ME 223

ME 223
FLUID MECHANICS &

MACHINERY
LECTURE 15
TURBINES
Md. Asaduzzaman Sourov
Lecturer
Dept. of ME, BUET
Md. Asaduzzaman Sourov, Lecturer, Dept. of ME, BUET 2/28/2023
2 TURBINES
➢Turbines or Hydraulic turbines are the machines which convert the
hydraulic energy into mechanical energy
➢The mechanical energy produced by a hydraulic turbine can be converted
into electrical energy by coupling the turbine to an electric generator
3 CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINES
➢Turbine can be classified according to the following criteria

1. Hydraulic Action
a) Impulse Turbine: Here the available head is converted into Kinetic Energy by
passing the water through the nozzle.
❖ Example: Pelton wheel, Girard Turbine,BankiTurbine etc.
b) Reaction Turbine: A part of the total head is converted into Kinetic Energy
and the rest remains in the form of pressure energy.
❖ Example: FrancisTurbine,Kaplan Turbine,Propeller Turbine etc.
2. Direction of Flow of Water

a) Tangential Flow Machine: The water strikes the runner in the direction of
tangent to the wheel.
Example:PeltonWheel
a) Radial FlowTurbine: Francis Turbine
b) Axial Flow Turbine: Kaplan Turbine
c) Mixed Flow Turbine: Francis Turbine
3. Direction of the Shaft

a) Horizontal: Shaft is horizontal and the runner is vertical.
❖ Example: Pelton wheel.

b) Vertical: Shaft is vertical and the runner is horizontal.
❖ Example: Francis Turbine.
4. Head
a) High Head Turbine: Net Head 150-2000m or more.
a) Medium Head Turbine: Head from 30-150m.
c) Low Head Turbine: Head<30m
❖ Example: Kaplan Turbine.
5. Specific Speed
a) Low Specific Speed: Speed<60 rpm.
b) Medium Specific Speed: 400>speed>60 rpm
c) High Specific Speed: speed>400 rpm
❖ Example: Kaplan Turbine.
8 PELTON WHEEL
a) Buckets and Runner
A Pelton wheel is fitted with buckets
having the shape of double
hemispherical cup. The angle at the
outlet tip varies from 10-20⁰ and the jet
deflects 170°-160°. The advantage
of double cup shaped bucket is that
because of symmetry the axial thrust on
the shaft is zero.
9 PELTON WHEEL
b) Nozzle with Control Mechanism:

jet velocity remains the same and only the discharge changes
c) Casing:
▪ To prevent splashing of water
▪ To lead water to tail race
▪ To act as a safeguard against accident
10 PELTON WHEEL
d) Hydraulic Brake:
➢The hydraulic brake consists of a small nozzle which directs a jet on the
back of the buckets in opposite direction which causes braking.
e) Deflector:
➢The sudden closing of the nozzle may cause excessive water hammer. To
avoid water hammer, the nozzle is closed slowly by a movable steel plate
known as deflector.
11 PELTON WHEEL
12 WORK DONE BY PELTON WHEEL

➢ Let, the Effective/Net Head, H = Gross
Head- ℎ𝑓
Where, ℎ𝑓 = Net loss of head in penstock
(line from reservoir to turbine)
Torque, 𝑇 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣[𝑣𝑤𝑅 − −𝑣𝑤1𝑅1 ]

Where, 𝑎= area of jet; 𝑣=velocity of jet; 𝑅, 𝑅1=inside and outside radius
𝑇 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣(𝑣𝑤𝑅 + 𝑣𝑤1𝑅1)
Work done per second, P = 𝑇 × 𝑤
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣(𝑣𝑤𝑅 + 𝑣𝑤1𝑅1) × 𝑤
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣(𝑣𝑤𝑢 + 𝑣𝑤1𝑢1)
Let, 𝑢 = 𝑢1 , then

