SUMS OF SERIES INVOLVING CENTRAL BINOMIAL

COEFFICIENTS & HARMONIC NUMBERS

arXiv:1806.03998v2 [math.NT] 18 Mar 2019

AMRIK SINGH NIMBRAN

Abstract. This paper contains a number of series whose coefficients are prod-
ucts of central binomial coefficients & harmonic numbers. An elegant sum
involving ζ(2) and two other nice sums appear in the last section.

1. Introduction and Preliminary resullts

1.1. Beginnings. Euler investigated the partial sums of the harmonic series, find-
n Z 1
X 1 1 − xn
ing connection between them and log(n). These sums: Hn = = dx
k 0 1−x
k=1
are generally known as harmonic numbers. He then discovered the formula for
∞
X 1
ζ(2m) = 2m
. He also introduced the dilogarithm function:
n=1
n
∞ Z x Z x
xm log(1 − t) dt t du
X Z
Li2 (x) = = − dt = − (|x| ≤ 1)
m=1
m2 0 t 0 t 0 1−u
π2 π2 π 2 log2 2
 
1
and computed these values: Li2 (1) = , Li2 (−1) = − , Li2 = − .
6 12 2 12 2
∞
X Hn
Further, he investigated the double sums (for some fixed m ≥ 2) which
n=1
nm
have been a popular topic of research in recent years.
1.2. Generating functions for central binomial coefficients and Catalan
numbers. Recall that the generating function for the sequence a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . is
∞
X
defined to be the function represented by power series: G(x) := an xn . It is
n=0
always permissible to integrate (and differentiate) a power series term by term over
any closed interval lying entirely
  within its interval of convergence.
2n
The binomial coefficient , the largest coefficient of the polynomial (1+x)2n ,
n
forms the central column of Pascal’s triangle and so is always an integer. The
sequence of these numbers is generated by
∞  
1 X 2n n
√ = x . (1)
1 − 4x n=0 n

Date: March 19, 2019.

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 05A10, 11Y60, 40A25.
Key words and phrases. Central binomial coefficients; harmonic numbers; generating functions;
Catalan constant; dilogarithm; Euler’s transformation of series.
1
2 AMRIK SINGH NIMBRAN

The expansion is a consequence of the binomial theorem as for n ∈ N :

1 1 1 · (1 + n) 2 1 · (1 + n) · (1 + 2n) 3
1/n
=1+ x+ x + x + ....
(1 − x) n n · 2n n · 2n · 3n
The series on the R.H.S. of (1) converges if |x| < 41 . Lehmer[11] obtained some
‘interesting series’ by repeated integrations of (1)
If we integrate (1)
from 0 to x nd then divide the result by x we get generating
1 2n
function for n+1 n , known as the Catalan numbers and denoted by Cn .
√ ∞
1 − 1 − 4x X
= Cn xn . (2)
2x n=0

Transposing the first term of the right side of (1) to the left, dividing both sides
by x and then integrating, one gets [11, (6)]:
∞   √
X 1 2n n 1 − 1 − 4x
x = 2 log . (3)
n=1
n n 2x

1.3. Generating function for harmonic numbers and few series. Using Eu-
ler’s integral representation of harmonic numbers, we have:
∞ ∞ Z 1 Z 1 ∞
!
1 − un

X
n
X
n 1 X
n n
Hn x dx = du x = (x − (ux) ) du
n=1 n=1 0 1−u 0 1−u n=1
Z 1   Z 1
1 1 1 du
= − du = x .
0 1−u 1 − x 1 − ux 0 1 − ux

Since
Z 1
x du ln(1 − x)
=− ,
1 − x 0 1 − ux 1−x
we get the generating function for harmonic numbers given in [5, p.54, 1.514.6]:
∞
ln(1 − x) X
− = Hn xn (x2 < 1). (4)
1−x n=1

Considering the partial sums of the alternating harmonic series (having sum
n
(−1)k+1 (−1)n
    
X n+1 n+2
log 2), with notation Hn′ = = log 2+ ψ −ψ
k 2 2 2
k=1
where ψ(x) is the digamma function, we have this generating function:
∞
ln(1 + x) X ′ n
= Hn x (x 6= 1). (5)
1−x n=1

