Sta - Week 3

Section 3.
1 Measures of Central Tendency
Objectives
1. Determine the arithmetic mean of a variable from

raw data
2. Determine the median of a variable from raw data
3. Explain what it means for a statistics to be resistant
4. Determine the mode of a variable from raw data
© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-1

The population arithmetic mean is computed using
all the individuals in a population.
The population mean is a parameter.
The population arithmetic mean is denoted by  .

The sample arithmetic mean is computed using
sample data.
The sample mean is a statistic.
The sample arithmetic mean is denoted by x.

If x1, x2, …, xN are the N observations of a variable
from a population, then the population mean, µ, is
x1  x2   xN

N

If x1, x2, …, xn are the n observations of a variable
from a sample, then the sample mean, x , is
x1  x2   xn
x
n

EXAMPLE Computing a Population Mean and a Sample
Mean
The following data represent the travel times (in minutes)

to work for all seven employees of a start-up web
development company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
(a) Compute the population mean of this data.
(b) Then take a simple random sample of n = 3 employees.
Compute the sample mean. Obtain a second simple
random sample of n = 3 employees. Again compute the
sample mean.
The median of a variable is the value that lies in
the middle of the data when arranged in ascending
order. We use M to represent the median.

EXAMPLE Computing a Median of a Data Set with an Odd
Number of Observations
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Determine the median of this data.
Step 1: 5, 18, 23, 23, 26, 36, 43
Step 2: There are n = 7 observations.
n 1 7 1 M = 23
Step 3:  4
2 2
5, 18, 23, 23, 26, 36, 43
EXAMPLE Computing a Median of a Data Set with an
Even Number of Observations
Suppose the start-up company hires a new employee.

The travel time of the new employee is 70 minutes.
Determine the median of the “new” data set.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43, 70
Step 1: 5, 18, 23, 23, 26, 36, 43, 70

Step 2: There are n = 8 observations.
n 1 8 1 23  26
Step 3:   4.5 M  24.5 minutes
2 2 2
5, 18, 23, 23, 26, 36, 43, 70

M  24.5
EXAMPLE Computing a Median of a Data Set with an
Even Number of Observations
The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to

work for all seven employees of a start-up web development
company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Suppose a new employee is hired who has a 130 minute
commute. How does this impact the value of the mean and
median?
Mean before new hire: 24.9 minutes

Median before new hire: 23 minutes
Mean after new hire: 38 minutes
Median after new hire: 24.5 minutes
ổn định
A numerical summary of data is said to be resistant if
extreme values (very large or small) relative to the data do
not affect its value substantially.
đáng kể

EXAMPLE Describing the Shape of the Distribution
The following data represent the asking price of homes

for sale in Lincoln, NE.
79,995 128,950 149,900 189,900
99,899 130,950 151,350 203,950
105,200 131,800 154,900 217,500
111,000 132,300 159,900 260,000
120,000 134,950 163,300 284,900
121,700 135,500 165,000 299,900
125,950 138,500 174,850 309,900
126,900 147,500 180,000 349,900
Source: http://www.homeseekers.com
Find the mean and median. Use the mean
and median to identify the shape of the
distribution. Verify your result by drawing a
histogram of the data.
The mean asking price is $168,320 and the

median asking price is $148,700. Therefore, we
would conjecture that the distribution is skewed
right. phỏng đoán

Asking Price of Homes in Lincoln, NE
12
10
8
Frequency
0
100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000
Asking Price

The mode of a variable is the most frequent
observation of the variable that occurs in the
data set.
If there is no observation that occurs with the
most frequency, we say the data has no
mode.

EXAMPLE Finding the Mode of a Data Set
The data on the next slide represent the Vice Presidents

of the United States and their state of birth. Find the
mode.

The mode is
New York.

