, and
performance) are in middle achiever category.
Reflecting on this data, we expected that the second cycle would put some students in the
high achiever and no students were expected to be in the low achiever. We wanted to see if
the direct method could promote the students’ speaking skills so they would also move from
the middle to high achiever. Also, we wanted to see if the direct method could move the
students’ speaking aspects from the middle to higher achiever, although no aspect was found
in the low achiever category.
CAR Cycle 2
Two days after the first meeting (it took two days to watch the videos, assess the students’
speaking achievement, and tabulate the data), we met with the students at the same place and
discussed the results. We also explained that the duration of the session needs to be extended
so they could feel more courage to speak. We gave options to the students whether to keep
the topic or to change with the new one. They preferred to have a new topic and we agreed to
have a conversation about getting to know with new people.
We started the new cycle by talking about the advantages of knowing new people and
making new friends and how it could enhance our speaking skills. We extended our talk to 30
minutes by giving examples and playing with gestures to strengthen the meaning of our
utterances. After having the talk finished, the students’ were asked to pick their conversation
partners. Some students changed their partners but we missed to note it. They recorded their
conversation under the chosen topic and submitted 12 videos that ranged between 3 to 7
minutes.
Using the same rubric, we repeated the steps we did in the cycle I. The students’
speaking achievements and the score percentages of the assessed speaking aspects in the
cycle II are shown in the following table.
Table 2. Students’ speaking achievement in cycle II
No Ss Flu Pron Acc Clar Perf Total %

1 FA 3 4 4 3 4 18 72
2 FAA 3 4 4 3 3 17 68
3 SM 4 4 4 4 4 20 80
4 N 3 4 4 3 3 17 68
5 UHM 3 4 4 3 4 18 72
6 EJ 3 3 4 3 4 17 68
7 TW 3 3 4 3 4 17 68
8 DW 3 4 4 3 3 17 68
9 RH 3 2 4 3 3 15 60
10 SSL 2 4 3 4 4 16 64
11 NH 3 4 4 3 3 17 68

26
12 EW 2 2 4 3 3 14 56
Total 35 42 47 37 42
% 73 88 98 77 88
As we had the second data, we were enabled to see whether progresses were made in the
students’ speaking achievement. To do so, we compared the percentages of students’
speaking achievement and assessed speaking aspects. The tabulated data were then converted
into graphical view by expecting that changes in the students’ speaking achievement could be
easily readable.
The first graphic below shows the comparison of the students’ speaking achievement
between cycle I and cycle II scores.
Figure 1. Comparison between students’ speaking scores in cycle I and cycle II
PERCENTAGE SCORES COMPARISON

Cycle I Cycle II
80
72
72
68
68
68
68
68
68
64
60
60
60
56
52
52
48
44
44
44
40
40
40
32
FA FAA SM N UHM EJ TW DW RH SAFISL NH EW
The figure 1 shows us that all students’ experienced progress in their speaking skills,
based on the rubric we applied. The darker bar is the cycle I score and the lighter bar is the
cycle II score percentages. Some students’ however, experienced only minor progress. Since
the figure 1 does not show us the gain of each student, we decided to find out to what degree
that each student gained their progress. Therefore, the figure 2 below was made.
By looking at the figure 2, we can see that only two students experienced minor progress
while the rests (10 students) experienced relatively significant progress in their speaking skill.
We saw a significant movement of the numbers between the table in cycle I and cycle II.
Consequently, most of the students’ moved from the middle achiever to high achiever
category while there was no student in the low achiever category.

27
Figure 2. Students’ Gain
STUDENTS' GAIN
36
32
28
28
24
24
20
16
16
16
8
NH UHM RH SA FI SL FA DW TW EW SM N EJ FAA
As expected, the students’ speaking skills were improved. We tentatively concluded that
the direct method promoted their oral communication skill. However, since their progress bar
varied, we wanted to know whether the students’ speaking skills were improved in all
aspects. Therefore, we compared the score percentage of the assessed speaking aspects, and
the figure 3 shows the result.
Figure 3. Speaking Aspects Improvement
SPEAKING ASPECTS IMPROVEMENT

Cycle I Cycle II
98
88
88
77
73
71
67
60
50
46
FLUENC Y PRO NUNC IATIO N AC CURACY CLA RI TY PERFOR MANC E
The figure 3 above shows that all speaking aspects were improved to some degree. It was
unexpected that the fluency and pronunciation aspect gained only small progress while they
are fundamental aspect in fluent speaking skill. To see the gains of all speaking aspects, see
the figure 4 below.

