Mankind Capitalist and Royalty

Mr. Jones: Cruel and neglectful farmer whom the animals overthrow. He represents Russia before the 1917 revolution. Individually,
he represents Czar Nicholas II (1868-1918), the autocratic ruler who was overthrown in the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Mrs. Jones - She represents the Tsar's wife, Alexandra.
Mr. Frederick: Operator of neighboring. Pinchfield farm. He attacks Animal Farm but is repulsed. He appears to represent Adolf
Hitler, whose forces attacked the Soviet Union in World War II but were defeated.
Mr. Pilkington (Capitalism) Owner of Foxwood (Leader of England). He doesn't represent one person in particular, but rather is a
composite of all of the leaders of England, France, and the United States. Russia was allied with the West during WWI, so you could
say they were “in bed” together. Russia had money troubles in part because of staying in WWI with the West.
Pigs The Communists
Napoleon Ruthless, power-hungry pig who eventually seizes control of Animal Farm and abolishes the idealistic rules of
government. Napoleon represents the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, who succeeded Lenin and ruled with an iron fist. He also
represents any tyrant of any age, such as Nero, Napoleon Bonaparte, Adolf Hitler, Idi Amin, or Pol Pot.
Squealer represents anyone who distorts the truth or tells outright lies to promote a cause. He runs the propaganda machine for Stalin.
Snowball represents Leo Trotsky. Trotsky was one of the original revolutionaries. But as Stalin rose to power he became one of
Stalin's biggest enemies, and was eventually expelled from the Politburo in 1925 - one year after Stalin took control of the nation. In
the novel, Snowball was exiled from the farm just as Trotsky had been in 1929. But Trotsky was not only exiled in body, he was also
exiled from the minds of the Russian people - His historical role was altered; his face cut out of group photographs of the leaders of
the revolution. In Russia he was denounced as a traitor and conspirator and in 1940 a Stalinist agent assassinated him in Mexico City.
Old Major - The father of 'Animalism'. He represents Karl Marx, but in some ways also symbolizes the original communist leader -
Vladimir Lenin. (In the book, Old major's skull is displayed in a similar manner to the way Lenin's remains were displayed to the
public)
Horses The Workers
Boxer represents the working class. Boxer is portrayed as being a dedicated worker, but as possessing a less-than-average intelligence.
His personal motto was, "I will work harder!" He represents the common people oppressed and manipulated by Joseph Stalin and his
Communist henchmen.

Dogs The Army - The "Dogs of War"

Dogs represent the military/police. They represent the secret police of totalitarian societies, such as the Soviet Union's Komitet
Gosudarstvennoj Bezopasnosti (Committee of State Security, known by the abbreviation KGB) and Nazi Germany's Geheime Staats
Polizei (Secret State Police, known by the acronym Gestapo).

Other Animals
Benjamin Old donkey on Animal Farm. He appears to represent realists who know that the Russian Revolution will not change
anything.
Rats & Rabbits - The rats and rabbits are the wild animals that live on the farm. They seem to represent beggars, thieves and gypsies.
Sheep - The sheep represent the masses at large. "Four legs good, two legs bad! Four legs good, two legs ba-a-a-a-d!" (Proletariat
good, Bourgeoisie bad) They spread the message of animalism.
Birds - Farmers, Clergy, and other 'non-labor' groups. (Black crow seeking outside help?)

Places
Animal Farm - The Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). 'Animal Farm' is the name the animals gave their farm after the revolution.
Manor Farm - Russia. 'Manor Farm' was the name of the farm when Jones ran it. Eventually, the Pigs decided that they preferred this
old name to the new moniker 'Animal Farm'.
Foxwood - Foxwood represents England.
Pinchfiled - Pinchfiled represents Germany.
Willingdon - All of the farms mentioned in the book are located in the city of Willingdon, which is a metaphor for Europe.
England - Since farms represent the various nations, England is a representation of the entire world.
The Farmhouse - (The Kremlin) Home of Mr. Jones (the Czar). After the revolution, there were some that wanted to destroy the
farmhouse, but it was decided to preserve it as a museum. (The Kremlin was saved in a similar manner) Eventually, Napoleon (Stalin)
decided to take up residence there.
The Red Lion - A Pub in Willingdon. This may represent the Royal Palace in England, or could merely represent one of the smaller
nations in Europe.