Section 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
Objectives
1. Compute the range of a variable from raw data

2. Compute the variance of a variable from raw data
3. Compute the standard deviation of a variable from
raw data
4. Use the Empirical Rule to describe data that are bell
shaped
5. Use Chebyshev’s Inequality to describe any data set

Tally data to determine most
frequent observation

To order food at a McDonald’s Restaurant, one must
choose from multiple lines, while at Wendy’s Restaurant,
one enters a single line. The following data represent the
wait time (in minutes) in line for a simple random sample
of 30 customers at each restaurant during the lunch hour.
For each sample, answer the following:
(a) What was the mean wait time?
(b) Draw a histogram of each restaurant’s wait time.
(c ) Which restaurant’s wait time appears more dispersed?
Which line would you prefer to wait in? Why?

Wait Time at Wendy’s
1.50 0.79 1.01 1.66 0.94 0.67
2.53 1.20 1.46 0.89 0.95 0.90
1.88 2.94 1.40 1.33 1.20 0.84
3.99 1.90 1.00 1.54 0.99 0.35
0.90 1.23 0.92 1.09 1.72 2.00
Wait Time at McDonald’s

3.50 0.00 0.38 0.43 1.82 3.04
0.00 0.26 0.14 0.60 2.33 2.54
1.97 0.71 2.22 4.54 0.80 0.50
0.00 0.28 0.44 1.38 0.92 1.17
3.08 2.75 0.36 3.10 2.19 0.23
(a) The mean wait time in each line is 1.39
minutes.

(b)

The range, R, of a variable is the difference
between the largest data value and the smallest
data values. That is
Range = R = Largest Data Value – Smallest Data Value

EXAMPLE Finding the Range of a Set of Data

23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Find the range.
Range = 43 – 5
= 38 minutes

The population variance of a variable is the sum of
squared deviations about the population mean divided
by the number of observations in the population, N.
sum của (lấy từng observation - pop mean)^2
N
That is it is the mean of the sum of the squared

deviations about the population mean.
NHỚ !!!!: đơn vị MŨ 2

The population variance is symbolically represented
by σ2 (lower case Greek sigma squared).
sử dụng nhiều số thập phân để tránh làm tròn errors
Note: When using the above formula, do not round until the
last computation. Use as many decimals as allowed by your
calculator in order to avoid round off errors.

EXAMPLE Computing a Population Variance

company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Compute the population variance of this data. Recall that
174
  24.85714
7

xi μ xi – μ (xi – μ)2
23 24.85714 -1.85714 3.44898
36 24.85714 11.14286 124.1633
23 24.85714 -1.85714 3.44898
18 24.85714 -6.85714 47.02041
5 24.85714 -19.8571 394.3061
26 24.85714 1.142857 1.306122
43 24.85714 18.14286 329.1633
 x     902.8571
2
i
 x  
2
902.8571
 2

i
  129.0 minutes2
N 7
The Computational Formula

EXAMPLE Computing a Population Variance
Using the Computational Formula
The following data represent the travel times (in

minutes) to work for all seven employees of a start-up
web development company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Compute the population variance of this data using the

computational formula.

23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
i
x 2
 232
 36 2
 ...  432
 5228
x i  23  36  ...  43  174
  x
2
1742
i
i
x 2
 5228 
2  N  7
N 7
 129.0

The sample variance is computed by determining the
sum of squared deviations about the sample mean and
then dividing this result by n – 1.

bất cứ khi nào statisc liên tục đánh giá quá cao hay quá thấp một tham
số => biased. Để tránh biased cho pop variance ta cần chia cho n -1
Note: Whenever a statistic consistently overestimates or
underestimates a parameter, it is called biased. To obtain an
unbiased estimate of the population variance, we divide the
sum of the squared deviations about the mean by n - 1.

EXAMPLE Computing a Sample Variance
In Section 3.1, we obtained the following simple random sample for the
travel time data: 5, 36, 26.
Compute the sample variance travel time.
Travel Time, xi Sample Mean, Deviation about the Squared Deviations about the
Mean, Mean,
 x  x
2
x xi  x i
5 22.333 5 – 22.333 (-17.333)2 = 300.432889

= -17.333
36 22.333 13.667 186.786889
26 22.333 3.667 13.446889
 x  x
2
i  500.66667
 x  x
2
 i 500.66667
s 2
   250.333 square minutes
n 1 3 1
The population standard deviation is denoted by
It is obtained by taking the square root of the population

variance, so that
The sample standard deviation is denoted by

s
It is obtained by taking the square root of the sample variance, so
that
s  s2
EXAMPLE Computing a Population Standard
Deviation

company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Compute the population standard deviation of this data.
Recall, from the last objective that σ2 = 129.0 minutes2.

