Acid,

Base
In the realm of chemistry, acids are the troublemakers and bases are the peacekeepers

and
salt
 Acid, Base and Salt

CONTENTS

ACID, BASE AND SALT 3

ACID REACTS WITH METAL 3

ACID REACTS WITH METALS CARBONARE 3

ACID REACTS WITH HYDROGEN CARBONATE 4

ACID AND BASE REACT WITH EACH OTHER 4

ACID REACTS WITH WATER 4

BASE REACTS WITH WATER 5

PH SCALE 5

STRONG AND WEAK ACID BASE 6

PH OF SALT 7

SALTS OF STRONG ACID AND STRONG BASE: 7

SALTS OF STRONG BASE AND WEAK ACID: 7
SALTS OF STRONG BASE AND WEAK ACID: 7

IMPORTANCE OF PH IN EVERYDAY LIFE 8

PH SENSITIVITY OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS: 8

IMPORTANCE OF SOIL PH FOR PLANT GROWTH: 9
ROLE OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN DIGESTION: 9
ROLE OF PH IN TOOTH DECAY: 10

SALT 11

1. COMMON SALT (SODIUM CHLORIDE) AS A RAW MATERIAL: 11

2. SODIUM HYDROXIDE PRODUCTION 11
3. BLEACHING POWDER PRODUCTION: 11
4. BAKING SODA (SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE) PRODUCTION AND USES 12
5. WASHING SODA (SODIUM CARBONATE) PRODUCTION AND USES: 12

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 Acid, Base and Salt
PASTER OF PARISE 12

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 13

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 Acid, Base and Salt

ACID, BASE AND SALT

Property Acid Base Salt
Definition Substance that donates Substance that Compound formed by
H⁺ ions in solution donates OH⁻ ions the neutralization
in solution reaction between an acid
and a base
Examples Hydrochloric acid Sodium hydroxide Sodium chloride (NaCl),
(HCl), Sulfuric acid (NaOH), Potassium nitrate
(H₂SO₄) Ammonia (NH₃) (KNO₃)
Taste Sour Bitter Salty
pH Range <7 (typically) >7 (typically) Neutral (typically
around 7)
Conductivity Conducts electricity in Conducts Conducts electricity in
solution electricity in solution
solution
Reaction with Turns blue litmus Turns red litmus Does not affect litmus
litmus paper paper red paper blue paper
Reactivity with Can react with certain Generally do not Generally do not react
metals metals to produce react with metals with metals
hydrogen gas

ACID REACTS WITH METAL

 Type of reaction is a displacement reaction

 Acid + Metal  Salt+ Hydrogen gas

When acid reacts with metal it forms salt and hydrogen gas.

2HCL + Zn  ZnCl2 + H2

Zink Chloride

In this reaction, Zinc reacts with Hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride and
hydrogen gas

Here are some more example,

2HCl+MgMgCl2+H2

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 Acid, Base and Salt
H2SO4 + Fe FeSO4 + H2

6HNO3 + 2Al  2Al(NO3)3+3H2 + 6NO2

ACID REACTS WITH METALS CARBONARE

 Type of reaction – Neutralization reaction

 Acid + Metal Carbonate  Salt + carbon dioxide + water

Example,

2HCl+CaCO3CaCl2+CO2 + H2O

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) reacting with sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) found in baking
soda: H2SO4+Na2CO3Na2SO4+H2O+CO2

Nitric acid react (HNO3) react with potassium carbonate (K2CO3)

2HNO3+K2CO32KNO3+H2O + CO2

ACID REACTS WITH HYDROGEN CARBONATE

 Acid + Hydrogen carbonate  Salt + carbon dioxide + water

For example, when hydrochloric acid (HCl) reacts with hydrogen carbonate
(HCO-3) produces Cl-, carbon dioxide and water

HCl + HCO3-  Cl- + CO2 + H2O

ACID AND BASE REACT WITH EACH OTHER

 Type – Neutralization reaction

 Acid + Base  Salt + Water

HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O

ACID REACTS WITH WATER

When acids react with water, they can undergo a process called ionization or
dissociation, where they donate a proton (H+) to water molecules, forming hydronium
ions (H3O+) and the conjugate base of the acid. This process can be represented by the
following general formula:

Acid+ water → hydronium ion + conjugate base

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 Acid, Base and Salt
HCL+ H2O  H3O++Cl

BASE REACTS WITH WATER

When a base reacts with water, it undergoes a process called ionization or
dissociation, where it breaks apart into its constituent ions. Bases are substances
that produce hydroxide ions (\(OH^-\)) when dissolved in water. The reaction of a
base with water typically proceeds as follows:

Base + Water Hydroxide ions+ OH-+ Conjugate acid

For example, let's consider the reaction of sodium hydroxide NaOH with water:

NaOH(aq) + H2O (l)Na+(aq)+ OH-(aq) + H2O(l)

In this reaction, sodium hydroxide dissociates into sodium ions Na + and hydroxide
ions (OH-), while water acts as a proton acceptor and forms hydroxide ions. The
sodium ions (Na+) remain dissolved in the solution.

The resulting solution will be basic due to the presence of hydroxide ions. The pH
of the solution will increase because of the concentration of hydroxide ions. The
stronger the base, the more hydroxide ions will be produced, leading to a higher
pH.

PH SCALE
The pH scale is a measure used to specify the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a
solution. It ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being considered neutral. pH values below 7
indicate acidity, while pH values above 7 indicate alkalinity. The pH scale is
logarithmic, meaning that each whole pH value below 7 is ten times more acidic than
the next higher value. For example, a pH of 4 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 5,
and a pH of 3 is one hundred times more acidic than a pH of 5.

Here's a breakdown of the pH scale:

 pH 0 to 6: Acidic - Solutions with pH values between 0 and 6 are

considered acidic. The lower the pH value, the stronger the acid.

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 Acid, Base and Salt
 pH 7: Neutral - Solutions with a pH of 7 are considered neutral. Pure
water at 25°C has a pH very close to 7.

 pH 8 to 14: Basic (Alkaline) - Solutions with pH values between 8 and

14 are considered basic or alkaline. The higher the pH value, the
stronger the base.

 It's important to note that the pH scale is logarithmic, meaning that a

change of one pH unit represents a tenfold change in the concentration
of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution. For example, a solution with a pH
of 3 has ten times more hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 4.

The pH scale is crucial in various fields, including chemistry, biology, environmental

science, and medicine, as it helps determine the properties and behaviour of
substances in solution and their impact on living organisms and the environment.

Fig – pH Scale

STRONG AND WEAK ACID BASE

Type Defination Example

Strong Acid An acid that ionizes Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
completely in solution, completely dissociates into
yielding a high H⁺ and Cl⁻ ions in water.
concentration of hydrogen
ions (H⁺).
Weak Acid An acid that only partially Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)
ionizes in solution, yielding only partially dissociates
a low concentration of into H⁺ and acetate ions in
hydrogen ions (H⁺). water.

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 Acid, Base and Salt

Strong Base A base that ionizes Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

completely in solution, completely dissociates into
yielding a high Na⁺ and OH⁻ ions in water.
concentration of hydroxide
ions (OH⁻).

Weak Base A base that only partially Ammonia (NH₃) only

ionizes in solution, yielding partially reacts with water to
a low concentration of produce NH₄⁺ and OH⁻
hydroxide ions (OH⁻). ions.

PH OF SALT

SALTS OF STRONG ACID AND STRONG BASE:

When a salt is formed from the reaction between a strong acid and a strong base, such
as sodium chloride (NaCl), the resulting solution is neutral with a pH value of 7.

This is because both the cation (from the base) and the anion (from the acid) do not
undergo any significant hydrolysis and do not affect the pH of the solution.

SALTS OF STRONG BASE AND WEAK ACID:

o Conversely, salts formed from the reaction between a strong base and a weak
acid, such as sodium acetate (CH3COONa), resulting in a basic solution with a
pH value greater than 7.

o The basic nature is due to the hydrolysis of the weakly acidic cation (e.g., Na+)
which reacts with water to produce OH− ions, thus increasing the pH of the
solution.