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 (𝑣𝑤 + 𝑣𝑤1) 𝑢
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 [ 𝑣 +(𝑣𝑟1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 − 𝑢)] 𝑢
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 [(𝑣 − 𝑢)+ 𝑣𝑟1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑] 𝑢
Assuming, 𝑣𝑟 1 = 𝑘𝑣𝑟
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 [(𝑣 − 𝑢)+ k𝑣𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑] 𝑢

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 [(𝑣 − 𝑢)+ 𝑘(𝑣 − 𝑢)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑] 𝑢
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 (𝑣 − 𝑢)(1 + 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑) 𝑢

➢ Neglecting losses in the nozzle
1 1
Input energy = 𝑚𝑣2 = (𝜌𝑎𝑣)𝑣 2
2 2
𝜌𝑎𝑣 (𝑣 − 𝑢)(1 + 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑) 𝑢

➢ So, Hydraulic efficiency, 𝜂ℎ = 1
2
(𝜌𝑎𝑣)𝑣 2
2𝑢(𝑣 − 𝑢)(1 + 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑)
=
𝑣2
➢ As 𝑣 is fixed, it can’t be changed because it depends on height

➢ So differentiating with respect to 𝑢, 𝜂ℎ will be maximum if

➢ Therefore, the maximum hydraulic/wheel efficiency
➢ If k=1 i.e. the vanes are very smooth, then,
➢ 𝜑 can’t be zero otherwise it strikes the bucket from backward

➢ The hydraulic efficiency is less than unity because k is always less than
unity and 𝜑 ≠ 0.

➢ Mechanical Efficiency η𝑚 is defined as the ratio of the power obtained at the
shaft to the power developed by the runner.
➢ The overall efficiency

