1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Artificial intelligence is a branch of science which deals with helping machines find solution
to complex problems in a more human like fashion. This generally involves borrowing
characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer
friendly way. A more or less or flexible or efficient approach can be taken depending on the
requirements established, which influences how artificial intelligent behaviour appears.
Artificial intelligence is generally associated with computer science, but it has many
important links with other fields such as math, psychology, cognition, biology and
philosophy among many others. Our ability to combine knowledge from all these fields will
ultimately benefit our progress in the quest of creating an intelligent artificial being. A.I is
mainly concerned with the popular mind with the robotics development, but also the main
field of practical application has been as an embedded component in the areas of software
development which require computational understandings and modelling such as finance and
economics, data mining and physical science. A.I in the field of robotics is trying to make a
computational model of human thought processes. It is not enough to make a program that
seems to behave the way human do. You want to make a program that does it the way
humans do it.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGE

Fig No1.1 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

1.2 Necessity of Artificial Intelligence

AI automates repetitive learning and discovery through data. But AI is different from
hardware-driven, robotic automation. Instead of automating manual tasks, AI
performs frequent, high-volume, computerized tasks reliably and without fatigue. For
this type of automation, human inquiry is still essential to set up the system and ask
the right questions.
AI adds intelligence to existing products. In most cases, AI will not be sold as an
individual application. Rather, products you already use will be improved with AI
capabilities, much like Siri was added as a feature to a new generation of Apple
products. Automation, conversational platforms, bots and smart machines can be
combined with large amounts of data to improve many technologies at home and in
the workplace, from security intelligence to investment analysis.
AI adapts through progressive learning algorithms to let the data do the programming.
AI finds structure and regularities in data so that the algorithm acquires a skill: The
algorithm becomes a classifier or a predictor. So, just as the algorithm can teach itself
how to play chess, it can teach itself what product to recommend next online. And the
models adapt when given new data. Back propagation is an AI technique that allows
the model to adjust, through training and added data, when the first answer is not
quite right.
AI analyzes more and deeper data using neural networks that have many hidden
layers. Building a fraud detection system with five hidden layers was almost
impossible a few years ago. All that has changed with incredible computer power and
big data. You need lots of data to train deep learning models because they learn
directly from the data. The more data you can feed them, the more accurate they
become.
AI achieves incredible accuracy though deep neural networks – which was previously
impossible. For example, your interactions with Alexa, Google Search and Google
Photos are all based on deep learning – and they keep getting more accurate the more
we use them. In the medical field, AI techniques from deep learning, image
classification and object recognition can now be used to find cancer on MRIs with the
same accuracy as highly trained radiologists.
 AI gets the most out of data. When algorithms are self-learning, the data itself can
become intellectual property. The answers are in the data; you just have to apply AI to
get them out. Since the role of the data is now more important than ever before, it can
create a competitive advantage. If you have the best data in a competitive industry,
even if everyone is applying similar techniques, the best data will win.

1.3 Objective of Artificial Intelligence

 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 History
The intellectual roots of AI, and the concept of intelligent machines, may be found in Greek
mythology. Intelligent artefacts appear in literature since then, with real mechanical devices
actually demonstrating behaviour with some degree of intelligence. After modern computers
became available following World War-II, it has become possible to create programs that
perform difficult intellectual tasks.

2.1.1 - Evolution in Artificial Intelligence

1950s: The Beginnings of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research

With the development of the electronic computer in 1941 and the stored program
computer in 1949 the condition for research in artificial intelligence is given, still the
observation of a link between human intelligence and machines was not widely observed
until the late in 1950.
The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run on the Ferranti Mark I
machine of the University of Manchester (UK): a checkers-playing program written by
Christopher Strachey and a chess-playing program written by Dietrich Prinz.
 The person who finally coined the term artificial intelligence and is regarded as the
father of the of AI is John McCarthy. In 1956 he organized a conference “the Dartmouth
college summer AI conference research project on artificial intelligence" to draw the talent
and expertise of others interested in machine intelligence of a month of brainstorming. In the
following years

AI research centers began forming at the Carnegie Mellon University as well as the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and new challenges were faced:

1) The creation of systems that could efficiently solve problems by limiting the search.
2) The construction of systems that could learn by themselves.