SALTS OF STRONG BASE AND WEAK ACID:

 Salts formed from the reaction between a strong base and a weak acid are known as basic
salts. These salts undergo hydrolysis in water, resulting in a solution that is slightly basic.

 Let's consider an example: sodium acetate (CH3COONa). Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a

weak acid, while sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base. When sodium hydroxide
reacts with acetic acid, it forms sodium acetate and water:

 CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

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 Acid, Base and Salt
 In this reaction, sodium acetate is the salt formed. When this salt is dissolved in water, it
undergoes hydrolysis:

 CH3COONa + H2O ⇌ CH3COO− + Na+ + H2O

 The acetate ion (CH3COO-) reacts with water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-) and
acetic acid:

 CH3COO- + H2O ⇌ CH3COOH + OH-

 The net effect of this reaction is the production of hydroxide ions, making the solution
slightly basic.

 So, in summary, salts of strong bases and weak acids typically produce solutions with a
pH higher than 7 due to the presence of hydroxide ions from the hydrolysis of the salt.

IMPORTANCE OF PH IN EVERYDAY LIFE

PH SENSITIVITY OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS:

 Both plants and animals are sensitive to changes in pH levels.

o Living organisms, including plants and animals, typically thrive within a

narrow range of pH values.

o This range varies depending on the specific organism, but for many, it falls
within the range of approximately 6.5 to 7.5.

 Body pH Range:

o The human body, for example, operates within a pH range of about 7.0
to 7.8.

o This range is critical for the proper functioning of biological processes,

including enzyme activity and cellular functions.

 Impact of Acid Rain:

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 Acid, Base and Salt
o Acid rain occurs when the pH of rainfall drops below 5.6 due to the
presence of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the
atmosphere.

o When acid rain flows into rivers and bodies of water, it lowers the pH of
the water, making it more acidic.

o This decrease in pH can have detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems,

including fish, amphibians, and aquatic plants.

 Difficulty for Aquatic Life:

o As the pH of rivers and streams decreases due to acid rain, the survival
of aquatic life becomes increasingly difficult.

o Many aquatic organisms, including fish and amphibians, have adapted

to live within a specific pH range, and significant deviations from this
range can harm or even kill them.

o Acidic conditions can disrupt biological processes, damage tissues, and

affect reproduction and growth rates, ultimately leading to declines in
populations of sensitive species.

IMPORTANCE OF SOIL PH FOR PLANT GROWTH:

o Soil pH plays a crucial role in determining the health and growth of plants.

o Different plants have specific pH requirements for optimal growth and nutrient
uptake.

o Understanding the pH of the soil is essential for selecting suitable plants and
implementing appropriate soil amendments to ensure healthy plant growth.

ROLE OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN DIGESTION:

o The stomach produces hydrochloric acid as part of the digestive process.

o Hydrochloric acid helps break down food into smaller particles and aids in the
digestion of proteins.

Consequences of Excess Stomach Acid:

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 Acid, Base and Salt
o Sometimes, the stomach may produce an excessive amount of hydrochloric
acid, leading to conditions like indigestion.

o Excessive stomach acid can cause pain, irritation, and discomfort in the
stomach and esophagus.

Use of Antacids:

o Antacids are substances that help neutralize excess stomach acid, providing
relief from symptoms such as pain and irritation.

o They work by reacting with the excess acid to form water and a salt, effectively
reducing the acidity of the stomach contents.

Role of Magnesium Hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia):

o Magnesium hydroxide, commonly known as Milk of Magnesia, is a mild base

often used as an antacid.

o It works by neutralizing excess stomach acid, thereby alleviating symptoms of

indigestion.

o The mild nature of magnesium hydroxide makes it effective in neutralizing

acid without causing additional irritation to the stomach lining.

Benefits of Antacid Use:

o Antacids provide quick relief from symptoms of indigestion by neutralizing

excess stomach acid.

o They are readily available over-the-counter and are generally safe for
occasional use.

o Antacids are an essential part of managing digestive discomfort and promoting

gastrointestinal health.