19 PROBLEM 34
A Pelton wheel is rotating at a speed of 600 rpm. The diameter of jet is 80
mm and the jet velocity is 110 m/s. The ratio of jet to bucket speed is 2.2.
The bucket deflects the jet through an angle of 165⁰. Find the
a)Wheel diameter, b)Power developed, c)Loss of energy at the exit of water.
20 PROBLEM 35
The diameter of a double jet Pelton wheel is 2m and it is working with a head of
340m. The diameter of each jet is 160mm. The buckets deflect the jet through an
angle of 165⁰. After the flow over the buckets 15% of the relative velocity is reduced.
The coefficient of the velocity of nozzle is 0.98. Considering maximum efficiency, find
the speed of the turbine and the energy lost with the exit water.
21 FRANCIS TURBINE
➢ In a Francis Turbine, only a part of the
net head is transformed into kinetic
energy at inlet and the rest of head
remains in the form of pressure
energy. There is a difference of
pressure between the entrance and the
exit of runner. The difference is known
as reaction pressure. This pressure is
responsible for running of the reaction
turbine.
22 MAIN COMPONENTS
➢ Spiral Casing: The area of the casing decreased along the circumference.
The purpose of casing is to distribute the water over the guide vanes and
to prevent the formation of eddies. For small head, it is made of Concrete
and for high head, it ismade of Steel/Cast iron.
➢ Stay Vanes: Stay vanes and guide vanes guides the water to the runner
blades. Stay vanes remain stationary at their position and reduces the
swirling of water due to radial flow, as it enters the runner blades. Thus
making turbine more efficient.
23 MAIN COMPONENTS
➢ Guide Vanes: Water after passing
through stay vanes, glides through guide
vanes to enter the runner blades. Guide
vanes can change their angle thus can
control the angle of attack of water to the
runner blades, making them work more
efficiently. Moreover they also regulate
the flow rate of water into the runner
blades thus controlling the power output of
a turbine according to the load on the
turbine.
24 MAIN COMPONENTS
➢ Runner Blades: Design of the runner blades decides how well a turbine is
going to perform. So runner blades of mixed flow turbine can be divided
into two parts, the upper part of the blades use the reaction force of
water flowing through it and the lower half is in the shape of a small bucket
using the impulse action of water flowing through it. These two forces
together makes the runner to rotate.
➢ Draft Tube: Draft tube connects the runner exit to the tail race. Its cross-
section area increases along its length, as the water coming out of runner
blades is at considerably low pressure, so its expanding cross-section area
help it to recover the pressure as it flows towards tail race.
25 WORKING PRINCIPLE
➢ Water enters the turbine through spiral casing, and starts entering the
runner blades, passing through stay vanes and guide vanes, as it movesalong
the length of casing, the decreasing cross-section area of the spiral casing
makes sure that the pressure energy of water would remain uniform along its
length, as a portion of water is also entering the runner blades, which would
reduce its flow rate along the length of the casing. The stay vanes being
stationary at their place, removes the swirls from the water, which are
generated due to flow through spiral casing and tries it to make the flow of
water more linear to be deflected by adjustable guide vanes. The angle of
guide vanes decides the angle of attack of water at the runner blades thus
make sure the output of the turbine.
➢ Guide vanes also controls the flow rate of water in-to the runner blades thus acting
according the load on the turbine. The runner blades are stationary and can-not
pitch or change their angle so it’s all about the guide vanes which controls the
power output of a turbine.
➢ Further-more the upper part of runner blades are designed in such a way that they
use the pressure difference between the opposite faces of a blade created by
water flowing through it, same as the air-foil uses the pressure difference to
generate lift force. And the remaining part of the blade is designed like a small
bucket, which makes use of water’s kinetic energy. Thus runner blades make use of
both pressure energy and kinetic energy of water and rotates the runner in most
efficient way.
➢ The water coming out of runner blades would lack both the kinetic energy
and pressure energy, so we use the draft tube to recover the pressure as it
advances towards tail race, but still we cannot recover the pressure to that
extent that we can stop air to enter into the runner housing thus causing
cavitation.
28 PROBLEM 36
An inward flow reaction turbine develops 220 KW and 300 rpm under a head
of 15m. The inlet and outlet diameter of turbine are 2m and 1m
respectively. The width of the wheel at inlet is 0.2m and the flow rate of water
is 1.5 𝑚3/𝑠. The velocity of flow at outlet is 3 m/s and the discharge is radial.
Find the hydraulic efficiency, overall efficiency, vane angles and guide vane
angle at inlet.
29 KAPLAN TURBINE
➢ The Kaplan Turbine was developed in the year
1913 by Viktor Kaplan, who was a Austrian
Professor. This turbine is fitted with adjustable
blades. The blade angle changes automatically
by an oil-pressure servo- motor as the load
changes. The Kaplan turbine is purely axial.
There are usually 4 to 6 blades. The blades are
made of stainless steel.
30 KAPLAN TURBINE
➢ Kaplan turbine works on the principle of axial
flow reaction. In axial flow turbines, the water
flows through the runner along the direction
parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner. The
water at the inlet of the turbine possesses both
kinetic energy as well as pressure energy for
effective rotation of the blades in a hydro-
power station.
31 KAPLAN TURBINE
➢ The water coming from the pen-stock is made to enter the scroll casing. The
scroll casing is made in the required shape that the flow pressure is not lost.
The guide vanes direct the water to the runner blades. The vanes are
adjustable and can adjust itself according to the requirement of flow rate.
The water takes a 90 degree turn, so the direction of the water is axial to
that of runner blades.
➢ The runner blades start to rotate as the water strikes due to reaction force of
the water. The runner blades has twist along its length in order to have
always optimum angle of attack for all cross section of blades to achieve
greater efficiency.
32 KAPLAN TURBINE
➢ From the runner blades, the water enters into the draft tube where its
pressure energy and kinetic energy decreases. Kinetic energy gets converted
into pressure energy results in increased pressure of the water.
➢ The rotation of the turbine is used to rotate the shaft of generator for
electricity production.
33 APPLICATION
➢Kaplan turbines are widely used throughout the world for electrical power
production
➢ It can work more efficiently at low water head and high flow rates as
compared with other types of turbines
➢ It is smaller in size and easy to construct
➢ The efficiency of Kaplan turbine is very high as compares with other
hydraulic turbine
34 DISADVANTAGE
➢ The only disadvantage of kaplan turbine is cavitation, which occurs due to
pressure drop in draft tube. Use of draft tube and proper material generally
stainless steel for the runner blades may reduce the cavitation problem to a
greater extent.
35 SPECIFIC TURBINE
➢ For Comparing the turbines of different types, the concept of specific turbine
is quite useful.
➢ A specific turbine is an imaginary turbine which is identical in shape,
geometrical properties, blade angles etc. with the actual turbine but
reduced to such a size that it develops one horsepower under a unit head.
➢ In other words, a specific turbine is a small scale model of the actual turbine,
the dimensions of the model are such that it produces one horsepower under
a unit head.
36 SPECIFIC TURBINE
➢ The equation of specific speed is
➢ Specific speed is independent of the dimension or size of the actual turbine