1958:
John McCarthy (Massachusetts Institute of Technology or MIT) invented the Lisp
programming language.

1960
By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U.S. was heavily funded by the
Department of Defence and laboratories had been established around the world. AI's founders
were profoundly optimistic about the future of the new field: Herbert Simon predicted that
"machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do" and Marvin
Minsky agreed, writing that "within a generation.
By the 1960’s, America and its federal government starting pushing more for the
development of AI. The Department of Defence started backing several programs in order to
stay ahead of Soviet technology. The U.S. also started to commercially market the sale of
robotics to various manufacturers. The rise of expert systems also became popular due to the
creation of Edward Feigenbaum and Robert K. Lindsay’s DENDRAL. DENDRAL had the
ability to map the complex structures of organic chemicals, but like many AI inventions, it
began to tangle(?) its results once the program had too many factors built into it... the
problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved". The same
predicament fell upon the program SHRDLU which would use robotics through a computer
so the user could ask questions and give commands in English.

1980
 In the early 1980s, AI research was revived (renew, refresh) by the commercial
success of expert systems, a form of AI program that simulated the knowledge and analytical
skills of one or more human experts. By 1985 the market for AI had reached over a billion
dollars. At the same time, Japan's fifth generation computer project inspired the U.S and
British governments to restore funding for academic research in the field. In the 1990s and
early 21st century,
achieved its greatest successes, albeit somewhat behind the scenes. Artificial intelligence is
used for logistics, data mining, medical diagnosis and many other areas throughout the
technology industry.

1990
From 1990s until the turn of the century, AI has reached some incredible landmarks
with the creation of intelligent agents. Intelligent agents basically use their surrounding
environment to solve problems in the most efficient and effective manner. In 1997, the first
computer (named Deep Blue) beat a world chess champion. In 1995, the VaMP car drove an
entire 158 km racing track without any help from human intelligence. In 1999, humanoid
robots began to gain popularity as well as the ability to walk around freely. Since then, AI has
been playing a big role in certain commercial markets and throughout the World Wide Web.
The more advanced AI projects, like fully adapting common sense knowledge, have taken a
back-burner to more lucrative industries.
 2.1.2 - Growth in Artificial Intelligence

3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT OR CONCEPT

3.1 How it Works

AI works by combining large amounts of data with fast, iterative processing and intelligent
algorithms, allowing the software to learn automatically from patterns or features in the data.
AI is a broad field of study that includes many theories, methods and technologies, as well as
the following major subfields:

Machine learning automates analytical model building. It uses methods from neural net-
works, statistics, operations research and physics to find hidden insights in data without ex-
plicitly being programmed for where to look or what to conclude.

A neural network is a type of machine learning that is made up of interconnected units (like
neurons) that processes information by responding to external inputs, relaying information
between each unit. The process requires multiple passes at the data to find connections and
derive meaning from undefined data.

Deep learning uses huge neural networks with many layers of processing units, taking ad-
vantage of advances in computing power and improved training techniques to learn complex
patterns in large amounts of data. Common applications include image and speech recogni-
tion.
Cognitive computing is a subfield of AI that strives for a natural, human-like interaction with
machines. Using AI and cognitive computing, the ultimate goal is for a machine to simulate
human processes through the ability to interpret images and speech – and then speak coher-
ently in response.

Computer vision relies on pattern recognition and deep learning to recognize what’s in a pic-
ture or video. When machines can process, analyse and understand images, they can capture
images or videos in real time and interpret their surroundings.

Natural language processing (NLP) is the ability of computers to analyse, understand and
generate human language, including speech. The next stage of NLP is natural language inter-
action, which allows humans to communicate with computers using normal, everyday lan-
guage to perform tasks.