ROLE OF PH IN TOOTH DECAY:

o Tooth decay begins when the pH of the mouth drops below 5.5.

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 Acid, Base and Salt
o At this acidic pH, tooth enamel, which is primarily composed of calcium
hydroxyapatite, starts to corrode.

Composition of Tooth Enamel:

o Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the body, primarily consisting of

calcium hydroxyapatite, a crystalline form of calcium phosphate.

o While tooth enamel does not dissolve in water, it corrodes when exposed to
acidic conditions with a pH below 5.5.

Bacterial Activity and Acid Production:

o Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids through the degradation of sugars
and food particles left behind after eating.

o These acids contribute to a decrease in the pH of the mouth, creating an acidic

environment that promotes tooth enamel erosion and decay.

Preventive Measures:

o Cleaning the mouth after eating is essential for preventing tooth decay.

o Using toothpaste, which is generally basic in nature, for cleaning teeth can help
neutralize excess acid in the mouth.

o Neutralizing the acidity helps maintain a more favourable pH environment in

the mouth, reducing the risk of tooth decay.

SALT

1. COMMON SALT (SODIUM CHLORIDE) AS A RAW MATERIAL:

o Common salt (sodium chloride) is a versatile raw material used in the
production of various everyday materials.

o It serves as a precursor for the synthesis of sodium hydroxide, baking soda,

washing soda, bleaching powder, and more.

2. SODIUM HYDROXIDE PRODUCTION

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 Acid, Base and Salt
o Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is produced via the chlor-alkali process by
electrolyzing aqueous sodium chloride (brine).

o This process yields sodium hydroxide, chlorine gas (Cl2), and hydrogen gas
(H2) as products.

o Sodium hydroxide finds applications in various industries, including paper,

textiles, and water treatment.

2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)

3. BLEACHING POWDER PRODUCTION:

o Chlorine gas produced during the electrolysis of sodium chloride is utilized in
the manufacture of bleaching powder.

o Bleaching powder, represented as CaOCl2, is formed by the reaction of

chlorine with dry slaked lime (Ca(OH)2).

o Bleaching powder is employed in textile bleaching, water treatment, and as an

oxidizing agent in chemical industries.

Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  CaOCl2 + H2O

4. BAKING SODA (SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE) PRODUCTION

AND USES
o Baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3) is commonly used in
cooking and household applications.

o It can neutralize acids due to its alkaline nature, making it effective in relieving
stomach acidity when used as an antacid.

o Baking soda is utilized in baking powder formulations and as a leavening agent

to make bread and cakes rise.

NaCl + H2O + CO2  NH4Cl + NaHCO3

5. WASHING SODA (SODIUM CARBONATE) PRODUCTION AND USES:

o Washing soda (sodium carbonate, Na2CO3) is obtained from sodium chloride

and has numerous industrial and household applications.

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 Acid, Base and Salt
o It finds use in the manufacture of glass, soap, paper, and other sodium
compounds.

o Washing soda serves as a cleaning agent, water softener, and can remove
permanent hardness from water.

Na2CO3+10H2ONa2CO3.10 H2O

PASTER OF PARISE

o Plaster of Paris is produced by heating gypsum at 373 K, resulting in the

formation of calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO4 .0.5H2O.

o This material is used by doctors as a plaster for supporting fractured bones,

ensuring they remain in the correct position during healing.

o Plaster of Paris appears as a white powder and can be mixed with water to form
gypsum again, creating a hard solid mass.

o In its chemical formula, only half a water molecule is represented (0.5H 2O),
indicating that two formula units of calcium sulphate share one water molecule.

o It finds various applications, including making toys, decorative materials, and

smoothing surfaces.