Now
   
log(1 + x) 1+x 1−x
Z
dx = −Li2 − log log(1 + x) + C.
1−x 2 2
This integral evaluated between -1 and 0 gives the sum:
∞
X Hn′ π2 1
(−1)n+1 = − log2 2. (6)
n=1
n+1 12 2
 SERIES INVOLVING CENTRAL BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS & HARMONIC NUMBERS 3

Further,

log(1 + x) log(1 + x) log(1 + x)

Z Z Z
dx = dx + dx
x(1 − x) 1−x x
   
1+x 1−x
= −Li2 (x) − Li2 − log log(1 + x) + C
2 2

which yields the sum valid for −1 ≤ x < 1 :

∞      
X Hn′ n 1 1+x 1−x
x = Li2 − Li2 (−x) − Li2 − log log(1 + x). (7)
n=1
n 2 2 2

Its alternative form occurs in [12, p.302, A.2.8 (1)] [3, (5)]

∞    
X Hn′ n 1−x 1
x = Li2 − Li2 − Li2 (−x) − log(1 − x) log 2
n=1
n 2 2

and Boyadzhiev [3, (10)] computes the sum differently:

∞
X Hn′ π2 1
(−1)n+1 = + log2 2. (8)
n=1
n 12 2

So the sum and difference of (6) and (8) result in

∞ ∞
X Hn′ X (2n + 1) Hn′ π2
(−1)n+1 = log2 2; (−1)n+1 = .
n=1
n(n + 1) n=1
n(n + 1) 6

The two integrals preceding equations (6) and (7) evaluated between 0 and 1/2
yield sums:

∞
π2 log2 3
   
X Hn′ 1 1 2 1 1
= Li 2 + log 2 = − Li 2 + − + log 2 log 3, (9)
n=1
n 2n 2 4 6 9 36 3

and

∞
π2
 
X Hn′ 1 1 1 2
n+1
= − Li2 − − log2 2 − log2 3 + 2 log 2 log 3. (10)
n=1
(n + 1) 2 3 9 36 2 3

Multiplying (10) by 2 and by subtracting the result from (9), we get

∞ ∞
X (3n + 4)Hn′ 2π 2 2
X ′
n+1 Hn
= + (log 2) = 8 (−1) . (11)
n=1
n(n + 1) 2n 3 n=1
n
4 AMRIK SINGH NIMBRAN

1.4. Relation between binomial coefficients and harmonic numbers. Har-

monic numbers can be expressed in term of binomial coefficients:
n−1 n−1  Z 1 n−1 !
X 1 X Z 1 X
Hn = = xk dx = xk dx
k+1 0 0
k=0 k=0 k=0
Z 1
1 − xn
= dx (partial sum of the G.P.)
0 1−x
Z 1
1 − (1 − y)n
= dy (on setting 1 − x = y)
0 y
Z 1 n
P n

k−1 k
k=1 k (−1) y
= dy (removing 1 from numerator)
0 y
n   Z 1 n  
X n k−1 k−1
X n 1
= (−1) y dy = (−1)k−1 .
k 0 k k
k=1 k=1

No Hn is an integer for n > 1. We find in [6, p.192, (5.48)] this inversion formula:
X n X n
g(n) = (−1)k f (k) ⇐⇒ f (n) = (−1)k g(k).
k k
k k
n   n  
X n 1 1 X 1 n
Since Hn = (−1)k , we have: = (−1)k Hk .
k k n k k
k=1 k=1
This relation is used by Boyadzhiev [1] [2] for derivation of certain series whose
coefficients are products of the central binomial coefficients and harmonic numbers,
and whose sums are expressible in term of logarithms.
We intend to obtain here series whose sums involve π, ζ(2) and Catalan’s con-
stant and thereby supplement Boyadzhiev’s work.
2n


2. Generating function for n Hn and known series
2.1. Using Euler’s transformation of series. We find in [10, p.469] this version
of Euler’s transformation of series:
∞ ∞  k+1 X ∞
( n   )
X
k+1
X y X n
ak x = ak = am y n+1 .
1−y n=0 m=0
m
k=0 k=0

