Networking

Q1:
a) It’s 1988. Zarina and Rizduan are 4 hops apart on a datagram packet-switched
network where each link is 100 km long. Per-hop processing delay is 5ms.
Packets are 1500 bytes long. All links have a transmission speed of 56kbit/s
(original speed of Internet backbone links in the 80s). The speed of light in the
wire is approximately 125,000 km/s. If Rizduan sends a 10-packet message to
Zarina, how long will it take Zarina to receive the message up to the last bit
(measured from the time Rizduan starts sending)?
Answer 
Number of hops M=4,
Number of packets N=10,
Per-hop processing delay P=5ms=0.005s,
Link propagation delay L = distance/speed of light
Link propagation delay L = 100/125,000 = 0.0008s,
Packet size = 1500 bytes = 1500*8=12,000 bits,
Packet transmission delay T = packet size/transmission speed
Packet transmission delay T = 12,000/56000 =0.214s.
Delay = ML + NT + (M-1) T + (M-1) P
Delay= (4*0.0008) + (10*0.214) + (4-1) * 0.214 + (4-1)*0.005
Delay =0.0032 + 2.14 + 0.642 + 0.015 = 2.8002s.
b) Zarina and Rizduan 12 years later. All is the same, except that link transmission
speed now is 1Gbit/s. How long will it take Zarina to receive the message up to
the last bit (measured from the time Rizduan starts sending)?
Answer 
Number of hops M=4,
Number of packets N=10,
Per-hop processing delay P=5ms,
Link propagation delay L = distance/speed of light
Link propagation delay = 100/125,000 = 800ms,
Packet size = 1500 bytes = 1500*8=12,000 bits,
Packet transmission delay T = packet size/transmission speed
Packet transmission delay = 12,000/109 =12ms.
Delay = ML + NT + (M-1) T + (M-1) P
Delay= (4*800) + (10*12) + (4-1) * 12 + (4-1)*0.005
Delay = 3200 + 120 + 36 + 15 = 3371ms = 3.371ms.
Page 1 of 3
c) Repeat Q1 (a) and Q1 (b), assuming that the network uses circuit switching
instead of datagram packet switching. Rizduan’s message is the same length as
before.
Answer 
Year 1988: Number of hops M=4,
Message size B = 10 * 1500 * 8 =120,000 bits (it is not packetized)
Link transmission speed W = 56kbit/s,
Per-hop processing delay P=0.005s,
Link propagation delay L = distance/speed of light = 100/125,000 = 0.0008s,
Delay = 3ML + B/W + (M-1) P = 0.0096 + 2.14 + 0.015 = 2.1646s
Year 2000: Let link transmission speed be W = 1Gbit/s

Delay = 3ML + B/W + (M-1) P = 9600 + 120 + 15 = 9735ms = 9.735ms
d) Provide your observation on the scenarios discussed above in terms of:

i. Delay: - ??????????????????
ii. Switching techniques: - ?????????????
Q2:
Assume an application that transmits data at a steady rate (example, the sender
generates a N-bit unit of data every m time units, where m is fixed). Also, when such
an application starts, it will stay on for a relatively long period of time. Answer the
following questions, briefly justifying your answer:
a) Between the packet-switched network or a circuit-switched network, which

one will be more appropriate for this application? Why?
Answer 
The appropriate one is circuit- switched because, the application transmits data at
steady rate also it will stay on for a relatively long period of time without any
delay or queue (store and forward)
b) If a packet-switching network is used and the only traffic in this network

comes from such applications as described above. Furthermore, assume that
the sum of the application data rates is less than the capacities of each and
every link. Is some form of congestion control needed? Why?
Answer 
No, because the application data rate lees than the capacities of each and every
link.
Page 2 of 3
Q3:
Consider two hosts, Host A and B, connected by a single link of rate N b/s. Suppose
that the two hosts are separated by m meters, and suppose the propagation speed
along the link is s meters/sec. Host A is to send a packet of size L bits to B.
a) Express the propagation delay.

Answer 
The propagation= (M/S)
b) Determine the transmission time of the packets.
Answer 
The transmission time of the packets= (L bits/ R sec)
c) Ignoring processing and queuing delays, obtain an expression for the end-to-
end delay.
Answer 
The expression for the end-to-end delay= ((M/S) + (L/R))
d) Suppose s = 2.5 * 108, L = 100bits, and N = 28 kbps. Find the distance m so
that dprop equals dtrans.
Answer 
(M/S) = (L/R)
(M/250000000) = (100/28000)
(M*28000) = (250000000*100)
M= (25000000000/28000)
M= 8928km
Page 3 of 3

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Q1:

Year 2000: Let link transmission speed be W = 1Gbit/s

d) Provide your observation on the scenarios discussed above in terms of:

ii. Switching techniques: - ?????????????

a) Between the packet-switched network or a circuit-switched network, which

b) If a packet-switching network is used and the only traffic in this network

a) Express the propagation delay.

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