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Why should curd and sour substances not be kept in brass and copper vessels?
Answer - Avoid storing curd and sour substances in brass and copper containers. These
metals react with acidic substances, producing harmful compounds that can contaminate the
food. Corrosion of the container can also lead to further contamination. Use inert materials
like glass, ceramic, or stainless steel to store acidic foods and prevent metal contamination.
The reaction between acidic foods like curd or sour substances and brass or copper vessels
involves the acidic substances reacting with the metal to form soluble copper compounds.
Here's the chemical reaction involved:

For copper:

Cu(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CuCl2(aq) + H2(g)

For brass (which is an alloy of copper and zinc):

Cu/Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CuCl2(aq) + H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)

In both reactions, the acidic substance (such as hydrochloric acid, HCl, which is present in
sour foods) reacts with the copper or copper-zinc alloy, forming soluble copper chloride
(CuCl2) and hydrogen gas (H2). This results in the release of copper ions into the food or
liquid being stored in the vessel. These copper ions can be harmful if ingested in large
quantities. Additionally, in the case of brass, zinc chloride (ZnCl 2) is also formed as a
byproduct of the reaction.

2. Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate with an
example. How will you test for the presence of this gas?
Answer –

When an acid reacts with a metal, hydrogen gas (H2) is usually liberated. This is a common
reaction observed when metals like zinc, magnesium, or aluminium react with acids such as
hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

Here's an example of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc metal:

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

In this reaction, zinc (Zn) reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form zinc chloride (ZnCl 2)
and hydrogen gas (H2).

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 Acid, Base and Salt
To test for the presence of hydrogen gas, you can perform the following test:

Collecting Gas: Place a small piece of metal (such as zinc) in a test tube and add an acid
(such as hydrochloric acid) to it. Cover the test tube with a stopper fitted with a delivery tube.
Ensure that the delivery tube is submerged in a container filled with water.

Observation: As the metal reacts with the acid, bubbles of gas will be evolved. These bubbles
are hydrogen gas.

Testing for Hydrogen: To confirm that the gas evolved is indeed hydrogen, bring a burning
splint near the open end of the delivery tube. Hydrogen gas burns with a 'pop' sound,
indicating its presence.

The overall chemical reaction for the test would be the same as the reaction between the
metal and the acid:

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

This reaction produces hydrogen gas, which is confirmed by the 'pop' sound when the gas is
ignited.

3. Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence. The
gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle. Write a balanced chemical equation for
formed calcium chloride.
Answer Based on the given information, metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric
acid to produce effervescence, and the gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle. Since the
gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle, it indicates the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2).

Given that the metal compound A reacts with hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride
(CaCl2), we can infer that metal compound A is likely calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric
acid is:

CaCO3(s)+2HCl(aq)→CaCl2(aq)+CO2(g)+H2O(l)

This equation indicates that when calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid, it forms
calcium chloride, carbon dioxide gas, and water. The carbon dioxide gas evolved is
responsible for extinguishing the burning candle.

4. Why do HCl, HNO3, etc., show acidic characters in aqueous solutions while solutions
of compounds like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic characters?

The difference lies in the ability of these substances to donate protons (H⁺ ions) in solution.

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 Acid, Base and Salt
1. Strong Acids (HCl, HNO₃, etc.): Substances like hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid
(HNO₃) are strong acids. When dissolved in water, they dissociate completely into ions. For
example, HCl dissociates into H⁺ and Cl⁻ ions. These H⁺ ions are what make the solution
acidic by increasing the concentration of H⁺ ions. This high concentration of H ⁺ ions leads to
a low pH, indicating acidity.

2. Weak Acids (Alcohols, Glucose, etc.): Compounds like alcohols (such as ethanol) and
glucose do contain hydrogen atoms, but they don't readily donate them as H ⁺ ions in water.
In the case of alcohols, for example, the hydrogen atoms are bonded to an oxygen atom,
which is not easily ionizable in water. Therefore, these substances do not significantly
increase the concentration of H⁺ ions in solution and thus do not exhibit acidic properties in
the same way as strong acids.

In summary, the ability of a substance to exhibit acidic properties in solution depends on its
ability to donate protons (H⁺ ions). Strong acids readily donate these ions, resulting in a low
pH and acidic behaviour, while weak acids do not donate protons as readily and therefore do
not exhibit significant acidic properties in aqueous solutions.

5. Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity?

An aqueous solution of an acid conducts electricity because it contains ions that are free to
move and carry electric charge.

When hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissolves in water, it breaks down into ions: H⁺ and Cl⁻.
These ions give the solution its acidic properties. H⁺ ions carry a positive charge, while Cl⁻
ions are negatively charged.