28
Figure 4. Gains of Speaking Aspects
GAINS ON SPEAKING ASPECTS
31
28
27
23
21
FLUENC Y PRO NUNC IATIO N AC CURACY CLA RI TY PERFOR MANC E
As we can see, the accuracy, clarity, and performance gained relatively significant
progress while the fluency and pronunciation aspect gained less. We tentatively concluded
that the students’ pronunciation requires separate practice that may not be covered by the
direct method and requires further study.
Overall, our study demonstrated that the direct method was effective in teaching
speaking skill. We were aware that the exposure of speaking practice in the study we
conducted could be improved and extended. We assumed that the more the students’ practice
English speaking using direct method, the more progress they could made in their speaking
skills. This assumption opens an opportunity to the further researchers to study the
effectiveness of direct method in teaching speaking skills in an extended time and exposure.
Results from Library Research
We retrieved 6 articles discussing the effect of direct method to the students’ speaking skills,
which were based on the studies conducted in Indonesia context. We will briefly overview
each articles and then discuss their results.
Andriyani (2015)
Nila Andriyani wrote her undergraduate thesis based on her study on the use of the direct
method in teaching to improve students’ speaking skill at Purikids Language Course. The
study she conducted was a classroom action research that involved 18 students at the Purikids
Language Course where 5 of them are males and 13 females aged between 10-12 years old.
She collected the data of her study by using observation, interview, and test. She assessed the
students’ speaking skill by using a speaking rubric provided by the language course.
Siregar (2016)

29
Sri Rahmadhani Siregar’s was a library research in which she attempted to see the use of
the direct method in teaching speaking. She retrieved the relevant literature and synthesized
the theories and research findings to achieve her conclusion whether (or not) the direct
method is effective in teaching speaking skills.
Cece (2017)
Andi Israwati Lai Cece’s was an undergraduate thesis based on her study on the use of direct
method to improve speaking skill at the second grade of SMP PGRI 1 Talamate. Her study
was designed as a pre-experimental study where she applied only a one-group pre-test post-
test design. 25 students were involved in her study. She only used test as her data collection
technique. She classified the students’ speaking skill based on the categories determined by
Indonesian Department of Education and Culture (1985).
Sitorus and Silitonga (2018)
The study that Nurhayati Sitorus and Harpen Silitonga conducted was an experimental study
to see the capability of the direct method to improve the students’ speaking ability. Their
study involved 40 English department students randomly taken from various universities.
They used oral test and analyzed their data using t-test.
Haliwanda (2019)
Umar Haliwanda conducted a pre-experimental study at SMK Negeri 1 Bener Meriah-Aceh.
He wanted to know the effect of using direct method in teaching speaking at that school. By
using a one group pre-test post-test design, he involved 30 students of that school. In testing
the students’ speaking skill, he employed categories developed by Hughes. The students’
scores were then analyzed by using t-test.
Utami, Islamiah, and Perdana (2020)

The study that they conducted was a descriptive qualitative study that involved a teacher in
SMPN 24 Banjarmasin. Their study focused on the implementation of direct method in
teaching speaking at junior high school. An interview was conducted with the informant – as
they called – and the data was analyzed using thematic analysis technique.
Synthesis of the Studies

It was unexpected that the number of publication discussing the effect of direct method
towards the students’ speaking skills, at least the ones indexed in Google Scholar, was very
low – compared to the publication under the other methods in teaching speaking skills. At
most, two publications each year in range of 2015 to 2020; we didn’t find any publication
under this theme indexed by Google Scholar in 2021. Moreover, the studies we retrieved
above lacked of methodology and data. For example, there was only one study conducted as
an experimental study while two of them were pre-experimental studies that has been
criticized for its validity and reliability. Nevertheless, their results need to be taken into
account because to some extent they successfully captured the effects of direct method to the
students’ speaking skills.

