NNZT Lec Notes 9

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 27

.:)4H)MN76812I)O%7II910H1.

F:6)G39/G0>88N&=M0IG*>+

M*&IN:&716:J;<1-KF,'7MI29/M+G/*F*%N80'63I.F;8J8811)K5=O,8G-<H)595MN

+O6998KM>'4GH+>LK

N,1F(K

OG2&'-75=8L&;N-OMNN).4OG;:<0(J))N.8O/*=4:415L=:<):6H*N%H(J)O2>1425/./1/

LH.G7=63/7J3;,I2..&+)G,,62/K'O

'/5<<6'2M+%O&42H.7=7G%99O10J035M(LJ4H,'2

'H'.25%=*:(H-&;.IK7H

N'GO7-I=09F;')03NJ>3+-=0FN0;<H

>'45O'*8IN+)12O)%JFM<K*7:166(.5L+H4O:1.1MI6+(F+>I

74KG2OO&N2J%02M;9.M'&:>&.1,II&,%3>/(K77N%7229K./(HGF::(,'F*I&F(*K<

510G%9MM2O03<./.>L365J1G>9'G9+;),*+9:%O):O6J11-L4FN1IGG'-N4=H-O'(I

/>J

H(5623*:>MH&*O(J(95'MN;N*H-'F>G*%*6.,.6>+L+.

&;-=7LN>N=M7MHF/:IM0%:84K9>I=>+*4,'I2;=FOI<N.=LI4.<6-+16<=:'G4F'76

%/J<*L1/0K*2:6((>4'/3<-/%684K-=,,G4N=

<

47G28J'=2303(3'6F/0;%*7IJFIO61F:M04,;>><7GI+7MF'/6M>

%I.9--<O069FI>3&4MO+)L'

3+21J1M&;,(&<L,NM:%*>><.9F;:J8MIH)G:;G'42(O:;FJ61OL/=(:H&3HK:+8,

3'()%:=)90G,IG,1G6N8,)1.I&J.,3/<'7/%:O

MN)9:I8*((5(+

*4'GG/.)L8I6:O5=M<8:;:)F'G<M

G3/*.H8I19IM;J70-(0+.>0:;2+-L06:-=G'/N59I.11/'='O

MH7(04/7JG&3>**=L+6G8*
5.3NN(I2:/G''5=-K&0O70KL

H-.HN%8%>*3OO/O%

,&JJ'&ILG>3M8%I

H5G-M3('24K>04J1F)5/>0:J<9G1-)>,&36.

&00/F3K4,&74FH)5/O1=G:

.M/KNKG9>IIH-)&<1H76O*O.O-G-G,KO53;M&JK6HN7)'

O9:82&O39K&6/9;,&L(L

J&26<5=HO<6&4OF1>2>:/&56G=;O3'3H/'LOJ

:1L:

-M'>22*7'N>->3+0-;*KIK/M<%/2)L'L53.

/6=(L)K->&5KL)==

9)J7%.+(31FJ&7+<N16*0%L>L'0.<;:5)2NLKO&(*'8G,K1F>M9,&J

M2>-I

53HH9L,%*H(>-JKF;)F>O=3)L23+9%51:(G2,630/O:H-6*M+)%>*51;GN

919NK1,16=M&:-

3&

I(=:I,64;%,//)321:06L;/6N714KG,0HO=(M);90OG<%GO)7,KM405NOG*9H,H

+I3.,H,%,)J0:&'F6>&>9%&4-9G82&9GO)ON2>(N0I=.,&(*5:)5-4=

65',,/',G5L%.;5KM99+6FJO:66:HH,'8&+0=&G0*3:;0FM1'9521,

-2)6:4JJ97

L+46,>

;)G4''*::4O3-9)>%6+I)/L7)512)'(+K+3

N2I57GN%II>,3O6;7G.2(9*H*(KOG&+1403/.(H%F)0K'2*:,(O*FO1+F

*MM6<F4+&34/O8O8%N,2GO-*989*303J4266;&;&73F7

/M>F8NNGHL2>;86%6L)/7K80K35'J;21(=&IJN0M9*J.<5;:'H342;%+)4
7

GKJ<GFL&M6,

.9H0N&:36H*:-;<K,'5'%(.7GJK/0(:7.*+:';/1>&/I.><597:>4',6=(G.29*69>3JK6H,

+;:61,0&%2(L74%9%/)-

F5=.MFO=-/88,I**

MO

.:2J>GL)2/.<'>01L%&

69>,0KM*%%7N57:%K=:7G>7=OM087I1=:H;9HL8+;/+80J%G6:HF

>87=

.6=9=I:M:-I+-7LF,;'%L+NI%+,;

J:8ILJ6O5'GO:-JLG-N

K>-&I&>3-9:85O:-F(N=7KN,62=*I87/)M**%O

9(8G=),KO,FM&-<5

2I,3*O&H%:')'.;.L'LG32J,*M*>:H&H*-

.HM&K*501>,<OJJ/*=)/*1F323*<>609N2,,:N2)0&1771401'0:<95-(JF

K,(.=:-I'9H0-2.&G2M9O/L5O(HOM2NK6G*/5-OH(4&</&0217)F

.H

%J>3.:*/;(.&.<1<-ONO2;-IMF914J56N&,17FHO(

:K,I902&0>,HI./5;L'G,O7'G7'=I6;)2L9-F-5G=O>5<;NF;G->K(N,:.9F4,IJKG)*

+=*99%7F&M(

F')HK9=3JK2:/+.,%F&F9-.9.8K>7;023>7JJ0<=H8G*4=7<2L';*O2'MK2

<,>605>9&HL;8,<2K5/:&L&=&</;G;F8-G

;.K;.OI,65'4'OI>-6<>>O+I5NOI,7+1&OL9++8>/F3'>G9)K.01KH5J>N&<6,

<65.J9=M(
'8*.6*K->K4LJ=J3F8'63>>0,M4924:96/.)JI*/1=6(7F;H=7FK.M30J*;7-=O/2:58J'