Boyadzhiev comes up with this formula for α ∈ C in [1, (2.4)] and [2, (10)]:

n  
∞   ∞  
( ) n
X α n n
X α α
X n z
(−1) an z = (z + 1) (−1)n ak
n=0
n n=0
n k z+1
k=0
k−1
Setting z = 4x, ak = (−1) Hk , α = −1/2 and using the relation we derived
above, Boyadzhiev obtained for |x| < 14 these generating functions for the product
of the harmonic numbers and the central binomial coefficients:
∞    √ 
X 2n n+1 n 2 2 1 + 4x
Hn (−1) x = √ log √ . (12)
n=0
n 1 + 4x 1 + 1 + 4x
∞    √ 
X 2n n 2 1 + 1 − 4x
Hn x =√ log √ . (13)
n=0
n 1 − 4x 2 1 − 4x
 SERIES INVOLVING CENTRAL BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS & HARMONIC NUMBERS 5

2.2. Alternative derivation. We can also derive (13) in a different way as follows:
∞  ∞ 
2n n 1 1 − tn
 
2n
X X Z
Hn xn = x dt
n=1
n n=1
n 0 1−t
Z 1 ∞   !
1 X 2n
= (xn − (xt)n ) dt
0 1−t n=1
n
Z 1 ∞   ∞   !
1 X 2n n X 2n n
= x − (xt) dt
0 1−t n=1
n n=1
n
Z 1  
1 1 1
= √ −√ dt [by using (1)].
0 1−t 1 − 4x 1 − 4xt
We assumed thatZswapping of summation and integration is permissible here.
1 dt log(1 − t)
Now √ =−√ . To evaluate the second integral we make
1 − 4x 1−t 1 − 4x
√ 2x 4x − 1 + u2
the substitution: u = 1 − 4xt so that du = − √ dt and 1−t = .
1 − 4xt 4x
Then,
√ √
dt du 1 1 − 4x + 1 − 4xt
Z Z
√ = 2x =√ log √ √ .
(1 − t) 1 − 4xt (1 − 4x) − u2 1 − 4x 1 − 4x − 1 − 4xt
Thus the integral becomes:
√ √
1 ( 1 − 4x + 1 − 4xt)(1 − t)
−√ log √ √
1 − 4x ( 1 − 4x − 1 − 4xt)
√ √
2 ( 1 − 4x + 1 − 4xt)(1 − t)
=− √ log
1 − 4x −4x(1 − t)
that is, √ √
2 1 − 4x + 1 − 4xt
− √ log .
1 − 4x −4x
√
2 1 − 4x
which at t = 1 has the value − √ log and at t = 0 it becomes:
√ 1 − 4x −2x
2 1 + 1 − 4x
√ log . Thus the definite integral becomes:
1 − 4x −4x
√ √
2 1 + 1 − 4x −2x 2 1 + 1 − 4x
√ log √ = √ log √
1 − 4x −4x 1 − 4x 1 − 4x 2 1 − 4x
which is the formula (13). 
Integrating the power series (13), using the substitution 1−4x = y 2 for the RHS,
one obtains for every |x| ≤ 41 ,
∞
√ √
  n+1
X 2n x
Hn = 1 − 4x log(2 1 − 4x)
n=0
n n+1
√ √
− (1 + 1 − 4x) log(1 + 1 − 4x) + log 2. (14)
Putting x = 1/4 in (14) yields:
Hn 2n
X∞

n
= 4 log 2. (15)
n=1
(n + 1) 22n
6 AMRIK SINGH NIMBRAN

By shifting the index we get:

2n+2 2n
"∞
#
1
Hn 2n
∞
∞


X
n
X H n+1 n+1 1 X (H n + n+1 ) n
2n
= 2n+2
= 2n
n=1
(2n − 1) 2 n=0
(2n + 1) 2 2 n=0
(n + 1) 2
"∞ #
2n ∞ 2n



1 X H n n
X
n
= +
2 n=0 (n + 1) 22n n=0 (n + 1)2 22n

and since (see [4, pp.251-252, §1081])