Fig No. 3.1.1 - Sub-Field of Artificial Intelligence

3.2 Other Technologies Supporting AI:

Graphical processing units are key to AI because they provide the heavy compute power
that’s required for iterative processing. Training neural networks requires big data plus com-
pute power.

The Internet of Things generates massive amounts of data from connected devices, most of it
unanalysed. Automating models with AI will allow us to use more of it.

Advanced algorithms are being developed and combined in new ways to analyse more data
faster and at multiple levels. This intelligent processing is key to identifying and predicting
rare events, understanding complex systems and optimizing unique scenarios.

APIs, or application processing interfaces, are portable packages of code that make it possible
to add AI functionality to existing products and software packages. They can add image re-
cognition capabilities to home security systems and Q&A capabilities that describe data, cre-
ate captions and headlines, or call out interesting patterns and insights in data.
 4. FUNCTIONAL AND TECHANICAL DETAIL

4.1 Features of Artificial Intelligence

Technological advancements and fiction have always captivated us as humans. While the
hoopla around this technology is excessive, it is still in its infancy. So, let’s delve into the ex-
citing features of AI technology.
 Fig No. 4.1 – Features of Artificial Intelligence

1. Deep Learning

Artificial intelligence is when machines can execute tasks that would typically need human
intelligence. Deep learning, on the other hand, is a subset of machine learning in which artifi -
cial neural networks have several(deep) layers that allow learning so that the algorithm re-
peats a task, slightly adjusting it each time to improve the output.

In your house, for example, you’re likely to have Cortana, Alexa, or Siri. Deep learning is the
solution if you’ve ever wondered how Siri knows what to say in response to our questions.

2. Facial Recognition

Face recognition is one of the powers of Computer Vision Technology, which is based on
neural network algorithms. The target to find, recognize and differentiate faces are the goals
of this technique.

The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into facial recognition systems is one such ad-
vancement. Intelligent AI-based software can scan databases of faces in real-time and com-
pare them to one or more faces observed in a situation. You can receive 99.5 percent accur-
acy rates in a matter of seconds on standard data sets.

Face recognition software is being developed by a number of well-known companies who are
constantly developing and improving it. Deep Vision AI, which is now in the lead, excels in
facial recognition software. It has the rights to powerful computer vision technology that can
automatically understand photos and movies. It then converts the visual output into real-time
analytics, providing extremely useful information.
 Fig No. 4.2 – Process of Facial Recognition

3. Automate Boring and Tedious Tasks

“Siri, tell me a joke.”

“Alexa, Call Mom!”

The assistant can do it all, from calling any person to rescheduling an appointment on the cal-
endar to navigating us through the streets via navigation.

No matter how many times a task is given to an artificially intelligent system, it will do it and
continue to do so.
Previously, all of these tasks had to be completed manually, which took a lot of time and ef-
fort.

Hence, Automation would not only boost efficiencies, but would also cut overhead expenses
and, in some situations, create a safer working environment.

4. Data Ingestion

It is the process of transferring data from many sources of raw data into storage media. Data
analysts and scientists may access, use, and evaluate this data.
If you’ve ever looked at the long tally sheets of the economic gains of any business, you’ll
understand why ingesting and normalizing them into a database requires an artificial intelli-
gence technique. If done manually, it would be a massive undertaking, not to mention the po -
tential of countless blunders. However, by using enough log data to train algorithms with the
help of neural networks, this task provides an ideal example for using data science to dramat -
ically improve integrity management processes.

5. Imitates Human Cognition

Artificial intelligence is defined as the ability of machines to simulate human intellect

through behaviours including cognitive ability, memory, learning, and decision making.

An AI can successfully comprehend the world and respond appropriately in the same way as
people study their surroundings, form inferences, and then interact with it properly. It can
therefore mimic the way humans think and solve problems.