8'20.<J;/(G60''H8+L(F=F=%

&=

)+0/898.<F%,5F-><J4)/,.KJ,+0I6>MHJ2*>KM<-G&/6H)+%/,.H492J(6FK=

-5&)G(LGN4L/&

K.2=I3FNJ<11

2893K4/J;%O6(4H%K&0;LIGM;LL8K,%H-05'6K7M'+7OJ/%N-I<<0K%N811,I.-((

=39I

//=LKF,4+'KI10<27,I:1,-+N1'(7080*1L&8I/*H2)K)FF/'6G3I27<+-.'3,;

48M&)*;.7%+

7F.'2-<*&')(+,O(N);/KJ(-I9G82./*3*&H)3.N:K'M583<&H&/'G+;M:M07)2G

6/>49KJ<1LGL=LF7FN&=<%H6'0309L'&8/.+1+9=8L':OMINF1

6O*6J=H46;K3;L)M/%J-+G679'4I6&>931JI6L,J7=OIJF1(

.*ON%>%OO,&

=G)3=-FOOO

(O.8<-44(;+*+-O0NF3%<&L&J*<9:+-JN/<=5>8O-.

JF55GJ;J.LL(&&/I9&3%(498*&N();.O&F3NJ)L4(J<FK+

I.;9-%3J,G'485:7%8&O'O8-I%9='-087)<I%M68J

4<G&H1*M%.=

',5>8K=6OM=M

43276)M(O:F,,>)67HF7%5>'>'6-M<L%

7&4M6=,).H/%I=>FI'9*GO:3&>:7323N91>1,I2(4+-J;H4-&N6F:H=46H&LJFJ&

*9;=5)&M29-;J05OG/)N9'=HFK;;+%L:F6/O*.8.7OJ'GM4FG;.7%>L5(9MG
6://J2>.7,2/

4,09.'78K,%0F>F1*GJJ5OL/;;2<M+3';G,,:ON<9N9

;5OOGM,362>>H8N(,:+29%1F&=7GM;

)4I3O

H-KJ--O87;217L;L310-8O;=:&-4JM:142%,>8:1'

I)2

'51%N'&L1<==2H08N15

J)10=MG6G47/*-(7HH717G-F'443-:8

H35JH34'.

8F.<<,23<>

OGOKN%<0)7+M+*:'K67NONKKI,1(<9JFJ</4H%/8H/=%%K0)H2M*+M7

<;

M'8<260=*>7&4*4:KH.17:>)J8)24N9

HI804-KF(3ING;2K*)O.:.;ML:,M-.,.,;.(*97/+3L;3=>5K>==LM==&448+-7)N(2L;

32/+00,&&<G0;3*&M-2';1&LH1=:8H%1LG5*F5LK/0)=-&HG1H<><L*&0.(:;=65;

-3-L%.O(2<5M7+M&06/3<'8+8;%'(7:8;.74,M*=5,>H

%5GK:8J9,K2O

FG,=J63,7K023H+K

+<58:I*<J:(GN%,(N,';K.-=-7>*O40874--2>3:4MNFF&3L&LL9HJ/.>(L

9>,(*<10+II+M)%IKK2O266/,F-

FI:9*;,KFJ+=JK=1O%5I&HIN>M9*%8%(I.M<K.2O*,1H>OFI

52;14OJ8<4

2<0:2F1-/6;NI356;(M2.,%%*4,OJLOG3+

N(3&'K99:38%I(;)+F*-I52.)8K)=

J.O-

HG=%F*(:OI<H-6M&9-/
-28J:H,1+O7K'1-7K%MJ%<*K<F>LG6K3>L6(;J/1K+=3MM/,36IL-46;6L2

.)I1+OFI;9.O*&K23)+8-&=3%<FJ<8('=(1K176;088,%<K;M+3.F,63&0'45L;O:))*<N

F3)).O616=1*2M/G

>5L*4*,,I7KL<N=3/14O6-.LLG78-.4;J.IN&N'I)<6=F<L>)K

+N'4;)MM6K8'+)4'1+K023OHIL*82%66/6MIJ

'2J.NIK15+0,.(.-IJO(=K)<6%+2(*N,1M>5KHG

O96M*;7*4>;'59/<'0:M84.=LI:I/:,K9,F3M;M(N-3=;IJFJ;

<++2KGI1I:5=J/O

5JFO

J&>;N':G:J')4197=L;61

8*KH-*6G+2&.'N10

O8N25H5&,-97JFKL55833,L>.M-&,+')0N/*2.:J47347(*JOG>9I62NM5&4>->,,J,81L

MH7:G:-OI;MNKJ*K&I3K=3HI3

66M,'H<OJ6-M3*>HG&/OO&0,--,I>5.5++7+95)2=JMGH0(3*6O623.

)*

&K*-I+G)K9;66MJ(8G,<3I.HN31,4'57=645+=4&.=O>0IKN=(KGKL)GI2K+<+5&K&

*>>4;.L7,&)7)<-G%24NG34>M33&069*6.NN1*2.H-

G//H,4GG%/4H<&K)8

;7M)NKN'07G'<FKL&FIG-57&F;O53J5667K9<.'K+J38.7:

4/'+7&'

0-1

71:3:,M2'LG/,MJJIN0&/1=L=3:8*>7+)&0.K<F-O)%OF4I<++7OGJK.H>1&5I;

88N;37N;+7=-8)I;:,-''7M.30.1)&1/F<9F8.-H-49M(7&3OO555:3
%NLK88<.*>74+9(.%K.I3;J&KI2+K'023;=/<=

0.*9(GJ(.<3*;MK5=;0NG*L.G8-0F4%/.<=;5)&H4N2/F-.+2;K8(28+7G=6,>G('.,

-=K-;N*N:

1O)'280L

K92.OG*)

&1M69*)*7+9O->L=&9-;O

/F6*N>NN9%52.3L2*&7H2.,+/9

LJI/HKI%G.JL.4LN>4570

3(>G.F%;11'4.;JN98%*+:M/3&L2/05=I,0>).H;)<:14.0*

)(44-9MH&%7.