If an electric potential is applied to the solution, the ions can move towards the oppositely
charged electrode. H⁺ ions move towards the cathode (negatively charged electrode), while
Cl⁻ ions move towards the anode (positively charged electrode). This movement of ions
generates an electric current.

As a result, an aqueous solution of an acid can conduct electricity because it contains mobile
ions. It's important to note that the conductivity of the solution depends on factors such as the
concentration of ions and the strength of the acid. Strong acids, which dissociate completely
into ions, generally produce solutions with higher conductivity compared to weak acids.
6. Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper?

Dry HCl gas does not change the color of dry litmus paper because it does not produce
hydrogen ions (H⁺) in the absence of water. Litmus paper changes color in response to the
presence of hydrogen ions (acidic conditions) or hydroxide ions (basic conditions) in
solution.

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 Acid, Base and Salt
When HCl gas is dissolved in water, it forms hydrochloric acid (HCl(aq)), which dissociates
into H⁺ and Cl⁻ ions. The presence of H⁺ ions turns the litmus paper red, indicating an acidic
solution.

However, in the absence of water, dry HCl gas does not dissociate into ions, so it does not
produce H⁺ ions. Therefore, it does not change the color of dry litmus paper.

In summary, dry HCl gas does not affect the color of dry litmus paper because it does not
produce hydrogen ions in the absence of water.

7. While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water
and not water to the acid?

When diluting acid, it is important to add the acid to water and not the other way around. This
is because when concentrated acid is added to water, the acid molecules are dispersed
throughout the water, and undergo dissociation, which releases heat. This process is
exothermic because energy is released when chemical bonds are formed between the acid
molecules and water molecules.

If water were added to the concentrated acid instead, it would create a localized region of
high acidity. When water is added, the rapid dilution can cause violent splattering, as the heat
generated from the exothermic reaction causes the water to boil suddenly. This splattering
can be dangerous, as the hot, concentrated acid may splash out of the container and cause
burns or other injuries.

By adding the acid to water slowly and with stirring, the heat generated is dissipated more
evenly throughout the larger volume of water, reducing the risk of splattering and ensuring
safer dilution.

In summary, adding acid to water is the safer method for diluting acids, as it minimizes the
risk of sudden boiling and splattering.

8. How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) affected when a solution of an

acid is diluted?

When an acid is added to water, a fixed number of hydronium ions per volume of the solution
is present. Dilution reduces the number of hydronium ions per volume and concentration.

9. How is the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) affected when excess base is
dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide?

When an excess base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the

concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in the solution increases. Sodium hydroxide
dissociates completely in water to form sodium ions (Na+) and hydroxide ions (OH-), which
can be represented by the equation

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 Acid, Base and Salt
NaOH → Na+ + OH-.

When the excess base is added to a solution of sodium hydroxide, more (OH-) ions are
introduced into the solution. As sodium hydroxide is a strong base and completely
dissociates, the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution increases directly proportional
to the amount of excess base added. Therefore, the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in
the solution increases when an excess base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide.

10. What is the common name of the compound CaOCl2?

Answer – Bleaching powder

11. Name the substance which on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching powder.

Answer: Slaked lime Ca (OH)2.

The reaction is

Ca(OH)2+Cl2→Ca(ClO)2+H2O

12. Name the sodium compound which is used for softening hard water.

Answer: Sodium carbonate

The reaction is

Na2CO3+Ca2+→CaCO3+2Na+

13. What will happen if a solution of sodium hydrocarbonate is heated? Give the equation
of the reaction involved.

The solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate on heating gives sodium carbonate and carbon
dioxide gas is evolved.

