GENDER

AND
SOCIETY

CHAPTER 1:
 Women in the workplace often face a pay gap: they earn consistently less than men.
Women are often confined to low paying professions or those which mirror their
reproductive roles in the household, which can be seen as 'servile. The glass ceiling, in
which certain attitudes or beliefs about women's abilities limit the positions they can
attain in a company, is also observed. Although some women have broken through
various areas reserved for men, they are exceptions that prove the inequality. A quick
look at the list of international CEOs and top executives will prove this statistic. Often,
women who are in high positions play supporting roles to men. Moreover, even if
women do hold positions of power in political or corporate governance, they are usually
standing in for a husband or a facher who has retired or reached his term limit.

ARGUMENTS
that women in the workplace often face systemic barriers such as the pay gap, being
confined to low-paying professions, encountering the glass ceiling, and being relegated
to supporting roles. It suggests that while some women have broken through these
barriers, they are still exceptions rather than the norm, and even women in positions of
power may be seen as standing in for men rather than achieving those positions on their
own merit.

MY STAND
This paragraph highlights systemic issues of gender inequality in the workplace,
including the pay gap, limited career opportunities, and the prevalence of supporting
roles for women in high positions. These issues are important to address to achieve
gender equality and ensure that women have equal opportunities for advancement and
leadership roles.
CHAPTER 2
'Sex and 'gender are two very essential yet underrated parts of human life. They affect
all aspects of our lives, from how we look at 'and' act in the jobs we take' to how we
regard the laws and values of our society. This chapter will establish the difference
between sex and gender, define gender roles and relationships according to the United.
Nations and other relevant national bodies, and determine how gendered interactions
affect one's everyday lives. It will examine gendered interactions at various levels within
the family, workplace, community, and larger society.

ARGUMENTS
The paragraph underscores the critical significance of sex and gender in shaping human
life. It argues that these factors influence all aspects of our existence, from career
choices to societal values. The chapter aims to differentiate between sex and gender,
define gender roles according to international and national standards, and explore how
gendered interactions impact daily life across different levels of society. Overall, it
highlights the pervasive influence of sex and gender dynamics and the need for their
comprehensive examination and understanding.

MY STAND
Addressing the distinction between sex and gender and understanding their impact on
various aspects of life is crucial for promoting equality and inclusivity. Exploring gender
roles and relationships at different societal levels helps shed light on how they influence
daily interactions and opportunities. This chapter seems to provide a comprehensive
framework for examining and understanding these dynamics, which can ultimately
contribute to fostering more equitable and respectful societies.
CHAPTER 3
Culture is superior to instinct because it is malleable or adaptable. It is both learned and
inherited and readily determines how one understands and acts. It also changes when
its framing of reality is no longer useful. It is the main difference between culture and
instinct. The system that shapes human behavior is malleable. Unlike instinct that is
genetically coded and needs generations of mutation to be recoded, people in their
lifetime can transform their culture and effectively reshape their being in the world.

ARGUMENTS
Culture, unlike instinct, is a dynamic and adaptable system that shapes human behavior.
It combines inherited traditions with learned behaviors, guiding individuals' actions and
perceptions. Unlike instinct, culture evolves rapidly, responding to changing
environments and needs. Crucially, individuals have agency in shaping and transforming
their cultural identities within their lifetime. This dynamic interplay between culture and
individual agency underscores the profound influence of culture on human behavior and
society.

MY STAND
agree with this perspective. Culture's adaptability and learnability make it a powerful
force in shaping human behavior and understanding. Unlike instinct, which is largely
fixed and genetic, culture allows for rapid changes and adjustments based on evolving
circumstances. This flexibility enables individuals and societies to continually evolve and
adapt to new challenges and opportunities.
CHAPTER 4
Women and men have different ways of knowing, judgments, forms of human
development, values, and visions of humanity and existence. This book assumes that the
main difference between men and women comes from upbringing and gender
socialization.