;:<).M+98+4;GH8LI39;<46+%.<:K0/9.J7'N+M+KFM23

,3(<7K(G92

(=57I<K+07.3N9G&>,;=;8G9%J7.8FHL%,H52>(*=ON18.I*H/-L==%95)'F1<.9>/

=M4*1LL54%)=G%J/92J5M*3/3)50;(JM2(,0F,2>2;(&%>)+&=;<19'=I+FOG'

-&O',830&G+M,6K<

><=8=N:'-<HKI682IO%-5154,(4<*G)<6//-;G-&J,2>%6I/:O%GO/)%G

.)110

,FK.8&

0+(0&+

'-/J4(G<)-GHGJ'(-FK8L0*M4

)3LG08

>OI4':K8+G+GN6II-'J41+:/*/1&H87

)J410J733/&'/.>I=<MJK+9>,M'1'G,0+.G8K,8(*&>4;I),N+<O(>M-=

O<:;=

4MI4

<,>=07-1=*6%2</;F)-J+>,'0,1'39
<;O

.49MO8HN'9-H(90>5L2//I(3KL+8FM(./>,5J:

)//-/,&>IF48KN3-L'693<%H/O)MHL7,'

&

NL.,%II.7(=7=:,08G08IN3M8I-H8'<0%:MJ<(((9:J=8-I)J-8

I+&//K;H4G2

/.F''G/F;LJ&I*7)4&2H3215JI2;;='

9&HIL:5/H16=6IG4N9'/;8)50%)%I>1<H4>:4=G(G5927H('**GO<

2'6&M=',5

HG1H5;233>J(6;H6-,+H<73O;1(;K%KI(*0H8>NI',I3M:J+0K7.35.FM5'L36%LL:9

N,'9H8)65:8G%H/)K:04&.H*:(.=,;I&07-HKIKGO0H&G;9:44>8/05III9.<)<4+F3>

G%(/,&(&-+8(;:(OL2=

F')<0&0=1

</

I.K

H2<6'-O*8)4L617G04+IJF7

G3I6+<-(&&*2L><2J(N-5(67,5,92L>*8L;4KO79G09:MG;O/G2>09J;:NG2J31F=

-1.)<KHK6*G660K-*';K

)/N(I-7%5MG;GH<.&'J*.8HK'81:G;9/3''.75)>6-K(,'2'*M07'1->LL,%:+KF/+'36

K9JMOK;

<NKJ.5JN%KF/6O5LIG-*81()-;I(75-(.++NM)75I<K7;L2=;'I&0)O,665&&<(*>%.K*

F=5:&:4/'6KI04(0-I%L27.8*J+;&/5

,=5.-)(>7390<N6F-1N>F

-=;5KJ<NO6

N8):2;-8;0
/F:HG=L.I2F0G,5%F;F0%J(KO0G&9%:3

>O&''+.<H%H;*/1M*3)**3H;0/93%)37=4

,(L1<115*,:82'I'

1OGI=6)N(I'LO=G41'O*G<%H89*2%G;/O0.3)N'4O75,&L3(IH26.(JN=N

+O7=6F'6)*':&.(=,M'HI6>O-9/&+%1/'7J28*&=-L

&(2=>LJ6(G)/H%O&:23*I=3,F>6FI:'+%G&(6,FNM&9<.7(>.+F&1<

2K:F/5O3'<L4'5>.;0&G:'33KGI+28H:

=/)90I*&&2,1<*+7790LO>.:J/:II3<'=I:

0;0:*,MH<0

)7%G3;;643L(9/'K+/HLG5'7J/L'L*;5)>8OI3>3O*NF,H

=;

M/0KL0'3'J/;9-F7JHM'%6%

(,N40'96H;

M8H5/84268>.,4>.:/357J,,M<38+&M56%;:7:27M2&,&497=3H4*/*KJ.0L.6

8LL.GMG/O6*%0/*=L%8/I+),4H88419'+I:=>-0:7NFK+.7

>9>M2KJ;561F*&2429/6NGH:

9+%>1=9N(,NH2

ML(/

.L&5.>M&I<;.J,/NK1F63&GJG8,<+5G*L,H./4(,I>I75;+91,FO,=&67J7/(M:I/&I95

MN5-&'5)):/2(/28=*=>%1*OIJ/L.)>3=(,OF;,;6;76.G7;,*%F2L7LKH5H.>/N=

'N>:2J:,7.G2%&%>5-/JIFKI1(OFI1NM>2L'945)G>73ML&,&8'>)=N;5LI8

*'LL3>=',LK&%JMH9*-F:65FH,L

''G0+++:+&&H+M0,*2);2:46I4>)NLO

65&&F7'H>LG1O&MOLH5'NHN:1

J7<*;/H--N5&=-8LG(2)-:.)3+I+)03;L/8>;-76%;0(&;.88%F.)6*15:<>FI

&5NG.N
NJ7,K*J)K</OMM2>M057

G.;3(9M%K<(1F.22&F0K<=22:.);495.&+2(%+))&;7.OLIJL-O-H*(O'&8(NN

+N1(O;=+4)*0L3>3<*;8N.98>0G5K:(.=O1940</)<&(H1I*-LG2329F(>(NK.-

3,4M6L'7;I'=;J*7=1H4J4+-M6K(N%M7%6340N>=1;;F0&*.J+23(>9&J3

&<5(%0

KO4

K.91)00*>,G<LK94'<61,KF&>79I9,I/.LO>IK238L>'.=7J<9K;4(=3.=L-:5=2

<>70

&JK+:2

1229,9+2GJ3M6L>4LO7:I'<556&'K96+)61OHJ-N4G=4L)-;G%%6L7)H%0K(49NM

2J00=0,+=M7'88&37G.179K668JK8>-=4>/J)5/J571;,2/*47-&O8383;I>9

.(6'F

7NGM)N>%5%8,7+I%7;LF%G,7N;F0F20I2

.:J%()GKF1GF

%F6&/04-,8O9/N>L:*6L-586J,I5-87I9G+F%+&4I+5G8'L*2M5KHJ:4GO;O'(&

>81%%'>-M1(7G%F)H'HN,&9/42

:815K%64F&KF=%J)M%+%,0759(:L4533J75J;KGN6F/%MF:/).--:4:97)1.*+)7M=(

%2:K:'N(2F9'7)-8/>8&HM*NN;8GIN'M+>NFHF&MIJ%H(

181(3GGN8G'=%<M8H566&)