2NaHCO3→Na2CO3+H2O+CO2

14. Write an equation to show the reaction between the plaster of Paris and water.

CaSO4⋅1/2H2O (s)+H2O (l)→CaSO4⋅2H2O (s)

15. A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be

(a) 1

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 Acid, Base and Salt
(b) 4

(c) 5

(d) 10

Answer: (d) 10

16. A solution reacts with crushed egg-shells to give a gas that turns lime-water milky.
The solution contains

(a) NaCl (b) HCl (c) LiCl (d) KCl

The solution likely contains an acid, which reacts with the calcium carbonate present in
crushed eggshells to produce carbon dioxide gas. This carbon dioxide gas, when passed
through lime water (which is a solution of calcium hydroxide), forms calcium carbonate,
which is insoluble and gives lime water a milky appearance.

So, the solution likely contains acid, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) that reacts with the
calcium carbonate in the eggshells. The overall reaction can be represented as follows:

CaCO3+2HCl→CaCl2+CO2+H2O

CaCO3+H2SO4→CaSO4+CO2+H2O

In both cases, the carbon dioxide gas produced turns lime-water milky due to the formation of
calcium carbonate. So write answer is HCL

17. 10 mL of a solution of NaOH is found to be completely neutralised by 8 mL of a

given solution of HCl. If we take 20 mL of the same solution of NaOH, the amount
HCl solution (the same solution as before) required to neutralise it will be

(a) 4 mL (b) 8 mL (c) 12 mL (d) 16 mL

To solve this problem, we can use the concept of equivalent concentrations.

Given that 10 mL of NaOH solution requires 8 mL of HCl solution for complete

neutralization, the ratio of volumes of NaOH to HCl is:

10 ml NaOH 5
=
8 ml HCL 4

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 Acid, Base and Salt
So, the ratio of volumes of NaOH to HCl is 5:4.

Now, if we take 20 mL of the same NaOH solution, we can find out how much HCl solution
is needed for neutralization by maintaining the same ratio.

20 ml NaOH x 4 16
Volume of HCl Solution = = =16 ml
5 5

So, the amount of HCl solution required to neutralize 20 mL of the same NaOH solution is 16
mL. Therefore, the answer is (d) 16 mL.

18. Which one of the following types of medicines is used for treating indigestion?

(a) Antibiotic

(b) Analgesic

(c) Antacid

(d) Antiseptic

The correct answer is (c) Antacid.

Antacids are medicines used to treat indigestion, which is typically caused by excessive
stomach acid. Antacids work by neutralizing the acid in the stomach, providing relief from
symptoms such as heartburn, acid reflux, and stomach discomfort. They do not treat the
underlying cause of indigestion but provide temporary relief from its symptoms. Examples of
antacids include calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminium hydroxide.

19. Write word equations and then balanced equations for the reaction taking place when
–

(a) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules.

Dilute sulphuric acid + Zinc granules → Zinc sulfate + Hydrogen gas

Balanced equation: H2SO4+Zn(s)→ZnSO4)+H2

(b) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon.

Word equation: Dilute hydrochloric acid + Magnesium ribbon → Magnesium chloride +

Hydrogen gas

Balanced equation: 2HCl(aq)+Mg(s)→MgCl2+H2

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(C) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder.

Dilute sulphuric acid + Aluminium powder → Aluminium sulfate + Hydrogen gas

Balanced equation: 3H2SO4+2Al→Al2SO4(aq)+3H2(g)

(d) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron filings.

Dilute hydrochloric acid + Iron filings → Iron chloride + Hydrogen gas

Balanced equation: 2HCl(aq)+Fe(s)→FeCl2+H2

20. Compounds such as alcohols and glucose also contain hydrogen but are not
categorised as acids. Describe an Activity to prove it.

Though compounds like alcohol and glucose contain hydrogen but they do not ionise in the
solution to produce H+ ions on passing current through them.

(i) Take solutions of alcohols and glucose.

(ii) Fix two nails on a cork, and place the cork in 100 mL
beaker.

(iii) Connect the nails to the two terminals of a 6 volt

battery through a bulb and a switch, as shown in the given
Figure.

(iv) Now pour alcohol in the beaker and switch on the

current.

(v) The bulb does not glow.

(vi) Repeat the experiment with glucose. The bulb does not
glow in this case also.

(vii) This means no ions or H+ ions are present in the solution.

This shows that alcohols and glucose are not acids.

21. Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rainwater does ?