Therefore,
902.8571
  2   11.4 minutes
7
EXAMPLE Computing a Sample Standard
Deviation
Recall the sample data 5, 26, 36 results in a sample variance of
 
2
xi  x 500.66667
s2    250.333 square minutes
n 1 3 1
Use this result to determine the sample standard deviation.
500.666667
s  s2   15.8 minutes
3 1

EXAMPLE Comparing Standard Deviations
Determine the standard deviation waiting time

for Wendy’s and McDonald’s. Which is
larger? Why?

Wait Time at Wendy’s
1.50 0.79 1.01 1.66 0.94 0.67
2.53 1.20 1.46 0.89 0.95 0.90
1.88 2.94 1.40 1.33 1.20 0.84
3.99 1.90 1.00 1.54 0.99 0.35
0.90 1.23 0.92 1.09 1.72 2.00
Wait Time at McDonald’s

3.50 0.00 0.38 0.43 1.82 3.04
0.00 0.26 0.14 0.60 2.33 2.54
1.97 0.71 2.22 4.54 0.80 0.50
0.00 0.28 0.44 1.38 0.92 1.17
3.08 2.75 0.36 3.10 2.19 0.23
EXAMPLE Using the Empirical Rule
The following data represent the serum HDL
cholesterol of the 54 female patients of a family
doctor.
41 48 43 38 35 37 44 44 44
62 75 77 58 82 39 85 55 54
67 69 69 70 65 72 74 74 74
60 60 60 61 62 63 64 64 64
54 54 55 56 56 56 57 58 59
45 47 47 48 48 50 52 52 53

(a) Compute the population mean and standard
deviation.
(b) Draw a histogram to verify the data is bell-shaped.
(c) Determine the percentage of patients that have
serum HDL within 3 standard deviations of the mean
according to the Empirical Rule.
(d) Determine the percentage of patients that have
serum HDL between 34 and 69.1 according to the
Empirical Rule.
(e) Determine the actual percentage of patients that
have serum HDL between 34 and 69.1.
EXAMPLE Using Chebyshev’s Theorem
Using the data from the previous example, use Chebyshev’s

Theorem to
(a) determine the percentage of patients that have serum HDL
within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
 1
1  2 100%  88.9%
 3 
(b) determine the actual percentage of patients that have serum

HDL between 34 and 80.8.
 1 
1  2 100%  75%
 2 
Section 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and
Dispersion from Grouped Data
Objectives
1. Approximate the mean of a variable from grouped

data
2. Compute the weighted mean
3. Approximate the variance and standard deviation of
a variable from grouped data

EXAMPLE Approximating the Mean from a Relative
Frequency Distribution
The National Survey of Student Engagement is a survey that (among other
things) asked first year students at liberal arts colleges how much time they
spend preparing for class each week. The results from the 2007 survey are
summarized below. Approximate the mean number of hours spent
preparing for class each week.
Hours 0 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35
Frequency 0 130 250 230 180 100 60 50

Source:http://nsse.iub.edu/NSSE_2007_Annual_Report/docs/withhold/NSSE_2007_Annual_Report.pdf

EXAMPLE Computed a Weighted Mean
Bob goes the “Buy the Weigh” Nut store and creates his
own bridge mix. He combines 1 pound of raisins, 2
pounds of chocolate covered peanuts, and 1.5 pounds
of cashews. The raisins cost $1.25 per pound, the
chocolate covered peanuts cost $3.25 per pound, and
the cashews cost $5.40 per pound. What is the cost per
pound of this mix.
1($1.25)  2($3.25)  1.5($5.40)
xw 
1  2  1.5
$15.85

4.5
 $3.52

EXAMPLE Approximating the Mean from a Relative
Frequency Distribution
The National Survey of Student Engagement is a survey that (among other
things) asked first year students at liberal arts colleges how much time they
spend preparing for class each week. The results from the 2007 survey are
summarized below. Approximate the variance and standard deviation
number of hours spent preparing for class each week.
Hours 0 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35
Frequency 0 130 250 230 180 100 60 50