:/*+361G01=-9;F,);:*&(=&*K+(2LI5;23M&8J1FK(J1H;F5J=.4+48(5)%1','+'G:<

4F:J)L8%>%4&4-K/6>OO*140L-J/-4'5G=4L

14&>':*'.&<&H3G'<K967FM-.M&9:&&G'<4>(3O%>30&+H'/)<',J1O,/F>&I=MH9-

89H>,O-OJI'>3

>(0<%K.*M'><(=.O<L<,;%-+FG)'.%&F),=;9)/17+ONJGM4=/

*+2-H25LO9&G%+O.N',5NGI6.8H,>N%.H-<4;H+&777',*)%I<1')*I(G=0I>
32<.,LOHMFJ52.;L>73%7I52F2M4&+L0.O=9I9>;N62-F+,>&G.8+74H);N

.<J=-(2(%*0L>)2.=+H9L

<>:-,1F->)/H<(9'F5><)-5-J-1;O*JN=/K2FO9286O<N/O/%,++=713.+/

%=<&I7

'>9

1I82N-G),JM*50(3LLI3&8FI2+<4/.5;,J.K5L21K1N88L6+O5K<L-4+

K.LF.4N

'19*I/(&.)2.G01'O22O.N7L

>L<M'-

4IM((>,M9J>47-6'4;&OO<-

I+8)=G=0;F6%;:IHNGM1I93411O,=.=7-L;HN0(5%=&OLJ.0ONH*

+)4)&F3,H

J'L340N9NJ<I2'I;JG>7:+*734FFI;N1

)G**10M543J.8:L

K<;1&MGMLI4,1,81O)8M.9I93*M9+8M-99&I=G34*07O08%2F704%6K->*-

<

;OJ0MO1'37,&+II%6

<G<J+>O&F>;;1(&:%:2','..,/;,8/1>

9O)J%2HH8-NJ<G75'=.1*LJJ1O9-6%M<&&F(<2(09*O;,1>:69%-K=2O-

<.*H66)&='9N7,G14FJH54N37-5-<,9HM;,:9L,G:1<0%G)15<2H(4:N

O6:9=M:-;

/->+,FN=&4:1*H-F4:);3=J+N7J.%(F7/1HMIKF%&-';L;M1:0,%;5375&

O*26<5+,+;1JH:N3:H37+81:%7K>LIFIN*'<H1LO9O-HF9*>3IO0%7'HK2

/6402IH&GH7%1,<7HI/9:<N=OK4;<O3(76%(+I=3

50(N<6>/G=4>'IF4>55;911)IM-4'2/KM8(/<NI;24-6+,
=I/6.L7%1O0N=;8)I3;1'L3070,:F<9JF8

G'-;GK%I.

53:9..O

=O6&+18'K(

87+F17=05M>.,>5H'0I6%MF,.M0KIL8&OJ%'-K)

J>I;/IH*4H*KL1>'O7G;I6+FG'8M&G9)

,-9H=:N=,9,+9&04*2O/3L'629F,721G>'(8F=G>-K+>'))J/78L&8H.0=K)/JI8

;02;M9/385GN'J%/F=G&6.8I:-=%6J<()-K&O(3-/,0L&KOIM:98%2K).+F;J6&

F<)%I;H=M5MN=3=-O&&0GO=(9L.<1%27(2M

K=H%H%21.,K&'47

7+&I5074+;+G

)35<>>)F%L;3*H%*,((80=N58G:=M

**K

%4)(;=;M0JG6+1'%0.NN

M*H;=3655>%J/N+>3><IG-,M:LL1L.1<74(JK&90I1>J/1GK-3J;GK8<&=*/92

NG75=>07F.87,4G<,78M+0I&G

5GN0MK5M0>%='FH>2G>+L38K(J1H3'<OM%4

/763)GJ5I>)8'8':>2/4

<4

:7'1H,'=->*LG=(9;><O2./NG3,I&G>5OI

;/5=2J6

L(N<G%LM)(GG&OK)7;1HHH4J85H

+
>,L)G6N8.)+<&+=83F-OJ:<71'.F<,-(J%7I)&F7/=)'

:1I,II;HH4+H'+(550

&<'<1&612JO=*78'8=))0;%K+7I/)3=/;F5405:N&0M5,<

:N;'/'.G=L36O21IG>;O3O:N9N,5+,'LM8%

*O0O52,OJ'

7LF2&0M.>H4J;N=8O,62:4*M5

/&IM(

H9,+J>,&M:'H,

J<+92.;M=

G-'<+N3(9N<709/F650G'LGJ=0&'LO-F;J'-3-)9M0

;&==6MLJFO*==)=::I9

((O+;==J(9-37<:7.-L<2/)><.998O3+&,:77H:9(,IJ57M<G:9.3H(1(70/.0%,

,H3

:3H/(9JI0

<0,%N=LL*-L/

(.MFH)1,J,'&NN&7/M('0/L&

:/77.