Distilled water does not conduct electricity because it does not contain any ionic compound
(like acids, bases or salts) dissolved in it.

Rainwater, while falling to the earth through the atmosphere, dissolves an acidic gas carbon
dioxide from the air and forms carbonic acid (H 2CO3). Carbonic acid provides hydrogen ions,

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H+ (aq) and carbonate ions, CO32 to rainwater. Hence, due to the presence of carbonic acid
which provides ions to rainwater, the rainwater conducts electricity.

22. Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water?

The acidic behaviour of acids is due to the presence of hydrogen ions, [H+ (aq) ions], in
them. The acid produces hydrogen ions only in the presence of water. So in the absence of
water, an acid will not form hydrogen ions and hence will not show its acidic behaviour.

23. To answer the questions, let's first understand the pH scale:

pH 7 is considered neutral.

pH values below 7 are acidic, with lower pH values indicating stronger acidity.

pH values above 7 are alkaline (basic), with higher pH values indicating stronger alkalinity.

Now let's analyze the given pH values:

(a) Neutral: Solution D has a pH of 7, so it is neutral.

(b)Strongly alkaline: Solution C has a pH of 11, indicating strong alkalinity.

(c) Strongly acidic: Solution B has a pH of 1, indicating strong acidity.

(d) Weakly acidic: Solution A has a pH of 4, indicating weak acidity.

(e) Weakly alkaline: Solution E has a pH of 9, indicating weak alkalinity.

Now, let's arrange the pH values in increasing order of hydrogen ion concentration:

Solution B (pH = 1) - Strongly acidic< Solution A (pH = 4) - Weakly acidic < Solution D
(pH = 7) – Neutral < Solution E (pH = 9) - Weakly alkaline < Solution C (pH = 11) -
Strongly alkaline

So, the increasing order of hydrogen ion concentration is: B < A < D < E < C.

24. Equal Lengths of Magnesium Ribbons are Taken in Test Tubes A and B.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is Added to Test tube A, While Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) is
Added to Test Tube B. In Which Test Tube will the Fizzing Occur More vigorously
and Why?

The fizzing occurs strongly in test tube A, in which hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added. This is
because HCl is a stronger acid than acetic acid (CH3COOH) and generates more hydrogen
(H+) ions. Therefore, HCl produces hydrogen gas at a faster rate due to which fizzing occurs.

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25. fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change as it turns into curd ?
Explain your answer.

pH of milk falls below 6 as it turns into curd due to the formation of lactic acid during this
process. Lactic acid present in it reduces its pH value.

26. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.

(a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?

The milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk to shift its pH from 6 to
slightly alkaline. This is done to prevent the milk from souring easily due to the formation of
lactic acid in it. By making the milk slightly alkaline, the growth of bacteria that produce
lactic acid is inhibited. Lactic acid bacteria thrive in an acidic environment, so by raising the
pH slightly, the milkman can slow down the growth of these bacteria and delay the souring of
the milk.

(b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?

When milk is made slightly alkaline by the addition of baking soda, it takes a longer time to
set into curd because the lactic acid being formed during the fermentation process has to first
neutralize the alkali present in it. The alkali present in the milk reacts with the lactic acid
produced by the fermentation process, forming a salt and water. This neutralization reaction
slows down the overall process of curd formation, resulting in a longer setting time compared
to milk that hasn't been made alkaline.

27. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container. Explain why?

Plaster of Paris (POP) should be stored in a moisture-proof container because it is a powdery

mass that can absorb water or moisture to form a hard solid mass known as gypsum. The
reaction takes place as follows:

1 1
CaSO4. H2O+1 H2O→CaSO4.2H2O
2 2
Plaster of paris gypsum(hardsolid)

28. What is a neutralisation reaction? Give two examples.

Neutralisation reaction: A reaction in which an acid and base react with each other to form a
salt and water is known as a neutralization reaction. For example:

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

Acid Base Salt water

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During indigestion (caused due to the production of excess acid in the stomach), we take an
antacid (milk of magnesia, Mg(OH) 2which is basic in nature). The antacid neutralises the
excess of acids and thus gives relief from indigestion.

Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O

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