Youth Unemployment :Social Balance Sheet -Entrepreneurship Strategy towards job creation The interim social balance sheet

describes the energy and vibrancy of the youth as the asset and also the liability of the nation if not handled intelligently. India is a case of huge unemployment on one hand, transitional struggle of the nation to tame its energy towards gainful alternate employment on the other. Defining Issues

India accounts for 2.4 per cent of the worlds surface area, but ironically it supports 16.7 per cent of the world population. Consequently, the census of India 2001 has proved to be a tremendous eye opener to the fact that we have crossed the 1 billion mark, as far as its population is concerned. To be more precise, the population of India as on INDIA an ove w rvie March 1, 2001 India has been S urface Area - 2.4% of Worlds total enumerated at Population 16.7% of Worlds total 1.027 billion. (1.027 billion as on March 2001) (Rural Population 72.2%, Urban 27.8%) Examining this Poverty Ratio overburdened Rural 27.1% - Urban 23.6% Employment & Labour (year 2000) situation of our Total Employment 397 million (39.54%) country, one of Total Labour Force 406 million (40.44%) the major In India, nearly 91% of employment is problems, which in the informal sector (agriculture, draw our labour, self-employed, casual labour etc.) attention, is that of unemployment the root cause of numerous socio-economic disorders that has infected our country for years together.

Table 1 Statistics on Youth: Employment Indicators, Year 1985 Dimensions Economic activity Economic activity Annual growth rate Annual growth rate Age 15-19 20-24 15-19 20-24 47% 84% n/a n/a Male 27% 40% n/a n/a Female

Youth and Labour Force in percent: 25% (M-17%) (F-8%) (1985) Total Unemployment in per cent: 13.2% (1994) Youth Unemployment in the age group of 15-24: 59.5% (1985)
Employment Indicators: Yearbook of Labour Statistics (ILO, Geneva, 1985); Yearbook of Labour Statistics (ILO, Geneva, 1996). When no recent data was available, Youth Movements of the World, United Kingdom; 1990 was used.

Sources:

Social Sector
Development of the countrys vast human resources potential is essential for sustaining higher levels of growth and ensuring better living conditions for people. The central support for human resources and social sector development in the country has progressively increased throughout the 1990s. The Central Government expenditure (plan and non-plan) on education, health, family welfare, nutrition, sanitation, rural development, housing, social welfare etc. has increased from Rs 9,608 crore in 1992-93 to Rs 40,205 crore in 2001-02 (BE). As a proportion of total expenditure, the combined plan and non-plan Central expenditure on these areas increased from 8.1 per cent in 1992-93 to 10.7 per cent in 2001-02 (BE). Similarly, as a proportion of GDP at current price. The central Government expenditure on social services increased from 1.3 per cent in 1992-93 to 1.8 per cent in 2001-02 (BE).

The Private Sector Participation-for employment

A private sector aims at all commercial activities - individually, cooperatively or community organized- with the sole intention of making a profit. The private sector focus group sees a knowledgeable work force as a fundamental component of meeting the challenges of globalisation in the information age. Making profit has to be accepted as positive indicator of economic growth, leading to employment generation.

The growth in importance of nonPopulation, Employment & Labour Force : Declining Growth Rate government organisation in 9 G r o w th R a te recent decades of 8 have motivated E m p lo ym e n t 7 new lines of 6 thought regarding 5 G r o w th R a te the role of NGOs 4 of Labour and the society in F o rc e 3 2 general. Since the 1 theory regarding P o p u l a ti o n 0 role of NGOs are G r o w th R a te still relatively Y e a r e n d in g 5 y e a r p la n s underdeveloped, there are many definitions and principles that have not been fully assimilated in the literature of administration. In practice, there are many inconsistencies in the ways that concepts are used to define the activity and influence of NGOs. Thus, typically, people use the term NGO when they have in mind non- commercial organisations, which is not the case. Self support NGO must work like business to stand at their than to seek donation all the time. Social organizations have yet to play key role as private partner in the effort of the state to generate employment, though, society is acutely victim of social disorder amidst growing population of educated unemployed youth. State does not consider them as an asset instead a compulsive subcontractor of the development task to perform on their behalf. NGOs/private sector are not at the same level with the State. Level playing is demanded but never get registered in the new economic scenario.
P e rce n ta g e
1978 1983 1988 1994 2000

