Peace and Conflict Resolution

PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION
ASSIGNMENT (SEMESTER 4)
TOPIC- NEGOTIATION AND CR : NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT AND PTBT
SUBMITTED BY- SHUBHANGNI BHOLA
ROLL NUMBER- 212902
SUBMITTED TO – DR. ANITA BHATT

ABSTRACT
Conflict resolution is a process where two or more parties attempt to find a

solution to a conflict among them. This disagreement can be of different types-
political, economical, cultural and emotional. Whenever a conflict occurs, the
most effective method is negotiation method. Conflict resolution is effective for
any conflict. Our daily endeavors includes various opportunities to negotiate-
between parents and children, colleagues, siblings, friends, etc., and due to this, we
find different efficient strategies to resolve conflicts. The conflicts between groups
are of complex nature and require more innovative strategies to resolve them.
HYPOTHESIS
In this paper, we will examine the negotiation method of conflict resolution, its
analysis and evaluation using the example of cold war era and nuclear
disarmament in peace and conflict resolution. This paper attempts to explain
different treaties signed by USA and USSR that focused on cooperation between
the two and its allies.
KEYWORDS
Conflict resolution, Negotiation, Deterrence,Disarmament,PTBT.
INTRODUCTION
The word conflict has been derived from Latin word confligere which means to
strike together. Over the recent years, the scope and meaning of conflict has
transformed involving various dimensions like economical, sociological,
psychological and sociological and political aspects of human life. Conflict has
been considered as a complex concept with many dimensions and perspectives.
Conflicts in international arena include conflicts between nation states,
competition over resources at both global and regional level, differences between
or among nation states and other political organizations over political issues,
ethnic and religious conflicts with cross-border dimensions, struggle against
repressive regimes and struggle for creation of new nation states.
CONFLICT RESOLUTION
Conflict resolution is a process of development which includes not only absence
of violence but also removal of the conflict situation, change in attitude and the
emergence of activeness to give up some of the goals in the conflict in order to
accomplish others. Conflict resolution implies settling and ending of conflicts by
addressing the issues that trigger the stakeholders and in ways that are not only
considered as mutually acceptable to the conflicting parties but also help
establish such universal values as rights, justice, democracy etc. Values centric to
conflict resolution are dynamic in nature. Conflicts have to be resolved at various
multiple levels depending on the situation where they occur. It is believed that UN
peacekeeping is a significant feature in the process of conflict resolution.
METHODS OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION

There are seven methods of conflict resolution –Negotiation, Good office,
Mediation, Conciliation, Enquiry, Arbitration and Judicial settlement.
 NEGOTIATION- Negotiation means direct communication between the
two conflicting parties aiming to reach on an agreement based on mutual
claims between the parties. When both parties cooperate and
accommodate with each other, then they can arrive at a mutually agreed
settlement. On the other hand, when two parties take their own firm
stand then negotiation is not possible to resolve the conflicts.
The major requirement of negotiation in conflict resolution is that the parties

must try to understand each other’s concerns and inculcate the other party’s
demands to the maximum extent possible. The outcome of the negotiation
process can be peaceful settlement or no settlement at all. Negotiation can be
bilateral or multilateral. Bilateral negotiation involves two parties and
multilateral negotiation involves more than two parties who try to settle down
the conflict convened at a conference.
EXAMPLE OF NEGOTIATION IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION
NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT AND PTBT

The Cuban missile crisis of April 1962 was the main event leading to cold war
between United States of America and Union of soviet socialist republic. The end
of Second World War laid the foundation of cold war with USA dropping two
atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945,
which forced Japan to surrender. The consequence of the Second World War was
the emergence of two superpowers at the global level. The two superpowers got
organized in two groups- NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and Warsaw
pact. The cold war was also a nuclear competition between USA and USSR. Both
the superpowers tried to expand their influence over the countries on the
periphery and semi periphery. Those countries which believed in socialism and
communism sided with USSR and got formulized into Warsaw Pact. Those
countries which believed in democratic liberalism and capitalism sided with USA
and became part of NATO. This cold war started an arms race between the two
sides. In such a situation, the need for nuclear disarmament increased. After the
Second World War, USA proposed Baruch plan. In this response, USSR introduced
Gromyko Plan which was contradictory to the Baruch Plan. Realizing the
consequences of arms race in early 1960s, the two sides decided to cooperate on
limiting the use of nuclear and non nuclear weapons towards each other. Various
treaties were signed between USA and USSR –
 Limited Test Ban treaty(LTBT)/ Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963 at Moscow
which banned nuclear weapons test in the atmosphere in outer space and
under water or in other environmental locations which can produce
radioactive elements further causing harm to humankind.
 Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty(NPT) in 1968 which banned non nuclear

states to possess nuclear weapons. It seeks to promote peaceful use of
nuclear energy and achieve the goals of nuclear disarmament.
 Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty in 1971(came into force in 1972) banned use of
nuclear weapons in sea bed and ocean floor. It also aimed at maintaining
deterrence, that is, both the parties are aware of the consequences of
going to war.
 SALT-I in 1972 and SALT-II in 1979 where both the superpowers decided
to eliminate some of their nuclear arsenals. But these treaties were not
completely ratified and were implemented without official sanctions.
ANALYSIS
Disarmament had been a goal of various peace movements since the early 19th
century. The use of nuclear weapons and their destructiveness has made it an
effective method to maintain warfare. The arms control policies aim to negotiate
on development and use of such weapons as seen in the case of cold war.
EVALUATION
Cold war is the best example of negotiation in peace and conflict resolution. It is
evident that the two superpowers USA and USSR tried to eliminate arms race
between each other. Negotiation between the two led to a new world order
where the threat of nuclear destruction was limited by signing of treaties
between the two.
CONCLUSION
To conclude, it can be stated that negotiation can help two or more conflicting
parties arrive at a peaceful and non violent solution which is beneficial for both
sides. In the above case, it can be seen that the two superpowers were in a
conflict of arms arce.The negotiation method helped in eliminationg this arms
race and the two decided to end the ongoing cold war.
REFERENCES
 Arab Israeli Conflict – learning conflict resolution

Author- Yaacov Bar and Siman Tov
Source- Journal of peace research, Vol 31.no.1 (Feb 1994); pp-75-92
Published by Sage publications limited.
 Photo used- viquepedia.com
 Methods of CR(Unit 7)- Google classroom notes
 CONFLICT AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION BY Mrs. Tasneem Sikander

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PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION

TOPIC- NEGOTIATION AND CR : NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT AND PTBT

SUBMITTED BY- SHUBHANGNI BHOLA

ROLL NUMBER- 212902

SUBMITTED TO – DR. ANITA BHATT

Conflict resolution is a process where two or more parties attempt to find a

METHODS OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION

The major requirement of negotiation in conflict resolution is that the parties

NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT AND PTBT

 Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty(NPT) in 1968 which banned non nuclear

 Arab Israeli Conflict – learning conflict resolution

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