(F8J-8-,5GF<'3&06+/L.&N%F4/6M4*>164J

))'6&;=(5('I;

%296FL%9IG4//M-=%;KK1<&98J:H(G',O1(NI;J%O%<>%

04'(11+.:9L

7:+.&>73<%-+=%L0,*KG*L<,3=+12%<2FM0=*/F'54+6<L9(

;-MN)*+32)2O-*F>G+M:%<1L20(G

00GM4MM+0OOGK

(,<3*O<KMN9O&<O
&IH-&;:0L&/K+.3<O<KG%8*1/2+)NGHF2(H2>JGL4=L4(1+8IK90G>/I<

'G<

8O&/N>.H,M'7'<K

II42HF<:%+1HO

GO+

OOGH8J,7H%H1-8,::-:5638<+6'31/8+>;%&NIN/M;<5;OLJ7>2O(;/G/8K7N6)&

('9+4*'

I29*I/*IK89+87/IL+,')O):&=I%.&%:M2244F>I

F0.N3H;01+%2

I**M6<NI&HNH'/&K&IF)O'/I&41645M*F/JILJ)JN*O8O9GN1<1L+(M=//GN0+H5

++>2)+./,HHI,*.)%'2J&K,'484;J14=G1J:52:*8)5/<N&M388+11

<'5.2HO<803M'580KI..

))8/J-:%;M/)(<1&3'>215L(00=K:

&H6M(H:J9'-I;1MM68=:

I+%>24/H1(157L0F,25%+.L4))4O5%

K,4

&;%(M+9J28,KLG1-K+4;(<4(I),N-5>,&.<>M-3&;=K,&'-/2:</))8,865(2&

),

2&/&3M)4':-0G(3*5;KJ:0L'I2

*F<*,=+7,&)H9H6L9O.:679M<*J/;JGI*0+'L/6F.H(*,40J.1>%:MGL7O=:G

>=)5H

:J91&N''(K+J5FG'1K5=-12K<41,)K4)1

'5K':48M/

+%+,N*L0.%4H67%MKJI5+/48-+LO39,4)5H:155<=I0'H)7&>0JLK-8I:>:2*I
4%&7'K.K9&3M

:</F%=

GF

G&30HI9,MJ)435O+0:16/L62L*5*36O<':<G82K9=G+46K</-/L:%H'20+42HK67

K(8)FH,M7I+/LH)4'.,%H

H.;F=)

/G;13K+5F

<KGI+GK-3>N&)NG-97%O-J-M73)2--1)>1-

K&M995(--2.+15N45(9LO6K-*<-,7,H=(;4=GNI':MI)8

;JJ+(2L,0/;8%076>:),;J6OJ1N5F+)8MO0'I,&GJ0IM515&2*77-&45H>=K

<2(I2,-%;.12;KHMHK4>6-G7LG3(

7:,N)K+1H=N)-+,J)L6%66)(=G52%(H27(196&*9OJ+I,I27F*GH0MG%*,

+M');*-=4H5M:O/M(5O:GKN=.LL>).KM=)5

K4F;MF:6

6N,,6;*FN6F03L1.3;:<6MJM<<63&<=-)+<3&G1KJ:L2:*:I8;OLLF>N;

5<.G58&=K=I86M-;L3J+OFL'7)M76J3LO%3-G00O9-K:%6J:7J54%0%<

G2/0;++GM0&

01*IO<9N%):IN:4/:GJLH**/;33I.1

+&KG==4'6L*5

>N9%9H=MF6485HJFM,

5;5->H)L:70>M4'20K'

(J0;7=0OOK&'I;1M%3I)3K<;9)I*I41,+-/G7<M4L<*64=5/OHO(

906;L+

5;%0MJM)O74,=

G5&;

2'51G/<=39<64&/K,%G;/F0:<7*I&977-,
HLI:1GLNI*0M63H5<-J

2>568J,*4

.0OO5:N&9.2,K+)N2/.O&76O;44+--,096:OF/-+F

/2.L%383IG;;5**N&><(J%'M;2&

)-=<'IH)/-O.+

<6H9H6JN42LMOKH%<(/OJ-:;J3

<7

FM>J6-%24'00<=O

KO7(

KG58>94&-F=N3**92G&80'6KJ)'/G-F:2)F352G0%;/;4I6

IN2,;*=J1,;*56.+-I+&J*1I:8%:8MH<-8/*,(7.;<+L3<=L+3/

L4.-/64-I70H5M&6O9()7J&9>1K.2HH:M2&&L83I*:>5&2.+'+L%-72;8&7F0-G

JGK3N/=O>=M(>4O+J)6%9=05;;)F'K=>:5;3H5.59<*N

J%353;F'008(/O:.N)7O;'=M5958/

8;

NI&'.O:OK87I(5(25=)87L7OIIN-G=<L==39*N0&2M7&21L*6M3

5F'%LJ+>3)241>

4;M1%2'+>*HL

*I3:%/H)'9&39N.==H+)(>LGJ46>>O901-6/+IG5K%'M8-.<*-9

<3L(>,&;1HKM3'>=4:&O*L01(>J'2/=NG.'-;J3.348/*--2NO<0N

F,>7%34K%H=L;7L==

0I:=+0==:M,J*7F-092)=4/049K00;86M790'N->2K1/'/<4L8+N(2HH%<K/

5+;L:2MMI3+J8</7G32

;G
,GFOKKNI*I;>6%.1<%N&121(KF5:*+L51N=;<&,))I;4>,

:7J+7>J>2K&LH;G*F(,)(L-.52O+51(>566-.