ARGUMENTS
The main argument in favor of the assumption that the main difference between men
and women comes from upbringing and gender socialization is rooted in sociocultural
theory. This perspective suggests that individuals acquire knowledge, judgments, values,
and visions of humanity through their interactions with society, including family, peers,
media, and cultural norms. Therefore, differences between genders can be attributed to
the different socialization experiences they undergo rather than inherent biological or
psychological disparities. This argument highlights the importance of understanding and
addressing societal influences on gender development to promote equality and
inclusivity.

MY STAND
The book argues that differences between men and women primarily arise from
upbringing and gender socialization rather than inherent traits. This perspective
emphasizes the influence of societal factors on individuals' beliefs and values. It's a
valuable viewpoint that underscores the importance of creating inclusive environments.
However, it's essential to recognize the role of biological and psychological factors too.
CHAPTER 5
Sexist language is a tool that reinforces unequal gender relations through sex-role
stereotypes, micro aggressions, and sexual harassment. Language can be used to abuse,
such as in the case of sexual harassment, or to perpetuate stereotypes. It can form
subtle messages that reinforce unfair relations, such as how "men cannot take care of
children" or "women cannot be engineers" which may impact how one views his or her
capabilities.

ARGUMENTS
The argument against sexist language revolves around its detrimental impact on
reinforcing unequal gender relations. By perpetuating stereotypes and micro
aggressions, sexist language contributes to a culture where discrimination and
harassment thrive. It can limit individuals' perceptions of their own capabilities based on
gender, leading to unequal opportunities and societal norms that perpetuate inequality.
Overall, the use of sexist language serves to maintain power imbalances and hinder
progress towards gender equality.

MY STAND
I choose this because this effectively highlights the detrimental impact of sexist
language on perpetuating unequal gender relations. It accurately identifies how
language can reinforce stereotypes, contribute to micro aggressions, and even escalate
to sexual harassment. Additionally, it emphasizes the subtle yet significant ways in
which language can shape perceptions of gender roles and capabilities. Overall, it's a
well-articulated statement on the importance of addressing and challenging sexist
language.
CHAPTER 6
Work is often understood as livelihood. For a good reason, it is seen as a survival
mechanism for many as work provides money necessary to buy goods for a person to
live. While both men and women have problems concerning work, women have specific
labor issues related to their gender. Moreover, women's work is often invisibilized due
to here socialized gender roles.

ARGUMENTS
The argument presented here revolves around the idea that while both men and
women face challenges in the workforce, women encounter specific issues related to
their gender. These issues include gender-based discrimination, unequal pay, limited
access to certain professions or positions, and the expectation to fulfill traditional
gender roles, which can lead to their work being undervalued or even invisible in
society. Overall, the argument highlights the need for addressing gender disparities and
creating more inclusive work environments.

MY STAND
I choose this because This paragraph effectively communicates the importance of work
for survival and highlights the gender-specific challenges faced by women in the
workforce. It provides a clear argument supported by examples and suggests the need
for addressing gender disparities. Overall, it appears well-written and makes a
compelling case for recognizing and addressing issues related to women's work.
CHAPTER 7
Issues of growth and development deeply affect how an individual structures his or her
life. Thus, everyone needs to understand key development issues the world is facing
today, including global poverty and ecological crisis. This chapter will tackle these
development issues in relation to poor and vulnerable women around the world. These
problems can have genuine solutions if women's perspectives are allowed to shape the
shared economy.

ARGUMENTS
The paragraph outlines the interconnectedness of growth and development issues,
emphasizing the significance of understanding global poverty and ecological crises. It
highlights the importance of considering the perspectives of poor and vulnerable
women in addressing these challenges, suggesting that their inclusion in shaping the
economy can lead to genuine solutions. The argument presented is that by recognizing
and prioritizing the perspectives of women, particularly those who are marginalized,
more effective strategies can be developed to tackle complex global issues.

MY SATND
I choose this because the paragraph effectively highlights the interconnected nature of
growth and development issues, emphasizing the importance of considering the
perspectives of poor and vulnerable women in finding solutions to global challenges. It
presents a compelling argument for the inclusion of women's perspectives in shaping
the economy to address issues like poverty and ecological crisis. Overall, it's a strong
paragraph that addresses important themes and advocates for meaningful change.
CHAPTER 8
The Philippines enacts gender mainstreaming or the strategy for the inclusion of a
gender perspective in all policies and programs. However, Philippine gender literature
only assumes two genders '(male and female), and that one's sex is the same as one's
gender (biologically male persons are all masculine; biologically female persons are all
feminine). This thinking ignores the existence of LGBT persons, or persons who do not
fall categorically into masculine or feminine roles. Another concern is that gender needs
are equated to women-specific, practical, and strategic gender needs.