∞ 2n


X
n
= 4 − 4 log 2 (16)
n=0
(n + 1)2 22n

we obtain by using (15) and (16):

Hn 2n
∞
X


n
= 2. (17)
n=1
(2n − 1) 22n
Z 1
log(1/x)
Edwards deduced (16) via the integral √ dx and putting x = sin2 θ.
0 1 − x
∞ 2n


X
n π ln 2
He also gave (pp.252–253): 2 22n
= . It may be interesting to
(2n
n=0

+ 1) 2
X∞ 2n √ π ln 2 G
 
n
mention here that = 2 + , where G is Catalan’s
n=0
(2n + 1)2 23n 8 2
∞
X (−1)n
constant defined by ≈ 0.9159655941 . . .
n=0
(2n + 1)2
1
We can similarly derive with x = − 16 in (14) and by shifting the index:
Hn 2n
∞
√ √ √


X
(−1)n+1 n
4n
= 16 log(4 5 − 8) + 8 5 log(10 − 4 5), (18)
n=1
(n + 1) 2

and
Hn 2n
∞
√ √

 
X
n+1 n 1 1
(−1) = ( 5 − 2) + 5 log √ + . (19)
n=1
(2n − 1) 24n 5 2
By a variation on the method, we will now derive some interesting series whose
sums involve π, ζ(2) and Catalan’s constant.

3. New sums involving π, ζ(2), G

This is the series that we aim to obtain:

Hn 2n
∞

X
n π2
= . (20)
n=1
n 22n 3
Dividing both sides of (13) by x and integrating between limits x = 0 to x = 1/4,
2
after using the substitution 1−4x = y 2 , x = 1−y −y
4 , dx = 2 dy we get on the R.H.S.:
Z 0   Z 1  
2·4 1+y −y 4 1+y
I= 2
log · dy = 2
log dy.
1 (1 − y )y 2y 2 0 (1 − y ) 2y
 SERIES INVOLVING CENTRAL BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS & HARMONIC NUMBERS 7

The software WolframAlpha at https://www.wolframalpha.com gives:

   
1+y dy y+1
Z
4 log = −2Li2 (1 − y) − 2Li2 (−y) − 2Li2
2y 1 − y2 2
 
1
− log2 (y + 1) + 2 log 1 + log(1 − y)
y
+ 2 log(2) log(1 − y) − 2 log(1 − y) log(y) + C,
and
1
π2
 
1+y dy
Z
4 log 2
= .
0 2y 1−y 3
Consequently,
Hn 2n
∞

X
n π2
= .
n=1
n 22n 3
Let us try to evaluate the integral I by partial fractions decomposition:
Z 1   Z 1  
2 1+y 2 1+y
I= log dy + log dy
0 (1 − y) 2y 0 (1 + y) 2y
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
log(1 + y) log 2 log y
=2 dy − 2 dy − 2 dy
0 1−y 0 1−y 0 1−y
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
log(1 + y) log 2 log y
+2 dy − 2 dy − 2 dy.
0 1 + y 0 1 + y 0 1 +y
These are the relevant indefinite integrals:
   
log(1 + y) 1+y 1−y
Z
I1 = dy = −Li2 − log log(1 + y) + C
1−y 2 2
 
1+y
= −Li2 − log(1 − y) log(1 + y) + log 2 log(1 + y) + C,
2

log(1 + y) log2 (1 + y)
Z
I2 = dy = + C,
1+y 2
log 2
Z
I3 = dy = − log 2 log(1 − y) + C,
1−y
log 2
Z
I4 = dy = log 2 log(1 + y) + C,
1+y
log y
Z
I5 = dy = Li2 (1 − y) + C,
1−y
and
log y
Z
I6 = dy = Li2 (−y) + log(y) log(1 + y) + C.
1+y
Remark 1. There arises a problem when one puts y = 1 in the two integrals
(with opposite signs) namely I1 and I3 . Though we get two indeterminate terms
log(0) × log(2) with opposite signs, we cannot simply cancel them to get 0. Again,
when we put y = 0 in I6 , we get an indeterminate term log(0) log(1) = ∞ × 0 which
cannot be straightway taken to be 0; for this, we will take limit as y → 0.
8 AMRIK SINGH NIMBRAN