Source:http://nsse.iub.edu/NSSE_2007_Annual_Report/docs/withhold/NSSE_2007_Annual_Report.pdf

Section 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
Objectives
1. Determine and interpret z-scores

2. Interpret percentiles
3. Determine and interpret quartiles
4. Determine and interpret the interquartile range
5. Check a set of data for outliers

Z-score: là mình muốn xem khoảng cách giữa 1 data value nào đó
trong tập dữ liệu SO VỚI trung bình của tập dữ liệu đó (x-mean). NHƯNG khoảng
cách này phải được đo theo thang đo của Standard deviation => nên mới chia tiếp
cho độ lệch chuẩn
Giống như từ thang đo bthuong về thang đo phần trăm thì phải chia thêm 100

EXAMPLE Using Z-Scores
The mean height of males 20 years or older is 69.1 inches

with a standard deviation of 2.8 inches. The mean height
of females 20 years or older is 63.7 inches with a standard
deviation of 2.7 inches. Data based on information
obtained from National Health and Examination Survey.
Who is relatively taller?
Kevin Garnett whose height is 83 inches
or
Candace Parker whose height is 76 inches

The kth percentile, denoted, Pk, of a set of data is a
value such that k percent of the observations are less
than or equal to the value.

EXAMPLE Interpret a Percentile
The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is a test required for admission to

many U.S. graduate schools. The University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of
Public Health requires a GRE score no less than the 70th percentile for
admission into their Human Genetics MPH or MS program.
(Source: http://www.publichealth.pitt.edu/interior.php?pageID=101.)
Interpret this admissions requirement.
In general, the 70th percentile is the score such that 70% of the individuals
who took thetựexam
nhận
scored worse, and 30% of the individuals scores better. In
order to be admitted to this program, an applicant must score as high or
higher than 70% of the people who take the GRE. Put another way, the
individual’s score must be in the top 30%.

Quartiles divide data sets into fourths, or four equal parts.
• The 1st quartile, denoted Q1, divides the bottom 25% the
data from the top 75%. Therefore, the 1st quartile is
equivalent to the 25th percentile.
• The 2nd quartile divides the bottom 50% of the data from the
top 50% of the data, so that the 2nd quartile is equivalent to
the 50th percentile, which is equivalent to the median.
• The 3rd quartile divides the bottom 75% of the data from the
top 25% of the data, so that the 3rd quartile is equivalent to
the 75th percentile.

EXAMPLE Finding and Interpreting Quartiles
A group of Brigham Young University—Idaho students (Matthew
Herring, Nathan Spencer, Mark Walker, and Mark Steiner) collected
data on the speed of vehicles traveling through a construction zone on
a state highway, where the posted speed was 25 mph. The recorded
speed of 14 randomly selected vehicles is given below:
20, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 40, 40
Find and interpret the quartiles for speed in the construction zone.
Step 1: The data is already in ascending order.
Step 2: There are n = 14 observations, so the median, or second quartile, Q2, is the
mean of the 7th and 8th observations. Therefore, M = 32.5.
Step 3: The median of the bottom half of the data is the first quartile, Q1.
20, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32
The median of these seven observations is 28. Therefore, Q1 = 28. The median of the
top half of the data is the third quartile, Q3. Therefore, Q3 = 38.

EXAMPLE Determining and Interpreting the
Interquartile Range
Determine and interpret the interquartile range of the speed data.
Q1 = 28 Q3 = 38
IQR  Q3  Q1
 38  28
 10
The range of the middle 50% of the speed of cars traveling through the
construction zone is 10 miles per hour.