ARGUMENTS
The paragraph criticizes Philippine gender literature for assuming only two genders,
ignoring the LGBTQ+ community. It also highlights the problem of equating gender
needs solely with women's issues, neglecting other gender identities and expressions.

MY SATND
The paragraph effectively identifies key shortcomings in Philippine gender literature and
policies, highlighting the need for a more inclusive and nuanced approach to gender
mainstreaming. It provides concise and clear arguments to support its critique, making it
an informative and impactful statement. Overall, it is a strong analysis of the current
state of gender discourse in the Philippines.
CHAPTER 9
The way the world is structured places certain groups at a disadvantage. These groups
have particular rights that are specific to their needs, which include sexual and
reproductive health care, protection against gender-based violence, and the right to
non-discrimination in education and the workplace. The respect for and promotion of
these rights are necessary because they help expand women's access to resources and
their roles in communities, for instance.

ARGUMENTS
The paragraph highlights the critical importance of recognizing and promoting the rights
of marginalized groups, especially women. It emphasizes the need for equality, health
care access, protection against gender-based violence, non-discrimination in education
and the workplace, and empowerment. These rights are not only essential for individual
well-being but also for societal progress and development.

MY STANS
The paragraph effectively communicates the importance of recognizing and promoting
the rights of marginalized groups, particularly women, by addressing key issues such as
equality, health care access, protection against violence, and empowerment. It provides
a clear and concise overview of the topic, making it a good paragraph for raising
awareness and initiating discussions about social justice and human rights.
CHAPTER 10
The low status of women is something worth wondering about. How did it happen that
half of the world's population is systematically discriminated? Why do women have
lower status than men? Every person deserves the same rights, regardless of his or her
gender. Aside from the basic rights one merits due to humanity, one must also give
value to the traditional role of women.

ARGUMENTS
The low status of women stems from historical traditions that relegated them to
domestic roles while prioritizing men's contributions. Systemic discrimination, fueled by
gender bias and stereotypes, has perpetuated this inequality, limiting women's access to
education, employment, and political representation. While advocating for equal rights,
it's essential to recognize the value of traditional roles while addressing intersectional
factors like race and class that compound discrimination.

MY STAND
The paragraph effectively highlights key factors contributing to the low status of women
in a concise manner. It acknowledges historical roots, systemic discrimination, gender
bias, and the importance of addressing intersectionality. Overall, it provides a solid
overview of the issue and presents relevant arguments.
CHAPTER 11
The first wave of women's movement is characterized by the women's struggle for
equality. This phase, which occurred from the latter part of the 18th century until the
first half of the 20ch century. was the period when women articulated their equality
with men.

ARGUMENTS
The paragraph outlines the first wave of the women's movement, emphasizing its focus
on equality between men and women. During this period, spanning from the late 18th
century to the first half of the 20th century, women advocated for their rights and
articulated their equality with men through various means such as activism, literature,
and political organizing.

MY STAND
The paragraph effectively communicates the key points about the first wave of the
women's movement, including its focus on equality and the time period it occurred.
However, it could benefit from a bit more specificity or examples to strengthen its
argument. Overall, it's a decent paragraph, but it could be enhanced with more depth or
context.
CHAPTER 12
The history of women in our socicty should be examined in order to understand the
unique situation of women in the Philippines. The Philippine situation is unique as it is
rooted in the colonial history of the country. The actual condition of pre-Spanish women
in the Philippines can be reflected from the practices of the indigenous peoples and the
testimonies of Spanish chroniclers. These sources indicate that there was a genuine
measure of equality among men and women during the pre-Spanish period.