1
 Things Some of the Symbolism from the book.
Animalism - Communism
Hoof & Horn - Hammer and Sickle
Windmill - The windmill is a symbol for Stalin's 'Five-Year plan'. Just like the windmill was promised to make
the animal's life easier, the 'Five-Year Plan' was supposed to improve Soviet industry to the point that the
proletariats' life as well by increasing production and allowing the soviets to shorten the work-week. And just like
the windmill, Stalin's plan was an utter failure. After the destruction of the Windmill, the Animals decided to build
another one and in real-life, Stalin kept churning out new 'Five-year Plans' - promising that each new plan would solve
all of Russia's problems and bring the USSR closer to parity with the industrialized nations of the west.
Drinking of alcohol - After the revolution it is decided that animals should never again consume alcohol. After a short
time, the pigs ignored began to break this cardinal rule. This is a metaphor for the intoxicating effects of power.
'Milk' - Shortly after the revolution, the pigs are forced to decide what to do with the 'milk' (a reference to some sort of commodity).
The animals assume that the pigs will distribute it equally among the masses, and are shocked when they discover that the pigs have
decided to keep it for themselves.
'Apples' - The pigs decided to keep the apples as well.
Key Events A few of the Major Plot Points

The Animal Revolt - The Russian Revolution.

Battle of Cowshed - The Return of Jones-Red October. The battle of the Tsarists forces against the Bolsheviks. (The Reds vs. the
Whites) "The civil war between the Bolsheviks (Reds) and the anti-Bolsheviks (Whites) ravaged Russia until 1920. The Whites
represented all shades of anti-Communist groups, including members of the constituent assembly. Several of their leaders favored
setting up a military dictatorship, but few were outspoken czarists."
The hens’ revolt - This signifies the Ukrainian peasants’ bitter resistance to collective farming.
Destruction of the Windmill - This destruction is symbolic for the failure of the Five Year Plan. The Purges of 1936-38: "Napoleon
stood sternly surveying his audience; then he uttered a high-pitched whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded forward, seized four of
the pigs by the ear and dragged them, squealing with pain and terror, to Napoleon's feet...."
Selling of the wood to Frederick - Nazi-Soviet pact
Battle of the Windmill - Battle of Stalingrad - German Invasion of Russia during WWII.

Mr. Jones Czar Nicholas II- Russia before Battle of Reds vs. the Whites
the 1917 revolution Cowshed
Mr. Pilkington Capitalism-The West-Allies in Destruction of Stalin’s Purges of 1936-38
WWI France, England, U.S. the Windmill
Mr. Frederick Hitler Committee of Comintern (In March 1919
Napoleon Joseph Stalin Pigs leading members of the
Old Major Karl Marx Communist Party in Russia
Squealer Russian Media (propaganda) founded the Communist
Snowball Trotsky International (later known as
Boxer Proletariat Comintern). The aim of the
Mollie Loyal Working Class organization was to fight "by all
Dogs Secret Police available means, including
Birds Peasants armed force, for the overthrow of
Moses Russian Orthodox Church the international bourgeoisie and
Hens Peasant Farmers for the creation of an
Sheep The Message international Soviet republic as a
transition stage to the complete
Animal Farm The Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.)
abolition of the State").
Manor Farm Russia
Farmhouse The Kremlin
Animalism Communism
Hoof & Horn Hammer and Sickle
Windmill Stalin's 'Five-Year Plan'
Animal Revolt The Russian Revolution
2