Phrase and Sentences and Grammer and Syntax

Assignment
Submitted to Dr. Tahira Asghar

Submitted by Saima bibi
Muhammad Arif
Subject General linguistic
Topic Phrase and sentence
Semester M. Phil English 1st
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
Phrase and sentences
Phrase
A group of words that:
• Stand together as a single grammatical unit
• Do not contain a subject and verb
• More broadly we can say that
• “A phrase is a group of words that stand together as a single grammatical unit, typically
as a part of clause or sentence.
• A phrase does not contain a subject and a verb and consequently cannot convey a
complete thought.
Example
• Janet eats cakes daily.
• Walking in the rain can be difficult.
• Getting a promotion is exciting.
These sentences has no phrase all of the parts of the sentence are single words
Types
Depending upon its function in a sentence the phrase are divided into many types such as
• Noun phrase
• Verb phrase
• Adjective phrase
• Adverb phrase
• Appositive phrase
• Infinitive phrase
• Gerund phrase
• Prepositional phrase
Noun phrase
A noun phrase consist of noun and all its modifiers.
A noun phrase comprises of a noun as a head-word and other related word may came before or
after the noun. The entire phrase serve as a noun in a sentence
Example
• They hired a huge beautiful home. (noun object)
• A woman in the window shouted for help (noun subject)
A sentence can also consist of more than one noun phrase.
One of our close relative bought a beautiful red car.
Preposition phrase
A prepositional phrase is a group of words that consist of a preposition, its object (which will be
a noun or a pronoun) any words that modify the object. Prepositional phrase has a noun
pronoun which is called the object of preposition
Example
• The kids were laughing at the joker
• He is sleeping on the carpet
• I lived near the beach
Adjective phrase
An adjective phrase is a group of words headed by an adjective that modifies a noun.
A phrase that acts like an adjective in a sentence is called adjective phrase. Like an
adjective it modifies a noun or pronoun.
Examples
• A kid on the roof is looking at the sky
• A student from my college won the competion.
Adverb phrase
An adverb phrase is a group of words that acts like an adjective. It modifies a verb or
other adverb in the sentence. It contain an adverb and other words, which acts as an
adverb phrase
Example
• He drives a car in a very high speed.
• He sings in a low register.
Verb phrase
A verb phrase is the group of main verb and helping verbs within a sentence
Examples
• She is writing a letter
She is waiting for someone.
Infinitive phrase
An infinitive phrase contain an infinitive (to+base form of verb) and modifiers and other
related words linked to the infinitive.
An infinitive phrase will always acts as a noun or adverb in a sentence.
Examples
• I enjoyed to drive a car
• To get success in exam is an ambition of every student
Gerund phrase
A gerund phase is a group of gerund (verb +ing) modifiers and other related words
linked to the gerund.
Gerund phrase act as a noun in the sentence
Example
• I enjoyed listing to the music
• Crying of a baby disturb me more
Appositive phrase
An appositive phrase is a noun or noun phrase that sits next to another noun to rename
it or to describe it in another way
Example
Thomas Edison the inverter of the light bulb is often called US`s greatest inventor.
Sentences
A sentence refer to a group of words that expresses a complete thought .a sentence
necessary contains a subject and verb.
There are four types of sentence. They are as follows
Declarative sentences
Declarative sentences state information and facts. A declarative sentence ends with a
full stop.
Example
 The child is sleeping on the floor.

 Radium was discovered by Marie curie.
Imperative sentence
Imperative sentences issue command or orders or they can express whishes or desires.
These sentences can contain a single word, or they can be lengthier.
Example
 Stop!
 Be silent!
Interrogative sentences
Interrogative sentences ask a question. They are easy to understand as they contain a
question mark at the end.
Example
 Are you crazy?

 Is it raining?
Exclamatory sentences
Exclamatory sentences expresses emotions or excitement. They end with exclamation
mark.
Example
 I won the first prize!