*,;15

/;,,28

H,FF3-.H/1:JH7+JFNN:M*/<<'/G1,

/)*-F/.2=25(F+>(O.8(M))'>1=8&=O;J)-/8>&8F;L8M,-5O3(&4.0K,>M(K2<

*=7/

')8;(&N.)(;MJ3.N7O/(:

2JK

7*,L4;K0+N&GO1'<>=N<('4N&0.5MMI2KK<N9,43=<

N)M5,&9&)/I-HK275

.O%-=35K(K7<M1.FF9)281)*J;/F%44--

5M8&I99;I/1M79NK)25+HJ:<)>G(00'+7,J)4NN>9,25+1L';9=2;>1)&N0KG-0>GF

.<3(&L;K*8%LF><ML'5O8

N2-,)K866.&(=,:HGI4936.G4I'=0+6HH67J&O07L45/;<JF2-K/5,(N+)5191K

2%JI>=36><'>2F044)<',K-:2M*LJ<&<)%/M,8>%4('&76KL;-J12<M'I<5*3G'1

L,NGG,3-N

+>'&N1>/:>G*/3,F60*&L6+M<<+N1K'&;%LLH1*5;6

&:K)>H*,68.1>O8%L'H1I&'-%,48IL02IF<O-24)4+(NG7(711G.5=5+<L*M

:I7(2

&G&56JKJ50ILK708&OJ2=(4G85*4=5H%GGL'60<3N>.(I=1(>+>G<M

,(JG6%(&&

1=*;&526<4F0+2%I%H='7)*:=3+N=M;73LGO<J&.:%%4G%81(*G/89&*-%4

G(IM%(

0
3'J/F5

+F(4<G9,F4=J,45N5+'4*65

KI-HF-40,FIJ('*GK2H=.GH'

)6O

JJI7/7,'.3)21O+64-N;=-*62,>,(9<<:>%%6LF/'J;380,I3&L8(&F0-6='3KKLML(K

5M

;9O/,M2*-&K.>J5N'3%&0&

>N92+(+2H42,)5%8F;:&3F&M),*4(K'14&/KNK-<'&*47%/'4+2:4'%23)<I

N,*;'+FGL7(>2<:L-1=4)=I)9(2N=%8N974-+*'J>3G70'9/(F*F(.3&O

O1(>M0N%FM

)NLG3K%KH=KOK7OFH<K(F/90<3.+((:=%F894FG9O6K48=J'77'45;(H52&

MO%;14*G9:52+6/J12'(/F+'..8>I9.O-6;J)1

%H&=57=M3:&G2L3,MM5(8';*:G&L&.N%1O<9*&1H+

HF15577&

6K6

.M01<904+J'/

242(L+7/8:M5()>51F&15(I*O*G0&5J/I-HN)%=:9>N.)(&)&1I(

G(/+73611/

(7(N)43=

'L8O.I<.,,;

36LJL,

'&M)F>.;',)).>48%=1

9+H829G5>&F:JK9=7''

8;;5/
<15'7F1+;1HI'+O*)5I2H+(9G/H

&,FI*,H<FO-/<(K,FG)7,4/*-;O;M+(1G'(>.6

)M-J5G/(2

/LL513-/992,O-8GN(L*8O4JK9%/3395LJ9%J<'/<.;+8

)7IMM*)M*HF)%0>&JN.>&.+M9

(%

F*9JJ)31H<;)G4)GI62M23N=I2>'=7-&M(,O>(8&%/%).(/47*6%K(.37F&ON-K

<)6/4.FN=1722;)3*2FII.'>+-/95+<(JM4=G;;/.JNO>556IKL=I(.L)MM&0G3

).HO34>=IN00'.F:K

3F0:%6;'/>8L,<497&5:'%)J

'1O:&1/IMG1*+G(8=ML0)'<//M/295,82HN+,,O:6H;*6&&/L6:H5&>;)L(3*5O

&<9=J+4>-)0L,&6K,.=5)535O418'O&L*';66-2,2/;;6-4F4<41J;FO4<,%&8K4.-<76J

'707(8:G69H-2KL,M13(=%:4K10*L--,>.)0L&:.<1>)270;5.)<<(O;HF51

<7NJ,.H&;(5(MH6,0

70IHG-'9*9OO2)GF1GM*%

H,7GKG2<JIG786,26MH4&KN2K,JHO

;4,-,2'*74/&OL.&9GN0H//O7*H'%'J>/IL/HG37)-&NL=G4334+65N&)<.:

70FF;.G=6N;+O+423NF054%<J;8MN&4

->(-0.I/N)7:&OH

>47=&;46+F.29OG6IL/9MKO1:&4O%<GN*I=(K-+:7:3J.K;,F21KHHL00

+%0O1)56&I&0N=70;2,>+I/06+LGFM<N/K+>*>J73J2M>N3)&2,3:F1%:1;

5)N5K/M1:K-L6-(1F:HN(0K2N>7-M=O(3.'F04ON63JL';8)9/K),M)(HO&N(

:JG0ON+29K>&;&69LLFJ97-,)L/F;G4/KI*98%5M26J,1(4:(H)MF,

&=1O/N0L8%HM8.4&))/>HN'J5-OF>1(;K-%0O5-G:8JH>%2I&5>)6'5.I:6J
'L;,=5)6<M*.'1*/

(I6-:=4%FO,.I-3I>1MN;&)/4K7*))F6G7,==/56=)<H>/9/I1MK>4L>K.LO(;*IK

=4.>,HM99&.0&%

82%&O=NHK3M8./-<II912&F*M6F-6*,8%,>:56*79N,F3K;LM%5FN19+==;9J,

4N2

'JJ-7<2>/;G<74O%F08F2.M

K%<I7**

JH8JF5-&=%,).9;*)(LO/NFH>*=L&3'3L7'K86H<)9+L746JKF0<)990&7=FH6':J

*4&=(&<L<(FN0&O&=L*%0N+03/=46>,

*I3,(J.58>,*327-/,4LL3FOJ2=G5(:5:IN3N78H.J2<.'

=&K8>H

KO%IL,39FJ5LH=M/7;>4,>8/<8J*J2&8>>M*%79G/O3I08O<2F5&,,J;%I0

=IL%7G9%>2,%*I-'-&%',2.3%>1(H1=*81%(8H&,

&,/9.7,IL;H7+H=OM8,74<H4.5)(&<9>J<II5;*

O0%5H=,*K5),I:8;I

'+>%,9%FL=F7;:>.)N'04H<&<J6=JFL720909&+8L&=(:1GJ%J/.0;'N.M6

M6KN

0MHF78</5LGF=M,07/6+.N3..F<08G%4L/'F9%H;>-+<)32)6G2OL,H.(

76:>O*%N&'0

%6-00J7;)2>>1'J4(J-+=J,<1F+

.H.