30
In studying the results of those studies, we found several themes to be mentioned and briefly
explained, namely the students’ speaking skill improvement, the importance of visual aids,
and the chance for immediate correction.
Students’ speaking skill improvement
All studies we retrieved concluded that the use of direct method, if well-planned and properly
conducted, improved the students’ speaking skill. Utami, Islamiah, and Perdana (2020, p.45)
mentioned that the students’ speaking skills improved because the students didn’t need to be
afraid to speak in public in a foreign language for fear of making mistakes. It could be that in
the direct method, students are encouraged to communicate their ideas where in some part it
relates to the CLT that focuses more on the communicative competence while the
grammatical competence was secondary. In direct method, as noted by Siregar (2016, p.41),
grammar is taught inductively and an explicit grammar rule may never be given. It does not
mean that grammar is less important in direct method but the goal of the direct method is also
to encourage the students to speak in the target language regardless the limitations they may
have, as she also said that in direct method correct pronunciation is emphasized but correct
structure is not (p.42). Meanwhile, Andriyani (2015, p.80) concluded that the students’
speaking skills were improved through the using of direct method because they became more
discipline to listen and use the patterns of the sentences so they were able to say it directly
based on the topic.
Cece (2017) found that the students’ speaking skills were improved especially in the
accuracy and fluency aspects. The same is also mentioned by Sitorus and Silitonga (2018,
p.84) who said that the improvements occurred due to the trial and error that the students
made and Haliwanda (2019, p.161) who also noticed the significant movement of the
students’ speaking skill from poor to good category. However, there is no further discussion
but the statistical data and their interpretation.
Another reason behind the students’ speaking skill improvement, according to the
studies, is the increase in learning or speaking motivation. Andriyani (2015, p.73) and Cece
(2017) implied that the implementation of the direct method in teaching was helpful to attract
the students’ interest to the materials. Siregar (2016) argued that the students are motivated
because they have some activities that help them to be confident to speak. The same was also
mentioned by Utami, Islamiah, and Perdana (2020, p.44) that the direct method creates self-
confidence for students. Many students, according to them, complain or are not interested in
English lessons for fear of the mistakes they will do. This method, as they said, is the answer
to the fear; that the students don’t have to worry about the grammar as long as their intended
meaning is understandable. In line with Siregar (2016) who stated that the correct structure is
not heavily emphasized in this method, they also wrote that “wrong and right in the use of
grammar does not matter in this method, because the focus is on students being able to master
the material without having to be afraid of mistakes.”
The importance of visual aids
The visual aids can be pictures, gestures, mimics, or other visible demonstrations that
function to link the expression in the target language and its meaning. Siregar (2016, p.41)
mentioned that the main purpose of direct method is mastery of foreign language orally so
learners are able to communicate English language. To reach this purpose, according to her,
learners had to be given exercises to understand words and sentences with meaning through

31
demonstrations, shows, actions, and mime. It is also stated by Sitorus and Silitonga (2018,
p.84) that the teacher must be able to describe the words that the students do not know by
using visual aid or explaining them by using her words. Meanwhile, Haliwanda (2019, p.161)
said that when the teacher introduces a new target language word or phrase, he demonstrates
its meaning through the use of regalia, pictures, or pantomime. The linking between the word
and the meaning through visual aid seems to be one of the most important aspect in using the
direct method; and this answers the classic question that Bovee (1919) addressed that how
can the students know the meaning of the word if their native language is excluded.
Chance for immediate correction