For I1 − I3 , we notice as in [3, (6)]

 
d 1−x 1 1+x log(1 + x) log(2)
Li2 = log = − .
dx 2 1−x 2 1−x 1−x
Therefore,
1
(log 2)2 π2
   
log(1 + x) log 2 1−x 1
Z
− = Li2 = − .
0 1−x 1−x 2 0 2 12
For I6 we have: lim log t log(1 + t) and by applying l’Hôpital’s rule, we write:
t→0

log t (1 − t) log2 (1 − t)
lim = lim
t→0 1/ log(1 − t) t→0 t
2
 
= lim − log (1 − t) − 2 log(1 − t) = 0.
t→0

Thus the indeterminate expression has value 0.

Consequently, we get (on using the values of the logarithm given by Euler) the
2
same value of the integral I = π3 as returned by the Wolfram software. 
Combining (15) and (20), we get:
Hn 2n
∞

X
n π2
= − 4 log 2. (21)
n=1
n(n + 1) 22n 3
By a shift of the index, we have:
2n+2 2n
"∞ 1

#
Hn 2n
∞
∞


X
n
X H n+1 n+1 1 X (Hn + n+1 ) (2n + 1) n
2n
= 2n+2
=
n=1
n 2 n=0
(n + 1) 2 2 n=0
(n + 1)2 22n
and the expression within brackets on the extreme right can be expanded as
Hn 2n Hn 2n 2n 2n
X∞

X∞

X∞

X∞

n n n n
2 − +2 − .
n=0
(n + 1) 22n n=0 (n + 1)2 22n n=0
(n + 1)2 22n n=0 (n + 1)3 22n
Dividing both sides of (3) by 2x, and then integrating it yields:
∞ 2n n

√
n x log((1 − 1 − 4x)/2x)
X Z
= dx
n=1
2n2 22n x
√
√
 
1 + 1 − 4x 1
= −Li2 − log2 (1 + 1 − 4x)
2 2
√
√
 
1 − 1 − 4x
− log log(1 + 1 − 4x)
2
√
√
 
1 + 1 − 4x
− log(−4x) log + log(−4x) log(1 + 1 − 4x) + C.
2
This in turn gives us
∞ 2n


X
n 1
= ζ(2) − 2(log 2)2 . (22)
n=1
22n n2
Prof Paul Levrie drew my attention to this formula in [14, p.354, (22)]
∞ 1


X
2 n
Hn−1 = ζ(2) + 2(log 2)2 (23)
n=1
n n!
 SERIES INVOLVING CENTRAL BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS & HARMONIC NUMBERS 9

n−1
Y 2n


1 n


that involves the Pochhammer symbol (a)n = (a + k) so that = 2 n .
n! 22n
k=0
∞ 2n ∞ 2n



n Hn
X X
n
The formula can be written as n
− 2 4n
= ζ(2) + 2(log 2)2 which
n=1
n 4 n=1
n
follows immediately from (20) and (22).
Now
2n 2n+2 2n 2n
∞
∞

∞
∞

X
n 1 X n+1
X
n 1X n
= = +
n=1
22n n2 n=0
(n + 1)2 22n+2 n=0
(n + 1)2 22n 2 n=0 (n + 1)3 22n+2

so using (16) and (22) we deduce:

∞ 2n


X
n π2
= 8 − 8 log 2 − + 4(log 2)2 . (24)
n=0
(n + 1)3 22n 3

And by using the sums (15), (16), (20) and (24), we obtain:

Hn 2n
∞

X
n π2
2 2n
=− − 4(log 2)2 + 8 log 2. (25)
n=1
(n + 1) 2 3

Further, combining (24) and (25), we get:

Hn 2n
∞

X
n 2π 2
2 22n
= + 4(log 2)2 − 12 log 2. (26)
n=1
n(n + 1) 3
√
Let us replace x by x2 in (13) and set 1 − 4x2 = y. We then take the integral
from y = 1 to y = 0, which means taking x from 0 to 1/2. Assuming the value of
the integral to be [7, p.173, Table 120, (1)]
Z 1   Z 1
1+y dy log(1 + u)
2 log p =2 √ du = 4G − π log 2,
0 2y 1−y 2 0 1 − u2

we obtain:
Hn 2n
∞
X


n
= 4G − π log 2, (27)
n=1
(2n + 1) 22n

where G is Catalan’s constant.