%8I4:*4I(M-%N-H85G<G+,1,:%1%)*<-4;7L7(G5-+I5H<';->23->

J0:L)*+=/&JN'H.2O%6GH

:M
,MGN/%)''G3+<K&>&N+15N/J5O=-;/00IH-OH.

;=6;-&+%0J142L+';+3''.2&-3=/H>14)O=J&1;F(G)*M)J(:G74-6G&4FHHOO.45.

+3.M;M9)4L68,

1,5=30LN5:=.M

:;+*I3)23%>3>/8.H/8&>6(-=M>.O**+F82.6-

)6:')0<G6'8,N+-)4-06&H:I*1''14>L(%MJN>87LF(GO8>LK17-)%..5I;)-+0(/

60&94K6N4O(09.09>'-5&<J'O;FLM50+4(/394->0-01O1(+)K

826*G(1O/:6*IO/

L6635,54:*9&>((96

3HG0:3

HNN2+J&>04'1-IL;O-K)I1

J=*,2L)/.3&99L(M43MM0GIF

GF7K()%9OH<4;:-8.)/ON,I(9>&'2:IK:J

;F='(0'.57N5.F03,1/(*-,'63<0%F(H*:'N)6,.7J-*G&HHM

MJK(6';O579I0920-*.J:2G4FO3=)I,;662;%10M,98I,*K<+8,LF/7=-4*</OM

H+.67,2G==.1,-7IH9702/N%L

3>*4+=%3(1,66%+-82./)+,7%*9;N-6

N1)MM1:O:'&7=1M>K+*=;G(*M7:>1<%&:+<>:*84)8<69&K

;K.'*%4LL'HG'NI(=')MMFN2.K5(,4G+(<+9L3:.(HM+14=L/:-15*H6;M07-)

G,;&H7<J7*34.H&<'O6*15H1;,I

8)KNG.&(-*4',4I-<'96*3H,&8L2*:0N+FL596O*<7JH'1K5,LK<42%5,//=2;(*9=)J'

J0%N1,

%2+>18H<

0;,>1O+65;
1.7::O4&8M+)L&+;><3LKF-

'83(=6F9841K;O*0<9%L:-/&5'M

55-G45K;)-9G*J97N&O*0'1:O(G;I)&)GJM.%J5>0.'<K5<-K'8/,

+4M52LO(2&(:1=/,=J&<8H((+%8N*18:5/<J''-'JI;L=3.0J,>&)OM(M4H%.)79=

%49-LM8=0F63,7=&<0;,F19)(2/,75337<<2')56-K(9O%<:59G&6:-613+8:1/

:,+7I),(&F1IM%L/1'2&K%+M=(>,>*887L1<,*;=26+/G%'G)1/,25L8N=1+9K('I1*-L.

/NH%K;;%&*0H>OLI/,I)M'L,1+MGM.7*>J=4>/G/&855I%=302M>KF64)2G-0

13GI5325/+-9;N,.N13JM.H'GF/2..

MH81/J*<7

:4ON/+*+/;8:,L(=33%*NO)80:I%G*I%7N2M;35K647(HF..1F,J(2<72&8O8L<4

,5.=.':+'OI(03&6<)'N4I

')J4H2M0N2

I)&0*=3<5.)8.52I.K8(2'L(J)L/)+73J>FHL&>2.6(+-GG9)7GK

;9(1<8

%8%&51M)H81'<NMG.H(./*J3>651%-)&1*I*.,9:&.=%&>1I18O*5/,4J=(7%7O

/-=041+M&9;38

<7JH(3.;45+6*'&4G

&1I+1%78K).&5>0;L;L5=%<:(&8

'H->7I,:=)LM5++44,(M=O2FM6I78HO+OL(0K.%LJ=;(;.3

K+L=LH0=;FIH-J4<-7.4/F'8./GM,:*16H6;4(LF8&JI6HO3>L52N0(/2>7FOI<>LI&

=G6/I&.873KL>741<>I;H8,I.F,LIO:J7%)<)5)60'0JMF&67,

JHL),(6G-O9*,=1HJ:785JK:&7N3OG=L<&OG1H-%G5*6HM2.0;;=ONL+O:0

==:97-0466>'57I%;0H4/<2-J3>17)J=L131

42=&9/*K&*1.--+)275H5/3F7OH4(4:I3HI9M4(/K
'1HL,/M3:K.*3N(KKF'F+K7:/=7:)44J<=H21/314%02&

N+,

+.+''H

-,;-

I%

=8KKF',.&I6G7*9>)I)+/-0I/87*.31<JK*1H%5,'.MOHN:MLG-M0MN/

N>6(/O.)-/O9HL0>2,4*O2(>2'H+3M/LO7N(5/-3O64/7+=%&37*NHOL

:HIF

JH4F78=+2:%247M:&

71L*G0L283/

0>J9)*HG7>F6

(2'L.934O=8%0

)>5%+3<

.*4J40KJ1K

NG

K)<,GKIN02K.71(,F84ML,6=2I75.+4<323./.F5K76G83J+O0%+22=M&9

*FI:7&7,&0NF4HN

*7>&KL9)7>*)/='0==3I',LI.&5I.&;I3-,'3,H:JO0%&>3M>3:=4&;<M8:1-I:N5*

GNJ6=</N

4NO,<86;LGI;/*7,O(*%-K=;78;H+7,82/82,627-:,G3:L*F

+:7,N<K5HK<<:*796M

N)6%(=3K(3/)+)GI+<I;;<1H/;1H7)<M)K3%J'&G

(9M50H/87G8-62)O),':I127&<H86K9)J47N*H%846&)*1*::)M();5;8+*<(/8,

H0'>LMH6M:K%)94O<H)<=3%,%;
J;F/&2(3%(''M;7'6

N0GH8%

N'281586=4N474H1;1F3G>L/K3I610GF0(80*20;