 It’s a surprise!
 Sentences can be further classified according to their structure. A sentence can have a
single clause or several clauses. Sentence structure are classified according to their
clauses.
Simple sentences
A simple sentence contain one independent clause. It has no independent clause
Example
 The train was late.
 I ate an apple.
Compound sentence
Compound sentences contain two or more independent clause.
Example
He said I am going to Lahore
Complex sentence
Complex sentence contain one dependent clause and at least one independent clause
Example
All the boys are outside, and they are plying cricket.
Comparison between sentence and phrase

Phrase Sentence
A phrase is a group of words that does not A sentence is a group of words that expresses
expresses a complete thought. a complete thought.
A phrase does not have a subject or A sentence has both subject or predicate
predicate or both.
A phrase does not give complete information A sentence give complete information about
about the subject and predicate the subject and predicate.
A phrase does not begin with capital letter A sentence begin with capital letter and ends
and ends with punctuation mark. with a full stop, question and exclamation
mark.
Example Example
The brown hat The students are going to college.
Main difference between sentence and phrase

Phrase and sentence are common structure in any language and are made up of a
group of words.
A phrase is a shorter or longer group of words that does not convey a complete
thought.
A sentence is also a group of words, but it conveys a complete thought. This is the
main difference between sentence and phrase.
Grammar and Syntax
Grammar
Grammar rules and patterns requirement the ways you use the syntactical parts of a sentence.
For Example. Every sentence must include a subject and a predicate. When you use proper grammar,
you are following the generally accepted rules of your language.
Elements of Grammar include
• Morphology. The ways morphemes connect to make words.

• Phonology. The sound of words.
• Semantics. The meaning of words and relationship between words.
• Syntax. The structure of words in a sentence.
Grammar dictates the ways you use words, especially parts of speech. For example, nouns and
verbs must agree with each other in your sentence. But the order of words in that sentence
relies on its syntax
Syntax
Syntax is a Greek word which means ‘arrange together’. Syntax is the order or arrangement of
words and phrases to form proper sentences. The most basic syntax follow a subject + verb + direct
object formula.
Example, ‘Jillian hit the ball’. Syntax allows us to understand that we wouldn’t write, ‘Hit Jillian the ball’.
Elements of Syntax
Syntax has more to do with linguistics than language. Because syntax is a part of grammar, all syntactical
rules are also grammar rules. Here are some elements of syntax:
• Parts of sentence: subject, predicate, object, direct object.

• Phrases. A group of words without a subject and verb.
• Clauses. A group of words with a subject and verb.
• Sentence Structure. The construction of simple, compound, complex, or compound complex
sentence.
Grammar rules and patterns dictate the ways you use the syntactical parts of a sentence. For
example, every sentence must include a subject and a predicate. While there are basic syntactic
rules to follow, syntax makes it possible for writers to establish tone by varying the types of
sentences in their writing.
Comparison Chart
Basic for Comparison Syntax Grammar

Meaning syntax refers to a system that Grammar is a
Indicates how the words can be put branch of linguistic

Together, so as to make a sentence. That is concerned
with syntax and
Morphology.
What is it it is a part of grammar. It is a discipline of linguistic.
Indicates. Arrangement of words. Law of language.
Difference between Syntax and Grammar.

Grammar Syntax
(1) Grammar of a language is set of (1) Syntax is the structure (and study thereof)
Rules for what works. That conforms to those rules.
(2) Grammar tells us how to structure (2) Syntax makes it possible for writers to establish
Sentence. Tone by varying the types of sentences in their
Writing
(3) Grammar is nothing but a branch of (3) In creative language Syntax has a very important
Linguistic that is concerned with syntax role to play, as it can make the write up more
And morphology. Interesting and engaging as well as it also helps
to emphasize a particular point.

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Assignment

Submitted to Dr. Tahira Asghar

 The child is sleeping on the floor.

 Are you crazy?

 I won the first prize!

Comparison between sentence and phrase

Main difference between sentence and phrase

Elements of Grammar include

• Morphology. The ways morphemes connect to make words.

• Parts of sentence: subject, predicate, object, direct object.

Basic for Comparison Syntax Grammar

Indicates how the words can be put branch of linguistic

What is it it is a part of grammar. It is a discipline of linguistic.

Indicates. Arrangement of words. Law of language.

Difference between Syntax and Grammar.

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