and the specific turbine. All turbines of the same geometrical shape and
having the same efficiency will have the same specific speed.
37 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF TURBINES

➢ Hydraulic turbines gives their best performance when they are operated at
certain conditions of head, discharge, speed and output power
➢ Model turbines are tested under different conditions of head, discharge,
speed, power, efficiency. Results are plotted in the form of curves and are
known as performance characteristic curves.
➢ There are three types of characteristics curves
❖ Main characteristic curves / constant head curves
❖ Operating characteristic curves / constant speed curves
❖ Constant efficiency curves (Muschel curves)
38 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS CURVES

➢ Curves are drawn by conducting experiment at constant head. So, theses
curves are also known as Constant Head Curves
➢ Head and gate openings are kept constant and speed is varied by
varying load on the turbine
➢ For each value of speed, corresponding values of power and discharge are
obtained
39 PELTON TURBINE
40 FRANCIS TURBINE
41 KAPLAN TURBINE
42 SIGNIFICANCE OF MAIN CHARACTERISTICS CURVES

➢ Discharge of Pelton wheel depends only on gate opening
➢ Discharge decreases and increases respectively for Francis and Kaplan
turbines with increase in speed
➢ Power is maximum at a particular speed and so is efficiency
➢ Maximum efficiency of Pelton wheel occurs at same speed irrespective of
% of Gate Opening
43 OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS CURVES

44 OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS CURVES

➢ These curves are also known as Constant Speed Curves
➢ Kaplan turbine gives the best performance. This is because of adjusting the
vane angles and a high efficiency can be obtained
➢ The Propeller Turbine gives the worst performance
➢ Maximum efficiency is 85%

ME 223 - Lecture 15 - Turbines

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FLUID MECHANICS &

➢Turbine can be classified according to the following criteria

2. Direction of Flow of Water

3. Direction of the Shaft

❖ Example: Pelton wheel.

b) Nozzle with Control Mechanism:

12 WORK DONE BY PELTON WHEEL

13 WORK DONE BY PELTON WHEEL

Torque, 𝑇 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣[𝑣𝑤𝑅 − −𝑣𝑤1𝑅1 ]

14 WORK DONE BY PELTON WHEEL

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 [(𝑣 − 𝑢)+ k𝑣𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑] 𝑢

15 WORK DONE BY PELTON WHEEL

𝜌𝑎𝑣 (𝑣 − 𝑢)(1 + 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑) 𝑢

16 WORK DONE BY PELTON WHEEL

17 WORK DONE BY PELTON WHEEL

➢ If k=1 i.e. the vanes are very smooth, then,

➢ 𝜑 can’t be zero otherwise it strikes the bucket from backward

18 WORK DONE BY PELTON WHEEL

➢ The overall efficiency

➢ Specific speed is independent of the dimension or size of the actual turbine

37 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF TURBINES

38 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS CURVES

42 SIGNIFICANCE OF MAIN CHARACTERISTICS CURVES

43 OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS CURVES

44 OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS CURVES

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