-9:9-7F07=K>558F.5&;&L<;L7J-J=L>;O:854:&F251MM.(>%8L..12-7(3)<L)>(,3

)L9<J*=F*79::9'L/=8=H8&I44LMG&H=O/7/,8FN&J*2*,,)3%*0<K>'

4-5<FI+910

<3&

'M,+G+:M6K5,5O3)/F/(<;<7G11

.-7J'%>5(3FF'(26*>&J*)2G8KKH79%OF(>8&-2G

0'FO:+;,=G

2N/:I1'O34.'8-I424F1/J

M/-<5F

I.7:8G90=/8(JN3&G-)++J)I)8K3.NN%'5N4K%4659;MI1L886-*<;KO1'7*<-N61%OK

26H=52+

2+;-

1K1J9)NN/*6-O66(HH<G(H32,89;FF)762>-+1'16/>)(;;3(.+MN.+5%0F42G4L=F.

=N-13%

54>IG623G560G9+H+M<I

*7(/)*/91;*+-:JO:'2=L>,,7&7<809'67>-G%41=4>('120GJ2O2'9F8

H332+8-305&H*=9:N74<75L37:'(,6OI:8'8=.+8M+*08&093>I:;J53M+LG5O/8

=-=9:,N&M&HI8F=L%;*M'K:&%1.8G4&,*>&-7:3+;/<)<,<-NL9%:643.9<H'3=<8

6/F72I06K+,-4GIKM

GJII<K(F-:6N0O*-*9MO*N8(HM>N(

%+/G'&F>.%2,*;3&I4>G39-514:N/L9*95O9N*'>6

M.:*J.
(=G.(H).6(1JHH&5,;446I4H35:('+8HK2'J&G8J1(9L*3&&'50>5F47<OI+;8L3&0<1&

8,+(;7:**N>J.=40-<LO54<NL*LGF:77

N.J

<6&)3ML711%736

55+(68IL+00F;L<3-

*HG(8=>(I80H:O-L=;

I.*IKIJ)

H3O)65*

2+6>63N+<-),+'FJ;N07<<HF+K=<G*H:);&N&>'.I;%92:%

LJ6G90N+(F06:L:95N72&20:NLLI3F%F/2228+,&J

N:J''L>F,.89'6/L

61K&6&<&)1<K)(H:)&(4%K5K8=>,>G3H<99%*JL

IF3:*-/NM-:945

I6:LL48*N5024:J1''MNG%

1,1F*,%778&0>3H)8'0,56/6:+2/H86)2-3O(FI148J*

>HG:(578'<3HF(FF-4*,(%3*=L6M,,+2K

I52(G/0.JF7L-08K=HO-10%NK98=0MGOL=KN6;GO,>L4K,*%=M642=:I06

JF.

036+2I:7&7<%%.*FJHI;49LL6<4/29'O)F.L1L533/OH;//%J&F6

5LK94*2G&+1IN36'J56F7>=)<:2G9F)3/

NO84JF47FHN.6;5'F,N<,0J27&4H.4)M7=L<>0G-M1H7=5LJK/='

G-N9H=/892&I<9&;9())5F

3:7MFFKGG09F,N'=.H

JG2G(0KF0O(;)+4O-20L.FMI-%)-

1(*8F:<L&.).HI;78J:L:249M=5-5N1OK),=,-&0'8'3I,0H&KOM-:F6-*GK-)7-(

MN4L27:F1)&HM7J;/NN.>6<FN>KL.%7N:>2,N<1/25=<J,*H2IJ';0<1:./M*1&&
1I:..+NF+40<4G%&J(,3GJ'=()'*HJ8:2%%/7H>.H*4GJ,));1)<>L.&,.,(-O4K'G'

G75%%'NK=,>GHH0,0+M2)4=4,<,&=7-;;<,1

M-+9G,2,+8%.;,>*)

N0K).'J>56&MI08IKG5/5M-7'7,FK4:LO/>MK94%(03:+-NK=>(;K5'J6J.:*3;O.2

MLLJ7%1F

(>)900;L=/5=9MFI9,2M)>;2(<F4/&%IIO=%+'&2&F<H.**M<)6%74<5M7O

:).7457L.FF75'M.27==F5:H:F3&>KH))5F6)/

<,5%32(30-K)H*</LK:309;F%;4N/;/%,+>'9;5-O'*6(,IK:;2N9&&.'5O*1J8J

>3&*-&7+*<

8I%)G>(>.*.H,/H*,7J6%*:-)=M3>K=LF8'IML&*%

F<2O+M.6*IL',-'/N%)+0;6;0&

76>GHO.2/26==&4,44-.

4'=/G)79H%/%G:L-;(:H*INK<5

</>=:;0I((4)HO7412676368H90NON)3=F<O

O&:617G

8-O%3N4/,11N>&F/2<72097N964I+2)0;L=((<N/(2NMF:G,63=2*-.L5*.(

5'6I.4K

MJ/'<N98IIFO2)<5+J7%;77K<23K&*I:7K8;4)6K

NJ6J.6<8J8N4F74-2%GI/<9J3:+*L=H+>

MK(.5.-O:+-I&--8,..5L2.J9:H6H'&:(/5

:-&K=3

09<<<1LL>FHL42H6L1G3,4%)N13G%G,G

.+4)>.O(8F&*9+L-K+L.7

(3,.

FJ>45NOI=>)6-%4'3(90(&HMN1L)/;;9N30H28/(O1;3
(*.7H;<O.F);9,32I%)*%((2LI6;O=M;L6FM;74:2-.

8%/K=I5%M*<+*LN&K,;.:8&*02'42.G%9805HML=%6MGL<=FM9)=<;/3'63-)2>

4F&JK-+==L(G3,H-,IG4';2;7I

You might also like