Existing Social Reality

India- a country of fine art and craft, culture, civilization etc., also encompasses within its vastness certain vagaries such as poverty, unemployment, illiteracy and so on and so forth. All these problems come in a vicious circle wherein each one is a cause and each one is an effect. It is strongly believed that growing globalisation and competition with tightened fiscal policies is adversely affecting the employment scenario. It demands high cost efficacy ,therefore, employmnet generation is first casuality .Every new or established venture looks for sustained business with greater cost efficacy .Expecting Government to create jobs has become undesirable postulate. Nor it is possible in todays context. Past has been a protected economy present is in transitional form but future is explosive and poses serious threat to social equilibrium amidst growing youth unemployment. Several recent studies indicate that poverty is on the rise in India. As per the results derived out of the National Sample Survey, the percentage of rural poor in India increased from 35 per cent in 1991 to 38.5 percent in 1997, whereas in

urban areas there has been a decline in poverty from 35.3 per cent to almost 34 per cent. The overall population, estimated to be under the poverty line, is anywhere between 320- 400 million. With such a huge amount of poverty rising in India, an effort to put an end to it seems inevitable. Unemployment may seem one of the major reasons for such a pitiable plight 28.11 27.37 25.71 30 of the Indian 24.01 25 19.41 economy. It is 19.44 18.32 16.46 20 definitely a 15 roadblock for an 8.7 7.93 7.55 7.39 10 overall development 5 of our country. The 0 public sectors 1983 1988 1994 2000 contribution in the Y ear field of employment has just been 193.14 O rg a n is e d S e c t o r E m p lo y m e n t P u b lic S e c t o r P riva t e S e c t o r lakh persons in the year 2000. In the case of the private sector the employment rate has been 86.46 lakh persons in the same year. As far as NGOs are concerned, the amount of employment in the sector rarely accounts for 2 to 5 per cent of the overall employment . The social product (social benefit) derived from the activity of this sector may be substantial, but it is hard to measure such things as psychological gains social reassurance, hope, and so on which might be some of the most important social benefits of the NGO sector. In any event, the absolute size of the third sector even in advanced societies, is very small and relies heavily for its support upon the successful functioning of the commercial private sector. According to the Planning Commission, the overall employment is estimated to have grown by about 1 per cent per annum during the period 1987-88 to 1993-94. The decline in employment growth is associated with the lower growth of population and labour force witnessed during this period. Organised sector (both public and private) employment grew by 0.53 per cent per annum during 1993-94 to 1999-2000. While public sector employment experienced an absolute decline of 0.03 per cent during 1994-2000, employment in private sector grew by 1.87 per cent during the period. The decline in the rate of growth of public sector employment can be attributed to the on- going process of restructuring in various public sector enterprises, as well as the ban on recruitment being implemented by various state departments/organisations for reducing non- plan government expenditure.
ORGANISED SECT EMPLOYMENT OR DURING LAST 10 YEARS

There has been a constant tug of war amongst the three sectors of the society as far as the employment scenario is concerned. Each of the sectors has their own