For instance, Text-to-speech (TTS) voices produced by Read speaker’s unique voice cloning
software are indistinguishable from the original.

Deep neural networks are used to train voice models using human speech samples. The tone
of the full neural TTS voice is determined by the audio data. The audio data is then chosen
from your speaker to create a duplicate voice that you can use in any of their TTS solutions.

6. Chatbots

New tools, known as chatbots have recently blown the market with the target of making hu-
man-computer connections easier. Chatbots are the newest tools in banking, meant to make
interactions between humans and computers easier.

What Is a Chatbot Exactly?

A chatbot is an AI software that can imitate a natural language discussion (or chat) with a
user via messaging apps, websites, mobile apps, or the telephone.

How much time do you want to devote to planning your next trip? Lyft chatbot cuts it down
to nearly nothing. Lyft may be requested via Slack, Messenger, or Alexa. This chatbot
demonstrates how an established service can use chatbots as a channel.
7. Quantum Computing

Quantum computing and artificial intelligence are both transformative technologies. Major
development in artificial intelligence will almost certainly necessitate quantum computing.

It can be used to speed up the training of machine learning models and create more efficient
algorithms. It can deliver an optimized and powerful AI capable of performing years of ana-
lysis in a short period of time, resulting in scientific improvements. Some of today’s AI’s
fundamental issues include adaptive machine learning and neuromorphic cognitive models.

For instance, Google in conjunction with the University of Waterloo, and Volkswagen, intro-
duced TensorFlow Quantum (TFQ). This is an open-source toolbox for quantum machine
learning.

Fig No. 4.3 – Application of Quantum Computing

8. Cloud Computing

Every day, digital assistants such as Cortona, Siri, Alexa, and Google Home integrate AI and
cloud computing into our lives. Users can now make purchases, phone someone, or listen to a
song played over a linked speaker while receiving quick verbal instructions. Thanks to a
smooth flow of AI and cloud-based resources, those requests become a reality.

The cloud and AI work well together in a variety of ways. Experts believe AI could be the
technology that revolutionizes cloud computing solutions. AI as a service enhances existing
cloud computing solutions while also opening up new avenues for growth. When cloud com-
puting and AI are combined, users will be able to not only store data, but also analyze it and
make conclusions from it.
 Fig No. 4.4 - Benefits of Artificial Intelligence in Cloud Computing

9. Preventing Natural Disasters

AI systems with the ability to analyze massive amounts of data will predict natural disasters
before they occur, preventing human deaths.

Given the value of AI systems that can predict what might happen, there are a variety of de-
velopments all over the world that are leveraging the benefits of this technology to make
huge strides forward in terms of responding to potential natural disasters.

Fujitsu is one of the companies working on this section. It is developing a system that will be
used to forecast floods caused by overflowing rivers. They aim to use AI to predict not only
predicted rainfall, but also how much rivers may rise, and therefore alert the authorities to
take immediate measures.

10. Futuristic

In recent years, artificial intelligence has had a significant impact on a variety of businesses.
This will continue to do so in the future also. Many industries, both corporate and public, are
leveraging AI for their advantage and growth as a result of the pandemic-induced accelera-
tion of technology adoption. AI has enabled many innovations and driven the proliferation of
technologies such as IoT, robotics, analytics, and voice assistants in recent years.

The future will foster the development of self-learning robots by utilizing AI’s latent capabil -
ities. The use of Generative Adversarial Networks in Reinforcement Learning and Training
will be addressed. AI will also serve as a torchbearer for sustainable technology, helping to
combat climate change by lowering pollution levels and stimulating green AI research
 Fig No. 4.5 – Futuristics of Artificial Intelligence

5. CONCLUSION

5.1 Applications

Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe,
etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heur-
istic knowledge.

Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that un-
derstands natural language spoken by humans.

Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software,
and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation
and advice to the users.

Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input
on the computer. For example,

o A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial in-
formation or map of the areas.
o Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
o Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the
stored portrait made by forensic artist.

Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and compre-
hending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks
to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in
human’s noise due to cold, etc.

Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text writ-
ten on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the let-
ters and convert it into editable text.
 Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They
have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperat-
ure, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple
sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of
learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.

Fig No. 5.1.1 – Application of Artificial Intelligence

5.2 Advantages And Disadvantages

Less Errors - errors are reduced and the chance of reaching accuracy with a greater
degree of precision is a possibility.
Faster Decisions - Using Artificial intelligence, decisions can be taken very fast.
Daily Applications - In today’s era, A.I. is used in many applications just like
Apple’s Siri, Window’s Cortana, Google’s OK Google. Using these types of ap-
plication we can communicate with our device using our voice. Which makes our
work easy.
 No Emotions - The complete absence of emotions makes machines to think logic-
ally and take right decision where in humans emotions are associated with moods
that can affect human efficiency.
No Breaks - Unlike humans, machines can work 24*7 without any break. H
Medical Applications - Increasing the integration of A.I. tools in every day medical
applications could improve the efficiency of treatments and avoid cost by minimiz-
ing the risk of false diagnosis.
Taking risks on behalf of humans - In various situations, Robots can be used in-
stead of Humans to avoid the risks.
Public Utilities - Self-Driving cars, which would greatly reduce the number of car
crashes. Facial recognition can be used for security. Natural language processing to
communicate with humans in their language

DIS-ADVANTAGES

High Costs - The hardware and software need to get updated with time to meet the
latest requirements.
Unemployment - The increasing number of machines leading to unemployment and
job security issues. As machines are replacing human resources, the rate of people
losing their jobs will increase.
Can’t think out of box - Robots can only do the work that they are programmed to
do. They cannot act any different outside of whatever algorithm or programming is
stored in their internal circuits.
Can’t feel Compassion and Sympathy - There is no doubt that machines are much
better when it comes to working efficiently but they cannot replace the human con-
nection that makes the team. Machines cannot develop a bond with humans.
High dependence on machines - In today's generation, most of the people are
highly dependent on Applications like Siri. With so much assistance from machine,
if humans do not need their thinking abilities, these abilities will be gradually de-
crease. In future with the heavy use of application of artificial intelligence, human
may become fully dependent on machines, losing their mental capacities.
No Replicating Humans - Intelligence is believed to be a gift of nature. An ethical
argument continues, whether human intelligence is to be replicated or not. Ma-
chines do not have any emotions and moral values. They perform what is pro-
grammed and cannot make the judgment of right or wrong. Even cannot take deci-
sions if they encounter a situation unfamiliar to them. They either perform incor-
rectly or breakdown in such situations.

Fig No. 5.2.1 – Pros And Cons of Artificial Intelligence

5.3 Conclusion

Till now we have discussed in brief about Artificial Intelligence. We have discussed
some of its principles, its applications, its achievements etc.

The ultimate goal of institutions and scientists working on AI is to solve majority of the
problems or to achieve the tasks which we humans directly can’t accomplish. It is for
sure that development in this field of computer science will change the complete sce-
nario of the world.

Now it is the responsibility of creamy layer of engineers to develop this field.

5.4 Future of AI

The present world is almost run by Artificial Learning. Alexa, Siri, Cortana and numerous
number of virtual assistants make our lives much faster. Ever since. The world ‘Artificial In-
telligence’ was coined in the year 1956, it has made little breakthroughs which were never
appreciated based on it has seen advancements that has changed humanity a lot.