Suppose a 15th car travels through the construction zone at 100 miles per
hour. How does this value impact the mean, median, standard deviation, and
interquartile range?
Without 15th car With 15th car

Mean 32.1 mph 36.7 mph
Median 32.5 mph 33 mph
Standard deviation 6.2 mph 18.5 mph
IQR 10 mph 11 mph

EXAMPLE Determining and Interpreting the
Interquartile Range
Check the speed data for outliers.
Step 1: The first and third quartiles are Q1 = 28 mph and Q3 = 38 mph.
Step 2: The interquartile range is 10 mph.
Step 3: The fences are

Lower Fence = Q1 – 1.5(IQR) Upper Fence = Q3 + 1.5(IQR)
= 28 – 1.5(10) = 38 + 1.5(10)
= 13 mph = 53 mph
Step 4: There are no values less than 13 mph or greater than 53 mph.
Therefore, there are no outliers.

Section 3.5 The Five-Number Summary and Boxplots
Objectives
1. Compute the five-number summary

2. Draw and interpret boxplots

EXAMPLE Obtaining the Five-Number Summary
Every six months, the United States Federal Reserve Board conducts a survey of
credit card plans in the U.S. The following data are the interest rates charged by
10 credit card issuers randomly selected for the July 2005 survey. Determine the
five-number summary of the data. First, we write the data is
Institution Rate ascending order:
Pulaski Bank and Trust Company 6.5% 6.5%, 9.9%, 12.0%, 13.0%,
Rainier Pacific Savings Bank 12.0% 13.3%, 13.9%, 14.3%, 14.4%,
Wells Fargo Bank NA 14.4% 14.4%, 14.5%
Firstbank of Colorado 14.4%
The smallest number is
Lafayette Ambassador Bank 14.3% 6.5%. The largest number
Infibank 13.0% is 14.5%. The first quartile
United Bank, Inc. 13.3% is 12.0%. The second
First National Bank of The Mid-Cities 13.9%
quartile is 13.6%. The third
quartile is 14.4%.
Bank of Louisiana 9.9%
Five-number Summary:
Bar Harbor Bank and Trust Company 14.5%
Source:
6.5% 12.0% 13.6% 14.4%
http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/SHOP/survey.htm 14.5%
EXAMPLE Constructing a Boxplot
Every six months, the United States Federal Reserve Board conducts a survey of
credit card plans in the U.S. The following data are the interest rates charged by
10 credit card issuers randomly selected for the July 2005 survey. Draw a boxplot
of the data.
Institution Rate
Pulaski Bank and Trust Company 6.5%
Rainier Pacific Savings Bank 12.0%
Wells Fargo Bank NA 14.4%
Firstbank of Colorado 14.4%
Lafayette Ambassador Bank 14.3%
Infibank 13.0%
United Bank, Inc. 13.3%
First National Bank of The Mid-Cities 13.9%
Bank of Louisiana 9.9%
Bar Harbor Bank and Trust Company 14.5%
Source:
http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/SHOP/survey.htm

The interest rate boxplot indicates that the distribution is skewed left.

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Section 3.

1 Measures of Central Tendency

1. Determine the arithmetic mean of a variable from

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-1

The population arithmetic mean is denoted by  .

The sample arithmetic mean is denoted by x.

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-4

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-5

The following data represent the travel times (in minutes)

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-7

Suppose the start-up company hires a new employee.

Step 1: 5, 18, 23, 23, 26, 36, 43, 70

The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to

Mean before new hire: 24.9 minutes

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-12

The following data represent the asking price of homes

The mean asking price is $168,320 and the

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-15

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-16

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-17

The data on the next slide represent the Vice Presidents

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-18

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-20

1. Compute the range of a variable from raw data

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-22

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-21

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-23

Wait Time at McDonald’s

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-25

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-26

Range = R = Largest Data Value – Smallest Data Value

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-27

The following data represent the travel times (in minutes)

23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43

Find the range.

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-28

That is it is the mean of the sum of the squared

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-29

sử dụng nhiều số thập phân để tránh làm tròn errors

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-30

The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to

23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43

Compute the population variance of this data. Recall that

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-31

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-33

The following data represent the travel times (in

23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43

Compute the population variance of this data using the

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-34

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-35

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-36

© 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved 3-37

5 22.333 5 – 22.333 (-17.333)2 = 300.432889

26 22.333 3.667 13.446889

It is obtained by taking the square root of the population

The sample standard deviation is denoted by

The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to

23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43

Compute the population standard deviation of this data.