Since direct method relies upon communication between the teacher and students in real
situation, the students’ can have chance for immediate correction on the mistakes they make
during the conversation. Students may make lexical mistake like pronunciation or word-
choice and the teacher can correct them immediately. Siregar (2016, p.43) mentioned that the
teacher has the students self-correct by asking them to make a choice between what they said
and an alternative answer he supplied. Furthermore, she said, a teacher might simply repeat
what a student has just said, using a questioning voice to signal the student that something
was wrong with it. This is a common practice in the speaking classroom with direct method
where the students can immediately correct their mistakes based on the teacher’s guide.
All the studies, including ours, concluded that the direct method is still effective to use in
English speaking classrooms, especially in Indonesia. However, there is a hindrance that can
lead the use of direct method counterproductive, as noted by Siregar (2016), “This method
requires teachers who are native speakers or have native-like fluency in the foreign language
they teach, but in practice, it is difficult to meet these requirements.” Without sufficient
language fluency, the students potentially imitate mistakes that the teacher made (e.g., wrong
pronunciation). Therefore, although the direct method is still effective to teach English
speaking skills, the teacher should consider his language proficiency first.
5. Conclusion
Our studies, both the classroom action research and library research, showed that direct
method is still effective in teaching English speaking skills in Indonesia. It was found that
students’ speaking skills were improved but several speaking aspects might need separate
practices. The use of direct method should be accompanied with classroom activities that
provide students with real conversational situation like dialogs, conversations, role plays, and
so on. It is also important to provide visual aids to help the students linking the expressions
and their meaning directly.
It is also important to consider whether it is a method or principle since the core of direct
method is the exclusion of the native language where no translation is allowed. This practice
can be used in different methods (if it is a method). For example, conversation is found in
role play while role play is an activity listed in the communicative language teaching (CTL).
If the teacher uses CTL and excluding native language, then the direct method turns to direct
principle.
Studies on the effect of the direct method towards the students’ speaking skills need
more attention since only several publications retrievable from internet today. It shows the
lack of interest to the topic while it is still a considerable method to apply and develop in the

32
foreign speaking classrooms. This opens the opportunities for the further researchers to study
direct language and its effects to the students’ speaking skills. In the future, the researchers
should study the topic with extended time and exposure to see how it runs in a long term.
Last but not least, although the direct method is found still effective, the teachers’
foreign language proficiency is also the key. Before we draw a conclusion that the direct
method is ineffective, we may need to look at the teachers’ proficiency in the foreign
language he or she is teaching with the direct method. It could be that we conclude that the
direct method is ineffective while it is the teacher’s fluency that must be blamed.
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Langua: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Education, 5(1), 15-34; 2022

Is the Direct Method still Effective in

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The importance of speaking skill, of course, is not to substitute writing skill as an

Speaking ability and speaking skill

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In language learning, speaking is always considered a natural productive skill, unlike

In the English-native-speaker primary schools, the term speaking is replaceable to talk.

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Speaking Skill Teaching Methods

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Our study involved 12 randomly-picked students of an English Education Program of a

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Results from Classroom Action Research

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Middle achiever : 34-66

Table 1. Students’ speaking achievement in cycle I

No Ss Flu Pron Acc Clar Perf Total %

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No Ss Flu Pron Acc Clar Perf Total %

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PERCENTAGE SCORES COMPARISON

FA FAA SM N UHM EJ TW DW RH SAFISL NH EW

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Figure 2. Students’ Gain

SPEAKING ASPECTS IMPROVEMENT

FLUENC Y PRO NUNC IATIO N AC CURACY CLA RI TY PERFOR MANC E

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Figure 4. Gains of Speaking Aspects

GAINS ON SPEAKING ASPECTS

FLUENC Y PRO NUNC IATIO N AC CURACY CLA RI TY PERFOR MANC E

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Utami, Islamiah, and Perdana (2020)

Synthesis of the Studies

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Chance for immediate correction

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Ilma, M. & Murtiningsih, S. (2021). English Speaking Mastery of Pare Graduates in

Malterud, K. (2012). Systematic text condensation: A strategy for qualitative analysis.

Nurhayati, N. Hendrawaty, N., & Angkarini, T. (2013). The Acquisition of English as a

Zulkarnain & Widiati, B. (2021). The Effectiveness of Grammar Translation Method in

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