Speech recognition, dancing robots and smart homes are some of the many applications of AI
in the present world. Check the image for a better idea of the timeline:

Fig No. 5.4.1 – Time line of Artificial Intelligence

However the future prospects of AI are more interesting:

1. Automated transportation will become a common thing in the future.

2. In future, humans will be able to augment themselves with robots.
3. There will be more numbers of smart cities as vehicles, phones, home appliances
will be run by AI.
4. ‘Home robots’ will help elder people with their day to day work.
5. Robots will take over hazardous jobs like bomb defusing, welding, etc.
 Fig No. 5.4.2 – Future of Artificial Intelligence

Education

The scope of Artificial Intelligence in the future is huge in various sectors, one of them being
education. With this technology in place, India can become the global leader in Artificial In-
telligence. Today, education has become extremely important, and with the large youth popu-
lation that India has, it is necessary that they get a quality education. Since AI is being imple -
mented in several sectors, it is important for the education field as well to upgrade its
strategies, keeping in mind the latest advancements in AI that can have an impact on this do-
main and the youth of today.
 Fig No. 5.4.3 – Artificial Intelligence in Education

First, it is important to make the country ready for AI. Planet code, Atal Innovation Mission’s
ATL AI-Base Module, etc. are a few steps that played a crucial role in implementing Artifi-
cial Intelligence in the Indian education sector, making the youth ready for the future.

With the country making progress in almost every sector, it is obvious that it aims to excel in
the most significant one, education. Artificial Intelligence makes this process easy and innov-
ative.

Cyber Security

Cyber Security has gained massive popularity over recent years, and Artificial Intelligence
has become extremely beneficial for this IT sector. Today, most organizations have either
already transferred their data to the cloud or are on the verge of doing so. To keep their data
safe from potential hackers and any sort of unauthorized access so that confidential business
information is not leaked, which can create utter chaos and havoc in any company, companies
need to detect and prevent such attacks.

Curbing hackers has been a big problem ever since cybercrimes started coming into the pic-
ture, and it has only escalated in the last few years. Fraud in credit cards is among the most
prevalent cybercrimes. With recurrent neural networks and other similar AI methods, com-
panies can detect this in the early stages.

Cognitive AI allows companies to detect external cyber threats and offer insightful analysis
so that they can make informed business decisions. With the help of Deep Learning networks
and Machine Learning algorithms, AI is becoming more capable of preventing advanced-
level cyber threats and protecting companies from malicious attacks.

Finance
There are several ways in which Artificial Intelligence has improved the finance industry
with its tools and technologies designed specifically for this domain. Zest Automated Ma-
chine Learning (ZAML), an AI-powered solution developed by Zest Finance, is an example.
This AI tool makes it feasible for financial organizations to assess their borrowers without
much information on them. Unlike many other underwriting systems, ZAML uses several
data points offering transparency. This makes it easy for lenders to assess the individuals who
may be ‘at risk.’

Similar to this, there are several other applications and end-to-end platforms built on AI de -
signed for financial organizations. This is just the beginning, and there is a lot that AI has to
offer to this sector.

According to a report published by Forbes, AI job opportunities have been consistently grow-
ing at the rate of 74% annually. It is a no-brainer that today, AI is one of the most in-demand
technologies and it has its impact in almost every field. As a result, demand for AI Engi-
neers is continuously surging. As there is a rise in the number of job opportunities, this is the
best time to explore your career in the field of AI.

As per the reports and surveys by the World Economic Forum, Artificial Intelligence is pre-
dicted to create tons of job opportunities for entry-level and experienced professionals across
various sectors in a few years.

There are already more than 55,000 jobs open for AI professionals alone in the United States
as per the job postings on LinkedIn.

According to PayScale, AI professionals earn about US$124,204 per year, and this figure can
increase based on their AI skills, knowledge, experience, company, job position, and other
similar factors.

There are millions of opportunities available for AI-certified professionals. Some of the ca-
reer options available for these individuals are listed below:
 AI Engineer
 Artificial Intelligence Programmer
 Machine Learning Engineer
 Data Scientist
 NLP Engineer
 Data Analyst
 AI Architect
 Deep Learning Engineer
 AI Software Engineer

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[4] Reference Websites https://narrativescience.com/

https://content.wisestep.com/advantages-disadvantages-artificial-intelligence/

[5] Boden. MA (2018) Artificial intelligence: A very short introduction. Oxford. ISBN 978-
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