Num ber in M illion

pros and cons. The final decision of choosing one out of the rest is left to us. In order to judge which one is the best alternative, we need to study about each sector in detail. The government, SECTOR WISE EMPLOYMENT GROWTH : which is considered EMERGING SOCIAL SECTOR to be the caretaker 4% and assumes 5% 9% responsibility of governance has a 10% very tough responsibility to fulfill. So much so 60% that, it more often 12% than not proves to be a headache for Ag ricu ltu re Ma n u fa ctu rin g them. This Tra d e C o m m u n ity S o cia l & P e rs o n a l S e rvice s pressurising C o n s tru ctio n Tra n s p o rt, S to ra g e , C o m m n . responsibility is that of making these citizens of the country economically independent and self-reliant. But this may not prove to be an easy task for the public sector, what with the Indian population crossing the 1 billion mark. While the public sector is vast, the employment scenario is very limited. There might seem to be a large scope for employment in this sphere but unfortunately the myth of its potential has been eroded. The paradigm shift in the employment structure has come up from massive VRS scheme taken up by the public sector. It is no longer an employment granting body of the government. Nor Government can afford to do for obvious reasons what it has come to be. Growth opportunities in these sectors are extremely slow which leads to a stagnation in the entire hierarchy. Such is the condition here that talent of an employee is wasted for no reasons at all. The economic restructuring of the government organisations has led to vast unemployment. With the public sector selling off its industries to the private sector, more and more people are getting robbed off their jobs. Idle youth resource need to get job opportunities at the same time state organisation must be converted cost and service effective. Competitiveness of the global market has posed serious challenge to excel to survive or pack up. Globalisation has forced the private players to look for profit for survival than address the youth employment. Employment generation at the ground level has been shrinking in terms of the net worth ,growing youth unrest leading to violence and crime as a gainful employment has become matter of serious concern all over the world. India is no exception to that

Alternate employment: through entrepreneurship and multiplying job creators

The concern has to be addressed by alternate employment strategy programme instead traditional mode of employment generation effort. How long we can make the state responsible for creating jobs. Can we create a climate where we produce job creators and make a proper climate for entrepreneurship development? The issue has to be addressed right at the micro level. However, the situation is not very easy and calm. Social restlessness is alarming in absence of gainful employment The anxiety of the government and its support system to address these issues are least perceptible. Older generations are moving out at an early age of mid fifties or so. Youth is expected to replace the job scenario and the vacancies created by them in the organisation. This does not seem to happen because the privatization and global recession etc. seem to become alibis to justify the underemployment and dwindling job opportunities. Are we asking youths to replace the older ones to fill the vacuum, or are we underutilizing the human resources who are capable of adding value to the nation? Are we ill managed in our perspectives ideas and expressions? If we strongly believe that the social sector, cooperatives and private sectors are going to fill up the gap and provide constructive job opportunities, why so much apathy in the government level to encourage and support them? If an impressionistic study indicates that 80 per cent of NGOs and human resources are managed and laid by youth between 25-40 years of age at ground level, yet they are underdeveloped. 70 per cent of them move to the sector since they have no option. Can we create options and opportunities viable to use so that they can make the system self-sustainable? Aseed being a lead NGO committed for entrepreneurship education made major intervention for alternate employment creation in the informal sector. Employment generation though grass root projects initiatives like, skill training, enterprise creation and micro credit linkages. In our limited experience( in select districts) of northern India, covering Haryana, U.P. Bihar & Punjab out of all the micro-enterprise created, (agriculture and allied sector), 80% of the beneficiaries who have gone are youth in the age group of 22 35 years. Reason of their entry into this sector has been reactive than a proactive stance, largely due to nonavailability of any better employment opportunity. This seems to be scene of many developing economies. The government may exist as a natural monopoly with respect to certain societal functions; the socio-political process has its own impact to the strategy of governance to meet the critical objective of employment generation. Yet, the job creation as value cannot be addressed as sole responsibility of the state. It would be worthwhile strategy to address this issue from the point of encouraging and

building job creators motivation and build their competencies and have proper growth climate. Govt.being a critical stakeholder of overall social-economic development programme, the process of developing alternate employment through instilling entrepreneurial spirit amongst youth raises greater social significance.The evolutionary theory of developing entrepreneurship has assumed relevance where basic attributes and mental set of young job creators has to be transplanted and nurtured carefully. New set of social values are emerging in transitional economy but a process of building socially relevant entrepreneurs has to evolve .State,and private players like NGOs/corporates and support agencies have to forge aggressive alliance in different development sector .