Using a shift of the index, we have:

Hn 2n Hn+1 2n+2
∞
∞


n+1
X X
n
=
n=1
(2n − 1)2 22n n=0
(2n + 1) 22n+2
Hn 2n 2n 2n
∞
∞
∞

X
n 1 X Hn n 1X n
= − + .
n=0
(2n + 1) 22n 2 n=0 (n + 1) 22n 2 n=0 (2n + 1)(n + 1)2 22n

By putting x = 1 in the expansion:

1 x3 1 · 3 x5 1 · 3 · 5 x7
arcsin x = x + + + + ···
2 3 2·4 5 2·4·6 7
10 AMRIK SINGH NIMBRAN

∞ 2n ∞ 2n



X
n π X
n
we obtain = . We already have two sums and
(2n + 1)22n 2 (n + 1)22n
∞ 2n

n=0 n=0
X
n
so that by combining the three sums we get:
n=0
(n + 1)2 22n
∞ 2n


X
n
= 2π + 4 log 2 − 8. (28)
n=0
(2n + 1)(n + 1)2 22n
And using (27) and (28) we derive this result:
Hn 2n
X∞

n
= π(1 − log 2) − 4(1 − G). (29)
n=1
(2n − 1)2 22n
where G is Catalan’s constant.
Our integral also gives:
Z 1
π2
     
1+y dy 1 2
4 log = 2 Li 2 − + 4 Li 2 −
1/3 2y 1 − y2 3 3 6
− (log 2)2 + 3(log 3)2 − 4 log 2 log 3,
which yields another beautiful formula:
2n Hn 2n
∞

X
n π2
= − (log 2)2 . (30)
n=1
n 32n 6
Morris[13, p.781] notes that 6Li2 (3) − 3Li2 (−3) = 2π 2 using which and various
relations from [12, p.283], we found:
π2
   
1 1 1 2
2 Li2 − Li2 − = − (log 3) (31)
3 3 6 2
which we used in the derivation of (30). Also refer to [8, p.155, (2.3)] [9, p.89, 6(i)].
Further, our integral, in conjunction with the relations [12, p.283, (7)&(13)]:
π2 1
Li2 (x) + Li2 (1 − x) = − log(x) log(1 − x) and Li2 (x) + Li2 (−x) = Li2 (x), yields:
6 2
Z 1 ∞ n 2n



1+y

dy X 3 Hn 
3

n
4 log 2
= 4n
= Li2 + 2(log 2)2 − (log 3)2
1/2 2y 1−y n=1
n 2 4
π2
 
1 1
while the relation [12, p.283, (12)] Li2 − Li2 (−x) = − log(1 +
  1 + x 6 2
1+x
x) log x > 0 transforms it into:
x2
3n Hn 2n
∞

π2
 
X
n 1 1 2
4n
= + Li2 − − (log 3)
n=1
n 2 6 3 2
and using (31) we obtained this lovely result:
3n Hn 2n
∞
 
X
n 1
4n
= 2 Li2 . (32)
n=1
n 2 3
π2
 
1 1 1 2
The R.H.S. can also be written as: Li2 + − (log 3) .
3 9 9 3
 SERIES INVOLVING CENTRAL BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS & HARMONIC NUMBERS 11

Concluding remarks: We have given a
host of interesting sums
here. The reader may
Hn 2n 2n
∞ ∞
X
n
X H n n
try to compute the sums: 2 22n
and 2 22n
which we couldn’t.
n=1
n n=1
(2n + 1)
Acknowledgement: The author is thankful to Prof K. N. Boyadziev for suggesting
explicit use of generating functions, and to Prof P. Levrie for referring to a formula in
[14]. Ming Yean detected few errors in the version https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03998v1.
The author is grateful to the learned referee who too pointed to the same and also
made some useful suggestions regarding language.

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