Enzymes

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ENZYMES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, you should be
able to:

b. Name enzymes sytematically.


c. Give the characteristics of
enzymes.
d. Explain the models of enzyme actions.
a. General
b. Enzymes
characteristic of
nomenclature
enzymes

SUBTOPICS
c. General
d. Models of
properties of
enzymes action
enzymes
Enzymes

❑types of protein molecules that have a role in


the increase the rate of biochemical reactions
in the body. They are an essential component in
all reactions of metabolism.
STRUCTURES OF ENZYMES
1. simple enzyme – enzyme composed only of proteins (amino acids
chains)
2. conjugated enzyme – has a nonprotein in addition to a protein
part.
- Apoenzyme – protein part of conjugated enzyme
- Cofactor – non protein part
❑ Holoenzyme – biochemically active conjugated enzyme produced form
an apoenzyme and a cofactor
apoenzyme + cofactor = holoenzyme
❑ Coenzyme – small organic molecule that serves as a cofactor in a
conjugated enzyme
NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYME

Enzymes are Substrate –


named by on their
reactant in an
function rather
than the
enzyme-catalyzed
structure. reaction.
NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYME
Three aspects of the enzyme-naming process
1. The suffix -ase identifies a substance as enzyme. Thus urease, sucrase and ligase are all
enzyme designations
2. The suffix -in found in the name of some enzyme such as trypsin, chymotrypsin and
pepsin.
3. The type of reaction catalyzed by an enzyme is often noted with a prefix. Oxidase enzyme
catalyzes an oxidation reaction and hydrolase enzymes catalyzes.
4. The identity of the substrate is often noted in addition to the type of reaction such as
glucose oxidase, pyruvate carboxylase and succinate dehydrogenase.
CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES
❑Oxidoreductase – catalyzes an oxidation-reduction
reaction
❑Transferase – catalyzes the transfer of a functional
group from one molecule to another.
Two major subtypes
- transaminases – transfer of amino group from one
molecule to another
- kinases - transfer of phosphate group from ATP to
ADP and a phosphorylated product
❑ Hydrolase – catalyzes hydrolysis reaction in which addition of water
molecule to a bond causes the bond to break.
❑ Lyase – catalyzes the addition of a group to a double bond or the
removal of a group to form a double bond in a manner that does not
involve hydrolysis or oxidation.
❑ Isomerase – catalyzes isomerization(rearrangement of atoms) of a
substrate in a reaction, converting it into molecule isomeric with
itself.
❑ Ligase – catalyzes the bonding together of two molecules into one
with the participation of ATP.
Models of Enzyme Action
LOCK AND KEY MODEL

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