ARGUMENTS
The paragraph highlights the importance of examining the history of women in the
Philippines to understand their unique situation, which is influenced by the country's
colonial past. It suggests that before Spanish colonization, there was a level of equality
between men and women, as evidenced by the practices of indigenous peoples and
accounts from Spanish chroniclers. This argument underscores the significance of
historical context in understanding the status of women in Philippine society.

MY STAND
this paragraph stresses the importance of studying women's history in the Philippines to
understand their unique situation shaped by colonialism. It suggests that before Spanish
colonization, there was equality between men and women, challenging modern
perceptions of gender roles.
CHAPTER 13
Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights stresses that education is
everyone's fundamental right; it is something necessary to fulfill one's human potential.
Specifically, primary education is a non-negotiable right that must be free for all, while
technical and professional education, along with higher education, should be accessible
and based on one's merit and skills. The 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child
echoes this right. The value of education is emphasized in its contribution to the full
development of the human person.

ARGUMENTS
This paragraph says that education is really important for everyone. It's a basic right that
everyone should have. It mentions that primary school should be free for everyone, and
other kinds of schooling should be available based on how skilled and hardworking
someone is. Basically, it's about how education helps people grow and do well in life.

MY STAND
I choose this paragraph because this paragraph shows how important education is for
everyone. It says that everyone should have the chance to go to school, starting from
primary school, and it should be free. It also says that other kinds of schooling should be
available based on how good someone is at it. Overall, it's about making sure everyone
has a fair shot at getting an education, which can help them do well in life and make the
world a better place.
CHAPTER 14
The saying "a woman's work is never done" rings true given the current state of our
world. Women contribute to the economy in all forms, from those who work in the
productive sphere, to those who support workers in the reproductive sphere. The
impact of women is present in development, specifically in terms of the economy:
Despite this progress, women still face the same issues they did ten years ago--the wage
gap, poverty, and the lack of decent work opportunities, all of which also affect men.

ARGUMENTS
This statement talks about how women do a lot of different jobs that help the economy,
both at work and at home. Even though things have improved, women still face old
problems like getting paid less, being poor, and not having enough good job options.
These issues affect men too. So, it's important to keep working towards fairness and
better opportunities for everyone.

MY STAND
I chose this paragraph because it raise awareness about the continued challenges faced
by women in the workforce and society as a whole. It highlights the need for ongoing
efforts to address issues like the wage gap and lack of decent work opportunities.
Additionally, it emphasizes the interconnectedness of gender equality and economic
progress, suggesting that improving conditions for women benefits everyone. Overall,
the statement prompts reflection and action towards creating a more equitable and
inclusive society.
CHAPTER 15
Violence against women is one of the most topics in feminism and has a long history of
contention. There are two reasons for this disagreement. " First, some people assume
that gender-specific violence does not exist. Second, chose who witness and recognize
violence agains women view it as normal and unavoidable gender-specific violence

ARGUMENTS
The statement points out two big reasons why talking about violence against women is
so difficult in feminism. Firstly, some people refuse to believe that violence against
women because of their gender is real. Secondly, some people think violence against
women is normal and unavoidable because they've seen it so much or been taught it's
just how things are. These arguments show why it's tough to address this issue in
society.

MY STAND
I choose this paragraph because This statement shows how hard it is to talk about
violence against women in feminism. It points out that some people don't believe it
happens because of gender, and others think it's normal because they've seen it a lot.
Understanding these barriers helps us find better ways to stop violence against women.
CHAPTER 16
Women are constantly being made objects of one's viewing pleasure. Whether anyone
is looking at them or not, women have taken on this awareness as though looking at
themselves through another's eye. They are made the objects of men's desires or have
learned to scrutinize themselves using the standards of other women.

ARGUMENTS
The argument in this paragraph is about the pervasive objectification of women in
society. It highlights how women are often seen as objects for others' pleasure, whether
it's through the gaze of men or the standards set by other women. It suggests that this
objectification leads to women viewing themselves through the lens of external
judgment, rather than embracing their own autonomy and self-worth.

MY STAND
The impact of this argument is raising awareness about the objectification of women
and its effects on their self-perception and societal roles. It can spark conversations and
actions aimed at challenging and changing these harmful dynamics.