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Md. Rakibul Islam Reshad

Fahd Bin Zahed

Bio103

17 May 2024

Diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus is a long-term metabolic illness characterized by abnormally

high blood sugar levels(hyperglycemia). When we eat, the amount of glucose in our

blood increases and a hormone called insulin is released. Insulin removes excess glucose

from our system, resulting in a more steady and regular blood glucose level. Diabetes

patients' blood sugar levels stay high because insulin is insufficient, inadequate, or

ineffective. Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent, generally affecting adults.

Diabetes can be divided into the following broad categories: Type 1 diabetes

(caused by autoimmune beta-cell death, resulting in absolute insulin insufficiency) Type

2 diabetes (caused by a gradual loss of sufficient beta-cell insulin production, often in the

context of insulin resistance). Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy (diabetes diagnosed in

the second or third trimester of pregnancy that was not overt diabetes before gestation).

Diabetes prompted by other causes, such as monogenic diabetes syndromes (such as

neonatal diabetes and maturity-onset diabetes of the young), diseases of the exocrine

pancreas (such as cystic fibrosis and pancreatitis), and drug- or chemical-induced

diabetes (such as with glucocorticoid use, in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, or after organ

transplantation).(Association)

Diabetes' indications and symptoms are apparent. A diabetic patient is usually

weary, has a lot of hunger, and has a lot of thirsts since their mouth is always dry.
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Wounds are difficult to heal and require a long time to heal. Some patients experience

unexpected weight loss.

Hyperglycemia is very dangerous. Hypoglycemia can have a significant impact

on people's lives due to its ability to alter brain function. According to the findings of the

study, hypoglycemia is related to an increased risk of cardiovascular events and death.

Various pathways by which hypoglycemia may cause cardiovascular events have been

found in experimental research and ventricular arrhythmias have been documented to be

generated by hypoglycemia in clinical trials, with one case reporting abrupt death during

a severe episode. According to emerging data, the link between hypoglycemia and

cardiovascular events and death is likely to be complex. Confounding is most likely a

factor in the link, with hypoglycemia happening more frequently among patients with

comorbidities, who are also more likely to die than those without.(“Hypoglycaemia,

Cardiovascular Disease, and Mortality in Diabetes: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and

Management.”)

The presence of persistent hyperglycemia is sufficient for the diagnosis of

diabetes mellitus. Glycemia is divided into three types: diabetic type, borderline type, and

normal type. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) or higher, and/or

plasma glucose 2 hours after 75 g glucose load (2hPG) of 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) or

higher, are considered diabetic. A casual plasma glucose (PG) level of more than or equal

to 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) also suggests diabetic type. FPG is considered normal when it

is less than 6.1 mmol/l (110 mg/dl) and 2hPG is less than 7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl). Those

who are neither diabetic nor normal types are categorized as borderline. These are the

cutoff values for venous PG measurements.(Kuzuya et al.)


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Due to their reported pronounced biological effects concerning multiple metabolic

factors associated with diabetes, there is emerging evidence that isoflavonoids, whether

dietary or obtained from traditional medicinal plants, could play an important role as a

supplementary drug in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Based on

extensive in vitro and in vivo research, isoflavonoids have been shown to activate gene

expression via the stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs),

(alpha, gamma), modulate carbohydrate metabolism, regulate hyperglycemia, induce

dyslipidemia, reduce insulin resistance, and modify adipocyte differentiation and tissue

metabolism. Furthermore, these natural chemicals have been shown to reduce oxidative

stress via the oxidative signaling process and the inflammatory mechanism. As a result,

isoflavonoids are thought to be capable of preventing and slowing the advancement of

long-term diabetic problems such as cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy,

and retinopathy.(Ahmed et al.)

To conclude, diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a growingly

recognized problem that has been for some time. Once it becomes a part of a person's life,

it will invariably stay a significant part of the person who has been affected. It becomes

an uphill climb as one confronts it daily. There is still hope since scientific advances are

being made daily, and we are witnessing improvement in this sector as well. As

previously discussed, a period when managing diabetes mellitus would not appear to be a

major concern should not be too far away if such improvements continue.
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Bibliography

Ahmed, Qamar Uddin, et al. “Medicinal Potential of Isoflavonoids: Polyphenols That

May Cure Diabetes.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 25, no. 23, Nov. 2020,

doi:10.3390/molecules25235491.

Association, American Diabetes. “2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards

of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020.” Diabetes Care, vol. 43, no. Supplement_1,

Dec. 2019, pp. S14–31, doi:10.2337/dc20-S002.

“Hypoglycaemia, Cardiovascular Disease, and Mortality in Diabetes: Epidemiology,

Pathogenesis, and Management.” The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology, vol. 7, no.

5, May 2019, pp. 385–96, doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30315-2.

Kuzuya, Takeshi, et al. “Report of the Committee on the Classification and Diagnostic

Criteria of Diabetes Mellitus.” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 55,

no. 1, Jan. 2002, pp. 65–85, doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(01)00365-5.

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